1
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Han Y, Taylor EB, Luthe D. Maize Endochitinase Expression in Response to Fall Armyworm Herbivory. J Chem Ecol 2021; 47:689-706. [PMID: 34056671 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-021-01284-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A large percentage of crop loss is due to insect damage, especially caterpillar damage. Plant chitinases are considered excellent candidates to combat these insects since they can degrade chitin in peritrophic matrix (PM), an important protective structure in caterpillar midgut. Compared to chemical insecticides, chitinases could improve host plant resistance and be both economically and environmentally advantageous. The focus of this research was to find chitinase candidates that could improve plant resistance by effectively limiting caterpillar damage. Five classes of endochitinase (I-V) genes were characterized in the maize genome, and we isolated and cloned four chitinase genes (chitinase A, chitinase B, chitinase I, and PRm3) present in two maize (Zea mays L.) inbred lines Mp708 and Tx601, with different levels of resistance to caterpillar pests. We also investigated the expression of these maize chitinases in response to fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda, FAW) attack. The results indicated that both chitinase transcript abundance and enzymatic activity increased in response to FAW feeding and mechanical wounding. Furthermore, chitinases retained activity inside the caterpillar midgut and enzymatic activity was detected in the food bolus and frass. When examined under scanning electron microscopy, PMs from Tx601-fed caterpillars showed structural damage when compared to diet controls. Analysis of chitinase transcript abundance after caterpillar feeding and proteomic analysis of maize leaf trichomes in the two inbreds implicated chitinase PRm3 found in Tx601 as a potential insecticidal protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Han
- The Pennsylvania State University, Plant Science, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Erin B Taylor
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Dawn Luthe
- The Pennsylvania State University, Plant Science, University Park, PA, USA.
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2
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Schwarz J, Milnes J, Brunner J. The Chimeric Bud-Sport 'Delicious' (Red) Mutant Strain, It, Expresses Lethal-Effect Resistance Against the Obliquebanded Leafroller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 113:2285-2292. [PMID: 32573689 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toaa126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Three 'Red Delicious,' Malus domestica Borkhausen (Rosales: Rosaceae), apple plantings, each representing a different sport, were evaluated for natural resistance against the obliquebanded leafroller (OBLR), Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris). The establishment of neonate larvae on apple foliage was not different between the three 'Red Delicious' plantings. Of the three 'Red Delicious' plantings, the one that most negatively impacted OBLR was the 'It Delicious' genotype. The 'It Delicious' genotype at the Sunrise Research Orchard exhibited essentially 100% mortality against OBLR when fed on spring and summer foliage, and mortality accumulated faster across instars than on other 'Red Delicious' plantings. The high mortality observed in the 'It Delicious' genotype points to the existence of a putative gene, which we propose as Cro1. The other 'Red Delicious' plantings, Columbia River Orchard and Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center Research Orchard treatments, showed negative impacts, especially when exposed to foliage from the summer compared to the spring period. Development rates in these treatments in spring were higher compared to summer, and there were direct relationships between development rates, pupal weights, and adult longevity for both males and females. These latter results suggest that sublethal effects could be present in these 'Red Delicious' cultivars, thus offering insights to a gene-pyramiding strategy for breeders to managing leafroller pests in Washington apple.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Schwarz
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Wenatchee, WA
| | - Joshua Milnes
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Wenatchee, WA
| | - Jay Brunner
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Wenatchee, WA
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3
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Pinto JRL, Torres AF, Truzi CC, Vieira NF, Vacari AM, De Bortoli SA. Artificial Corn-Based Diet for Rearing Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2019; 19:5526214. [PMID: 31260529 PMCID: PMC6601867 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iez052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith, 1797) is considered a key pest of maize. However, the artificial diets used for rearing this insect in the laboratory do not contain corn. The aim of this study was to evaluate the biology and to compare the food consumption by S. frugiperda, as well as the food preference of the larvae in the standard diet and the corn-based diet. Three of the following diets were evaluated: a standard diet based on beans (D1), a diet with corn flour as substitute for wheat germ (D2), and a diet replacing beans with green corn (D3). The biological parameters evaluated were period and survival of larvae and pupae; weight of male and female pupae; sex ratio; fecundity; egg incubation period; and adult longevity. The nutritional indices were determined and the biological data obtained were used to determine the parameters of fertility life tables; we also performed a multiple-choice test (feeding test). Larval development of S. frugiperda occurred in all three diets, although without oviposition by females developed from larval fed on D2. There was no difference among the diets in relation to the fertility life table parameters. The diet D2 resulted in better ingestion, digestion, assimilation, and conversion of food, but was associated with a metabolic cost to assimilate the food. Using a multiple-choice test, we observed that the larvae preferred diet D2. Based on our results, the most adequate diets for rearing S. frugiperda in the laboratory are D1 and D3.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Ricardo Lima Pinto
- Department of Crop Protection, São Paulo State University Unesp, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aline Finotti Torres
- Department of Crop Protection, São Paulo State University Unesp, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caio Cesar Truzi
- Department of Crop Protection, São Paulo State University Unesp, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Natalia Fernanda Vieira
- Department of Crop Protection, São Paulo State University Unesp, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Marieli Vacari
- Agricultural Entomology Laboratory, Animal Science Graduate Program, University of Franca, Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
- Corresponding author, e-mail:
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4
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Nogueira L, Costa EN, Di Bello MM, Diniz JFS, Ribeiro ZA, Boiça Júnior AL. Oviposition Preference and Antibiosis to Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Brazilian Maize Landraces. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 112:939-947. [PMID: 30561669 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toy388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) is a major pest of maize [Zea mays L. (Poales: Poaceae)] in tropical and subtropical regions. We aimed to evaluate the oviposition preference, growth, and survival of S. frugiperda on maize landraces and assess the nutritional quality of the leaves of different Brazilian maize landraces through evaluation of consumption indices. The oviposition preference was assayed using free and no-choice tests, and antibiosis by evaluating insect growth parameters, including weight, development time, survival in different stages of the life cycle, and nutritional indices. Landrace Pérola and cultivar BRS-Caatingueiro were the least preferred for S. frugiperda oviposition. Larvae fed with landrace Pérola consumed a lower amount of leaves and showed longer development time and lower survival until the end of the pupal stage. Larvae fed with the leaves of landrace Pérola and cultivar BRS-Caatingueiro displayed the lowest nutritional indices. Overall, Pérola was the most promising source of resistance to S. frugiperda. Identification of resistance in maize landraces may support breeding programs aimed at developing cultivars and hybrids resistant to S. frugiperda and other agricultural pests and inform growers regarding resistance of their landraces for integrated pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Nogueira
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Departamento de Fitossanidade, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Neves Costa
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados (UFGD), Rodovia Dourados-Itahum, Km 12-Cidade Universitária, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Mirella Marconato Di Bello
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Departamento de Fitossanidade, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juno Ferreira Silva Diniz
- Departamento de Fitotecnia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Zulene Antônio Ribeiro
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Departamento de Fitossanidade, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Arlindo Leal Boiça Júnior
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Departamento de Fitossanidade, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
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5
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Liu H, Hu M, Wang Q, Cheng L, Zhang Z. Role of Papain-Like Cysteine Proteases in Plant Development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1717. [PMID: 30564252 PMCID: PMC6288466 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Papain-like cysteine proteases (PLCP) are prominent peptidases found in most living organisms. In plants, PLCPs was divided into nine subgroups based on functional and structural characterization. They are key enzymes in protein proteolysis and involved in numerous physiological processes. In this paper, we reviewed the updated achievements of physiological roles of plant PLCPs in germination, development, senescence, immunity, and stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Liu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Menghui Hu
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Qi Wang
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Lin Cheng
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Zaibao Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
- *Correspondence: Zaibao Zhang,
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6
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Fescemyer HW, Sandoya GV, Gill TA, Ozkan S, Marden JH, Luthe DS. Maize toxin degrades peritrophic matrix proteins and stimulates compensatory transcriptome responses in fall armyworm midgut. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 43:280-291. [PMID: 23306018 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2012.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying insect compensatory responses to plant defenses could lead to improved plant resistance to herbivores. The Mp708 inbred line of maize produces the maize insect resistant 1-cysteine protease (Mir1-CP) toxin. Reduced feeding and growth of fall armyworm larvae fed on Mp708 was previously linked to impairment of nutrient utilization and degradation of the midgut (MG) peritrophic matrix (PM) by Mir1-CP. Here we examine the biochemical and transcriptional responses of fall armyworm larvae to Mir1-CP. Insect Intestinal Mucin (IIM) was severely depleted from pure PMs treated in vitro with recombinant Mir1-CP. Larvae fed on Mp708 midwhorls excrete frass largely depleted of IIM. Cracks, fissures and increased porosity previously observed in the PM of larvae fed on Mp708 midwhorls could ensue when Mir1-CP degrades the IIM that cross-links chitin fibrils in the PM. Both targeted and global transcriptome analyses were performed to determine how complete dissolution of the structure and function of the PM is prevented, enabling larvae to continue growing in the presence of Mir1-CP. The MGs from fall armyworm fed on Mp708 upregulate expression of genes encoding proteins involved in PM production as an apparent compensation to replace the disrupted PM structure and restore appropriate counter-current MG gradients. Also, several families of digestive enzymes (endopeptidases, aminopeptidases, lipases, amylase) were more highly expressed in MGs from larvae fed on Mp708 than MGs from larvae fed on diets lacking Mir1-CP (artificial diet, midwhorls from Tx601 or B73 maize). Impaired growth of larvae fed on Mp708 probably results from metabolic costs associated with higher production of PM constituents and digestive enzymes in a compensatory attempt to maintain MG function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard W Fescemyer
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, 208 Mueller Laboratory, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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7
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Smith WEC, Shivaji R, Williams WP, Luthe DS, Sandoya GV, Smith CL, Sparks DL, Brown AE. A maize line resistant to herbivory constitutively releases (E) -beta-caryophyllene. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2012; 105:120-128. [PMID: 22420263 DOI: 10.1603/ec11107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Various pests, such as those in the order Lepidoptera, frequently feed on young maize (Zea mays) plants and pose a significant threat to plant development and survival. To manage this problem, maize generates a wide variety of responses to attack by pests, from activation of wound-response pathways to the release of volatile compounds. Mp708, an inbred line resistant to feeding by the larvae of the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), has been developed through traditional breeding methods, but its underlying mechanisms of resistance are still not completely understood. Mp708 has been shown to have a moderately high constitutive expression of jasmonic acid (JA) before infestation by fall armyworm. However, Tx601, a genotype susceptible to feeding by fall armyworm, activates JA pathway only in response to feeding, suggesting that Mp708 is "primed" to respond swiftly to an attack. Current research indicates that fall armyworm show a lack of preference to feeding on Mp708, leading to the hypothesis that volatiles constitutively released by the plant may also play an important role in its resistance. Analysis of volatiles released by Mp708 and Tx601 in the presence and absence of fall armyworm larvae identified (E)-beta-caryophyllene, a terpenoid associated with resistance, released constitutively in Mp708. Fall armyworm fed samples of both Mp708 and Tx601 showed high transcript number of tps23, the gene responsible for the synthesis of (E)-beta-caryophyllene. In addition, fall armyworm larvae show a preference for Tx601 whorl tissue over Mp708 tissue, and the dosage of Tx601 whorl with (E)-beta-caryophyllene repels the fall armyworm.
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Affiliation(s)
- W E C Smith
- Mississippi State University, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, 32 Creelman Street, MS 9650, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
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8
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Gill TA, Sandoya G, Williams P, Luthe DS. Belowground resistance to western corn rootworm in lepidopteran-resistant maize genotypes. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2011; 104:299-307. [PMID: 21404871 DOI: 10.1603/ec10117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Several maize, Zea mays L., inbred lines developed from an Antiguan maize population have been shown to exhibit resistance to numerous aboveground lepidopteran pests. This study shows that these genotypes are able to significantly reduce the survival of two root feeding pests, western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, and southern corn rootworm, Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber. The results also demonstrated that feeding by the aboveground herbivore fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), before infestation by western corn rootworm reduced survivorship of western corn rootworm in the root tissues of some, but not all, genotypes. Likewise, the presence of western corn rootworm in the soil seemed to increase resistance to fall armyworm in the whorl in several genotypes. However, genotypes derived from the Antiguan germplasm with genetic resistance to lepidopterans were still more resistant to the fall armyworm and both rootworm species than the susceptible genotypes even after defense induction. These results suggest that there may be intraplant communication that alters plant responses to aboveground and belowground herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torrence A Gill
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, 116 ASI Bldg., The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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9
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Shivaji R, Camas A, Ankala A, Engelberth J, Tumlinson JH, Williams WP, Wilkinson JR, Luthe DS. Plants on constant alert: elevated levels of jasmonic acid and jasmonate-induced transcripts in caterpillar-resistant maize. J Chem Ecol 2010; 36:179-91. [PMID: 20148356 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-010-9752-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2009] [Revised: 01/03/2010] [Accepted: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine if constitutive levels of jasmonic acid (JA) and other octadecanoid compounds were elevated prior to herbivory in a maize genotype with documented resistance to fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) and other lepidopteran pests. The resistant inbred Mp708 had approximately 3-fold higher levels of jasmonic acid (JA) prior to herbivore feeding than the susceptible inbred Tx601. Constitutive levels of cis-12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) also were higher in Mp708 than Tx601. In addition, the constitutive expression of JA-inducible genes, including those in the JA biosynthetic pathway, was higher in Mp708 than Tx601. In response to herbivory, Mp708 generated comparatively higher levels of hydrogen peroxide, and had a greater abundance of NADPH oxidase transcripts before and after caterpillar feeding. Before herbivore feeding, low levels of transcripts encoding the maize insect resistance cysteine protease (Mir1-CP) and the Mir1-CP protein were detected consistently. Thus, Mp708 appears to have a portion of its defense pathway primed, which results in constitutive defenses and the ability to mount a stronger defense when caterpillars attack. Although the molecular mechanisms that regulate the constitutive accumulation of JA in Mp708 are unknown, it might account for its enhanced resistance to lepidopteran pests. This genotype could be valuable in studying the signaling pathways that maize uses to response to insect herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renuka Shivaji
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
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Ankala A, Luthe DS, Williams WP, Wilkinson JR. Integration of ethylene and jasmonic acid signaling pathways in the expression of maize defense protein Mir1-CP. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2009; 22:1555-1564. [PMID: 19888821 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-22-12-1555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In plants, ethylene and jasmonate control the defense responses to multiple stressors, including insect predation. Among the defense proteins known to be regulated by ethylene is maize insect resistance 1-cysteine protease (Mir1-CP). This protein is constitutively expressed in the insect-resistant maize (Zea mays) genotype Mp708; however, its abundance significantly increases during fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) herbivory. Within 1 h of herbivory by fall armyworm, Mir1-CP accumulates at the feeding site and continues to increase in abundance until 24 h without any increase in its transcript (mir1) levels. To resolve this discrepancy and elucidate the role of ethylene and jasmonate in the signaling of Mir1-CP expression, the effects of phytohormone biosynthesis and perception inhibitors on Mir1-CP expression were tested. Immunoblot analysis of Mir1-CP accumulation and quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction examination of mir1 levels in these treated plants demonstrate that Mir1-CP accumulation is regulated by both transcript abundance and protein expression levels. The results also suggest that jasmonate functions upstream of ethylene in the Mir1-CP expression pathway, allowing for both low-level constitutive expression and a two-stage defensive response, an immediate response involving Mir1-CP accumulation and a delayed response inducing mir1 transcript expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ankala
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mississippi State University, Mississipi State, MS 39762, USA
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11
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Shindo T, Van der Hoorn RAL. Papain-like cysteine proteases: key players at molecular battlefields employed by both plants and their invaders. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2008; 9:119-25. [PMID: 18705889 PMCID: PMC6640327 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2007.00439.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Papain-like cysteine proteases (PLCPs) play crucial roles in plant-pathogen/pest interactions. During these parasitic interactions, PLCPs act on non-self substrates, provoking the selection of counteracting inhibitors and other means to evade proteolysis. We review examples of PLCPs acting on molecular battlefields in the extracellular space, plant cytoplasm and herbivore gut. Examples are maize Mir1 (Maize inbred resistance 1), tomato Rcr3 (Required for Cladosporium resistance-3), Pseudomonas AvrRpt2 and AurPphB, insect DvCAL1 (Diabrotica virgifera cathepsin L-like protease-1) and nematode MiCpl1 (Meloidogyne incognita cathepsin L-like protease 1). The data suggest that PLCPs cleave specific proteins and that their translocation, activation and inhibition of PLCPs are tightly regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Shindo
- Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
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12
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Lopez L, Camas A, Shivaji R, Ankala A, Williams P, Luthe D. Mir1-CP, a novel defense cysteine protease accumulates in maize vascular tissues in response to herbivory. PLANTA 2007; 226:517-27. [PMID: 17351787 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-007-0501-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2006] [Accepted: 02/15/2007] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
When lepidopteran larvae feed on the insect-resistant maize genotype Mp708 there is a rapid accumulation of a defensive cysteine protease, Maize insect resistance 1-cysteine protease (Mir1-CP), at the feeding site. Silver-enhanced immunolocalization visualized with both light and transmission electron microscopy was used to determine the location of Mir1-CP in the maize leaf. The results indicated that Mir1-CP is localized predominantly in the phloem of minor and intermediate veins. After 24 h of larval feeding, Mir1-CP increased in abundance in the vascular parenchyma cells and in the thick-walled sieve element (TSE); it was also found localized to the bundle sheath and mesophyll cells. In situ hybridization of mRNA encoding Mir1-CP indicated that the primary sites of Mir1-CP synthesis in the whorl are the vascular parenchyma and bundle sheath cells. In addition to the phloem, Mir1-CP was also found in the metaxylem of the leaf and root. After 24 h of foliar feeding, the amount of Mir1-CP in the root xylem increased and it appeared to move from xylem parenchyma into the root metaxylem elements. The accumulation of Mir1-CP in maize vascular elements suggests Mir1-CP may move through these tissues to defend against insect herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Lopez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mississippi State University, Box 9650, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
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13
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Mohan S, Ma PWK, Pechan T, Bassford ER, Williams WP, Luthe DS. Degradation of the S. frugiperda peritrophic matrix by an inducible maize cysteine protease. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2006; 52:21-8. [PMID: 16243350 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2005.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2005] [Revised: 08/18/2005] [Accepted: 08/18/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A unique 33-kDa cysteine protease (Mir1-CP) rapidly accumulates at the feeding site in the whorls of maize (Zea mays L.) lines that are resistant to herbivory by Spodoptera frugiperda and other lepidopteran species. When larvae were reared on resistant plants, larval growth was reduced due to impaired nutrient utilization. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated that the peritrophic matrix (PM) was damaged when larvae fed on resistant plants or transgenic maize callus expressing Mir1-CP. To directly determine the effects of Mir1-CP on the PM in vitro, dissected PMs were treated with purified, recombinant Mir1-CP and the movement of Blue Dextran 2000 across the PM was measured. Mir1-CP completely permeabilized the PM and the time required to reach full permeability was inversely proportional to the concentration of Mir1-CP. Inclusion of E64, a specific cysteine protease inhibitor prevented the damage. The lumen side of the PM was more vulnerable to Mir1-CP attack than the epithelial side. Mir1-CP damaged the PM at pH values as high as 8.5 and more actively permeabilized the PM than equivalent concentrations of the cysteine proteases papain, bromelain and ficin. The effect of Mir1-CP on the PMs of Helicoverpa zea, Danaus plexippus, Ostrinia nubilalis, Periplaneta americana and Tenebrio molitor also was tested, but the greatest effect was on the S. frugiperda PM. These results demonstrate that the insect-inducible Mir1-CP directly damages the PM in vitro and is critical to insect defense in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mohan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Box 9659, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
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14
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Pechan T, Ma PWK, Luthe DS. Heterologous expression of maize (Zea mays L.) Mir1 cysteine proteinase in eukaryotic and prokaryotic expression systems. Protein Expr Purif 2004; 34:134-41. [PMID: 14766309 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2003.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2003] [Revised: 11/11/2003] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Several heterologous expression systems were tested for their ability to express a unique maize cysteine proteinase Mir1. A baculovirus-based expression system using Trichoplusia ni larvae as host resulted in the expression of Mir1 that was correctly processed and exhibited proteinase activity. Expression in Escherichia coli resulted in accumulation of Mir1, but it had limited solubility and enzymatic activity. Large quantities of Mir1 were produced when Pichia pastoris was used as the host, but the enzyme was insoluble and inactive.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Pechan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mississippi State University, MS 39762, USA
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Pechan T, Cohen A, Williams WP, Luthe DS. Insect feeding mobilizes a unique plant defense protease that disrupts the peritrophic matrix of caterpillars. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:13319-23. [PMID: 12235370 PMCID: PMC130631 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.202224899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants frequently respond to herbivorous insect attack by synthesizing defense proteins that deter insect feeding and prevent additional herbivory. Maize (Zea mays L.) lines, resistant to feeding by a number of lepidopteran species, rapidly mobilize a unique 33-kDa cysteine protease in response to caterpillar feeding. The accumulation of the 33-kDa cysteine protease in the maize mid-whorl was correlated with a significant reduction in caterpillar growth that resulted from impaired nutrient utilization. Black Mexican Sweetcorn callus transformed with mir1, the gene encoding the 33-kDa cysteine protease, expressed the protease and growth of caterpillars reared on the transgenic callus was reduced 60-80%. Scanning electron microscopy was used to examine the effect of plant material expressing the 33-kDa cysteine protease on the structure of the caterpillar peritrophic matrix. Because the peritrophic matrix surrounds the food bolus, assists in digestive processes, and protects the caterpillar midgut from physical and chemical damage, disruption of peritrophic matrix may reduce caterpillar growth. The results indicated that the peritrophic matrix was severely damaged when caterpillars fed on resistant maize plants or transgenic Black Mexican Sweetcorn. The accumulation of the 33-kDa cysteine protease in response to caterpillar feeding, and its ability to damage the insect peritrophic matrix, represents an unusual host-plant resistance mechanism that may have applications in agricultural biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Pechan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
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Stewart SD, Adamczyk JJ, Knighten KS, Davis FM. Impact of Bt cottons expressing one or two insecticidal proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner on growth and survival of noctuid (Lepidoptera) larvae. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2001; 94:752-760. [PMID: 11425033 DOI: 10.1603/0022-0493-94.3.752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A series of laboratory assays were performed to compare the relative impact of commercial and experimental cultivars of cotton, Gossypium hirsutum (L.), expressing zero, one, or two insecticidal proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner, on several lepidopteran pests. Assays in which larvae were fed fresh plant tissue indicated that dual-toxin B. thuringiensis (Bt) cultivars, expressing both Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab endotoxins of B. thuringiensis, were more toxic to bollworms, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), fall armyworms, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), and beet armyworms, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner), than single-toxin cultivars expressing Cry1Ac. Assays in which lyophilized plant tissue was incorporated into artificial diet also indicated improved activity of the dual-toxin Bt cultivar compared with single-toxin plants. Both bollworm and tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), growth was reduced by Bt cotton, particularly the dual-toxin cultivar. Although assays with lyophilized tissues were done using largely sublethal doses, bollworm survival was reduced by the dual-toxin cultivar. It appears that this newly developed Bt cotton expressing two toxins will be more effective and have a wider range of activity on these lepidopteran pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Stewart
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station, Mississippi State University, 39762, USA
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