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Okuwa T, Himeda T, Utani K, Higuchi M. Generation of a recombinant Saffold Virus expressing UnaG as a marker for the visualization of viral infection. Virol J 2023; 20:175. [PMID: 37550694 PMCID: PMC10408109 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02142-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Saffold virus (SAFV), which belongs to the genus Cardiovirus of the family Picornaviridae, is associated with acute respiratory or gastrointestinal illnesses in children; it is also suspected to cause severe diseases, such as acute flaccid paralysis and aseptic meningitis. However, the understanding of the mechanism of its pathogenicity is still limited due to the many unknowns about its lifecycle; for example, the cellular receptor for its infection remains to be determined. A system to monitor SAFV infection in vitro and in vivo is required in order to accelerate research on SAFV. RESULTS We generated a recombinant SAFV expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) or UnaG, a novel fluorescent protein derived from Japanese eel. HeLa cells infected by either GFP or UnaG-expressing SAFV showed a bright green fluorescent signal, enabling convenient monitoring of SAFV infection. However, the expression of GFP but not UnaG was quickly lost during virus passaging due to the difference in genetic stability in the SAFV virus genome; the UnaG gene was stably maintained in the virus genome after at least five passages. CONCLUSIONS SAFV infection of cultured cells can easily be monitored using UnaG-expressing SAFV, which is superior to GFP in terms of genetic stability in the virus genome. This virus could be a useful tool for SAFV research, such as comparing the susceptibility of various cells to SAFV infection and evaluating the effects of antivirals on SAFV infection in high-throughput screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takako Okuwa
- Department of Microbiology, Kanazawa Medical University School of Medicine, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
| | - Toshiki Himeda
- Department of Microbiology, Kanazawa Medical University School of Medicine, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
| | - Koichi Utani
- Department of Microbiology, Kanazawa Medical University School of Medicine, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
| | - Masaya Higuchi
- Department of Microbiology, Kanazawa Medical University School of Medicine, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan.
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2
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Alhazmi A, Nekoua MP, Mercier A, Vergez I, Sane F, Alidjinou EK, Hober D. Combating coxsackievirus B infections. Rev Med Virol 2023; 33:e2406. [PMID: 36371612 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Coxsackieviruses B (CVB) are small, non-enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses belonging to the Enterovirus genus of the Picornaviridae family. They are common worldwide and cause a wide variety of human diseases ranging from those having relatively mild symptoms to severe acute and chronic pathologies such as cardiomyopathy and type 1 diabetes. The development of safe and effective strategies to combat these viruses remains a challenge. The present review outlines current approaches to control CVB infections and associated diseases. Various drugs targeting viral or host proteins involved in viral replication as well as vaccines have been developed and shown potential to prevent or combat CVB infections in vitro and in vivo in animal models. Repurposed drugs and alternative strategies targeting miRNAs or based on plant extracts and probiotics and their derivatives have also shown antiviral effects against CVB. In addition, clinical trials with vaccines and drugs are underway and offer hope for the prevention or treatment of CVB-induced diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulaziz Alhazmi
- Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, Université de Lille et CHU de Lille, Lille, France.,Microbiology and Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ambroise Mercier
- Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, Université de Lille et CHU de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Ines Vergez
- Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, Université de Lille et CHU de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Famara Sane
- Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, Université de Lille et CHU de Lille, Lille, France
| | | | - Didier Hober
- Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, Université de Lille et CHU de Lille, Lille, France
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3
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Oxadiazol-based mTOR inhibitors with potent antiproliferative activities: synthetic and computational modeling. Mol Divers 2022; 26:3357-3364. [PMID: 34985718 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-021-10367-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Series of N-aryl-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-amines and 3-aryl-1,2,4-oxadiazole-5-carboxamides derivatives were synthesized as novel chemotherapeutic agents. Synthesized compounds were evaluated for their anticancer activities against several cancer cell lines. Many analogues of 1,3,4-oxadiazole scaffold showed potent antiproliferative activities against breast cancer cell lines, with higher activities toward the metastatic breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231). Active analogues were profiled using in-house pharmacophore database in search for molecular target. Active analogues (2j and 2k) were found to fit the pharmacophoric map of ATP-competitive inhibitors of mTOR. The mTOR inhibitory activities of the most active compounds were confirmed with IC50 values in nanomolar range. The N-aryl-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-amines linked to a basic head is a novel ATP-competitive inhibitors of mTOR with potential activities for treatment of different types of cancer.
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Ismail MMF, Ayoup MS. Review on fluorinated nucleoside/non-nucleoside FDA-approved antiviral drugs. RSC Adv 2022; 12:31032-31045. [PMID: 36348998 PMCID: PMC9620415 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra05370e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
FDA-approved antiviral agents represent an important class that has attracted attention in recent years to combat current and future threats of viral pandemics. Fluorine ameliorates the electronic, lipophilic and steric problems of drugs. Additionally, fluorine can prolong drug activity and improve metabolic stability, thereby, modifying their pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic character. Herein, we summarized the fluorinated FDA-approved antiviral agents, dealing with biological aspects, mechanisms of action, and synthetic pathways. FDA-approved antiviral agents represent an important class that has attracted attention in recent years to combat current and future threats of viral pandemics.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda M. F. Ismail
- Department of Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Design, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11754, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Salah Ayoup
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, P. O. Box 426, Alexandria 21321, Egypt
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5
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Real-Hohn A, Groznica M, Löffler N, Blaas D, Kowalski H. nanoDSF: In vitro Label-Free Method to Monitor Picornavirus Uncoating and Test Compounds Affecting Particle Stability. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1442. [PMID: 32676065 PMCID: PMC7333345 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermal shift assays measure the stability of macromolecules and macromolecular assemblies as a function of temperature. The Particle Stability Thermal Release Assay (PaSTRy) of picornaviruses is based on probes becoming strongly fluorescent upon binding to hydrophobic patches of the protein capsid (e.g., SYPRO Orange) or to the viral RNA genome (e.g., SYTO-82) that become exposed upon heating virus particles. PaSTRy has been exploited for studying the stability of viral mutants, viral uncoating, and the effect of capsid-stabilizing compounds. While the results were usually robust, the thermal shift assay with SYPRO Orange is sensitive to surfactants and EDTA and failed at least to correctly report the effect of excipients on an inactivated poliovirus 3 vaccine. Furthermore, interactions between the probe and capsid-binding antivirals as well as mutual competition for binding sites cannot be excluded. To overcome these caveats, we assessed differential scanning fluorimetry with a nanoDSF device as a label-free alternative. NanoDSF monitors the changes in the intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence (ITF) resulting from alterations of the 3D-structure of proteins as a function of the temperature. Using rhinovirus A2 as a model, we demonstrate that nanoDFS is well suited for recording the temperature-dependence of conformational changes associated with viral uncoating with minute amounts of sample. We compare it with orthogonal methods and correlate the increase in viral RNA exposure with PaSTRy measurements. Importantly, nanoDSF correctly identified the thermal stabilization of RV-A2 by pleconaril, a prototypic pocket-binding antiviral compound. NanoDFS is thus a label-free, high throughput-customizable, attractive alternative for the discovery of capsid-binding compounds impacting on viral stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Real-Hohn
- Center for Medical Biochemistry, Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Groznica
- Center for Medical Biochemistry, Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nadine Löffler
- Center for Medical Biochemistry, Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dieter Blaas
- Center for Medical Biochemistry, Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heinrich Kowalski
- Center for Medical Biochemistry, Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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6
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Niklasson B, Klitz W, Lindquist L. Alzheimer’s Disease Patients Receiving Antiviral Therapy: Case Reports. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2020. [DOI: 10.3233/adr-190163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Niklasson
- Jordbro Primary Health Care Center, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - William Klitz
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Lars Lindquist
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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7
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Calligari P, Bobone S, Ricci G, Bocedi A. Molecular Investigation of SARS-CoV-2 Proteins and Their Interactions with Antiviral Drugs. Viruses 2020; 12:v12040445. [PMID: 32295237 PMCID: PMC7232184 DOI: 10.3390/v12040445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A new Coronavirus strain, named SARS-CoV-2, suddenly emerged in early December 2019. SARS-CoV-2 resulted in being dramatically infectious, with thousands of people infected. In this scenario, and without effective vaccines available, the importance of an immediate tool to support patients and against viral diffusion becomes evident. In this study, we exploit the molecular docking approach to analyze the affinity between different viral proteins and several inhibitors, originally developed for other viral infections. Our data show that, in some cases, a relevant binding can be detected. These findings support the hypothesis to develop new antiviral agents against COVID-19, on the basis of already established therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alessio Bocedi
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-067-259-4353; Fax: +39-067-259-4328
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8
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Zhang Z, Zhu Z, Chen W, Cai Z, Xu B, Tan Z, Wu A, Ge X, Guo X, Tan Z, Xia Z, Zhu H, Jiang T, Peng Y. Cell membrane proteins with high N-glycosylation, high expression and multiple interaction partners are preferred by mammalian viruses as receptors. Bioinformatics 2019; 35:723-728. [PMID: 30102334 PMCID: PMC7109886 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/bty694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Motivation Receptor mediated entry is the first step for viral infection. However, the question of how viruses select receptors remains unanswered. Results Here, by manually curating a high-quality database of 268 pairs of mammalian virus–host receptor interaction, which included 128 unique viral species or sub-species and 119 virus receptors, we found the viral receptors are structurally and functionally diverse, yet they had several common features when compared to other cell membrane proteins: more protein domains, higher level of N-glycosylation, higher ratio of self-interaction and more interaction partners, and higher expression in most tissues of the host. This study could deepen our understanding of virus–receptor interaction. Availability and implementation The database of mammalian virus–host receptor interaction is available at http://www.computationalbiology.cn: 5000/viralReceptor. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhang
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhaozhong Zhu
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenjun Chen
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Zena Cai
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Beibei Xu
- College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiying Tan
- College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Aiping Wu
- Center of System Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Xingyi Ge
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Xinhong Guo
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhongyang Tan
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Zanxian Xia
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Haizhen Zhu
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China.,State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Taijiao Jiang
- Center of System Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Yousong Peng
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
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9
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Niklasson B, Arbrandt G, Kawecki A, Juntti-Berggren L, Berggren PO, Al-Qahtani SM, Gustafsson AL, Bryzgalova G, Klitz W. Diabetes Prevention Through Antiviral Treatment in Biobreeding Rats. Viral Immunol 2016; 29:452-458. [PMID: 27505258 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2016.0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A picornavirus (Ljungan virus) has been associated with diabetes in its wild rodent reservoir and in diabetes-prone biobreeding (DP-BB) rats. We attempted to alter the development of diabetes in DP-BB rats using two anti-picornavirus compounds (pleconaril and APO-N039), singly or in combination. Antiviral therapy was initiated 2 weeks before expected onset of diabetes. Pleconaril or APO-N039 alone did not affect the debut of diabetes. However, animals receiving a combination of both compounds were protected for at least the entire period of treatment (4 weeks after expected time of diabetes onset). Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that the presence and distribution of virus antigen in the pancreatic islets coincided with the clinical status of the animal. Data indicate that a treatable picornavirus can be involved in the cellular assault resulting in diabetes and in these cases the disease mechanism appears to involve a virus present in the pancreatic beta cell mass itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Niklasson
- 1 Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University , Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gustav Arbrandt
- 1 Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University , Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anne Kawecki
- 2 Department of Pathology, Karolinska University Hospital , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lisa Juntti-Berggren
- 3 Karolinska Institutet , The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per-Olof Berggren
- 3 Karolinska Institutet , The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Saad Misfer Al-Qahtani
- 3 Karolinska Institutet , The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Stockholm, Sweden
- 4 Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Najran University Hospital, Najran University , Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anna-Lena Gustafsson
- 5 Department of Comparative Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Galyna Bryzgalova
- 3 Karolinska Institutet , The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - William Klitz
- 6 Department of Integrative Biology, University of California , Berkeley, Berkeley, California
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10
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Enioutina EY, Constance JE, Stockmann C, Linakis MW, Yu T, Rower JE, Balch AH, Sherwin CM. Pharmacokinetic considerations in the use of antivirals in neonates. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2015; 11:1861-78. [PMID: 26535960 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2015.1108963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neonatal patients, because of the inability of their immune system to properly respond to microbial challenge, are highly susceptible to viral infections. Immunoglobulins, monoclonal antibody and antiviral drugs are used for prophylaxis and treatment of viral diseases in neonates. Neonates and, especially, preterm infants differ in drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion from adults and older children. AREAS COVERED This review will evaluate deficiencies of neonatal immune responses to microbial challenge that predispose newborns to viral infections, clinical manifestations and the treatment of viral diseases in neonates. We focus on published studies describing antiviral drug pharmacokinetics in neonates and make recommendations on the dosing of these drugs, allowing achievement of maximal clinical benefits in neonates. EXPERT OPINION While some efforts were undertaken to study pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antiviral drugs, much more needs to be done. Current data indicate that the pharmacokinetics of antiviral drugs may vary significantly depending on gestational age, maturation processes of drug-metabolizing enzymes and renal clearance. Specifics of pharmacokinetics of antiviral drugs need to be taken into consideration when they are prescribed to neonates and infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Yu Enioutina
- a Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics , University of Utah School of Medicine , 295 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City , UT 84108 , USA.,b Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology , University of Utah School of Medicine , 15 North Medical Drive East, Salt Lake City , UT 84112 , USA
| | - Jonathan E Constance
- a Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics , University of Utah School of Medicine , 295 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City , UT 84108 , USA
| | - Chris Stockmann
- a Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics , University of Utah School of Medicine , 295 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City , UT 84108 , USA
| | - Matthew W Linakis
- a Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics , University of Utah School of Medicine , 295 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City , UT 84108 , USA
| | - Tian Yu
- a Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics , University of Utah School of Medicine , 295 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City , UT 84108 , USA
| | - Joseph E Rower
- a Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics , University of Utah School of Medicine , 295 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City , UT 84108 , USA
| | - Alfred H Balch
- a Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics , University of Utah School of Medicine , 295 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City , UT 84108 , USA
| | - Catherine M Sherwin
- a Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics , University of Utah School of Medicine , 295 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City , UT 84108 , USA
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Bernard A, Lacroix C, Cabiddu MG, Neyts J, Leyssen P, Pompei R. Exploration of the anti-enterovirus activity of a series of pleconaril/pirodavir-like compounds. Antivir Chem Chemother 2015; 24:56-61. [PMID: 26071135 DOI: 10.1177/2040206615589035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Enterovirus genus of the Picornaviridae is represented by several viral pathogens that are associated with human disease, namely Poliovirus 1, Enterovirus 71 and Rhinoviruses. Enterovirus 71 has been associated with encephalitis, while Rhinoviruses are a major cause of asthma exacerbations and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Based on the structure of both pleconaril and pirodavir, we previously synthesized some original compounds as potential inhibitors of Rhinovirus replication. METHODS These compounds were explored for in vitro antiviral potential on other human pathogenic Enteroviruses, namely Enterovirus 71 on rhabdo-myosarcoma cells, Coxsackievirus B3 on Vero cells, Poliovirus 1 and Echovirus 11 on BGM cells. RESULTS Activity was confirmed for compound against Rhinovirus 14. Furthermore, few compounds showed a cell-protective effect on Enterovirus 71, presented a marked improvement as compared to the reference drug pleconaril for inhibitory activity on both Enterovirus 71 and Poliovirus 1. The most striking observation was the clear cell protective effect for the set of analogues in a virus-cell-based assay for Echovirus 11 with an effective concentration (EC50) as low as 0.3 µM (Selectivity index or SI = 483), and selectivity indexes greater than 857 (EC50 = 0.6 µM) and 1524 (EC50 = 0.33 µM). CONCLUSION Some of the evaluated compounds showed potent and selective antiviral activity against several enterovirus species, such as Enterovirus 71 (EV-A), Echovirus 11 (EV-B), and Poliovirus 1 (EV-C). This could be used as a starting point for the development of other pleconaril/pirodavir-like enterovirus inhibitors with broad-spectrum activity and improved effects as compared to the reference drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Bernard
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Céline Lacroix
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory for Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maria G Cabiddu
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Johan Neyts
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory for Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Leyssen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory for Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Raffaello Pompei
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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12
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Enterovirus D68. A Focused Review and Clinical Highlights from the 2014 U.S. Outbreak. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2015; 12:775-81. [DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.201412-592fr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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13
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Miscellaneous Antiviral Agents (Interferons, Imiquimod, Pleconaril). MANDELL, DOUGLAS, AND BENNETT'S PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2015. [PMCID: PMC7151994 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4557-4801-3.00047-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Tai W, Gong SL, Tsunoda SM, Greenberg HE, Gorski JC, Penzak SR, Stoch SA, Ma JD. Evaluation of partial area under the concentration time curve to estimate midazolam apparent oral clearance for cytochrome P450 3A phenotyping. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 28:217-23. [PMID: 24114901 DOI: 10.1515/dmdi-2013-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Midazolam apparent oral clearance (CLORAL) is used to estimate intestinal and hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A activity. A limited sampling approach was performed to access a midazolam partial area under the concentration time curve (AUC) to estimate CLORAL. METHODS Midazolam plasma concentrations from healthy adults were obtained during CYP3A baseline (n=116), inhibition (n=75), and induction or activation (n=66) from seven published studies. Observed CLORAL and partial AUCs of AUC0-2, AUC0-4, AUC0-6, AUC1-2, AUC1-4, AUC2-4, and AUC2-6 were determined by noncompartmental analysis. Subject data were randomly divided into a training set and a validation set. Linear regression equations, derived from partial AUCs, were developed from training set data. Predicted CLORAL was determined from these equations from validation set data. Preset criterion was a coefficient of determination (r2) greater than or equal to 0.9. Bias and precision were evaluated by relative percent mean prediction error (%MPE) and relative percent mean absolute error (%MAE). RESULTS During CYP3A baseline conditions, all of the evaluated CLORAL equations had unacceptable r2 (range: 0.34-0.86). During CYP3A inhibition, all of the evaluated CLORAL equations had unacceptable %MAE. Acceptable r2, %MPE, and %MAE were observed during CYP3A induction/activation with AUC0-4 (r2=0.99, %MPE=3.9, %MAE=12.5) and AUC1-4 (r2=0.99, %MPE=6%, %MAE=11.1%). The same equations also predicted the extent of CYP3A induction as a lack of equivalence was observed with AUC0-4 and AUC1-4. CONCLUSIONS Midazolam partial AUCs were unable to estimate CYP3A activity during the evaluated baseline and inhibitory conditions. Midazolam CLORAL utilizing a partial AUC0-4 and AUC1-4 was able to estimate CYP3A induction with rifampin and Ginkgo biloba extract.
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15
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Kuo RL, Shih SR. Strategies to develop antivirals against enterovirus 71. Virol J 2013; 10:28. [PMID: 23339605 PMCID: PMC3614426 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is an important human pathogen which may cause severe neurological complications and death in children. The virus caused several outbreaks in the Asia-Pacific region during the past two decades and has been considered a significant public health problem in the post-poliovirus eradication era. Unlike poliovirus, there is no effective vaccine or approved antivirals against EV71. To explore anti-EV71 agents therefore is of vital importance. Several strategies have been employed to develop antivirals based on the molecular characteristics of the virus. Among these, some small molecules that were developed against human rhinoviruses and poliovirus are under evaluation. In this review, we discuss the recent development of such small molecules against EV71, known drug resistance and possible solutions to it, and animal models for evaluating the efficacy of these antivirals. Although further investigation is required for clinical applications of the existing candidates, the molecular mechanisms revealed for the inhibition of EV71 replication can be used for designing new molecules against this virus in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rei-Lin Kuo
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hua 1st Road, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Jurgeit A, McDowell R, Moese S, Meldrum E, Schwendener R, Greber UF. Niclosamide is a proton carrier and targets acidic endosomes with broad antiviral effects. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002976. [PMID: 23133371 PMCID: PMC3486884 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses use a limited set of host pathways for infection. These pathways represent bona fide antiviral targets with low likelihood of viral resistance. We identified the salicylanilide niclosamide as a broad range antiviral agent targeting acidified endosomes. Niclosamide is approved for human use against helminthic infections, and has anti-neoplastic and antiviral effects. Its mode of action is unknown. Here, we show that niclosamide, which is a weak lipophilic acid inhibited infection with pH-dependent human rhinoviruses (HRV) and influenza virus. Structure-activity studies showed that antiviral efficacy and endolysosomal pH neutralization co-tracked, and acidification of the extracellular medium bypassed the virus entry block. Niclosamide did not affect the vacuolar H(+)-ATPase, but neutralized coated vesicles or synthetic liposomes, indicating a proton carrier mode-of-action independent of any protein target. This report demonstrates that physico-chemical interference with host pathways has broad range antiviral effects, and provides a proof of concept for the development of host-directed antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Jurgeit
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Robert McDowell
- 3-V Biosciences Inc., Menlo Park, California, United States of America
| | - Stefan Moese
- 3-V Biosciences Inc., Menlo Park, California, United States of America
| | - Eric Meldrum
- 3-V Biosciences Inc., Menlo Park, California, United States of America
| | - Reto Schwendener
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Urs F. Greber
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Hussain Basha S, Prasad RN. In-Silico screening of Pleconaril and its novel substituted derivatives with Neuraminidase of H1N1 Influenza strain. BMC Res Notes 2012; 5:105. [PMID: 22340192 PMCID: PMC3369820 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-5-105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuraminidase (NA) is a prominent surface antigen of Influenza viruses, which helps in release of viruses from the host cells after replication. Anti influenza drugs such as Oseltamivir target a highly conserved active site of NA, which comprises of 8 functional residues (R118, D151, R152, R224, E276, R292, R371 and Y406) to restrict viral release from host cells, thus inhibiting its ability to cleave sialic acid residues on the cell membrane. Reports on the emergence of Oseltamivir resistant strains of H1N1 Influenza virus necessitated a search for alternative drug candidates. Pleconaril is a novel antiviral drug being developed by Schering-Plough to treat Picornaviridae infections, and is in its late clinical trials stage. Since, Pleconaril was designed to bind the highly conserved hydrophobic binding site on VP1 protein of Picorna viruses, the ability of Pleconaril and its novel substituted derivatives to bind highly conserved hydrophobic active site of H1N1 Neuraminidase, targeting which oseltamivir has been designed was investigated. Result 310 novel substituted variants of Pleconaril were designed using Chemsketch software and docked into the highly conserved active site of NA using arguslab software. 198 out of 310 Pleconaril variants analyzed for docking with NA active site were proven effective, based on their free binding energy. Conclusion Pleconaril variants with F, Cl, Br, CH3, OH and aromatic ring substitutions were shown to be effective alternatives to Oseltamivir as anti influenza drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Hussain Basha
- Dept. of Biotechnology, REVA Institute of Science and Management, Yelahanka, Bangalore 560064, India.
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Fechner H, Pinkert S, Geisler A, Poller W, Kurreck J. Pharmacological and biological antiviral therapeutics for cardiac coxsackievirus infections. Molecules 2011; 16:8475-503. [PMID: 21989310 PMCID: PMC6264230 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16108475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Revised: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Subtype B coxsackieviruses (CVB) represent the most commonly identified infectious agents associated with acute and chronic myocarditis, with CVB3 being the most common variant. Damage to the heart is induced both directly by virally mediated cell destruction and indirectly due to the immune and autoimmune processes reacting to virus infection. This review addresses antiviral therapeutics for cardiac coxsackievirus infections discovered over the last 25 years. One group represents pharmacologically active low molecular weight substances that inhibit virus uptake by binding to the virus capsid (e.g., pleconaril) or inactivate viral proteins (e.g., NO-metoprolol and ribavirin) or inhibit cellular proteins which are essential for viral replication (e.g., ubiquitination inhibitors). A second important group of substances are interferons. They have antiviral but also immunomodulating activities. The third and most recently discovered group includes biological and cellular therapeutics. Soluble receptor analogues (e.g., sCAR-Fc) bind to the virus capsid and block virus uptake. Small interfering RNAs, short hairpin RNAs and antisense oligonucleotides bind to and led to degradation of the viral RNA genome or cellular RNAs, thereby preventing their translation and viral replication. Most recently mesenchymal stem cell transplantation has been shown to possess antiviral activity in CVB3 infections. Taken together, a number of antiviral therapeutics has been developed for the treatment of myocardial CVB infection in recent years. In addition to low molecular weight inhibitors, biological therapeutics have become promising anti-viral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Fechner
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany; (S.P.); (J.K.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +49-30-31472181; Fax: +49-30-31427502
| | - Sandra Pinkert
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany; (S.P.); (J.K.)
| | - Anja Geisler
- Department of Cardiology & Pneumology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200 Berlin, Germany; (A.G.); wolfgang.poller@charite (W.P.)
| | - Wolfgang Poller
- Department of Cardiology & Pneumology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200 Berlin, Germany; (A.G.); wolfgang.poller@charite (W.P.)
| | - Jens Kurreck
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany; (S.P.); (J.K.)
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Zhu QC, Wang Y, Liu YP, Zhang RQ, Li X, Su WH, Long F, Luo XD, Peng T. Inhibition of enterovirus 71 replication by chrysosplenetin and penduletin. Eur J Pharm Sci 2011; 44:392-8. [PMID: 21914477 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2011.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Revised: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, enterovirus 71 (EV71) infections have caused an increasing epidemic in young children, accompanying with more severe nervous system disease and more deaths. Unfortunately, there is no specific medication for it so far. Here we investigated the anti-EV71 activity of chrysosplenetin and penduletin, two o-methylated flavonols isolated from the leaves of Laggera pterodonta. These two compounds were found to have strong activity in vitro against EV71 with low cytotoxicity. In the cytopathic effect (CPE) inhibition assays, both plaque reduction assay and virus yield inhibition assay, the compounds showed a similar 50% inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) value of about 0.20 μM. The selectivity indices (SI) of chrysosplenetin and penduletin were 107.5 and 655.6 in African green monkey kidney (Vero) cells, and 69.5 and 200.5 in human rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells, accordingly. The preliminary mechanism analysis indicates that they function not through blocking virus entry or inactivating virus directly but inhibiting viral RNA replication. In the time-of-addition assay, both compounds inhibited progeny virus production and RNA replication by nearly 100% when introduced within 4h post infection. In addition to EV71, both compounds inhibited several other human enteroviruses with similar efficacy. These findings provide a significant lead for the discovery of anti-EV71 drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin-Chang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
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20
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Garozzo A, Stivala A, Tempera G, Castro A. Antipoliovirus activity and mechanism of action of 3-methylthio-5-phenyl-4-isothiazolecarbonitrile. Antiviral Res 2010; 88:325-8. [PMID: 20955736 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2010.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Revised: 09/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies described the synthesis and the antiviral activity of 3,4,5-trisubstituted isothiazole derivatives that were found to be particularly effective against enteroviruses. Compound 3-methylthio-5-phenyl-4-isothiazolecarbonitrile (IS-2) exhibited an interesting anti-poliovirus activity with a high selectivity index. In the present study we investigated the mechanism of action of this compound. Studies on the time of IS-2 addition to poliovirus type 1 infected cells suggested that the compound may inhibit some early process of viral replication. In order to determine its mechanism of action, we evaluated the rate of attachment and internalization of purified [³H]uridine-labeled poliovirus to HEp-2 cells in the presence or absence of IS-2. No effect on poliovirus adsorption and internalization to host cells was detected. We also investigated the influence of the compound on virus uncoating using labeled poliovirus and measuring the radioactivity of oligoribonucleotides formed from viral RNA susceptible to ribonuclease. These experiments demonstrated that poliovirus uncoating is influenced by IS-2 action.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Garozzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Microbiologiche e Ginecologiche, Università di Catania, Italy.
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21
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Jurgeit A, Moese S, Roulin P, Dorsch A, Lötzerich M, Lee WM, Greber UF. An RNA replication-center assay for high content image-based quantifications of human rhinovirus and coxsackievirus infections. Virol J 2010; 7:264. [PMID: 20937137 PMCID: PMC2958916 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-7-264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Picornaviruses are common human and animal pathogens, including polio and rhinoviruses of the enterovirus family, and hepatits A or food-and-mouth disease viruses. There are no effective countermeasures against the vast majority of picornaviruses, with the exception of polio and hepatitis A vaccines. Human rhinoviruses (HRV) are the most prevalent picornaviruses comprising more than one hundred serotypes. The existing and also emerging HRVs pose severe health risks for patients with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Here, we developed a serotype-independent infection assay using a commercially available mouse monoclonal antibody (mabJ2) detecting double-strand RNA. Results Immunocytochemical staining for RNA replication centers using mabJ2 identified cells that were infected with either HRV1A, 2, 14, 16, 37 or coxsackievirus (CV) B3, B4 or A21. MabJ2 labeled-cells were immunocytochemically positive for newly synthesized viral capsid proteins from HRV1A, 14, 16, 37 or CVB3, 4. We optimized the procedure for detection of virus replication in settings for high content screening with automated fluorescence microscopy and single cell analysis. Our data show that the infection signal was dependent on multiplicity, time and temperature of infection, and the mabJ2-positive cell numbers correlated with viral titres determined in single step growth curves. The mabJ2 infection assay was adapted to determine the efficacy of anti-viral compounds and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) blocking enterovirus infections. Conclusions We report a broadly applicable, rapid protocol to measure infection of cultured cells with enteroviruses at single cell resolution. This assay can be applied to a wide range of plus-sense RNA viruses, and hence allows comparative studies of viral infection biology without dedicated reagents or procedures. This protocol also allows to directly compare results from small compound or siRNA infection screens for different serotypes without the risk of assay specific artifacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Jurgeit
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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22
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Sánchez Conde M. Infecciones víricas. MEDICINE - PROGRAMA DE FORMACIÓN MÉDICA CONTINUADA ACREDITADO 2010; 10:4061-4069. [PMID: 32287891 PMCID: PMC7143705 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-5412(10)70161-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Woo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University College of Medicine, Korea.
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24
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Holmberg R, Klitz W, Blixt M, Berggren PO, Juntti-Berggren L, Niklasson B. Antiviral treatments reduce severity of diabetes in Ljungan virus-infected CD-1 mice and delay onset in diabetes-prone BB rats. Microbiol Immunol 2009; 53:567-72. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2009.00160.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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De Palma AM, Vliegen I, De Clercq E, Neyts J. Selective inhibitors of picornavirus replication. Med Res Rev 2008; 28:823-84. [PMID: 18381747 DOI: 10.1002/med.20125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Picornaviruses cover a large family of pathogens that have a major impact on human but also on veterinary health. Although most infections in man subside mildly or asymptomatically, picornaviruses can also be responsible for severe, potentially life-threatening disease. To date, no therapy has been approved for the treatment of picornavirus infections. However, efforts to develop an antiviral that is effective in treating picornavirus-associated diseases are ongoing. In 2007, Schering-Plough, under license of ViroPharma, completed a phase II clinical trial with Pleconaril, a drug that was originally rejected by the FDA after a New Drug Application in 2001. Rupintrivir, a rhinovirus protease inhibitor developed at Pfizer, reached clinical trials but was recently halted from further development. Finally, Biota's HRV drug BTA-798 is scheduled for phase II trials in 2008. Several key steps in the picornaviral replication cycle, involving structural as well as non-structural proteins, have been identified as valuable targets for inhibition. The current review aims to highlight the most important developments during the past decades in the search for antivirals against picornaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando M De Palma
- Rega Institute, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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26
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De Palma AM, Pürstinger G, Wimmer E, Patick AK, Andries K, Rombaut B, De Clercq E, Neyts J. Potential use of antiviral agents in polio eradication. Emerg Infect Dis 2008; 14:545-51. [PMID: 18394270 DOI: 10.3201/eid1404.070439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In 1988, the World Health Assembly launched the Global Polio Eradication Initiative, which aimed to use large-scale vaccination with the oral vaccine to eradicate polio worldwide by the year 2000. Although important progress has been made, polio remains endemic in several countries. Also, the current control measures will likely be inadequate to deal with problems that may arise in the postpolio era. A panel convoked by the National Research Council concluded that the use of antiviral drugs may be essential in the polio eradication strategy. We here report on a comparative study of the antipoliovirus activity of a selection of molecules that have previously been reported to be inhibitors of picornavirus replication and discuss their potential use, alone or in combination, for the treatment or prophylaxis of poliovirus infection.
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27
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Pürstinger G, De Palma AM, Zimmerhofer G, Huber S, Ladurner S, Neyts J. Synthesis and anti-CVB 3 evaluation of substituted 5-nitro-2-phenoxybenzonitriles. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:5123-5. [PMID: 18710805 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.07.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2008] [Revised: 07/23/2008] [Accepted: 07/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and SAR of a series of 60 substituted 2-phenoxy-5-nitrobenzonitriles (analogues of MDL-860) as inhibitors of enterovirus replication (in particular of coxsackievirus B3 (CVB 3)) are reported. Several of the analogues inhibited CVB 3 and other enteroviruses at low-micromolar concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Pürstinger
- Institut für Pharmazie, Abteilung Pharmazeutische Chemie, Universität Innsbruck, Innrain 52a, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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De Palma AM, Pürstinger G, Wimmer E, Patick AK, Andries K, Rombaut B, De Clercq E, Neyts J. Potential use of antiviral agents in polio eradication. Emerg Infect Dis 2008; 14. [PMID: 18394270 PMCID: PMC2570929 DOI: 10.320l/eid1404.070439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In 1988, the World Health Assembly launched the Global Polio Eradication Initiative, which aimed to use large-scale vaccination with the oral vaccine to eradicate polio worldwide by the year 2000. Although important progress has been made, polio remains endemic in several countries. Also, the current control measures will likely be inadequate to deal with problems that may arise in the postpolio era. A panel convoked by the National Research Council concluded that the use of antiviral drugs may be essential in the polio eradication strategy. We here report on a comparative study of the antipoliovirus activity of a selection of molecules that have previously been reported to be inhibitors of picornavirus replication and discuss their potential use, alone or in combination, for the treatment or prophylaxis of poliovirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eva Wimmer
- University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Amy K. Patick
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Koen Andries
- J&J Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
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Abd-El-Aziz AS, Carraher CE, Pittman CU, Zeldin M. Cisplatin Derivatives as Antiviral Agents. INORGANIC AND ORGANOMETALLIC MACROMOLECULES 2008. [PMCID: PMC7121272 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-72947-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The use of polymeric derivatives of cisplatin as antiviral drugs is reviewed. Some of these drugs inhibit a wide variety of both RNA and DNA viruses including those responsible for herpes, common colds, chickenpox, and smallpox. The desirability of polymeric drugs is described as is the mode(s) of action of cisplatin itself. A description of viruses and methods of combating viruses is presented. Included is a review of current antiviral agents as well as modes of action of these antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa S. Abd-El-Aziz
- The University of British Columbia, Okanagan, 3333 University Way, V1V 1V7 Kelowna, British Columbia Canada
| | - Charles E. Carraher
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Rd., 33431 Boca Raton, Florida USA
| | - Charles U. Pittman
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, 39762 Mississippi State, Mississippi USA
| | - Martel Zeldin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Richmond, 28 Westhampton Way, 23173 Richmond, Virginia USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To highlight some of the recent key epidemiologic and clinical diagnostic dilemmas of aseptic meningitis and to evaluate some tests that may help distinguish aseptic compared with bacterial meningitis. RECENT FINDINGS Enteroviruses remain the most common cause of aseptic meningitis. Certain enteroviruses (e.g. coxsackie B5, echovirus 6, 9 and 30) are more likely to cause meningitis outbreaks, while others (coxsackie A9, B3 and B4) are mostly endemic. Nucleic acid tests are more sensitive than cultures in diagnosing enteroviral infections. In centers where the turnaround time for these tests is less than 24 h, there can be substantial cost savings and avoidance of unnecessary treatment of aseptic meningitis with antibiotics. Serum and stool specimens are important adjunct samples for diagnosing enteroviral infections in children. Cerebrospinal fluid protein (> or = 0.5 g/l) and serum procalcitonin (> or = 0.5 ng/ml) appear to be useful laboratory markers for distinguishing between bacterial and aseptic meningitis in children aged 28 days to 16 years, but they have relatively low sensitivity and specificity. SUMMARY Enteroviruses are the major causes of aseptic meningitis. The major focus of diagnosis remains ruling out bacterial infection or confirming enteroviral etiology of infection. Properly implemented nucleic acid tests have the potential to reduce cost and unnecessary treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonita E Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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31
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De Palma AM, Heggermont W, Leyssen P, Pürstinger G, Wimmer E, De Clercq E, Rao A, Monforte AM, Chimirri A, Neyts J. Anti-enterovirus activity and structure–activity relationship of a series of 2,6-dihalophenyl-substituted 1H,3H-thiazolo[3,4-a]benzimidazoles. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 353:628-32. [PMID: 17194441 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.12.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2006] [Accepted: 12/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite the fact that enteroviruses are implicated in a variety of human diseases, there is no approved therapy for the treatment of enteroviral infections. Here, a series of 2,6-dihalophenyl-substituted 1H,3H-thiazolo[3,4-a]benzimidazoles with anti-enterovirus activity is reported. The compounds elicit potent activity against coxsackievirus A9, echovirus 9 and 11 and all six strains of coxsackievirus B. A structure-activity relationship analysis revealed that the presence of substituents at position 6 of the tricyclic system positively influences the antiviral activity, whereas substitutions at position 7 are less favorable. In particular a 6-trifluoromethyl substitution leads to a substantial improvement of the antiviral activity as compared to the unsubstituted structure. Furthermore, an additional introduction of a 2-Cl, 6-F substitution on the phenyl at C-1 results in a further increase of the antiviral activity. Hence, 1-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-6-trifluoromethyl-1H,3H-thiazolo[3,4-a]benzimidazole results in a dose-dependent inhibition of viral replication with a 50% effective concentration (EC50) of 0.41 microg/ml without any detectable cytotoxicity at the highest concentration (100 microg/ml) tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando M De Palma
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Ma JD, Nafziger AN, Rhodes G, Liu S, Gartung AM, Bertino JS. The effect of oral pleconaril on hepatic cytochrome P450 3A activity in healthy adults using intravenous midazolam as a probe. J Clin Pharmacol 2006; 46:103-8. [PMID: 16397289 DOI: 10.1177/0091270005283286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Pleconaril is a viral capsid inhibitor under evaluation for treatment of infections caused by rhinoviruses and enteroviruses. This study evaluated the effect of pleconaril on hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A activity as assessed by intravenous (IV) midazolam. Healthy adults received oral pleconaril 400 mg 3 times daily for 16 doses. Single-dose, IV midazolam 0.025 mg/kg was administered before and during pleconaril administration. Midazolam and pleconaril plasma concentrations were assayed by LC/MS/MS. Bioequivalence was assessed by least squares geometric mean ratios (LS-GMR) with 90% confidence intervals (90% CIs) for the measured midazolam pharmacokinetic parameters. Sixteen subjects were enrolled, and 14 subjects completed the study. Pleconaril decreased midazolam AUC(0-infinity) 28% and increased systemic clearance 39%. LS-GMR (90% CI) were 0.718 (0.674-0.765) and 1.392 (1.307-1.483), respectively. Plasma pleconaril concentrations steadily increased over time. Observed changes in midazolam AUC(0-infinity) and systemic clearance suggest that oral pleconaril increased hepatic CYP3A activity in healthy adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D Ma
- ORI Drug Development Center, Ordway Research Institute, Inc, 150 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY 12208, USA
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Ma JD, Nafziger AN, Rhodes G, Liu S, Bertino JS. DURATION OF PLECONARIL EFFECT ON CYTOCHROME P450 3A ACTIVITY IN HEALTHY ADULTS USING THE ORAL BIOMARKER MIDAZOLAM. Drug Metab Dispos 2006; 34:783-5. [PMID: 16467135 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.105.007831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the duration of oral pleconaril (a picornavirus inhibitor) effect on intestinal and hepatic cytochrome P450 (P450) 3A activity as assessed by oral midazolam. Healthy adults received oral midazolam (0.075 mg/kg) on days 1 (baseline), 7, 9, 13, 20, 27, and 34. Oral pleconaril (400 mg) three times daily for 15 doses was administered on days 2 through 7. Blood samples were collected during each day of midazolam dosing to determine plasma midazolam concentrations. On days 5, 6, and 7, blood samples were collected to determine plasma pleconaril concentrations. Midazolam pharmacokinetics were determined by noncompartmental analyses, with bioequivalence assessed by least-squares geometric mean ratios (LS-GMR) and 90% confidence intervals (90% CI). Eighteen subjects completed the study. Midazolam C(max) (LS-GMR; 90% CI) decreased 24% on day 7 (0.76; 0.66-0.87). Midazolam oral clearance increased 53% on day 7 (1.53; 1.38-1.69). Midazolam oral clearance remained different on days 9 (1.38; 1.25-1.52) and 13 (1.19; 1.07-1.31) versus day 1. Midazolam volume of distribution (1.82; 1.57-2.11) and elimination half-life (1.19; 1.03-1.38) were also different on day 7 in comparison with day 1. Oral pleconaril increased intestinal and hepatic CYP3A activity. The duration of increased CYP3A activity by pleconaril was at least 6 days (but no longer than 13 days) after pleconaril discontinuation.
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Auewarakul P, Wacharapornin P, Srichatrapimuk S, Chutipongtanate S, Puthavathana P. Uncoating of HIV-1 requires cellular activation. Virology 2005; 337:93-101. [PMID: 15882886 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2004] [Revised: 12/30/2004] [Accepted: 02/23/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Uncoating is an essential step in viral replication cycle. Little is known about the mechanism and requirement of HIV uncoating. Using an in vitro uncoating model, we demonstrate here that the uncoating of HIV-1 was efficiently induced by lysate from activated CD4+ lymphocytes, while quiescent CD4+ lymphocyte lysate was unable to uncoat HIV-1 core. The uncoating activity was associated with an induction of in vitro reverse transcription of the viral genome. Using CD4+ lymphocytes that were arrested in cell cycle, we showed that the uncoating activity required transition of cells from G(0)/G(1a) into G(1b) stage. These results strongly suggested a requirement of cell cycle-dependent specific factors for HIV-1 uncoating. The putative HIV-1 uncoating factors could be fractionated from cell lysate by gel filtration chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasert Auewarakul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Abstract
Viruses have evolved to enter cells from all three domains of life--Bacteria, Archaea and Eukaryotes. Of more than 3,600 known viruses, hundreds can infect human cells and most of those are associated with disease. To gain access to the cell interior, animal viruses attach to host-cell receptors. Advances in our understanding of how viral entry proteins interact with their host-cell receptors and undergo conformational changes that lead to entry offer unprecedented opportunities for the development of novel therapeutics and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimiter S Dimitrov
- Human Immunovirology and Computational Biology Group, Laboratory of Experimental & Computational Biology, Centre for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201, USA.
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Chakrabarti S, Osman H, Collingham KE, Fegan CD, Milligan DW. Enterovirus infections following T-cell depleted allogeneic transplants in adults. Bone Marrow Transplant 2003; 33:425-30. [PMID: 14688815 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1704359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Anecdotally, enteroviruses have been reported to cause serious complications post BMT, but the exact impact of these viruses in the post transplant period has not been reported. We prospectively evaluated stool, urine and throat samples for enteroviruses by viral culture together with relevant body fluids by RT-PCR in 64 allograft recipients receiving grafts T-cell depleted by Campath-1H, following both conventional and reduced-intensity conditioning. Seven patients (10.4%) developed nine episodes of enterovirus infections at a median of 146 days post transplant. Four episodes were associated with symptomatic illnesses, which could be attributable to enteroviruses. There was no mortality directly related to enteroviruses. There was no correlation between dose and mode of Campath-1H use, lymphocyte recovery, IgG and IgA levels and enterovirus isolation. Although enteroviruses tended to be more frequent in TBI-based conventional conditioning recipients, the only significant risk factor for enterovirus infection was unrelated donor graft. The low incidence of the severe enterovirus infections could have been related to a low lymphocyte count in this cohort in the absence of GVHD, particularly CD4+ count, which has been implicated in tissue damage in experimental animals. Further studies are needed to define its impact in different allograft settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chakrabarti
- Departments of Haematology, Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, Birmingham, UK.
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