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Adetimehin AD, Mole CG, Finaughty DA, Heyns M. Parasitic and predatory behavior of Alysia manducator (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on blow fly larvae feeding on an adult pig carcass in the Western Cape Province of South Africa: preliminary observations and forensic implications. Int J Legal Med 2024; 138:281-288. [PMID: 37081128 PMCID: PMC10772005 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-023-03001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Wasps are part of the entomofauna associated with vertebrate carrion. They are known to parasitize and prey on specific life stages of insect hosts such as eggs, larvae, pupae, and/or adults associated with vertebrate carrion. However, reports of parasitic behavior of wasps on carrion-associated insect life stages and their possible forensic implications are non-existent in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. This study is part of ongoing research investigating the entomofauna and their pattern of succession on an adult pig carcass in Cape Town, South Africa. During this study, the parasitic wasp Alysia manducator was noted parasitizing and preying on blow fly larvae associated with the decomposing carcass. The arrival of A. manducator coincides with the occurrence of blow fly eggs and/or larvae on the carcass. These wasps were seen in close association with the eggs and larvae of blow flies on various parts of the carcass and some wasps were seen dragging fly larvae attached to their ovipositors away from one part of the carcass to another. Some A. manducator were also observed walking over several larvae on the carcass while exhibiting a stabbing behavior presumably in search of a host for oviposition. We suggest that the observations recorded in this study are of considerable forensic importance as the dragging effect and predatory and stabbing behavior exhibited by A. manducator could potentially disrupt the feeding and development of the fly larvae on the carcass. This could subsequently alter the process of carcass decomposition and/or affect minimum post-mortem interval estimations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeyemi Daniel Adetimehin
- Department of Pathology, Division of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Calvin Gerald Mole
- Department of Pathology, Division of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Devin Alexander Finaughty
- Department of Human Biology, Division of Clinical Anatomy and Biological Anthropology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- School of Chemistry and Forensic Science, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Marise Heyns
- Department of Pathology, Division of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, Ulster University, Derry/Londonderry, UK
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Charabidze D, Aubernon C. Aggregation in an heterospecific population of blowfly larvae: social behaviour is impacted by species-specific thermal requirements and settlement order. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220098. [PMID: 37066644 PMCID: PMC10107231 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Larvae of several blowfly species grow on carcasses and actively aggregate together. They face harsh developmental conditions resulting in a strong pressure to reduce development time: this is achieved either through thermoregulation or aggregation. We investigate how these two developmental strategies are modulated within heterospecific groups. In a first experiment, larvae of two species with different thermal requirements were deposited simultaneously on a thermal gradient. This resulted in the formation of two monospecific groups, each located at the species-specific thermal preferendum. However, when Calliphora vomitoria (Linnaeus) larvae were placed first, the later arriving Lucilia sericata (Meigen) larvae attracted the whole group to its own thermal preferendum. In the reverse experiment, half of the replicates resulted in single dense heterospecific groups observed at temperatures ranging from C. vomitoria to L. sericata preferendum. The other half of the replicates resulted in loose groups spread out on the thermal gradient. These results highlight the emergence of collective decisions ranging from thermal optimization to heterospecific aggregation at suboptimal temperatures. They demonstrate that species settlement order strongly affects self-organization processes and mixed-species group formation. We conclude that thermal optimization and heterospecific niche construction are two developmental strategies of carrion fly larvae. This article is part of the theme issue 'Mixed-species groups and aggregations: shaping ecological and behavioural patterns and processes'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Charabidze
- Centre d'Histoire Judiciaire, UMR 8025, University of Lille, 59000 Lille, France
- University of Lille, 59000 Lille, France
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Schuster RK, Wibbelt G, Sivakumar S. On the life cycle of Brachymeria podagrica (Fabricius, 1787) (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) - a parasitoid of sacrophagid, calliphorid, and muscid flies. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:1317-1325. [PMID: 37004576 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07831-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
The lifecycle of Brachymeria podagrica, a parasitic wasp with a worldwide distribution, was studied under laboratory conditions using the flesh fly, Sarcophaga dux, as a host. Two hundred parasite-free 3rd instars of S. dux were exposed for 24 h to 20 female B. podagrica. In daily intervals, maggots and later pupae were examined for developmental stages of the parasitoid. The whole pre-imaginal development at a temperature of 26 °C lasted 21 to 26 days. Three morphologically different instars, followed by a prepupal and a pupal stage, were described using light and scanning electron microscopy. In a second experiment with 100 3rd stage Sarcophaga larvae and 10 parasitoids, a total of 70 wasps emerged 20 to 25 days after exposure. Two fly larvae did not pupate and dried out, while 28 pupae contained a dry or caseous content, dead wasp imagos, or their larval stages. No fly imagines emerged from exposed groups, while all 100 unexposed larvae pupated and adults eclosed between day 12 and day 14 after the start of the experiment, while the imagoes of the parasitoids appeared 8 to 12 days later.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf K Schuster
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Gudrun Wibbelt
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
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Common Ground between Biological Rhythms and Forensics. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11071071. [PMID: 36101448 PMCID: PMC9312156 DOI: 10.3390/biology11071071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Biological clocks regulate the timing of numerous body functions in adaption to daily repeating cycles in the environment, such as the sleep–wake phases that are trained by the cycling changes of night and day light. The identification of a deceased victim is a critical component in a forensic investigation, but it can be significantly hampered by the condition of the dead body and the lack of personal records and documents. This review links current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms of biological rhythms to forensically relevant aspects, including the time period since death, cause of death, the use of insects for forensics, sex and age of a person, ethnic background and development. Putting these findings in context demonstrates how the analysis of molecular clock analysis could be used as tool for future personal identification in forensic investigations. Abstract Biological clocks set the timing for a large number of essential processes in the living human organism. After death, scientific evidence is required in forensic investigations in order to collect as much information as possible on the death circumstances and personal identifiers of the deceased victim. We summarize the associations between the molecular mechanisms of biological rhythms and forensically relevant aspects, including post-mortem interval and cause of death, entomological findings, sex, age, ethnicity and development. Given their importance during lifetime, biological rhythms could be potential tools to draw conclusions on the death circumstances and the identity of a deceased person by mechanistic investigations of the different biological clocks in a forensic context. This review puts the known effects of biological rhythms on the functions of the human organism in context with potential applications in forensic fields of interest, such as personal identification, entomology as well as the determination of the post-mortem interval and cause of death.
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Komo L, Charabidze D. Balance between larval and pupal development time in carrion blowflies. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 133:104292. [PMID: 34371061 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2021.104292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have highlighted the impact of environmental factors such as food type or larval density on the development of blowfly larvae. We investigated how changes in development speed (due to larval density and group composition) are divided among feeding and post-feeding stages. Even if these parameters impinge only on feeding larvae, they may ultimately also affect their subsequent development, and especially metamorphosis duration. Therefore, this study analysed the effect of larval density and group composition on the rhythm of necrophagous blowfly development. Based on laboratory studies, we highlighted that Calliphora vicina individuals with a fast development during their feeding phase developed slower in the later post-feeding phase (i.e., they had a compensatory effect). Lucilia sericata, a calliphorid species also frequently found on carrion at the same time as C. vicina, showed a different developmental strategy by not making its post-larval development speed dependent on the larval development speed. Finally, while a compensatory effect may exist, variations in the development rate more often accumulate through life-stages and resulted in a larger variability for later development instars. In this respect, the inclusion of detailed development duration covering all life stages, including post-feeding, is recommended in future studies, especially those dedicated to forensic entomology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Komo
- CHU Lille, EA 7367 - UTML - Unite de Taphonomie Medico-Legale, University of Lille, Rue André Verhaeghe, 59000 Lille, France.
| | - Damien Charabidze
- UMR 8025, Centre d'Histoire Judiciaire, Université de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; Unit of Social Ecology (USE), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
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Charabidze D, Trumbo S, Grzywacz A, Costa JT, Benbow ME, Barton PS, Matuszewski S. Convergence of Social Strategies in Carrion Breeding Insects. Bioscience 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biab068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Carrion is a highly ephemeral and nutrient rich resource, characterized by extreme biotic and abiotic stressors. We hypothesized that specific constraints of the carrion ecosystem, and especially its nutrient richness, ephemerality, and competition with microbes, have promoted the evolution of social behaviors in necrophagous insects. We show that group living is prevalent among early succession carrion breeding insects, suggesting that this trait has emerged as an adaptation to facilitate survival in the highly competitive environment of fresh carrion. We then highlight how developmental niche construction allows larvae to compete with microbes, efficiently feed on fresh cadavers, and rapidly reach maturity. We observed that larval societies and parental care are two different strategies responding to similar competitive and environmental constraints. We conclude that intra and interspecific competition on carrion are mitigated by social behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Charabidze
- Centre d'Histoire Judiciaire, Université de Lille, Lille, France, with the Unit of Social Ecology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Stephen Trumbo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Waterbury, in Waterbury, Connecticut, United States
| | - Andrzej Grzywacz
- Department of Ecology and Biogeography, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Toruń, Poland
| | - James T Costa
- Highlands Biological Station, Highlands, North Carolina, United States, and with the Department of Biology, Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, North Carolina, United States
| | - Mark E Benbow
- Department of Osteopathic Medical Specialties, with the Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, and Behavior Program, with AgBioResearch, and with the Department of Entomology at Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States
| | - Philip S Barton
- Future Regions Research Centre, and School of Science, Psychology, and Sport, Federation University, Mount Helen, Victoria, Australia
| | - Szymon Matuszewski
- Laboratory of Criminalistics and with the Centre for Advanced Technologies at Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
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Fouche Q, Hedouin V, Charabidze D. Effect of density and species preferences on collective choices: an experimental study on maggot aggregation behaviours. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:jeb.233791. [PMID: 33536311 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.233791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Collective decisions have been extensively studied in arthropods, but they remain poorly understood in heterospecific groups. This study was designed to (1) assess the collective behaviours of blow fly larvae (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in groups varying in density and species composition, and (2) relate them to the costs and benefits of aggregating on fresh or decomposed food. First, experiments testing conspecific groups of Lucilia sericata and Calliphora vicina larvae, two species feeding at the same time on fresh carcasses, demonstrated decreases in growth and survival on rotten beef liver compared with fresh liver. However, mixing species together reduced this adverse impact of decomposition by increasing the mass of emerged adults. Second, larval groups were observed in binary choice tests between fresh and rotten liver (i.e. optimal and sub-optimal food sources). The results showed that larvae interacted with each other and that these interactions influenced their food preferences. We observed that (1) larvae were able to collectively choose the optimal food, (2) their choice accuracy increased with larval density and (3) the presence of another species induced a reversal in larval preference towards rotten food. These results highlight the ubiquity of collective decision properties in gregarious insects. They also reveal an unexpected effect of interspecific association, suggesting the colonization of new resources through a developmental niche construction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Fouche
- Université de Lille, CHU Lille, EA 7367 - UTML - Unite de Taphonomie Medico-Legale, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Valery Hedouin
- Université de Lille, CHU Lille, EA 7367 - UTML - Unite de Taphonomie Medico-Legale, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Damien Charabidze
- UMR 8025, Centre d'Histoire Judiciaire, Université de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France.,Unit of Social Ecology (USE), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
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Komo L, Scanvion Q, Hedouin V, Charabidze D. Facing death together: heterospecific aggregations of blowfly larvae evince mutual benefits. Behav Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arz059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractHeterospecific aggregations and foraging associations have been observed between different species, from apes to birds to insects. Such associations are hypothesized to result in a mutually beneficial relationship entailing benefits that are not apparent in conspecific groupings. Therefore, the objectives of the present study were to investigate 1) how 3 blowfly species, namely, Calliphora vicina, Calliphora vomitoria, and Lucilia sericata, aggregate according to species, and 2) if developmental benefits are linked to heterospecific aggregation. For objective (1), larvae of 2 species were placed between 2 conspecific aggregates, each with a different species (i.e., a binary choice test). After 20 h, the positions of all larvae were determined. On average, 98% of the maggots added later settled together on one of the 2 pre-existing aggregations, demonstrating a collective choice. The aggregation spot with C. vicina was preferred against others, indicating different attractiveness of different species. To relate this behavior to its benefits (objective ii), C. vicina and L. sericata larvae were raised from first instar to adult in con- and heterospecific conditions, and their development time, mortality rates, and morphometrics were measured. Thereby, mutual and asymmetric consequences were observed: specifically, there were significant increases in size and survival for L. sericata and faster development for C. vicina in heterospecific groups. These results indicate that the predilection for heterospecific association leads to mutual developmental benefits. This heterospecific aggregation behavior may be a resource-management strategy of blowflies to face carrion-based selection pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Komo
- CHU Lille, EA 7367 - UTML - Unite de Taphonomie Medico-Legale, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Quentin Scanvion
- CHU Lille, EA 7367 - UTML - Unite de Taphonomie Medico-Legale, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Valéry Hedouin
- CHU Lille, EA 7367 - UTML - Unite de Taphonomie Medico-Legale, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Damien Charabidze
- CHU Lille, EA 7367 - UTML - Unite de Taphonomie Medico-Legale, University of Lille, Lille, France
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Zhang Y, Wang Y, Liu C, Wang J, Hu G, Wang M, Yang L, Chu J. Development of Nasonia vitripennis (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) at Constant Temperatures in China. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 56:368-377. [PMID: 30383266 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjy191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nasonia vitripennis (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) is a common ectoparasitoid that attacks the puparia of fly species of forensic importance, including blow flies, flesh flies, and house flies. The developmental time of N. vitripennis can be added to the host development time, providing the potential for an extended minimum postmortem interval timeframe in cases where traditional dipteran larval forensic timeline indicators have completed their development. In this study, we used Boettcherisca peregrina Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) as the host for N. vitripennis and studied the development of N. vitripennis at seven constant temperatures between 16 and 34°C. The developmental process was divided into 12 periods, and we measured developmental time, changes in larval body length, and thermal requirements for development, including developmental thresholds and thermal constant. Using these data, we created an isomorphen diagram and thermal summation model of N. vitripennis. The total developmental duration of parasitoids from egg to adult emergence at 16, 19, 22, 25, 28 and 31°C were 953.3 ± 20.0, 698.0 ± 7.7, 508.7 ± 13.6, 354.7 ± 4.6, 272.0 ± 13.9, and 232.0 ± 11.3 h, respectively. Nasonia vitripennis did not emerge at 34°C. The developmental threshold temperature of N. vitripennis was 11.52°C, and the thermal summation constant was 4768.8 degree hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingna Zhang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Plant Protection, North West Agriculture and Forestry University, Xianyang, China
| | - Jiangfeng Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Guoliang Hu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Man Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lijun Yang
- Criminal Police Branch, Suzhou Public Security Bureau, Renmin Road, Suzhou, China
| | - Jun Chu
- Criminal Police Branch, Suzhou Public Security Bureau, Renmin Road, Suzhou, China
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Scanvion Q, Hédouin V, Charabidzé D. Collective exodigestion favours blow fly colonization and development on fresh carcasses. Anim Behav 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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11
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Rivers DB. First Record of the Larval Endoparasitoid Tachinaephagus zealandicus (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) From Fly Hosts Developing on Burnt Remains and in Pennsylvania. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 53:732-735. [PMID: 26875188 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjw006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Adults of the gregarious larval endoparasitoid Tachinaephagus zealandicus Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) were collected from two species of carrion-inhabiting flies, Phormia regina Meigen (Diptera: Calliphoridae) and Hydrotaea aenescens Wiedemann (Muscidae), associated with the burnt remains of a domesticated pig, Sus scrofa L. (Artiodactyla: Suidae), during late summer in south central Pennsylvania. This represents the first reported occurrence of the wasp in the state and only the second in the mid-Atlantic region. Collection from P. regina is a new host record for T. zealandicus and also the first for this parasitoid being attracted to flies on burnt remains.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Rivers
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21210
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12
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Lecheta MC, Luz DR. First record of Tachinaephagus zealandicus Ashmead, 1904 (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) parasitizing the blowfly Sarconesia chlorogaster (Wiedemann, 1830) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in Brazil. BRAZ J BIOL 2015; 75:505-6. [PMID: 26132042 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.21214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M C Lecheta
- Laboratório de Dinâmicas Ecológicas, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - D R Luz
- Laboratório de Biologia Comparada de Hymenoptera, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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Charabidze D, Hedouin V. A safe, free and efficient way to control Nasonia vitripennis, a common pest in forensic entomology laboratories. Forensic Sci Int 2014; 245:63-4. [PMID: 25447176 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Nasonia vitripennis Walker (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) is a parasitoid of necrophagous blowflies. Its presence in a forensic entomology laboratory can be extremely damaging to samples and can compromise the PMI estimation. We describe for the first time a simple, safe and efficient trap to control N. vitripennis infestations. Adhesive tape is placed horizontally on windows to create an obstacle. Wasps go underneath until they reach the adhesive side of the tape and become stuck by their wings. This method is highly selective, costless and has been successfully used in our laboratory for years.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Charabidze
- Univ Lille Nord de France, UDSL, Forensic Taphonomy Unit, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - V Hedouin
- Univ Lille Nord de France, UDSL, Forensic Taphonomy Unit, F-59000 Lille, France
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14
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Geden CJ, Skovgård H. Status of Tachinaephagus zealandicus (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), a larval parasitoid of muscoid flies, in the U.S. and Denmark. JOURNAL OF VECTOR ECOLOGY : JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR VECTOR ECOLOGY 2014; 39:453-456. [PMID: 25424276 DOI: 10.1111/jvec.12123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Geden
- USDA, ARS, Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL 32608, U.S.A..
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