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Qin J, Yuchi Z. Identification of a Novel Inhibitor of Cimex lectularius Acetylcholinesterase. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024. [PMID: 38771663 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c03157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) stands as a primary target of commercial insecticides, notably organophosphates and carbamates. Despite their widespread use in agricultural and indoor pest control, concerns over their high toxicity and the emergence of resistance have restricted their efficacy. In this study, we conducted high-throughput virtual screening against both wild-type (WT) and resistant Cimex lectularius AChE utilizing a library encompassing 1 270 000 compounds. From this screening, we identified 100 candidate compounds and subsequently assessed their inhibitory effects on purified AChE enzymes. Among these candidates, AE027 emerged as a potent inhibitor against both WT and resistant AChE, exhibiting IC50 values of 10 and 43 μM, respectively. Moreover, the binding of AE027 significantly stabilized AChE, elevating its melting temperature by approximately 7 °C. Through molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation, we delineated the binding mode of AE027, revealing its interaction with a site adjacent to the catalytic center, which is distinct from known inhibitors, with differing poses observed between WT and resistant AChE. Notably, the resistance mutation F348Y, positioned at a site directly interfacing with AE027, impedes ligand binding through steric hindrance. Furthermore, we evaluated the toxicity and pharmacokinetic properties of AE027 utilizing bioinformatics tools. These findings lay a crucial foundation for the development of a novel generation of insecticides that can combat both WT and resistant pest populations effectively and safely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Qin
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiguang Yuchi
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, People's Republic of China
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, People's Republic of China
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Haberkorn C, David J, Henri H, Delpuech J, Lasseur R, Vavre F, Varaldi J. A major 6 Mb superlocus is involved in pyrethroid resistance in the common bed bug Cimex lectularius. Evol Appl 2023; 16:1012-1028. [PMID: 37216030 PMCID: PMC10197226 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last few years, the bed bug Cimex lectularius has been an increasing problem worldwide, mainly due to the development of insecticide resistance to pyrethroids. The characterization of resistance alleles is a prerequisite to improve surveillance and resistance management. To identify genomic variants associated with pyrethroid resistance in Cimex lectularius, we compared the genetic composition of two recent and resistant populations with that of two ancient-susceptible strains using a genome-wide pool-seq design. We identified a large 6 Mb "superlocus" showing particularly high genetic differentiation and association with the resistance phenotype. This superlocus contained several clustered resistance genes and was also characterized by a high density of structural variants (inversions, duplications). The possibility that this superlocus constitutes a resistance "supergene" that evolved after the clustering of alleles adapted to insecticide and after reduction in recombination is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Haberkorn
- CNRS, VetAgro Sup, UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie ÉvolutiveUniversité de Lyon, Université Lyon 1VilleurbanneFrance
- IZInovationLyonFrance
| | - Jean‐Philippe David
- Laboratoire d'Écologie AlpineUMR UGA‐USMB‐CNRS 5553 Université Grenoble Alpes CS 40700Grenoble cedex 9France
| | - Hélène Henri
- CNRS, VetAgro Sup, UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie ÉvolutiveUniversité de Lyon, Université Lyon 1VilleurbanneFrance
| | - Jean‐Marie Delpuech
- CNRS, VetAgro Sup, UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie ÉvolutiveUniversité de Lyon, Université Lyon 1VilleurbanneFrance
| | | | - Fabrice Vavre
- CNRS, VetAgro Sup, UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie ÉvolutiveUniversité de Lyon, Université Lyon 1VilleurbanneFrance
| | - Julien Varaldi
- CNRS, VetAgro Sup, UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie ÉvolutiveUniversité de Lyon, Université Lyon 1VilleurbanneFrance
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Moshaverinia A, Raouf-Rahmati A, Jarahi L, Bergquist R, Zorrilla-Vaca A, Kiani F, Jadidoleslami A, Doggett SL, Zarean M, Majma A, Reza Youssefi M, Moghaddas E, Kiani B. Geographical patterns and mechanisms of Cimex lectularius Linnaeus, 1758, and Cimex hemipterus Fabricius, 1803 (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) resistance to insecticides: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:1817-1827. [PMID: 35524788 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07530-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to review published scientific literature on bed bugs in countries where insecticide resistance has been reported worldwide from 2000 to 2021. Electronic databases, including Scopus, PubMed, and WOS, were searched. Out of 606 articles found in the initial search, we selected 57 articles, of which 40 articles had reported on Cimex lectularius (C. lectularius), and 22 papers had reported on Cimex hemipterus (C. hemipterus). Most studies on insecticide resistance were carried out on C. lectularius in North America (14, 35%) and C. hemipterus in Asia (16, 72.7%). The most common method used to detect bed bug resistance to insecticides was toxicological bioassay with an overall random pooled effect size of 0.38 (95% CI: 0.23-0.53) in C. lectularius and 0.46 (95% CI: 0.27-0.65) in C. hemipterus. Resistance to pyrethroids was reported against C. lectularius with an overall pooled effect size of 0.75 (95% CI: 0.56-0.94) and C. hemipterus with an overall pooled effect size of 0.81 (95% CI: 0.57-0.93) in 33.40 (82.5%) and 19.22 (86.3%) published articles, respectively. A very high resistance level to pyrethroids in both studied species was observed, and resistance ratios at the highest level were 76389.3 and 315.5 in C. lectularius and C. hemipterus, respectively. Resistance mechanisms against pyrethroids were reported from most locations except Iran and Thailand, but these mechanisms were not studied in other insecticide groups. These reports indicate that chemical control options for bed bugs are limited. Therefore, a combination of chemical and non-chemical strategies is recommended for bed bug control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Moshaverinia
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amene Raouf-Rahmati
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Lida Jarahi
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Robert Bergquist
- Ingerod, Brastad, Sweden (formerly with the UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization), Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Fatemeh Kiani
- Department of Medical Informatics, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Abbas Jadidoleslami
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Stephen L Doggett
- Department of Medical Entomology, ICPMR, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Mehdi Zarean
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhosein Majma
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Youssefi
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Babol-Branch, Islamic Azad University, Babol, Iran
| | - Elham Moghaddas
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Behzad Kiani
- Department of Medical Informatics, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Pessoa GCD, Silva DOD, Rosa ACL, Andrade PH, Diotaiuti L. Evaluation of the insecticide susceptibility profile in Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) in Belo Horizonte (Brazil). Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2021; 54:e0707. [PMID: 34787287 PMCID: PMC8601245 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0707-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Since 2013, major Cimex lectularius infestations have been detected in public shelters in Belo Horizonte (Brazil). Due to this, insecticide resistance has been investigated as one of the possible causes for the failure to control bedbugs. METHODS: Cimicids were subjected to bioassays according to the World Health Organization recommendations using deltamethrin and all commercial insecticides available for control of Cimex in Brazil. RESULTS: Cimicids were deltamethrin resistant and presented indicative of resistance to other insecticides, except for propoxur 1%. CONCLUSIONS: The commercial insecticides have a limited effect on bedbug populations, which may justify the unsatisfactory control observed in the shelters studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grasielle Caldas D'Ávila Pessoa
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Parasitologia, Laboratório de Fisiologia de Insetos Hematófagos, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Diego Oliveira da Silva
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto René Rachou, Grupo de Pesquisa Triatomíneos, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Aline Cristine Luiz Rosa
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto René Rachou, Grupo de Pesquisa Triatomíneos, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Pedro Horta Andrade
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Parasitologia, Laboratório de Fisiologia de Insetos Hematófagos, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Liléia Diotaiuti
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto René Rachou, Grupo de Pesquisa Triatomíneos, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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Ghavami MB, Ghahremani Z, Raeisi N, Taghiloo B. High levels of pyrethroid resistance and super-kdr mutations in the populations of tropical bed bug, Cimex hemipterus, in Iran. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:470. [PMID: 34521460 PMCID: PMC8439044 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04962-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The tropical bed bug, Cimex hemipterus, is an important ectoparasite causing various health problems. This species is mainly confined to tropical regions; however, insecticide resistance, global warming, and globalization have changed its distribution map. Molecular information on pyrethroid resistance, which is essential for the development of control programs, is unknown for C. hemipterus in expanded areas. The present study was designed to determine the permethrin resistance status, characterize the pyrethroid receptor sites in voltage-gated sodium channel (vgsc) gene, and identify the resistance-related mutations in the populations of tropical bed bug in Iran. Methods Live bed bugs were collected, and adults of C. hemipterus were selected for bioassay and molecular surveys. Bioassay was performed by tarsal contact with permethrin 0.75% in mixed-sex of samples. Conventional and quantitative TaqMan and SYBR Green real-time PCR assays were conducted to characterize the vgsc gene and genotypes of studied populations. Results In the bioassay tests, the mortality rates were in the range of 30.7–38.7% and 56.2–77.4% in 24 and 48 h, respectively. The knockdown rates of studied populations were in the range of 32.2–46.6% and 61.5–83.8% in the first and second days, respectively. The KT50 and KT90 values in the Cimex lectularius Kh1 strain were presented as 5.39 and 15.55 h, respectively. These values in the selected populations of C. hemipterus varied from 27.9 to 29.5 and from 82.8 to 104.4 h, respectively. Knockdown time ratios (KR50 and KR90) in these populations varied from 5.17 to 6.17-fold compared with those of the C. lectularius Kh1 strain. Fragments of vgsc gene with 355 bp and 812 bp were amplified. Analysis of sequences revealed the A468T substitution, kdr-associated D953G, and super-kdr M918I and L1014F mutations in all populations. Conclusions The specific/sensitive, safe, and rapid diagnostic assays developed in this study are recommended for detection of kdr/super-kdr mutations and frequency of mutant alleles. The presence of super-kdr mutations and high resistance to permethrin in all the populations necessitate the reconsideration of control approaches against C. hemipterus. Graphical Abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Bagher Ghavami
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
| | - Zarafat Ghahremani
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Narges Raeisi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Behrooz Taghiloo
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
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Liu F, Chen Z, Ye Z, Liu N. The Olfactory Chemosensation of Hematophagous Hemipteran Insects. Front Physiol 2021; 12:703768. [PMID: 34434117 PMCID: PMC8382127 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.703768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As one of the most abundant insect orders on earth, most Hemipteran insects are phytophagous, with the few hematophagous exceptions falling into two families: Cimicidae, such as bed bugs, and Reduviidae, such as kissing bugs. Many of these blood-feeding hemipteran insects are known to be realistic or potential disease vectors, presenting both physical and psychological risks for public health. Considerable researches into the interactions between hemipteran insects such as kissing bugs and bed bugs and their human hosts have revealed important information that deepens our understanding of their chemical ecology and olfactory physiology. Sensory mechanisms in the peripheral olfactory system of both insects have now been characterized, with a particular emphasis on their olfactory sensory neurons and odorant receptors. This review summarizes the findings of recent studies of both kissing bugs (including Rhodnius prolixus and Triatoma infestans) and bed bugs (Cimex lectularius), focusing on their chemical ecology and peripheral olfactory systems. Potential chemosensation-based applications for the management of these Hemipteran insect vectors are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Liu
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Zhou Chen
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Zi Ye
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Nannan Liu
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
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Chebbah D, Elissa N, Sereno D, Hamarsheh O, Marteau A, Jan J, Izri A, Akhoundi M. Bed Bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) Population Diversity and First Record of Cimex hemipterus in Paris. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12070578. [PMID: 34202079 PMCID: PMC8305325 DOI: 10.3390/insects12070578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cimex lectularius and C. hemipterus are blood-sucking insects with a long history of presence in human communities. We investigated the molecular diversity of the bed bug population of Paris and its suburb cities using cytochrome oxidase 1 (CO1) sequencing. A total of 1211 specimens belonging to different life stages were collected from 62 infested human dwellings in Paris (13 out of 20 arrondissements) and the surrounding cities (18 cities). Morphological determination and COI sequencing of 132 specimens demonstrated C. lectularius as the predominant species and, surprisingly, the presence of C. hemipterus in four infested areas of Paris and its suburb cities. Neighbor-joining tree and network analyses depicted the presence of two C. lectularius populations. Most samples from Paris and its suburb cities clustered in a major clade. The second population encompasses specimens from Paris (arrondissements 11 and 19) and its suburb cities (e.g., Bobigny, Pantin, and Montreuil) that clustered with Hungary, Czechia, and Finland. This is the second evidence for C. hemipterus infestation in France and the third in Europe, which challenges the classic pattern of C. hemipterus dispersion and implies sympatric occurrence of C. lectularius and C. hemipterus. Since Paris is one of the most popular tourist destinations in the world, our observations shed light on bed bugs' dispersal dynamic and may help future vector control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahlia Chebbah
- Parasitology-Mycology Department, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, 93009 Bobigny, France; (D.C.); (A.M.); (A.I.)
- Service Parisien de Santé Environnementale, Sous-Direction de la Santé (SPSE), Mairie de Paris, 75019 Paris, France;
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Univ-IRD 190-Inserm 1207-IHU Méditerranée Infection), 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Nohal Elissa
- Service Parisien de Santé Environnementale, Sous-Direction de la Santé (SPSE), Mairie de Paris, 75019 Paris, France;
| | - Denis Sereno
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, MIVEGEC, 34032 Montpellier, France;
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, InterTryp, 34032 Montpellier, France
| | - Omar Hamarsheh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem 51000, Palestine;
| | - Anthony Marteau
- Parasitology-Mycology Department, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, 93009 Bobigny, France; (D.C.); (A.M.); (A.I.)
| | - Julie Jan
- Agence Régionale de Santé (ARS) Île-de-France, 35, Rue de la Gare, CEDEX 19, 75935 Paris, France;
| | - Arezki Izri
- Parasitology-Mycology Department, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, 93009 Bobigny, France; (D.C.); (A.M.); (A.I.)
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Univ-IRD 190-Inserm 1207-IHU Méditerranée Infection), 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Mohammad Akhoundi
- Parasitology-Mycology Department, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, 93009 Bobigny, France; (D.C.); (A.M.); (A.I.)
- Correspondence:
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Jones SC. Magnitude and Spread of Bed Bugs ( Cimex lectularius) throughout Ohio (USA) Revealed by Surveys of Pest Management Industry. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12020133. [PMID: 33557124 PMCID: PMC7913827 DOI: 10.3390/insects12020133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Bed bugs are small blood-sucking insects that live indoors and feed on humans. They have become a problem in countries worldwide. In this study, the problem in Ohio (Midwest U.S.) was measured based on treatments by licensed pest control companies throughout the state. Results from 2005 showed that Ohio’s bed bug problem likely started in Hamilton County, which includes Cincinnati. Much larger numbers of bed bug treatments were performed in 2011 and again in 2016, especially in counties with large cities. Almost every Ohio county had numerous bed bug treatments in 2016. Most treatments were in apartments/condos and single-family homes. Residents misused many pesticides, especially over-the-counter “bug bombs” and household cleaners, trying to eliminate bed bugs. Many people also threw away unwrapped infested furniture, which may further spread these bugs. More public education is needed to stop such practices. This study shows that bed bug problems can grow and spread quickly. Federal, state, and local officials and the public should immediately deal with bed bugs rather than waiting until they become an even bigger problem. Abstract Bed bugs have recently re-emerged as human pests worldwide. In this study, two surveys queried licensed pest management companies in Ohio (Midwest USA) about their experiences managing bed bugs. A primary objective was to assess the magnitude and spread of bed bug infestations statewide based on companies’ treatment records from 2005 and 2011 (first survey) and 2016 (second survey). The survey response rates were 35.6% and 31.6%, respectively. Treatment data from 2005 indicated that Ohio’s bed bug problem likely started in the SW corner of the state in Hamilton County (includes city of Cincinnati), since it totaled five times more treatments (approximately 4500) than second-ranking, centrally located Franklin County (Columbus). In the first half of 2011, more than 15,000 treatments were performed in these two counties. In 2016, treatments reached nearly 38,000 in Franklin County and in NE Ohio in the three combined counties that include Cleveland-Akron-Canton. Bed bug problems expanded statewide during an 11 y period, with an estimated 100+ treatments in 7 counties in 2005, 45 counties in 2011, and nearly all 88 counties in 2016. Apartments/condos and single-family residences comprised the largest share of bed bug work. Residents misused many pesticides and household cleaners trying to eliminate bed bugs. Many also discarded unwrapped infested furniture, which may further spread these bugs. More public education is needed to stop such practices. This study shows that bed bug problems grow and spread quickly; federal, state, and local officials and the public should immediately deal with bed bugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan C Jones
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210-1065, USA
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Abstract
Urbanization, pollution and the modification of natural landscapes are characteristics of modern society, where the change in human relations with the environment and the impact on biodiversity are environmental determinants that affect the health-disease relationship. The skin is an organ that has a strong interface with the environment and, therefore, the prevalence patterns of dermatoses may reflect these environmental changes. In this article, aspects related to deforestation, fires, urbanization, large-scale agriculture, extensive livestock farming, pollution and climatic changes are discussed regarding their influence on the epidemiology of skin diseases. It is important that dermatologists be aware of their social responsibility in order to promote sustainable practices in their community, in addition to identifying the impacts of environmental imbalances on different dermatoses, which is essential for the prevention and treatment of these diseases.
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Vander Pan A, Kuhn C, Schmolz E, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Krücken J. Detection of target-site and metabolic resistance to pyrethroids in the bed bug Cimex lectularius in Berlin, Germany. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2020; 14:274-283. [PMID: 33310450 PMCID: PMC7726451 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2020.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Knockdown-resistance (kdr) against pyrethroids in bed bugs (Cimex lectularis) is associated with the presence of several point mutations in the voltage-sensitive sodium channel α-subunit gene and/or an increased metabolic detoxification by cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYPs). In the present study, pyrosequencing assays were developed to quantify the presence of the kdr substitutions (V419L or L925I substitution) in bed bugs in Berlin, Germany. In 14 of 17 bed bug field strains, pyrosequencing revealed the presence of the substitution L925I with allele frequencies between 30% and 100%. One field strain additionally carried the substitution V419L with allele frequencies of 40% in males and 96% in females. In seven of the 17 field strains, mRNA levels of four CYP genes were examined using RT-qPCR. Relative to a susceptible laboratory reference strain, five field strains showed significantly higher mRNA levels of cyp397a1 with 7.1 to 56-fold increases. One of these strains additionally showed a 4.9-fold higher mRNA level of cyp398a1 compared to the reference strain, while cyp4cm1 and cyp6dn1 showed no significant differences. Our findings indicate that multiple resistance mechanisms are present in German C. lectularius populations simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlette Vander Pan
- German Environment Agency, Boetticher Str. 2 Haus 23, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Carola Kuhn
- German Environment Agency, Boetticher Str. 2 Haus 23, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Erik Schmolz
- German Environment Agency, Boetticher Str. 2 Haus 23, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Georg von Samson-Himmelstjerna
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Krücken
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany
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Samiei A, Tavassoli M, Mardani K. The Phylogenetic Analysis of Cimex hemipterus (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) Isolated from Different Regions of Iran Using Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit I Gene. J Arthropod Borne Dis 2020; 14:239-249. [PMID: 33644237 PMCID: PMC7903362 DOI: 10.18502/jad.v14i3.4557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Bedbugs are blood feeding ectoparasites of humans and several domesticated animals. There are scarcity of information about the bed bugs population throughout Iran and only very limited and local studies are available. The aim of this study is to assess the phylogenetic relationships and nucleotide diversity using partial sequences of cytochrome oxidase I gene (COI) among the populations of tropical bed bugs inhabiting Iran. Methods: The bedbugs were collected from cities located in different geographical regions of Iran. After DNA extraction PCR was performed for COI gene using specific primers. Then DNA sequencing was performed on PCR products for the all 15 examined samples. Results: DNA sequencing analysis showed that the all C. hemipterus samples were similar, despite the minor nucleotide variations (within the range of 576 to 697bp) on average between 5 and 10 Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Subsequently, the results were compared with the database in gene bank which revealed close similarity and sequence homology with other C. hemipterus from other parts of the world. Conclusion: In conclusion, this study has demonstrated the ability of the COI gene to differentiate between the C. hemipterus populations from a few different locations in Iran. The current research is the first report of phylogenetic and genetic species diversity analysis conducted on C. hemipterus in Iran. These results provided basic information for further studies of molecular epidemiology, public health and pest control operators in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awat Samiei
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, West Azerbaijan, Iran
| | - Mousa Tavassoli
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, West Azerbaijan, Iran
| | - Karim Mardani
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, West Azerbaijan, Iran
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12
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Samiei A, Tavassoli M, Mardani K. Molecular analysis of pyrethroid resistance in Cimex hemipterus (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) collected from different parts of Iran. VETERINARY RESEARCH FORUM : AN INTERNATIONAL QUARTERLY JOURNAL 2020; 11:243-248. [PMID: 33133461 PMCID: PMC7597795 DOI: 10.30466/vrf.2018.90574.2192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The present study was aimed to assess the bedbugs susceptibility to pyrethroid insecticides using molecular analysis. With the aid of pest control companies, adult bedbugs were collected from various places such as hotels, residential houses, and industrial buildings in seven cities highly crowded with domestic and foreign tourists in Iran from May 2016 to August 2017. Bedbugs were colonized in the laboratory to evaluate their resistance to pyrethroid using insecticide resistance bioassay. Genomic DNA was extracted from susceptible and resistant bedbugs. At first, specie specific primers targeting cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene was performed to confirm Cimexhemipterus species. Then, kdr-like gene was examined for point mutation using PCR and nucleotide sequencing. Bioassay showed that 11 out of 35 examined bedbugs were resistant to pyrethroids (31.43%; 95.00% confidence interval: 29.48-33.08%). The DNA sequencing showed that all examined bedbugs collected from Tehran province had homozygous V419L kdr-like gene mutations. The level of pyrethroid resistance found in the collected bugs from Tehran province indicated that this phenomenon has already been prevailed in the site and prompts the need to reevaluate the large use of pyrethroids to control the bedbugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awat Samiei
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mousa Tavassoli
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Karim Mardani
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
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13
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Feston J, Gaire S, Fardisi M, Mason LJ, Gondhalekar AD. Determining baseline toxicity of ozone against an insecticide-susceptible strain of the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius L. under laboratory conditions. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:3108-3116. [PMID: 32302460 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ozone gas is commercially used for deodorization and microbial control. Its efficacy against stored product insect pests is well documented. In the midst of the common bed bug (Cimex lectularius L.) outbreak, claims were made that ozone gas was effective for their control. This study was conducted to determine baseline ozone concentrations and exposure times required for the control of an insecticide-susceptible C. lectularius strain under laboratory conditions. Dichlorvos (DDVP), an organophosphate class fumigant insecticide was used as a positive control. RESULTS Nymphs and adults were more susceptible to ozone than eggs. Complete (100%) nymph and adult mortality was achieved at an ozone concentration (C) of 1500 ppm and exposure time (T) of 180 min, or concentration × time product (CT) of 270 000 ppm-min, whereas eggs required an eightfold higher CT (2 040 000 ppm-min). DDVP vapor was 2070-, 2542- and 450-fold more potent than ozone, against nymphs, adults and eggs, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Baseline ozone toxicity data provide insights on the practicality of using this gas for the management of common bed bugs. High ozone CT products required for C. lectularius control, particularly eggs, suggest that its use for treating infested human dwellings is not feasible due to logistic, safety and monetary concerns. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Feston
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Insects Limited, Inc., Westfield, IN, USA
| | - Sudip Gaire
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Mahsa Fardisi
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Linda J Mason
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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14
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Sharififard M, Alizadeh I, Jahanifard E, Saki-Malehi A. Prevalence and Spatial Distribution of Bed Bug, Cimex lectularius, Infestation in Southwest of Iran: GIS Approach. J Arthropod Borne Dis 2020; 14:29-37. [PMID: 32766346 PMCID: PMC7382696 DOI: 10.18502/jad.v14i1.2701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The common bed bug, a nocturnal bloodsucking insect, is known as a human parasite and public health problem in the world. The prevalence and geographical dispersion of bed bug in Ahvaz City, southwest of Iran was measured. Methods: Spatial distribution of Cimex lectularius was determined by surveying 520 houses in 62 areas of Ahvaz City in 2017. Some information like as infested points, the concern level of the residents and allergic reaction to the insect bite were registered in a form using the secondhand instrument. Results: According to the spatial distribution map, of 62 areas, 27 of them are infested with bed bugs. Infestation is scattered throughout the city, but its focus is on the east of the Karun River. The most bed bug infestation was in Asiabad followed by Manbaab areas. Prevalence of bed bug infestation estimated 9.61% in Ahvaz city. It was 5.4% and 11.6% in apartments and single houses, respectively. The lowest and highest infestation rates based on its source were 1.35% and 9.03% in wallpaper and cracks and crevices, respectively. Bedroom and sitting room were the main harborages for bed bug in the houses. The majority of residents who had bitten by a bed bug showed various allergic reactions like redness skin, papules, vesicles, pustules and blisters. Most of the people in the infested houses (62%) were very concern about bed bug infestation. Conclusion: Public education and increasing the knowledge of people can lead to successful management, prevention and elimination of this nuisance pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Sharififard
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ismaeil Alizadeh
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Elham Jahanifard
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Amal Saki-Malehi
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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15
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Christofferson RC, Parker DM, Overgaard HJ, Hii J, Devine G, Wilcox BA, Nam VS, Abubakar S, Boyer S, Boonnak K, Whitehead SS, Huy R, Rithea L, Sochantha T, Wellems TE, Valenzuela JG, Manning JE. Current vector research challenges in the greater Mekong subregion for dengue, Malaria, and Other Vector-Borne Diseases: A report from a multisectoral workshop March 2019. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008302. [PMID: 32730249 PMCID: PMC7392215 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C. Christofferson
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Daniel M. Parker
- University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | | | | | - Gregor Devine
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Bruce A. Wilcox
- ASEAN Institute for Health Development, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Vu Sinh Nam
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Sazaly Abubakar
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Center, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Kobporn Boonnak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Stephen S. Whitehead
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rekol Huy
- National Center for Parasitology Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Leang Rithea
- National Center for Parasitology Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Tho Sochantha
- National Center for Parasitology Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Thomas E. Wellems
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jesus G. Valenzuela
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jessica E. Manning
- US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
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16
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Cáceres M, Guzmán E, Alvarez-Costa A, Ortega F, G. Rubio R, Coviella C, Santo Orihuela PL, Vassena CV, Lucia A. Surfactantless Emulsions Containing Eugenol for Imidacloprid Solubilization: Physicochemical Characterization and Toxicity against Insecticide-Resistant Cimex lectularius. Molecules 2020; 25:E2290. [PMID: 32414128 PMCID: PMC7287993 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25102290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic insecticides have been used for a long time as one of the most effective tools for insect pest control. However, the re-emergence of insect pests and their fast development of resistance, as has occurred for pyrethroid-resistant bed bugs Cimex lectularius L., make it necessary to develop new and safe strategies for effective pest control. This has fostered the research on new eco-sustainable formulations based on essential oils, which allows reducing the impact associated with the intensive use of synthetic insecticides on the environment and their effects on human health. This research explores the stability of water/eugenol/ethanol surfactantless emulsions loaded with imidacloprid (0.003 wt%), and their toxicity against a resistant bed bug strain. The results have shown that these emulsions enable the solubilization of a poorly water-soluble drug, such as the imidacloprid, without any significant modification of their stability. Furthermore, the application of the obtained formulations against the pyrethroid-resistant bed bug results in mortality in the 50-85% range upon topical and spray applications, with the increase of the eugenol content enhancing the effectiveness of the formulations. It may be expected that the ternary water/eugenol/ethanol mixtures could be further developed in the preparation of ready to use formulations, enabling the dispersion of insecticides for pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Cáceres
- Centro de Investigaciones de Plagas e Insecticidas (UNIDEF–CITEDEF, CONICET), San Juan Bautista de La Salle 4397, Villa Martelli 1603, Buenos Aires, Argentina; (P.L.S.O.); (C.V.V.)
| | - Eduardo Guzmán
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (F.O.); (R.G.R.)
- Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Paseo Juan XXIII, nº1, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Agustín Alvarez-Costa
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina;
| | - Francisco Ortega
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (F.O.); (R.G.R.)
- Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Paseo Juan XXIII, nº1, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramón G. Rubio
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (F.O.); (R.G.R.)
- Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Paseo Juan XXIII, nº1, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Coviella
- Instituto de Ecología y Desarrollo Sustentable (INEDES, CONICET-UNLu), Ruta 5 y Avenida Constitución, Luján 6700, Buenos Aires, Argentina;
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Nacional de Lujan, Ruta 5 y Avenida Constitución, Luján 6700, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo L. Santo Orihuela
- Centro de Investigaciones de Plagas e Insecticidas (UNIDEF–CITEDEF, CONICET), San Juan Bautista de La Salle 4397, Villa Martelli 1603, Buenos Aires, Argentina; (P.L.S.O.); (C.V.V.)
- Cátedra de Química Analítica Instrumental, -Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 954, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina
| | - Claudia V. Vassena
- Centro de Investigaciones de Plagas e Insecticidas (UNIDEF–CITEDEF, CONICET), San Juan Bautista de La Salle 4397, Villa Martelli 1603, Buenos Aires, Argentina; (P.L.S.O.); (C.V.V.)
- Instituto de Ingeniería e Investigaciones Ambientales, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Campus Miguelete, 25 de Mayo y Francia, San Martín 1650, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Lucia
- Instituto de Ecología y Desarrollo Sustentable (INEDES, CONICET-UNLu), Ruta 5 y Avenida Constitución, Luján 6700, Buenos Aires, Argentina;
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Vegetal (CISaV), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calles 60 y 119, La Plata 1900, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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17
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Insecticidal Activity of Doxycycline against the Common Bedbug. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:AAC.00005-20. [PMID: 32122896 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00005-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an ongoing need for safe and effective anti-bedbug compounds. Here, we tested the toxicity of three antimicrobial agents against bedbugs when administered orally. We reveal that doxycycline has direct insecticidal activity at 250 μg/ml (0.025%) that is particularly strong against immature bedbugs and appears to be independent of antimicrobial activity. Future studies to determine the mechanisms behind this property could be useful for the development of orally active insecticides or anti-bedbug therapeutics.
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18
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Alizadeh I, Jahanifard E, Sharififard M, Azemi ME. Effects of Resident Education and Self-Implementation of Integrated Pest Management Strategy for Eliminating Bed Bug Infestation in Ahvaz City, Southwestern Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis 2020; 14:68-77. [PMID: 32766350 PMCID: PMC7382692 DOI: 10.18502/jad.v14i1.2705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Bed bugs as blood-sucking insects have become a public health problem in urban communities throughout the world. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of resident education and self-implementation of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategy for eliminating bed bug infestation in infected apartments in Ahvaz City, Iran. Methods: This interventional study was conducted in seventy apartments infested with bed bug (Cimex lectularius) in Ahvaz City, southwest Iran, during a 6-month period. The bed bug infestations reported to Health centers were inspected visually and confirmed by medical entomology experts. Then, the heads of the households were received techniques/tools of the IPM program and trained by medical entomology experts before self-implementation of control methods. Finally, the infected apartments were inspected by the experts at 1, 3, and 6 months after intervention and data were recorded in a checklist. Results: From the seventy infected apartments, 57%, 28% and 15% were considered as low, moderate, and high level infestation respectively. The bed bug infestation was eliminated from 53 apartments (76%) after one month and it reached to 62 apartments (88%) by the end of third month. Finally, after six months of applying IPM program, bed bugs infestation was eliminated from all infected apartments (100%). Residents expressed their 100% satisfaction with applying the bed bug IPM strategy. Conclusion: Training residents to implement the IPM program can reduce pest control costs, the volume of pesticides consumed, and human exposure to chemical pesticides, resulting in increased human and environmental health and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismaeil Alizadeh
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Biology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Elham Jahanifard
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mona Sharififard
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ebrahim Azemi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Medicinal Plant and Natural Product, Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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19
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Weeks ENI, Logan JG, Birkett MA, Caulfield JC, Gezan SA, Welham SJ, Brugman VA, Pickett JA, Cameron MM. Electrophysiologically and behaviourally active semiochemicals identified from bed bug refuge substrate. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4590. [PMID: 32165700 PMCID: PMC7067832 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61368-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Bed bugs are pests of public health importance due to their relentless biting habits that can lead to allergies, secondary infections and mental health issues. When not feeding on human blood bed bugs aggregate in refuges close to human hosts. This aggregation behaviour could be exploited to lure bed bugs into traps for surveillance, treatment efficacy monitoring and mass trapping efforts, if the responsible cues are identified. The aim of this study was to identify and quantify the bed bug aggregation pheromone. Volatile chemicals were collected from bed bug-exposed papers, which are known to induce aggregation behaviour, by air entrainment. This extract was tested for behavioural and electrophysiological activity using a still-air olfactometer and electroantennography, respectively. Coupled gas chromatography-electroantennography (GC-EAG) was used to screen the extract and the GC-EAG-active chemicals, benzaldehyde, hexanal, (E)-2-octenal, octanal, nonanal, decanal, heptanal, (R,S)-1-octen-3-ol, 3-carene, β-phellandrene, (3E,5E)-octadien-2-one, (E)-2-nonenal, 2-decanone, dodecane, nonanoic acid, 2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethyl acetate, (E)-2-undecanal and (S)-germacrene D, were identified by GC-mass spectrometry and quantified by GC. Synthetic blends, comprising 6, 16, and 18 compounds, at natural ratios, were then tested in the still-air olfactometer to determine behavioural activity. These aggregation chemicals can be manufactured into a lure that could be used to improve bed bug management.
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Affiliation(s)
- E N I Weeks
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, 970 Natural Area Drive, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA.
| | - J G Logan
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.,Vecotech Ltd, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - M A Birkett
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - J C Caulfield
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - S A Gezan
- VSN International Ltd, 2 Amberside House, Hemel Hempstead, HP2 4TP, UK
| | - S J Welham
- Stats4biol Consultancy, 31 Longcroft Lane, Welwyn Garden City, AL8 6EB, UK
| | - V A Brugman
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.,Vecotech Ltd, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - J A Pickett
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - M M Cameron
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.,Vecotech Ltd, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
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20
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Cho S, Kim HC, Chong ST, Klein TA, Kwon DH, Lee SH, Kim JH. Monitoring of Pyrethroid Resistance Allele Frequency in the Common Bed Bug (Cimex lectularius) in the Republic of Korea. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2020; 58:99-102. [PMID: 32145735 PMCID: PMC7066440 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2020.58.1.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Two-point mutations (V419L and L925I) on the voltage-sensitive sodium channel of bed bugs (Cimex lectularius) are known to confer pyrethroid resistance. To determine the status of pyrethroid resistance in bed bugs in Korea, resistance allele frequencies of bed bug strains collected from several US military installations in Korea and Mokpo, Jeollanam-do, from 2009–2019 were monitored using a quantitative sequencing. Most bed bugs were determined to have both of the point mutations except a few specimens, collected in 2009, 2012 and 2014, having only a single point mutation (L925I). No susceptible allele was observed in any of the bed bugs examined, suggesting that pyrethroid resistance in bed bug populations in Korea has reached a serious level. Large scale monitoring is required to increase our knowledge on the distribution and prevalence of pyrethroid resistance in bed bug populations in Korea. Based on present study, it is urgent to restrict the use of pyrethroids and to introduce effective alternative insecticides. A nation-wide monitoring program to determine the pyrethroid resistance level in bed bugs and to select alternative insecticides should be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susie Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Heung-Chul Kim
- Force Health Protection and Preventive Medicine, Medical Department Activity-Korea/ 65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15281, APO AP 96271-5281, USA
| | - Sung-Tae Chong
- Force Health Protection and Preventive Medicine, Medical Department Activity-Korea/ 65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15281, APO AP 96271-5281, USA
| | - Terry A Klein
- Force Health Protection and Preventive Medicine, Medical Department Activity-Korea/ 65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15281, APO AP 96271-5281, USA
| | - Deok Ho Kwon
- Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,Korea National College of Agriculture and Fisheries, Jeonju 54874, Korea
| | - Si Hyeock Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.,Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hyeon Kim
- Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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21
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Gaire S, Scharf ME, Gondhalekar AD. Synergistic Toxicity Interactions between Plant Essential Oil Components Against the Common Bed Bug ( Cimex lectularius L.). INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11020133. [PMID: 32092969 PMCID: PMC7074276 DOI: 10.3390/insects11020133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Management of the common bed bug (Cimex lectularius L.) necessitates the use of multiple control techniques. In addition to synthetic pesticides and mechanical interventions, plant-derived essential oils represent one of the control options. Mixtures of two or more essential oil components (monoterpenoids) exhibit synergistic toxicity effects against insects due to increased cuticular penetration. Monoterpenoids, such as carvacrol, eugenol and thymol, are neurologically active and inhibit the nerve firing activity of C. lectularius. However, the effects of mixtures of these monoterpenoids on their toxicity and neuroinhibitory potential against C. lectularius are not known. In this study, the toxicity levels of a tertiary mixture of carvacrol, eugenol and thymol (1:1:1 ratio) and a binary mixture of synthetic insecticides, bifenthrin and imidacloprid (1:1 ratio) were evaluated against C. lectularius through topical bioassays and electrophysiology experiments. Both a mixture of monoterpenoids and the mixture of synthetic insecticides exhibited synergistic effects in topical bioassays. In electrophysiology experiments, the monoterpenoid mixture led to greater neuroinhibitory effects, whereas a mixture of synthetic insecticides caused higher neuroexcitatory effects in comparison to single compounds. This study shows evidence for neurological mechanisms of synergistic interactions between monoterpenoids and provides information regarding the utilization of natural compound mixtures for C. lectularius management.
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22
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Reed EMX, Serr ME, Maurer AS, Burford Reiskind MO. Gridlock and beltways: the genetic context of urban invasions. Oecologia 2020; 192:615-628. [PMID: 32056021 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04614-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The rapid expansion of urban land across the globe presents new and numerous opportunities for invasive species to spread and flourish. Ecologists historically rejected urban ecosystems as important environments for ecology and evolution research but are beginning to recognize the importance of these systems in shaping the biology of invasion. Urbanization can aid the introduction, establishment, and spread of invaders, and these processes have substantial consequences on native species and ecosystems. Therefore, it is valuable to understand how urban areas influence populations at all stages in the invasion process. Population genetic tools are essential to explore the driving forces of invasive species dispersal, connectivity, and adaptation within cities. In this review, we synthesize current research about the influence of urban landscapes on invasion genetics dynamics. We conclude that urban areas are not only points of entry for many invasive species, they also facilitate population establishment, are pools for genetic diversity, and provide corridors for further spread both within and out of cities. We recommend the continued use of genetic studies to inform invasive species management and to understand the underlying ecological and evolutionary processes governing successful invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M X Reed
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
| | - M E Serr
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - A S Maurer
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - M O Burford Reiskind
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
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Chen XD, Gill TA, Nguyen CD, Killiny N, Pelz-Stelinski KS, Stelinski LL. Insecticide toxicity associated with detoxification enzymes and genes related to transcription of cuticular melanization among color morphs of Asian citrus psyllid. INSECT SCIENCE 2019; 26:843-852. [PMID: 29485745 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri Kuwayama) is known to exhibit abdominal color polymorphisms. In the current study, susceptibility to four insecticides was compared among orange/yellow, blue/green and gray/brown color morphs of field collected D. citri. The LD50 values and 95% fiducial limits were quantified for each insecticide and color morph combination and ranged between 0.10 ng/μL (0.06-0.10) and 6.16 ng/μL (3.30-12.50). Second, we measured the detoxification enzyme activity levels of orange/yellow, blue/green and gray/brown color morphs for cytochrome P450, glutathione S-transferase, and general esterase. The mean P450 activity (equivalent units) was significantly lower in gray/brown (0.152 ± 0.006) and blue/green morphs (0.149 ± 0.005) than in the orange/yellow morphs (0.179 ± 0.008). GST activity (μmol/min/mg protein) was significantly lower in the orange/yellow morph (299.70 ±1.24) than gray/brown (350.86 ± 1.19) and blue/green (412.25 ± 1.37) morphs. The mean EST activity (μmol/min/mg protein) was significantly higher in blue/green (416.72 ± 5.12) and gray/brown morphs (362.19 ± 4.69) than in the orange/yellow morphs (282.56 ± 2.93). Additionally, we analyzed the relative expression of assortment genes involved in cuticular melanization and basal immunity. The transcripts of Dopa Decarboxylase and Tyrosine Hydroxylase were expressed higher in blue/green and gray/brown than orange/yellow morphs. The transcription results paralleled the susceptibility of D. citri to organophosphate, neonicotinoid and pyrethroid insecticides. GST and EST activity may also be correlated with low levels of insecticide susceptibility. Cuticular melanization could be a factor for the development of resistance to insecticides among different color morphs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Dong Chen
- Entomology and Nematology Department, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida, USA
| | - Torrence A Gill
- Entomology and Nematology Department, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida, USA
| | - Chi D Nguyen
- Environmental Horticulture Department, Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Apopka, Florida, USA
| | - Nabil Killiny
- Plant Pathology Department, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida, USA
| | - Kirsten S Pelz-Stelinski
- Entomology and Nematology Department, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida, USA
| | - Lukasz L Stelinski
- Entomology and Nematology Department, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida, USA
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Punchihewa R, de Silva WAPP, Weeraratne TC, Karunaratne SHPP. Insecticide resistance mechanisms with novel 'kdr' type gene mutations in the tropical bed bug Cimex hemipterus. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:310. [PMID: 31227020 PMCID: PMC6588899 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3565-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tropical bed bug, Cimex hemipterus, is a serious indoor public health pest in tropical regions causing intense physical discomfort and mental distress to humans. At present, the application of insecticides is the major control strategy. The present study was designed to evaluate the development of resistance and resistance mechanisms in Cimex hemipterus from Kandy district, Sri Lanka. METHODS The resistance status of the collected bed bugs was determined against the discriminative dosages of DDT, malathion, propoxur, deltamethrin and permethrin by conducting bioassays according to World Health Organization guidelines. Activities of insecticide metabolizing enzymes, i.e. esterases, glutathione S-transferases (GST) and monooxygenases, and the insensitivity of organophosphate/carbamate target site acetylcholinesterase (AChE), were evaluated by biochemical assays. Regions of the gene of the pyrethroid/DDT target site, the voltage-gated sodium channel regulatory protein (VGSC), were sequenced for possible kdr mutations. RESULTS Survival percentages of bed bug population were 71, 68 and 51% for DDT, malathion and propoxur respectively. KT50 and KT90 values, calculated using log-probit mortality curves for deltamethrin were 62.55 and 123.96 h, respectively. These values were much higher for permethrin where KT50 was 201.10 h and the KT90 was beyond the detectable range. Results were compared with previous values reported for the same population in 2002. Resistance to propoxur has increased significantly from 11 to 51% with about a 20-fold increase in the number of individuals with elevated esterase mechanism. No significant change has occurred in malathion and DDT resistance, in GST and monooxygenase activities, and in AChE sensitivity for the past 14 years. Six kdr associated mutations (Y/L995H, V1010L, I1011F, L1014F, V1016E, L1017F/S) and a non-kdr associated mutation (A1007S mutation) were found from the α-region of the VGSC gene. Out of the kdr type mutations, only L1014F has been reported previously form C. hemipterus while the others have been reported from other insects. CONCLUSIONS The bed bug population has developed high resistance to propoxur with increased esterase activities. KT50 for deltamethrin and permethrin has increased 125- and 20-fold, respectively, over the period 2002 to 2016. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first time that the possible involvement of a kdr type mutation in developing pyrethroid resistance in C. hemipterus has been shown in Sri Lanka.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranindra Punchihewa
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400 Sri Lanka
| | | | - Thilini C. Weeraratne
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400 Sri Lanka
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25
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Khalid MF, Lee CY, Doggett SL, Veera Singham G. Circadian rhythms in insecticide susceptibility, metabolic enzyme activity, and gene expression in Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218343. [PMID: 31206537 PMCID: PMC6576784 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Many insect species display daily variation of sensitivity to insecticides when they are exposed to the same concentration at different times during the day. To date, this has not been investigated in bed bugs. To address this, we explored circadian rhythms in insecticide susceptibility, xenobiotic metabolizing (XM) gene expressions, and metabolic detoxification in the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius. An insecticide susceptible Monheim strain of C. lectularius was most tolerant of deltamethrin during the late photophase at ZT9 (i.e. nine hours after light is present in the light-dark cycle (LD) cycle) and similarly repeated at CT9 (i.e. nine hours into the subjective day in constant darkness (DD)) suggesting endogenous circadian involvement in susceptibility to deltamethrin. No diel rhythm was observed against imidacloprid insecticide despite significant daily susceptibility in both LD and DD conditions. Rhythmic expressions of metabolic detoxification genes, GSTs1 and CYP397A1 displayed similar expression patterns with total GST and P450 enzyme activities in LD and DD conditions, respectively. The oscillation of mRNA levels of GSTs1 and CYP397A1 was found consistent with peak phases of deltamethrin susceptibility in C. lectularius. This study demonstrates that circadian patterns of metabolic detoxification gene expression occur within C. lectularius. As a consequence, insecticide efficacy can vary dramatically throughout a 24 hour period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Fazli Khalid
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Chow-Yang Lee
- Urban Entomology Laboratory, Vector Control Research Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Stephen L. Doggett
- Department of Medical Entomology, NSW Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - G. Veera Singham
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
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26
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Toxicity and neurophysiological impacts of plant essential oil components on bed bugs (Cimicidae: Hemiptera). Sci Rep 2019; 9:3961. [PMID: 30850655 PMCID: PMC6408565 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40275-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bed bugs (Cimex lectularius L.) are globally important human parasites. Integrated pest management (IPM) approaches, which include the use of essential oil-based insecticidal compounds, have been proposed for their control. This study aimed to define insecticidal activity and neurophysiological impacts of plant essential oil constituents. The topical and fumigant toxicity of 15 compounds was evaluated against adult male bed bugs. Neurological effects of the 6 most toxicologically active compounds were also determined. In both topical and fumigant bioassays, carvacrol and thymol were the most active compounds. The potency of bifenthrin (a pyrethroid insecticide) in topical bioassays was 72,000 times higher than carvacrol, while vapors of dichlorvos (an organophosphate insecticide) were 445 times more potent than thymol. Spontaneous electrical activity measurements of the bed bug nervous system demonstrated neuroinhibitory effects of carvacrol, thymol and eugenol, whereas linalool produced an excitatory effect. Although citronellic acid and (±)-camphor increased baseline activity of the nervous system their effects were not statistically significant. Bifenthrin also caused neuroexcitation, which is consistent with its known mode of action. These comparative toxicity and neurological impact findings provide new information for formulating effective essential oil-based insecticides for bed bug IPM and conducting mode-of-action studies on individual essential oil components.
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27
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Ashbrook AR, Scharf ME, Bennett GW, Gondhalekar AD. Bed bugs (Cimex lectularius L.) exhibit limited ability to develop heat resistance. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211677. [PMID: 30731005 PMCID: PMC6366730 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The global population growth of the bed bug, Cimex lectularius (L.), is attributed to their cryptic behavior, diverse insecticide resistance mechanisms, and lack of public awareness. Bed bug control can be challenging and typically requires chemical and non-chemical treatments. One common non-chemical method for bed bug management is thermal remediation. However, in certain instances, bed bugs are known to survive heat treatments. Bed bugs may be present after a heat treatment due to (i) abiotic factors associated with the inability to achieve lethal temperatures in harborage areas for a sufficient time period, (ii) re-infestation from insects that escaped to cooler areas during a heat treatment or (iii) development of physiological resistance that allows them to survive heat exposure. Previous research has investigated the optimal temperature and exposure time required for either achieving complete mortality or sublethally affecting their growth and development. However, no research has examined bed bug populations for their ability to develop resistance to heat exposure and variation in thermo-tolerance between different bed bug strains. The goals of this study were: i) to determine if bed bugs could be selected for heat resistance under a laboratory selection regime, and ii) to determine if bed bug populations with various heat exposure histories, insecticide resistance profiles, and geographic origins have differential temperature tolerances using two heat exposure techniques (step-function and ramp-function). Selection experiments found an initial increase in bed bug survivorship; however, survivorship did not increase past the fourth generation. Sublethal exposure to heat significantly reduced bed bug feeding and, in some cases, inhibited development. The step-function exposure technique revealed non-significant variation in heat tolerance between populations and the ramp-function exposure technique provided similar results. Based on these study outcomes, the ability of bed bugs to develop heat resistance appears to be limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron R. Ashbrook
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Michael E. Scharf
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Gary W. Bennett
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Ameya D. Gondhalekar
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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28
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Sanford MR, Torres M, Ross J. Unexpected Human Fatality Associated with Bed Bug (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) Heat Treatment. J Forensic Sci 2018; 64:622-624. [PMID: 30080943 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Thermal insect treatments can be an effective method of controlling cryptic insect pests, particularly bed bugs, in residential settings. The treatments require high heat over a sustained timeframe. Residents are not present during treatment but return after completion. An unexpected death was investigated following heat treatment for bed bugs in the home of an elderly female, found with a postmortem axillary temperature of 106.2°F (41.2°C) approximately 8 h after returning home. The cause of death was classified as hyperthermia with a contributory cause of hypertensive cardiovascular disease. The manner of death was an accident. The decedent had medical history and medications that could have impaired her ability to dissipate heat. Furthermore, the air conditioning inside the residence was not functional following treatment. Recommendations including education regarding heat stroke and treatment, re-entry timeframes, and/or temperature thresholds are suggested to reduce the risk of heat-related injury or death in vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle R Sanford
- Harris County Institute of Forensic Sciences, 1861 Old Spanish Trail, Houston, TX, 77054
| | - Mirna Torres
- Harris County Institute of Forensic Sciences, 1861 Old Spanish Trail, Houston, TX, 77054
| | - Jennifer Ross
- Harris County Institute of Forensic Sciences, 1861 Old Spanish Trail, Houston, TX, 77054
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29
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Abstract
Our planet is an increasingly urbanized landscape, with over half of the human population residing in cities. Despite advances in urban ecology, we do not adequately understand how urbanization affects the evolution of organisms, nor how this evolution may affect ecosystems and human health. Here, we review evidence for the effects of urbanization on the evolution of microbes, plants, and animals that inhabit cities. Urbanization affects adaptive and nonadaptive evolutionary processes that shape the genetic diversity within and between populations. Rapid adaptation has facilitated the success of some native species in urban areas, but it has also allowed human pests and disease to spread more rapidly. The nascent field of urban evolution brings together efforts to understand evolution in response to environmental change while developing new hypotheses concerning adaptation to urban infrastructure and human socioeconomic activity. The next generation of research on urban evolution will provide critical insight into the importance of evolution for sustainable interactions between humans and our city environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc T J Johnson
- Department of Biology and Center for Urban Environments, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada. .,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jason Munshi-South
- Department of Biological Sciences and Louis Calder Center, Fordham University, Armonk, NY, USA.
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30
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Zha C, Wang C, Sheele JM. Effect of Moxidectin on Bed Bug Feeding, Development, Fecundity, and Survivorship. INSECTS 2017; 8:E106. [PMID: 28973981 PMCID: PMC5746789 DOI: 10.3390/insects8040106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The common bed bug, Cimex lectularius L. (Hemiptera: Cimicidae), is a blood-feeding ectoparasite which experienced world-wide resurgence during recent decades. The control of bed bugs is often challenging, due to their cryptic nature and resistance to commonly used insecticides. In this study, we evaluated the effect of the antiparasitic drug moxidectin on bed bug survival, reproduction, and development. The LC50 (lethal concentration to kill half the members of a tested population) of moxidectin against bed bug male adults, female adults, and large nymphs were 52.7 (95% CI (confidence interval): 39.5-70.8), 29.3 (95% CI: 20.7-40.5), and 29.1 ng/mL (95% CI: 23.3-35.3), respectively. Moxidectin (≥ 25 ng/mL) reduced egg laying of bed bug females, but showed no significant effect on egg hatching. One time feeding on rabbit blood containing 20 and 40 ng/mL moxidectin showed no negative effects in bed bug feeding and blood meal ingestion, but significantly reduced digestion rates and nymph molting rates. Although moxidectin at concentrations of 20 and 40 ng/mL only caused moderate mortality in bed bugs, it significantly interrupted digestion, development, and oviposition of survived bed bugs for at least one week after feeding. Moxidectin is a promising supplement of the existing bed bug control materials if its use on humans can be approved in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zha
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
| | - Changlu Wang
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
| | - Johnathan Michael Sheele
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center & Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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31
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Locomotion Inhibition of Cimex lectularius L. Following Topical, Sublethal Dose Application of the Chitin Synthesis Inhibitor Lufenuron. INSECTS 2017; 8:insects8030094. [PMID: 28862646 PMCID: PMC5620714 DOI: 10.3390/insects8030094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To date, few studies have evaluated chitin synthesis inhibitors against bed bugs, although they would provide an alternative mode of action to circumvent insecticide resistance. Acute and sublethal effects of lufenuron were evaluated against two strains of the common bed bug. Combined acute and sublethal effects were used to calculate effective doses. The dose that was effective against 50% of Harlan strain bed bugs was 0.0081% (w/v), and was much higher against Bradenton strain bed bugs (1.11% w/v). Sublethal doses were chosen to determine the effect that leg abnormalities had on pulling force. Both Harlan and Bradenton strain bed bugs had significantly lower locomotion ability (p < 0.0001) following topical application of lufenuron. The observed sublethal effects that limit locomotion could prevent bed bugs from moving within a domicile and taking a blood meal, subsequently reducing a bed bug population over time.
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32
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Agnew JL, Romero A. Behavioral Responses of the Common Bed Bug, Cimex lectularius, to Insecticide Dusts. INSECTS 2017; 8:insects8030083. [PMID: 28786920 PMCID: PMC5620703 DOI: 10.3390/insects8030083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Revised: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Bed bugs have reemerged recently as a serious and growing problem not only in North America but in many parts of the world. These insects have become the most challenging pest to control in urban environments. Residual insecticides are the most common methods used for bed bug control; however, insecticide resistance limits the efficacy of treatments. Desiccant dusts have emerged as a good option to provide a better residual effect for bed bug control. Several studies have focused on determining the efficacy of dust-based insecticides against bed bugs. However, behavioral responses of bed bugs to insecticide dusts could influence their efficacy. The behavioral responses of bed bugs to six insecticide dusts commonly used in the United States were evaluated with an advanced video tracking technique (Ethovision). Bed bugs took longer to make first contact with areas treated with the diatomaceous earth (DE)-based products MotherEarth D and Alpine than pyrethroid, pyrethrins or silica gel based products, DeltaDust, Tempo 1% Dust and CimeXa, respectively. Lower visitation rates of bed bugs were recorded for areas treated with MotherEarth D, Alpine and CimeXa than that of DeltaDust, Tempo 1% Dust, and Tri-Die Silica + Pyrethrum Dust. Bed bugs spent less time in areas treated with Tri-Die Dust, CimeXa, Alpine, and MotherEarth D than DeltaDust and Tempo 1% Dust, and they exhibited a reduction in locomotor parameters when crawling on areas treated with CimeXa and Alpine. The implications of these responses to bed bug control are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L Agnew
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Weed Science, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA.
| | - Alvaro Romero
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Weed Science, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA.
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Singh N, Wang C, Zha C, Cooper R, Robson M. Testing a Threshold-Based Bed Bug Management Approach in Apartment Buildings. INSECTS 2017; 8:E76. [PMID: 28933720 PMCID: PMC5620696 DOI: 10.3390/insects8030076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We tested a threshold-based bed bug (Cimex lectularius L.) management approach with the goal of achieving elimination with minimal or no insecticide application. Thirty-two bed bug infested apartments were identified. These apartments were divided into four treatment groups based on apartment size and initial bed bug count, obtained through a combination of visual inspection and bed bug monitors: I- Non-chemical only in apartments with 1-12 bed bug count, II- Chemical control only in apartments with 1-12 bed bug count, III- Non-chemical and chemical control in apartments with >12 bed bug count, and IV- Chemical control only in apartments with ≥11 bed bug count. All apartments were monitored or treated once every two weeks for a maximum of 28 wk. Treatment I eliminated bed bugs in a similar amount of time to treatment II. Time to eliminate bed bugs was similar between treatment III and IV but required significantly less insecticide spray in treatment III than that in treatment IV. A threshold-based management approach (non-chemical only or non-chemical and chemical) can eliminate bed bugs in a similar amount of time, using little to no pesticide compared to a chemical only approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narinderpal Singh
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
| | - Changlu Wang
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
| | - Chen Zha
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
| | - Richard Cooper
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
| | - Mark Robson
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
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Dang K, Doggett SL, Veera Singham G, Lee CY. Insecticide resistance and resistance mechanisms in bed bugs, Cimex spp. (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:318. [PMID: 28662724 PMCID: PMC5492349 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2232-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The worldwide resurgence of bed bugs [both Cimex lectularius L. and Cimex hemipterus (F.)] over the past two decades is believed in large part to be due to the development of insecticide resistance. The transcriptomic and genomic studies since 2010, as well as morphological, biochemical and behavioral studies, have helped insecticide resistance research on bed bugs. Multiple resistance mechanisms, including penetration resistance through thickening or remodelling of the cuticle, metabolic resistance by increased activities of detoxification enzymes (e.g. cytochrome P450 monooxygenases and esterases), and knockdown resistance by kdr mutations, have been experimentally identified as conferring insecticide resistance in bed bugs. Other candidate resistance mechanisms, including behavioral resistance, some types of physiological resistance (e.g. increasing activities of esterases by point mutations, glutathione S-transferase, target site insensitivity including altered AChEs, GABA receptor insensitivity and altered nAChRs), symbiont-mediated resistance and other potential, yet undiscovered mechanisms may exist. This article reviews recent studies of resistance mechanisms and the genes governing insecticide resistance, potential candidate resistance mechanisms, and methods of monitoring insecticide resistance in bed bugs. This article provides an insight into the knowledge essential for the development of both insecticide resistance management (IRM) and integrated pest management (IPM) strategies for successful bed bug management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Dang
- Urban Entomology Laboratory, Vector Control Research Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Stephen L. Doggett
- Department of Medical Entomology, NSW Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145 Australia
| | - G. Veera Singham
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 10 Persiaran Bukit Jambul, 11900 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Chow-Yang Lee
- Urban Entomology Laboratory, Vector Control Research Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
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35
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Liu F, Xia X, Liu N. Molecular Basis of N,N-Diethyl-3-Methylbenzamide (DEET) in Repelling the Common Bed Bug, Cimex lectularius. Front Physiol 2017; 8:418. [PMID: 28676765 PMCID: PMC5476731 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
As the most extensively used chemical repellent, N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET) displayed repellency to a wide range of insects, including the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius. While the neuronal or molecular basis involved in DEET's repellency have been majorly focused on mosquitos and fruit flies, DEET's repellency to the common bed bug is largely unreached. To gain new insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms in DEET's repellency to the common bed bug, we characterized the neuronal response of bed bugs to DEET, identified the olfactory receptors targeted by DEET and demonstrated the interfering effect of DEET on bed bug's responses to human odorants. High doses of DEET were required for activating the olfactory receptor neurons in the sensilla of bed bugs and at least three DEET-sensitive receptors were functionally deciphered. These DEET-sensitive receptors presented even more sensitive to certain botanical terpenes/terpenoids which also displayed repellency at varying levels for bed bugs. In addition, DEET produced a blocking effect on the neuronal responses of bed bugs to specific human odors and showed inhibitory effect on the function of odorant receptors in responding to certain human odors. Taken together, our results indicate that DEET may function as a stimulus that triggers avoidance behaviors and a molecular “confusant” for interrupting the host odor recognition in the odorant receptors of bed bugs. The receptors that coincidently responded to both synthetic DEET and botanical terpenes/terpenoids suggested that DEET probably target on receptors that originally responded to terpenes/terpenoids. This study gave novel insight into the mechanisms of DEET's repellency to bed bugs and also provided valuable information for developing new reagents for bed bug control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Liu
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn UniversityAuburn, AL, United States
| | - Xiaoming Xia
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn UniversityAuburn, AL, United States
| | - Nannan Liu
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn UniversityAuburn, AL, United States
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Impact of sublethal exposure to a pyrethroid-neonicotinoid insecticide on mating, fecundity and development in the bed bug Cimex lectularius L. (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177410. [PMID: 28489937 PMCID: PMC5425214 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Sublethal exposure to an insecticide may alter insect feeding, mating, oviposition, fecundity, development, and many other life history parameters. Such effects may have population-level consequences that are not apparent in traditional dose-mortality evaluations. Earlier, we found that a routinely used combination insecticide that includes a pyrethroid and a neonicotinoid (Temprid® SC) had deleterious effects on multiple bed bug (Cimex lectularius, L.) behaviors. Here, we demonstrate that sublethal exposure impacts physiology and reproduction as well. We report that sublethal exposure to Temprid SC has variable aberrant effects on bed bugs depending on the strain, including: a reduction in male mating success and delayed oviposition by females. However, after sublethal exposure, egg hatch rate consistently declined in every strain tested, anywhere from 34%-73%. Conversely, impact on fifth instar eclosion time was not significant. While the strains that we tested varied in their respective magnitude of sublethal effects, taken together, these effects could reduce bed bug population growth. These changes in bed bug behavior and fecundity could lead to improved efficacy of Temprid SC in the field, but recovery of impacted bugs must be considered in future studies. Sublethal effects should not be overlooked when evaluating insecticide efficacy, as it is likely that other products may also have indirect effects on population dynamics that could either aid or inhibit successful management of pest populations.
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Liu F, Chen Z, Liu N. Molecular Basis of Olfactory Chemoreception in the Common Bed Bug, Cimex lectularius. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45531. [PMID: 28383033 PMCID: PMC5382537 DOI: 10.1038/srep45531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
As one of the most notorious ectoparasites, bed bugs rely heavily on human or animal blood sources for survival, mating and reproduction. Chemoreception, mediated by the odorant receptors on the membrane of olfactory sensory neurons, plays a vital role in their host seeking and risk aversion processes. We investigated the responses of odorant receptors to a large spectrum of semiochemicals, including human odorants and plant-released volatiles and found that strong responses were sparse; aldehydes/ketones were the most efficient stimuli, while carboxylic acids and aliphatics/aromatics were comparatively less effective in eliciting responses from bed bug odorant receptors. In bed bugs, both the odorant identity and concentrations play important roles in determining the strength of these responses. The odor space constructed based on the responses from all the odorant receptors tested revealed that odorants within the same chemical group are widely dispersed while odorants from different groups are intermingled, suggesting the complexity of odorant encoding in the bed bug odorant receptors. This study provides a comprehensive picture of the olfactory coding mechanisms of bed bugs that will ultimately contribute to the design and development of novel olfactory-based strategies to reduce both the biting nuisance and disease transmission from bed bugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Liu
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Zhou Chen
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Nannan Liu
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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Crawley SE, Kowles KA, Gordon JR, Potter MF, Haynes KF. Behavioral effects of sublethal exposure to a combination of β-cyfluthrin and imidacloprid in the bed bug, Cimex lectularius L. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2017; 73:598-603. [PMID: 27322625 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bed bugs (Cimex lectularius) are blood-feeding insect pests with public health relevance. Their rapid evolution of resistance to pyrethroids has prompted a shift to combination products that include both a pyrethroid and neonicotinoid insecticide. Insecticides have both a direct impact on mortality and an indirect effect on behavior. Thus, we assessed the sublethal effects of a widely used combination product containing β-cyfluthrin (a pyrethroid) and imidacloprid (a neonicotinoid), as unexpected behavioral changes after exposure have been known to affect efficacy of insecticides. RESULTS We found that bed bugs exposed to sublethal doses of a combination product containing β-cyfluthrin and imidacloprid did not feed as effectively as untreated bugs. Their locomotion behavior was also reduced. However, aggregation in response to the presence of conspecific harborages was not affected by sublethal exposure. CONCLUSION Bed bugs exhibit behavioral changes after sublethal exposure to a combination product that could affect pest management choices and outcomes. A reduction in host-finding efficiency and feeding could complement the lethal effects of the insecticide. Alternatively, reduced locomotion following exposure could limit ongoing contact with insecticide deposits. However, an overall reduction in movement indicates that treatments are unlikely to cause dispersal of bugs to adjacent dwellings. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney E Crawley
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Katelyn A Kowles
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Texas A&M Agrilife Extension, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Jennifer R Gordon
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Michael F Potter
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Kenneth F Haynes
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Lilly DG, Webb CE, Doggett SL. Evidence of Tolerance to Silica-Based Desiccant Dusts in a Pyrethroid-Resistant Strain of Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). INSECTS 2016; 7:insects7040074. [PMID: 27941664 PMCID: PMC5198222 DOI: 10.3390/insects7040074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Insecticide resistance in bed bugs (Cimex lectularius and Cimex hemipterus) has become widespread, which has necessitated the development of new IPM (Integrated Pest Management) strategies and products for the eradication of infestations. Two promising options are the diatomaceous earth and silica gel-based desiccant dusts, both of which induce dehydration and eventual death upon bed bugs exposed to these products. However, the impact of underlying mechanisms that confer resistance to insecticides, such as cuticle thickening, on the performance of these dusts has yet to be determined. In the present study, two desiccant dusts, CimeXa Insecticide Dust (silica gel) and Bed Bug Killer Powder (diatomaceous earth) were evaluated against two strains of C. lectularius; one highly pyrethroid-resistant and one insecticide-susceptible. Label-rate doses of both products produced 100% mortality in both strains, albeit over dissimilar time-frames (3–4 days with CimeXa vs. 14 days with Bed Bug Killer). Sub-label rate exposure to CimeXa indicated that the pyrethroid-resistant strain possessed a degree of tolerance to this product, surviving 50% longer than the susceptible strain. This is the first study to suggest that mechanisms conferring resistance to pyrethroids, such as cuticular thickening, may have potential secondary impacts on non-synthetic insecticides, including desiccant dusts, which target the bed bug’s cuticle.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Lilly
- Department of Medical Entomology, University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.
| | - Cameron E Webb
- Department of Medical Entomology, University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.
- Department of Medical Entomology, Pathology West-ICPMR Westmead, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.
| | - Stephen L Doggett
- Department of Medical Entomology, Pathology West-ICPMR Westmead, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.
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40
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A Linkage Map and QTL Analysis for Pyrethroid Resistance in the Bed Bug Cimex lectularius. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2016; 6:4059-4066. [PMID: 27733453 PMCID: PMC5144974 DOI: 10.1534/g3.116.033092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The rapid evolution of insecticide resistance remains one of the biggest challenges in the control of medically and economically important pests. Insects have evolved a diverse range of mechanisms to reduce the efficacy of the commonly used classes of insecticides, and finding the genetic basis of resistance is a major aid to management. In a previously unstudied population, we performed an F2 resistance mapping cross for the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius, for which insecticide resistance is increasingly widespread. Using 334 SNP markers obtained through RAD-sequencing, we constructed the first linkage map for the species, consisting of 14 putative linkage groups (LG), with a length of 407 cM and an average marker spacing of 1.3 cM. The linkage map was used to reassemble the recently published reference genome, facilitating refinement and validation of the current genome assembly. We detected a major QTL on LG12 associated with insecticide resistance, occurring in close proximity (1.2 Mb) to a carboxylesterase encoding candidate gene for pyrethroid resistance. This provides another example of this candidate gene playing a major role in determining survival in a bed bug population following pesticide resistance evolution. The recent availability of the bed bug genome, complete with a full list of potential candidate genes related to insecticide resistance, in addition to the linkage map generated here, provides an excellent resource for future research on the development and spread of insecticide resistance in this resurging pest species.
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41
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Politi FAS, Nascimento JD, da Silva AA, Moro IJ, Garcia ML, Guido RVC, Pietro RCLR, Godinho AF, Furlan M. Insecticidal activity of an essential oil of Tagetes patula L. (Asteraceae) on common bed bug Cimex lectularius L. and molecular docking of major compounds at the catalytic site of ClAChE1. Parasitol Res 2016; 116:415-424. [PMID: 27838836 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5305-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Emerging resistance to insecticides has influenced pharmaceutical research and the search for alternatives to control the common bed bug Cimex lectularius. In this sense, natural products can play a major role. Tagetes patula, popularly known as dwarf marigold, is a plant native to North America with biocide potential. The aim of this work was to evaluate the biological activity of T. patula essential oil (EO) against adult common bed bugs via exposure to dry residues by the Impregnated Paper Disk Test (IPDT) using cypermethrin as a positive control. We selected the enzyme acetylcholinesterase as a target for modeling studies, with the intent of investigating the molecular basis of any biological activity of the EO. Chemical analysis of the EO was performed using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Additionally, oral and dermal acute toxicity tests were performed according to Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) guidelines. The sulforhodamine B assay (SRB) was performed to verify the cytotoxicity of EO to HaCaT cells. The EO eliminated 100 % of the bed bugs at 100 mg mL-1 with an LC50 value of 15.85 mg mL-1. GC-MS analysis identified α-terpinolene, limonene, piperitenone, and piperitone as major components of the mixture. Molecular modeling studies of these major compounds suggested that they are acetylcholinesterase inhibitors with good steric and electronic complementarity. The in vitro cytotoxicity evaluation revealed a LC50 = 37.06 μg mL-1 and in vivo acute toxicity showed an LC50 >4000 mg kg-1, indicating that the EO presents low risk of toxic side effects in humans. The T. patula essential oil components provide a promising strategy for controlling bed bug populations with low mammalian toxicity. These findings pave the way for further in vivo studies aimed at developing a safe and effective insecticide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávio Augusto Sanches Politi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Rua Prof. Francisco Degni 55, Quitandinha, Araraquara, SP, CEP 14800-060, Brazil.
| | - Juliana Damieli Nascimento
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, University Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Rod. Araraquara-Jaú Km 01, Araraquara, SP, 14801-902, Brazil
| | - Alexander Alves da Silva
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Rua Prof. Francisco Degni 55, Quitandinha, Araraquara, SP, CEP 14800-060, Brazil
| | - Isabela Jacob Moro
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, University Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Rod. Araraquara-Jaú Km 01, Araraquara, SP, 14801-902, Brazil
| | - Mariana Lopes Garcia
- Centro de Pesquisa e Inovação em Biodiversidade e Fármacos, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, 13563-120, Brazil
| | - Rafael Victório Carvalho Guido
- Centro de Pesquisa e Inovação em Biodiversidade e Fármacos, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, 13563-120, Brazil
| | | | - Antônio Francisco Godinho
- Centro de Assistência Toxicológica (CEATOX), University Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Distrito de Rubião Júnior s/n, Botucatu, SP, 18618-970, Brazil
| | - Maysa Furlan
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Rua Prof. Francisco Degni 55, Quitandinha, Araraquara, SP, CEP 14800-060, Brazil
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Wang C, Singh N, Zha C, Cooper R. Bed Bugs: Prevalence in Low-Income Communities, Resident's Reactions, and Implementation of a Low-Cost Inspection Protocol. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 53:639-646. [PMID: 27049026 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjw018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We examined bed bug prevalence in 2,372 low-income apartments within 43 buildings in four New Jersey cities using a combination of resident interviews, brief visual inspections, and monitoring with Climbup Insect Interceptors. Infestation rates ranged from 3.8 to 29.5% among the buildings, with an overall infestation rate of 12.3%. Within each apartment, the bed area trapped significantly more bed bugs per trap than the sofa (or upholstered chair) area. African American residents had a proportionally higher number of bed bug infestations than white residents. Women were more likely to report bed bug bite symptoms than men. Only 68% of the residents who experienced bed bug infestations reported symptoms after being bitten (n = 475). Among those with self-reported symptoms (n = 319), the frequency of the reported symptoms was: pain 90%, itchiness 20%, welts 13%, and insomnia 8%. Fifty-nine percent of the residents (n = 539) who experienced bed bug infestations applied insecticides to control bed bugs. Climbup interceptors detected 89 ± 1% and brief visual inspections detected 72 ± 3% of the infestations. Only two out of 291 infestations were not detected by brief visual inspection or interceptors. Assuming US$50 per hour labor rate, the average per apartment cost for the building-wide bed bug monitoring protocol was US$12 per apartment. Forty-nine percent of the infestations detected by the protocol were in apartments whose residents were unaware of the bed bug activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changlu Wang
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 (; ; ; )
| | - Narinderpal Singh
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 (; ; ; )
| | - Chen Zha
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 (; ; ; )
| | - Richard Cooper
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 (; ; ; )
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43
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Lilly DG, Latham SL, Webb CE, Doggett SL. Cuticle Thickening in a Pyrethroid-Resistant Strain of the Common Bed Bug, Cimex lectularius L. (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153302. [PMID: 27073871 PMCID: PMC4830598 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Thickening of the integument as a mechanism of resistance to insecticides is a well recognised phenomenon in the insect world and, in recent times, has been found in insects exhibiting pyrethroid-resistance. Resistance to pyrethroid insecticides in the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius L., is widespread and has been frequently inferred as a reason for the pest’s resurgence. Overexpression of cuticle depositing proteins has been demonstrated in pyrethroid-resistant bed bugs although, to date, no morphological analysis of the cuticle has been undertaken in order to confirm a phenotypic link. This paper describes examination of the cuticle thickness of a highly pyrethroid-resistant field strain collected in Sydney, Australia, in response to time-to-knockdown upon forced exposure to a pyrethroid insecticide. Mean cuticle thickness was positively correlated to time-to-knockdown, with significant differences observed between bugs knocked-down at 2 hours, 4 hours, and those still unaffected at 24 hours. Further analysis also demonstrated that the 24 hours survivors possessed a statistically significantly thicker cuticle when compared to a pyrethroid-susceptible strain of C. lectularius. This study demonstrates that cuticle thickening is present within a pyrethroid-resistant strain of C. lectularius and that, even within a stable resistant strain, cuticle thickness will vary according to time-to-knockdown upon exposure to an insecticide. This response should thus be considered in future studies on the cuticle of insecticide-resistant bed bugs and, potentially, other insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G. Lilly
- Department of Medical Entomology, The University of Sydney and Pathology West–ICPMR Westmead, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, 2415, Australia
| | - Sharissa L. Latham
- Australian Centre for Microscopy & Microanalysis, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Cameron E. Webb
- Department of Medical Entomology, The University of Sydney and Pathology West–ICPMR Westmead, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, 2415, Australia
| | - Stephen L. Doggett
- Department of Medical Entomology, The University of Sydney and Pathology West–ICPMR Westmead, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, 2415, Australia
- * E-mail:
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44
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Lilly DG, Dang K, Webb CE, Doggett SL. Evidence for Metabolic Pyrethroid Resistance in the Common Bed Bug (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 109:1364-1368. [PMID: 27018436 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tow041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to insecticides, especially the pyrethroids, in the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius L., has been well-documented. However, the presence and relative contribution of metabolic detoxifying microsomal oxidases and hydrolytic esterases to the observed resistance has yet to be fully elucidated. This is due, in part, to the absence of a simple bioassay procedure that appropriately isolates esterases from potentially competing oxidases. Recently, an analogue of piperonyl butoxide (PBO) was developed, EN16/5-1 (6-[2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethoxymethyl]-5-propyl-2,3-dihydrobenzofuranby), which inhibits esterases but has limited efficacy against the oxidases, whereas PBO inhibits both. The opportunity is now available to use both synergists via established bioassay methodologies and to screen for the potential presence of oxidase- or esterase-derived pyrethroid resistance in insecticide-resistant insects, including bed bugs. In the present study, EN16/5-1 and PBO were assayed in conjunction with deltamethrin against four field strains of C. lectularius collected from independent geographic locations across Australia. All strains expressed a high degree of resistance to deltamethrin and significant inhibition of the observed resistance with preexposure to PBO. Nonsignificant differences between the cumulative mortality values for PBO and EN16/5-1 were then observed in two of the four bed bug strains, which indicate that detoxifying esterases are conferring substantially to the observed resistance in those strains. This study is the first to provide evidence that metabolic detoxification in the form of both hydrolytic esterases and microsomal oxidases is a major contributing factor to pyrethroid resistance in C. lectularius.
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45
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Raab RW, Moore JE, Vargo EL, Rose L, Raab J, Culbreth M, Burzumato G, Koyee A, McCarthy B, Raffaele J, Schal C, Vaidyanathan R. New Introductions, Spread of Existing Matrilines, and High Rates of Pyrethroid Resistance Result in Chronic Infestations of Bed Bugs (Cimex lectularius L.) in Lower-Income Housing. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0117805. [PMID: 26901153 PMCID: PMC4763143 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Infestations of the common bed bug (Cimex lectularius L.) have increased substantially in the United States in the past 10–15 years. The housing authority in Harrisonburg, Virginia, conducts heat-treatments after bed bugs are detected in a lower-income housing complex, by treating each infested unit at 60°C for 4–6 hours. However, a high frequency of recurrent infestations called into question the efficacy of this strategy. Genetic analysis using Bayesian clustering of polymorphic microsatellite loci from 123 bed bugs collected from 23 units from May 2012 to April 2013 in one building indicated that (a) 16/21 (73%) infestations were genetically similar, suggesting ineffective heat-treatments or reintroductions from within the building or from a common external source, followed by local spread of existing populations; and (b) up to 5 of the infestations represented new genotypes, indicating that 5 new populations were introduced into this building in one year, assuming they were not missed in earlier screens. There was little to no gene flow among the 8 genetic clusters identified in the building. Bed bugs in the U.S. often possess one or both point mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel, termed knockdown resistance (kdr), from valine to leucine (V419L) and leucine to isoleucine (L925I) that confer target-site resistance against pyrethroid insecticides. We found that 48/121 (40%) bed bugs were homozygous for both kdr mutations (L419/I925), and a further 59% possessed at least one of the kdr mutations. We conclude that ineffective heat treatments, new introductions, reintroductions and local spread, and an exceptionally high frequency of pyrethroid resistance are responsible for chronic infestations in lower-income housing. Because heat treatments fail to protect from reintroductions, and pesticide use has not decreased the frequency of infestations, preventing new introductions and early detection are the most effective strategies to avoid bed bug infestations in multistory apartment buildings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald W. Raab
- College of Integrated Science and Technology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Julia E. Moore
- SRI International, Center for Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Harrisonburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Edward L. Vargo
- Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lucy Rose
- Harrisonburg High School, Harrisonburg, Virginia United States of America
| | - Julie Raab
- Harrisonburg High School, Harrisonburg, Virginia United States of America
| | - Madeline Culbreth
- Harrisonburg High School, Harrisonburg, Virginia United States of America
| | - Gracie Burzumato
- Harrisonburg High School, Harrisonburg, Virginia United States of America
| | - Aurvan Koyee
- Harrisonburg High School, Harrisonburg, Virginia United States of America
| | - Brittany McCarthy
- College of Integrated Science and Technology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Raffaele
- College of Integrated Science and Technology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Coby Schal
- Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Rajeev Vaidyanathan
- SRI International, Center for Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Harrisonburg, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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46
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Rosenfeld JA, Reeves D, Brugler MR, Narechania A, Simon S, Durrett R, Foox J, Shianna K, Schatz MC, Gandara J, Afshinnekoo E, Lam ET, Hastie AR, Chan S, Cao H, Saghbini M, Kentsis A, Planet PJ, Kholodovych V, Tessler M, Baker R, DeSalle R, Sorkin LN, Kolokotronis SO, Siddall ME, Amato G, Mason CE. Genome assembly and geospatial phylogenomics of the bed bug Cimex lectularius. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10164. [PMID: 26836631 PMCID: PMC4740774 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The common bed bug (Cimex lectularius) has been a persistent pest of humans for thousands of years, yet the genetic basis of the bed bug's basic biology and adaptation to dense human environments is largely unknown. Here we report the assembly, annotation and phylogenetic mapping of the 697.9-Mb Cimex lectularius genome, with an N50 of 971 kb, using both long and short read technologies. A RNA-seq time course across all five developmental stages and male and female adults generated 36,985 coding and noncoding gene models. The most pronounced change in gene expression during the life cycle occurs after feeding on human blood and included genes from the Wolbachia endosymbiont, which shows a simultaneous and coordinated host/commensal response to haematophagous activity. These data provide a rich genetic resource for mapping activity and density of C. lectularius across human hosts and cities, which can help track, manage and control bed bug infestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Rosenfeld
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York 10024, USA.,Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York 10024, USA.,Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08908, USA
| | - Darryl Reeves
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, USA.,The HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, New York, New York 10065, USA.,Tri-Institutional Training Program in Computational Biology and Medicine, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Mercer R Brugler
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York 10024, USA.,Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York 10024, USA.,Biological Sciences Department, NYC College of Technology (CUNY), Brooklyn, New York 11201, USA
| | - Apurva Narechania
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York 10024, USA.,Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York 10024, USA
| | - Sabrina Simon
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York 10024, USA.,Biosystematics, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6708 PB, The Netherlands
| | - Russell Durrett
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, USA.,The HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Jonathan Foox
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York 10024, USA.,Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York 10024, USA
| | - Kevin Shianna
- Illumina Inc. 5200 Illumina Way, San Diego, California 92122, USA
| | - Michael C Schatz
- Simons Center for Quantitative Biology, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Jorge Gandara
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, USA.,The HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Ebrahim Afshinnekoo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, USA.,The HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Ernest T Lam
- BioNanoGenomics Inc. 9640 Towne Centre Drive Ste. 100, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Alex R Hastie
- BioNanoGenomics Inc. 9640 Towne Centre Drive Ste. 100, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Saki Chan
- BioNanoGenomics Inc. 9640 Towne Centre Drive Ste. 100, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Han Cao
- BioNanoGenomics Inc. 9640 Towne Centre Drive Ste. 100, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Michael Saghbini
- BioNanoGenomics Inc. 9640 Towne Centre Drive Ste. 100, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Alex Kentsis
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Department of Pediatrics, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Paul J Planet
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York 10024, USA.,Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York 10024, USA.,Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Vladyslav Kholodovych
- High Performance and Research Computing Group, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA
| | - Michael Tessler
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York 10024, USA.,Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York 10024, USA
| | - Richard Baker
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York 10024, USA.,Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York 10024, USA
| | - Rob DeSalle
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York 10024, USA.,Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York 10024, USA
| | - Louis N Sorkin
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York 10024, USA
| | - Sergios-Orestis Kolokotronis
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York 10024, USA.,Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York 10024, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Bronx, New York 10458, USA
| | - Mark E Siddall
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York 10024, USA.,Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York 10024, USA
| | - George Amato
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York 10024, USA.,Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York 10024, USA
| | - Christopher E Mason
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, USA.,The HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, New York, New York 10065, USA.,Tri-Institutional Training Program in Computational Biology and Medicine, New York, New York 10065, USA.,The Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, New York, New York 10065, USA
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47
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Unique features of a global human ectoparasite identified through sequencing of the bed bug genome. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10165. [PMID: 26836814 PMCID: PMC4740739 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The bed bug, Cimex lectularius, has re-established itself as a ubiquitous human ectoparasite throughout much of the world during the past two decades. This global resurgence is likely linked to increased international travel and commerce in addition to widespread insecticide resistance. Analyses of the C. lectularius sequenced genome (650 Mb) and 14,220 predicted protein-coding genes provide a comprehensive representation of genes that are linked to traumatic insemination, a reduced chemosensory repertoire of genes related to obligate hematophagy, host–symbiont interactions, and several mechanisms of insecticide resistance. In addition, we document the presence of multiple putative lateral gene transfer events. Genome sequencing and annotation establish a solid foundation for future research on mechanisms of insecticide resistance, human–bed bug and symbiont–bed bug associations, and unique features of bed bug biology that contribute to the unprecedented success of C. lectularius as a human ectoparasite. The bed bug, Cimex lectularius, is a ubiquitous human ectoparasite with global distribution. Here, the authors sequence the genome of the bed bug and identify reductions in chemosensory genes, expansion of genes associated with blood digestion and genes linked to pesticide resistance.
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48
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Wang C, Singh N, Zha C, Cooper R. Efficacy of Selected Insecticide Sprays and Aerosols against the Common Bed Bug, Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). INSECTS 2016; 7:E5. [PMID: 26840334 PMCID: PMC4808785 DOI: 10.3390/insects7010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the residual efficacy of four liquid sprays and four ready-to-use aerosols that are commonly used in the U.S. against a field-collected bed bug, Cimex lectularius L., strain with moderate resistance level to pyrethroids. The four liquid sprays were: Tandem (0.1% thiamethoxam, 0.03% lambda-cyhalothrin), Temprid SC (0.05% imidacloprid, 0.025% cyfluthrin), Transport GHP (0.05% acetamiprid, 0.06% bifenthrin), and Demand CS (0.03% lambda-cyhalothrin). The four aerosols were: Alpine (0.5% dinotefuran), Bedlam (0.4% sumithrin, 1.6% MGK 264), Bedlam Plus (0.4% sumithrin, 1% MGK 264, 0.05% imidacloprid), and Phantom (0.5% chlorfenapyr). Bed bugs were confined for 4 h to treated substrates (aged 24 h). Four substrates were tested: fabric, unpainted wood, painted wood, and vinyl. Bedlam, Demand CS, and Temprid SC resulted in ≤70% mortality on all tested substrates. Among the other five products, substrate type significantly affected their residual efficacy, except for Transport GHP, which caused ≥89.7% mortality regardless of the substrate. The effect of exposure time (5 min, 4 h, and 24 h) on the efficacy of Transport GHP and Phantom aerosol also was evaluated. A 4 h continuous exposure to Phantom aerosol or Transport GHP residue caused similar mortality to 24 h exposure and higher mortality than 5 min exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changlu Wang
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
| | - Narinderpal Singh
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
| | - Chen Zha
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
| | - Richard Cooper
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
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49
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Insecticide Resistance and Management Strategies in Urban Ecosystems. INSECTS 2016; 7:insects7010002. [PMID: 26751480 PMCID: PMC4808782 DOI: 10.3390/insects7010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The increased urbanization of a growing global population makes imperative the development of sustainable integrated pest management (IPM) strategies for urban pest control. This emphasizes pests that are closely associated with the health and wellbeing of humans and domesticated animals. Concurrently there are regulatory requirements enforced to minimize inadvertent exposures to insecticides in the urban environment. Development of insecticide resistance management (IRM) strategies in urban ecosystems involves understanding the status and mechanisms of insecticide resistance and reducing insecticide selection pressure by combining multiple chemical and non-chemical approaches. In this review, we will focus on the commonly used insecticides and molecular and physiological mechanisms underlying insecticide resistance in six major urban insect pests: house fly, German cockroach, mosquitoes, red flour beetle, bed bugs and head louse. We will also discuss several strategies that may prove promising for future urban IPM programs.
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50
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Liu F, Liu N. Human Odorant Reception in the Common Bed Bug, Cimex lectularius. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15558. [PMID: 26522967 PMCID: PMC4629130 DOI: 10.1038/srep15558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The common bed bug Cimex lectularius is a temporary ectoparasite on humans and currently resurgent in many developed countries. The ability of bed bugs to detect human odorants in the environment is critical for their host-seeking behavior. This study deciphered the chemical basis of host detection by investigating the neuronal response of olfactory sensilla to 104 human odorants using single sensillum recording and characterized the electro-physiological responses of bed bug odorant receptors to human odorants with the Xenopus expression system. The results showed that the D type of olfactory sensilla play a predominant role in detecting the human odorants tested. Different human odorants elicited different neuronal responses with different firing frequencies and temporal dynamics. Particularly, aldehydes and alcohols are the most effective stimuli in triggering strong response while none of the carboxylic acids showed a strong stimulation. Functional characterization of two bed bug odorant receptors and co-receptors in response to human odorants revealed their specific responses to the aldehyde human odorants. Taken together, the findings of this study not only provide exciting new insights into the human odorant detection of bed bugs, but also offer valuable information for developing new reagents (attractants or repellents) for the bed bug control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Liu
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Nannan Liu
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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