1
|
Sarkar D, Jaiswal A, Singh SK. Ontogeny of TRα1 expression in the mouse testis and epididymis during postnatal development. Andrologia 2022; 54:e14507. [PMID: 35753757 DOI: 10.1111/and.14507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (T3 ) acts on the testis via thyroid hormone receptor alpha 1 (TRα1), though the cellular localization of TRα1 in testis remains controversial. Studies on the presence of TRα1 in the epididymis are also lacking. The present study, therefore, examined the cellular localization and expression pattern of TRα1 in testis and epididymis of Parkes mice during postnatal development. Immunohistochemical results showed localization of TRα1 in interstitial and tubular compartments of the testis all through the development. On postnatal day (PND) 14, only leptotene spermatocytes showed TRα1-immunoreactivity in the testis, while at PND 28, 42, and 90, a diverse staining pattern for TRα1 was seen in almost all the seminiferous tubules mainly in leptotene spermatocytes, round and elongating spermatids, and in Leydig cells. Further, qRT-PCR and immunoblot analyses showed that TRα1 was expressed in the testis at the transcript as well as protein level throughout the postnatal development. TRα1 was also seen in principal cells of the epididymis, with maximal expression at PND 90. TRα1 was also present in cauda epididymidal spermatozoa of adult mice at PND 90. The results suggest that TRα1 is expressed in the testis and epididymis and that it may help to regulate the spermatogenic process and male fertility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debarshi Sarkar
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Asmita Jaiswal
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Shio Kumar Singh
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Organic mineral supplementation on differential protein profile of Osmanabadi bucks (Capra hircus). Reprod Biol 2021; 21:100533. [PMID: 34280724 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2021.100533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to determine the differential protein profile of seminal plasma proteins of bucks supplemented with trace minerals. Forty bucks of uniform size and body weight were assigned as ten groups (n = 4). The control group (T1) was fed with the control diet (concentration mixture and roughages) whereas the remaining groups were supplemented the control diet with Zn20 mg (T2), Zn40 mg (T3), Zn60 mg (T4), Cu12.5 mg (T5), Cu25 mg (T6), Cu37.5 mg (T7), Zn20 mg + Cu12.5 mg (T8), Zn40 mg + Cu25 mg (T9), and Zn60 mg + Cu37.5 mg (T10) for eight months. Seminal plasma proteins from each group were subjected to two-dimensional electrophoresis and fifteen differential proteins were selected based on differential expression, subjected to identification using Nano-LC-MS/MS (LTQ-Qrbitrap-MS). The identified proteins were Triacylglycerol lipase, EGF like repeats and discoidin domains 3, Lipocalin, Iodothyronine deiodinase, Transcription factor AP2-delta, 60S ribosomal protein L13, IST1 factor associated with ESCRT-III, Lysozyme, Uncharacterized protein (BRI3-binding protein), Uncharacterized protein, Histone deacetylase 11, General transcription factor IIF subunit 2, Nudix hydrolase 6, Protein kinase cAMP-activated catalytic subunit beta and Elongin C. The organic Cu supplemented group is the better than the organic Zn and organic Zn + Cu supplemented groups.
Collapse
|
3
|
Kang H, Kenealy TM, Cohen RE. The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and thyroid hormone regulation interact to influence seasonal breeding in green anole lizards (Anolis carolinensis). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 292:113446. [PMID: 32126224 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Reproductive physiology and behavior is mainly regulated by the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad (HPG) axis, although abnormal thyroid hormone (TH) levels alter HPG axis activity. Seasonally breeding animals, such as green anole lizards (Anolis carolinensis), undergo drastic hormonal and behavioral changes between breeding and non-breeding seasons, with increased sex steroid hormones, larger gonads and increased reproductive behaviors during the breeding compared to non-breeding seasons. Relatively less is known regarding the regulation of gonadal TH in seasonal reproduction. We examined whether the gonadal expression of enzymes involved in TH activation are altered in concert with seasonal reproduction. Type 2 deiodinase (Dio2) mRNA, the TH activating enzyme, was upregulated in breeding compared to non-breeding testes, while type 3 deiodinase (Dio3) mRNA, the TH deactivating enzyme, was upregulated in breeding ovaries. To study the association between the HPG axis and local activation of TH, we manipulated the HPG axis during the non-breeding season by subcutaneously injecting luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) in male lizards. We found that acute LH and FSH injections induced many aspects of breeding, with increased testes size and testosterone levels. Surprisingly, Dio3 was upregulated in the testes after LH and FSH injections, while Dio2 mRNA levels were unchanged. These results suggest that there might be different roles for local TH activation in developing and maintaining fully mature and functional gonads. Our findings continue to support the role for TH in regulating reproduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyejoo Kang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Minnesota State University, Mankato, Mankato, MN 56001-6062, USA
| | - Taylor M Kenealy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Minnesota State University, Mankato, Mankato, MN 56001-6062, USA
| | - Rachel E Cohen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Minnesota State University, Mankato, Mankato, MN 56001-6062, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hegazy AA, Morsy MM, Moawad RS, Elsayed GM. Changes in Adult Rats’ Testis structure Induced by Hypothyroidism and Alleviating Role of L-Carnitine. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMAN ANATOMY 2019. [DOI: 10.14302/issn.2577-2279.ijha-19-3026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Background Hypothyroidism is a metabolic disorder affecting the functions of many tissues in the body including the testis. Testis is rich in the polyunsaturated fatty acids content and lacks strong intrinsic antioxidant system making it prone to such oxidative stress. L-carnitine (LC) regulates long chain fatty acids metabolism; and is considered a valuable antioxidant factor. Aim It was to evaluate the effect of hypothyroidism induced by propylthiouracil (PTU) on rats’ testes and the possible protective role of LC. Methods Forty-eight adult male albino rats were used in this work. The animals were divided into three groups with sixteen animals in each. Group 1 (Control): Animals were kept without medications. Group 2 (PTU-treated): was subjected to administration of PTU; while group 3 (PTU and LC) received both PTU and LC. By the end of the experiment “30 days”, blood samples were taken for hormonal assay; then animals were anaesthetized and sacrificed. Specimens were homogenized for biochemical analysis; epididymal content of each rat was obtained immediately for semen analysis. Testes’ specimens were harvested, prepared and examined by light microscope examination. Results Induced hypothyroidism was noticed to cause histopathological, morphometric and biochemical changes in rat’s testes. LC protected the testicular specimens against such changes; it also improved the seminal quality and quantity as well as testicular structure and biochemistry. Conclusion Hypothyroidism could result in hazards to the structure of testis. Fortunately co-administration of LC might reduce such hazards.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdelmonem Awad Hegazy
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Manal Mohammad Morsy
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Rania Said Moawad
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Gehad Mohammad Elsayed
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bianco AC, Dumitrescu A, Gereben B, Ribeiro MO, Fonseca TL, Fernandes GW, Bocco BMLC. Paradigms of Dynamic Control of Thyroid Hormone Signaling. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:1000-1047. [PMID: 31033998 PMCID: PMC6596318 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) molecules enter cells via membrane transporters and, depending on the cell type, can be activated (i.e., T4 to T3 conversion) or inactivated (i.e., T3 to 3,3'-diiodo-l-thyronine or T4 to reverse T3 conversion). These reactions are catalyzed by the deiodinases. The biologically active hormone, T3, eventually binds to intracellular TH receptors (TRs), TRα and TRβ, and initiate TH signaling, that is, regulation of target genes and other metabolic pathways. At least three families of transmembrane transporters, MCT, OATP, and LAT, facilitate the entry of TH into cells, which follow the gradient of free hormone between the extracellular fluid and the cytoplasm. Inactivation or marked downregulation of TH transporters can dampen TH signaling. At the same time, dynamic modifications in the expression or activity of TRs and transcriptional coregulators can affect positively or negatively the intensity of TH signaling. However, the deiodinases are the element that provides greatest amplitude in dynamic control of TH signaling. Cells that express the activating deiodinase DIO2 can rapidly enhance TH signaling due to intracellular buildup of T3. In contrast, TH signaling is dampened in cells that express the inactivating deiodinase DIO3. This explains how THs can regulate pathways in development, metabolism, and growth, despite rather stable levels in the circulation. As a consequence, TH signaling is unique for each cell (tissue or organ), depending on circulating TH levels and on the exclusive blend of transporters, deiodinases, and TRs present in each cell. In this review we explore the key mechanisms underlying customization of TH signaling during development, in health and in disease states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio C Bianco
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Alexandra Dumitrescu
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Balázs Gereben
- Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miriam O Ribeiro
- Developmental Disorders Program, Center of Biologic Sciences and Health, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tatiana L Fonseca
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Gustavo W Fernandes
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Barbara M L C Bocco
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hernandez A. Thyroid Hormone Role and Economy in the Developing Testis. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2018; 106:473-500. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
7
|
Romano RM, Gomes SN, Cardoso NCS, Schiessl L, Romano MA, Oliveira CA. New insights for male infertility revealed by alterations in spermatic function and differential testicular expression of thyroid-related genes. Endocrine 2017; 55:607-617. [PMID: 27066791 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-016-0952-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The impact of thyroid hormone (TH) disorders on male reproductive biology has been a controversial issue for many years. Recently, we reported that hypothyroid male rats have a disruption of the seminiferous epithelium, which may compromise spermatogenesis. To improve the understanding of the reproductive pathogenesis of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, male Wistar rats that developed these dysfunctions in adulthood were used as an experimental model. We evaluated the sperm production, reserves, transit time, morphology, and functionality (acrosome integrity, plasma membrane integrity, and mitochondrial activity), and the testicular expression of the TH receptors (Thra1 and Thra2, Thrb1, and Thrb2), deiodinases (Dio2 and Dio3), and the Mct8 transporter (Slc16a2) were assessed by reverse transcription followed by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). The results were evaluated statistically by ANOVA and Tukey HSD test (P < 0.05). Hypothyroidism decreased the total and daily sperm productions and increased the sperm transit time through the epididymis, while the sperm functionality was reduced in both thyroid dysfunctions. Regarding the modulation of gene expression in the testis, hypothyroidism increased the expression of Thra1 and decreased the expression of Dio3, and hyperthyroidism increased the expression of Slc16a2. The observed alterations in spermatic production and function and in the expression of the TH receptor, deiodinase, and the TH transporter are suggestive of TH participation in spermatogenesis in adulthood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renata Marino Romano
- Laboratory of Reproductive Toxicology, Department of Pharmacy, State University of Centro-Oeste, Rua Simeao Camargo Varela de Sa, 03, Guarapuava, Parana, 85040-080, Brazil.
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Sao Paulo, 05508-270, Brazil.
| | - Samantha Nascimento Gomes
- Laboratory of Reproductive Toxicology, Department of Pharmacy, State University of Centro-Oeste, Rua Simeao Camargo Varela de Sa, 03, Guarapuava, Parana, 85040-080, Brazil
| | - Nathalia Carolina Scandolara Cardoso
- Laboratory of Reproductive Toxicology, Department of Pharmacy, State University of Centro-Oeste, Rua Simeao Camargo Varela de Sa, 03, Guarapuava, Parana, 85040-080, Brazil
| | - Larissa Schiessl
- Laboratory of Reproductive Toxicology, Department of Pharmacy, State University of Centro-Oeste, Rua Simeao Camargo Varela de Sa, 03, Guarapuava, Parana, 85040-080, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurelio Romano
- Laboratory of Reproductive Toxicology, Department of Pharmacy, State University of Centro-Oeste, Rua Simeao Camargo Varela de Sa, 03, Guarapuava, Parana, 85040-080, Brazil
| | - Claudio Alvarenga Oliveira
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Sao Paulo, 05508-270, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Verma R, Haldar C. Photoperiodic modulation of thyroid hormone receptor (TR-α), deiodinase-2 (Dio-2) and glucose transporters (GLUT 1 and GLUT 4) expression in testis of adult golden hamster, Mesocricetus auratus. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2016; 165:351-358. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
9
|
Martinez ME, Karaczyn A, Stohn JP, Donnelly WT, Croteau W, Peeters RP, Galton VA, Forrest D, St Germain D, Hernandez A. The Type 3 Deiodinase Is a Critical Determinant of Appropriate Thyroid Hormone Action in the Developing Testis. Endocrinology 2016; 157:1276-88. [PMID: 26727108 PMCID: PMC4769364 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Timely and appropriate levels of thyroid hormone (TH) signaling are necessary to ensure normal developmental outcomes in many tissues. Studies using pharmacological models of altered TH status have revealed an influence of these hormones on testis development and size, but little is known about the role of endogenous determinants of TH action in the developing male gonads. Using a genetic approach, we demonstrate that the type 3 deiodinase (D3), which inactivates TH and protects developing tissues from undue TH action, is a key factor. D3 is highly expressed in the developing testis, and D3-deficient (D3KO) mice exhibit thyrotoxicosis and cell proliferation arrest in the neonatal testis, resulting in an approximately 75% reduction in testis size. This is accompanied by larger seminiferous tubules, impaired spermatogenesis, and a hormonal profile indicative of primary hypogonadism. A deficiency in the TH receptor-α fully normalizes testis size and adult testis gene expression in D3KO mice, indicating that the effects of D3 deficiency are mediated through this type of receptor. Similarly, genetic deficiencies in the D2 or in the monocarboxylate transporter 8 partially rescue the abnormalities in testis size and gonadal axis gene expression featured in the D3KO mice. Our study highlights the testis as an important tissue in which determinants of TH action coordinately converge to ensure normal development and identifies D3 as a critical factor in testis development and in testicular protection from thyrotoxicosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Elena Martinez
- Department of Molecular Medicine (M.E.M., A.K., J.P.S., D.S.G., A.H.), Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine 04074; Departments of Physiology and Neurobiology (W.D., V.A.G.) and Medicine (W.C.), Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756; Rotterdam Thyroid Center (R.P.P.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology (R.P.P., D.F.), National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Aldona Karaczyn
- Department of Molecular Medicine (M.E.M., A.K., J.P.S., D.S.G., A.H.), Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine 04074; Departments of Physiology and Neurobiology (W.D., V.A.G.) and Medicine (W.C.), Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756; Rotterdam Thyroid Center (R.P.P.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology (R.P.P., D.F.), National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - J Patrizia Stohn
- Department of Molecular Medicine (M.E.M., A.K., J.P.S., D.S.G., A.H.), Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine 04074; Departments of Physiology and Neurobiology (W.D., V.A.G.) and Medicine (W.C.), Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756; Rotterdam Thyroid Center (R.P.P.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology (R.P.P., D.F.), National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - William T Donnelly
- Department of Molecular Medicine (M.E.M., A.K., J.P.S., D.S.G., A.H.), Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine 04074; Departments of Physiology and Neurobiology (W.D., V.A.G.) and Medicine (W.C.), Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756; Rotterdam Thyroid Center (R.P.P.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology (R.P.P., D.F.), National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Walburga Croteau
- Department of Molecular Medicine (M.E.M., A.K., J.P.S., D.S.G., A.H.), Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine 04074; Departments of Physiology and Neurobiology (W.D., V.A.G.) and Medicine (W.C.), Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756; Rotterdam Thyroid Center (R.P.P.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology (R.P.P., D.F.), National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Robin P Peeters
- Department of Molecular Medicine (M.E.M., A.K., J.P.S., D.S.G., A.H.), Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine 04074; Departments of Physiology and Neurobiology (W.D., V.A.G.) and Medicine (W.C.), Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756; Rotterdam Thyroid Center (R.P.P.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology (R.P.P., D.F.), National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Valerie A Galton
- Department of Molecular Medicine (M.E.M., A.K., J.P.S., D.S.G., A.H.), Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine 04074; Departments of Physiology and Neurobiology (W.D., V.A.G.) and Medicine (W.C.), Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756; Rotterdam Thyroid Center (R.P.P.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology (R.P.P., D.F.), National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Douglas Forrest
- Department of Molecular Medicine (M.E.M., A.K., J.P.S., D.S.G., A.H.), Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine 04074; Departments of Physiology and Neurobiology (W.D., V.A.G.) and Medicine (W.C.), Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756; Rotterdam Thyroid Center (R.P.P.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology (R.P.P., D.F.), National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Donald St Germain
- Department of Molecular Medicine (M.E.M., A.K., J.P.S., D.S.G., A.H.), Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine 04074; Departments of Physiology and Neurobiology (W.D., V.A.G.) and Medicine (W.C.), Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756; Rotterdam Thyroid Center (R.P.P.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology (R.P.P., D.F.), National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Arturo Hernandez
- Department of Molecular Medicine (M.E.M., A.K., J.P.S., D.S.G., A.H.), Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine 04074; Departments of Physiology and Neurobiology (W.D., V.A.G.) and Medicine (W.C.), Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756; Rotterdam Thyroid Center (R.P.P.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology (R.P.P., D.F.), National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abdalla SM, Bianco AC. Defending plasma T3 is a biological priority. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2014; 81:633-41. [PMID: 25040645 PMCID: PMC4699302 DOI: 10.1111/cen.12538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Triiodothyronine (T3), the active form of thyroid hormone is produced predominantly outside the thyroid parenchyma secondary to peripheral tissue deiodination of thyroxine (T4), with <20% being secreted directly from the thyroid. In healthy individuals, plasma T3 is regulated by the negative feedback loop of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis and by homoeostatic changes in deiodinase expression. Therefore, with the exception of a minimal circadian rhythmicity, serum T3 levels are stable over long periods of time. Studies in rodents indicate that different levels of genetic disruption of the feedback mechanism and deiodinase system are met with increase in serum T4 and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels, while serum T3 levels remain stable. These findings have focused attention on serum T3 levels in patients with thyroid disease, with important clinical implications affecting therapeutic goals and choice of therapy for patients with hypothyroidism. Although monotherapy with levothyroxine is the standard of care for hypothyroidism, not all patients normalize serum T3 levels with many advocating for combination therapy with levothyroxine and liothyronine. The latter could be relevant for a significant number of patients that remain symptomatic on monotherapy with levothyroxine, despite normalization of serum TSH levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sherine M Abdalla
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Asker ME, Hassan WA, El-Kashlan AM. Experimentally induced hyperthyroidism influences oxidant and antioxidant status and impairs male gonadal functions in adult rats. Andrologia 2014; 47:644-54. [PMID: 25220112 DOI: 10.1111/and.12312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present experiment was to study the effect of hyperthyroidism on male gonadal functions and oxidant/antioxidant biomarkers in testis of adult rats. Induction of hyperthyroidism by L-thyroxine (L-T4, 300 μg kg(-1) body weight) treatment once daily for 3 or 8 weeks caused a decrease in body weight gain as well as in absolute genital sex organs weight. The epididymal sperm counts and their motility were significantly decreased in a time-dependent manner following L-T4 treatment. Significant decline in serum levels of luteinising hormone, follicle stimulating hormone and testosterone along with significant increase in serum estradiol level was observed in hyperthyroid rats compared with euthyroid ones. Significant increase in malondialdehyde and nitric oxide concentration associated with significant decrease in superoxide dismutase and catalase activity was also noticed following hyperthyroidism induction. Both reduced glutathione content and glutathione peroxidase activity were increased in hyperthyroid rats compared with control rats. Marked histopathological alterations were observed in testicular section of hyperthyroid rats. These results provide evidence that hypermetabolic state induced by excess level of thyroid hormones may be a causative factor for the impairment of testicular physiology as a consequence of oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M E Asker
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - W A Hassan
- Hormone Evaluation Department, National Organization for Drug Control and Research, Giza, Egypt
| | - A M El-Kashlan
- Hormone Evaluation Department, National Organization for Drug Control and Research, Giza, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ramos CF, Zamoner A. Thyroid hormone and leptin in the testis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:198. [PMID: 25505448 PMCID: PMC4243692 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin is primarily expressed in white adipose tissue; however, it is expressed in the hypothalamus and reproductive tissues as well. Leptin acts by activating the leptin receptors (Ob-Rs). Additionally, the regulation of several neuroendocrine and reproductive functions, including the inhibition of glucocorticoids and enhancement of thyroxine and sex hormone concentrations in human beings and mice are leptin functions. It has been suggested that thyroid hormones (TH) could directly regulate leptin expression. Additionally, hypothyroidism compromises the intracellular integration of leptin signaling specifically in the arcuate nucleus. Two TH receptor isoforms are expressed in the testis, TRa and TRb, with TRa being the predominant one that is present in all stages of development. The effects of TH involve the proliferation and differentiation of Sertoli and Leydig cells during development, spermatogenesis, and steroidogenesis. In this context, TH disorders are associated with sexual dysfunction. An endocrine and/or direct paracrine effect of leptin on the gonads inhibits testosterone production in Leydig cells. Further studies are necessary to clarify the effects of both hormones in the testis during hypothyroidism. The goal of this review is to highlight the current knowledge regarding leptin and TH in the testis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Fonte Ramos
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Anatomy, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Cristiane Fonte Ramos, Laboratório de Morfometria, Metabolismo e Doença Cardiovascular, Centro Biomédico, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Av 28 de Setembro 87 fds, Rio de Janeiro 20551-030, RJ, Brazil e-mail:
| | - Ariane Zamoner
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bianco AC, Anderson G, Forrest D, Galton VA, Gereben B, Kim BW, Kopp PA, Liao XH, Obregon MJ, Peeters RP, Refetoff S, Sharlin DS, Simonides WS, Weiss RE, Williams GR. American Thyroid Association Guide to investigating thyroid hormone economy and action in rodent and cell models. Thyroid 2014; 24:88-168. [PMID: 24001133 PMCID: PMC3887458 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2013.0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An in-depth understanding of the fundamental principles that regulate thyroid hormone homeostasis is critical for the development of new diagnostic and treatment approaches for patients with thyroid disease. SUMMARY Important clinical practices in use today for the treatment of patients with hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, or thyroid cancer are the result of laboratory discoveries made by scientists investigating the most basic aspects of thyroid structure and molecular biology. In this document, a panel of experts commissioned by the American Thyroid Association makes a series of recommendations related to the study of thyroid hormone economy and action. These recommendations are intended to promote standardization of study design, which should in turn increase the comparability and reproducibility of experimental findings. CONCLUSIONS It is expected that adherence to these recommendations by investigators in the field will facilitate progress towards a better understanding of the thyroid gland and thyroid hormone dependent processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio C. Bianco
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Grant Anderson
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota
| | - Douglas Forrest
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Valerie Anne Galton
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Balázs Gereben
- Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Brian W. Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Peter A. Kopp
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, and Center for Genetic Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Xiao Hui Liao
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Maria Jesus Obregon
- Institute of Biomedical Investigation (IIB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) and Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Robin P. Peeters
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Samuel Refetoff
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - David S. Sharlin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Minnesota State University, Mankato, Minnesota
| | - Warner S. Simonides
- Laboratory for Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roy E. Weiss
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Graham R. Williams
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Gao Y, Lee WM, Cheng CY. Thyroid hormone function in the rat testis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:188. [PMID: 25414694 PMCID: PMC4220729 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones are emerging regulators of testicular function since Sertoli, germ, and Leydig cells are found to express thyroid hormone receptors (TRs). These testicular cells also express deiodinases, which are capable of converting the pro-hormone T4 to the active thyroid hormone T3, or inactivating T3 or T4 to a non-biologically active form. Furthermore, thyroid hormone transporters are also found in the testis. Thus, the testis is equipped with the transporters and the enzymes necessary to maintain the optimal level of thyroid hormone in the seminiferous epithelium, as well as the specific TRs to execute thyroid hormone action in response to different stages of the epithelial cycle of spermatogenesis. Studies using genetic models and/or goitrogens (e.g., propylthiouracil) have illustrated a tight physiological relationship between thyroid hormone and testicular function, in particular, Sertoli cell differentiation status, mitotic activity, gap junction function, and blood-testis barrier assembly. These findings are briefly summarized and discussed herein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Gao
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY, USA
| | - Will M. Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - C. Yan Cheng
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY, USA
- *Correspondence: C. Yan Cheng, The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA e-mail: ;
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Johnson KM, Lema SC. Tissue-specific thyroid hormone regulation of gene transcripts encoding iodothyronine deiodinases and thyroid hormone receptors in striped parrotfish (Scarus iseri). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2011; 172:505-17. [PMID: 21549118 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2011.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Revised: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In fish as in other vertebrates, the diverse functions of thyroid hormones are mediated at the peripheral tissue level through iodothyronine deiodinase (dio) enzymes and thyroid hormone receptor (tr) proteins. In this study, we examined thyroid hormone regulation of mRNAs encoding the three deiodinases dio1, dio2 and dio3 - as well as three thyroid hormone receptors trαA, trαB and trβ - in initial phase striped parrotfish (Scarus iseri). Parrotfish were treated with dissolved phase T(3) (20 nM) or methimazole (3 mM) for 3 days. Treatment with exogenous T(3) elevated circulating T(3), while the methimazole treatment depressed plasma T(4). Experimentally-induced hyperthyroidism increased the relative abundance of transcripts encoding trαA and trβ in the liver and brain, but did not affect trαB mRNA levels in either tissue. In both sexes, methimazole-treated fish exhibited elevated dio2 transcripts in the liver and brain, suggesting enhanced outer-ring deiodination activity in these tissues. Accordingly, systemic hyperthyroidism elevated relative dio3 transcript levels in these same tissues. In the gonad, however, patterns of transcript regulation were distinctly different with elevated T(3) increasing mRNAs encoding dio2 in testicular and ovarian tissues and dio3, trαA and trαB in the testes only. Thyroid hormone status did not affect dio1 transcript abundance in the liver, brain or gonads. Taken as a whole, these results demonstrate that thyroidal status influences relative transcript abundance for dio2 and dio3 in the liver, provide new evidence for similar patterns of dio2 and dio3 mRNA regulation in the brain, and make evident that fish exhibit tr subtype-specific transcript abundance changes to altered thyroid status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin M Johnson
- Biology and Marine Biology, Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina-Wilmington, Wilmington, NC 28403, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Chattopadhyay S, Choudhury S, Roy A, Chainy GBN, Samanta L. T3 fails to restore mitochondrial thiol redox status altered by experimental hypothyroidism in rat testis. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2010; 169:39-47. [PMID: 20678500 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2010.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Revised: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 07/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress impaired sperm function might lead to infertility. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of altered thyroid hormone levels on regulation of mitochondrial glutathione redox status and its dependent antioxidant defense system in adult rat testis and their correlation with testicular function. Adult male Wistar rats were rendered hypothyroid by administration of 6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil in drinking water for six weeks. At the end of the treatment period, a subset of the hypothyroid rats was treated with T(3) (20 μg/100g body weight/day for 3 days). Mitochondria were isolated from euthyroid, hypothyroid and hypothyroid+T(3)-treated rat testes, and sub-fractionated into sub-mitochondrial particles and matrix fractions. Mitochondrial respiration, oxidative stress indices and antioxidant defenses were assayed. The results were correlated with daily testicular sperm production and epididymal sperm viability. Increased pro-oxidant level and reduced antioxidant capacity rendered the hypothyroid mitochondria susceptible to oxidative injury. The extent of damage was more evident in the membrane fraction. This was reflected in higher degree of oxidative damages inflicted upon membrane lipids and proteins. While membrane proteins were more susceptible to carbonylation, thiol residue damage was evident in matrix fraction. Reduced levels of glutathione and ascorbate further weakened the antioxidant defenses and impaired testicular function. Hypothyroid condition disturbed intra-mitochondrial thiol redox status leading to testicular dysfunction. Hypothyroidism-induced oxidative stress condition could not be reversed with T(3) treatment.
Collapse
|
17
|
Wagner MS, Wajner SM, Maia AL. Is there a role for thyroid hormone on spermatogenesis? Microsc Res Tech 2009; 72:796-808. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
18
|
Wajner SM, Wagner MS, Maia AL. Clinical implications of altered thyroid status in male testicular function. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 53:976-82. [PMID: 20126850 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-27302009000800011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Accepted: 10/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones are involved in the development and maintenance of virtually all tissues. Although for many years the testis was thought to be a thyroid-hormone unresponsive organ, studies of the last decades have demonstrated that thyroid dysfunction is associated not only with abnormalities in morphology and function of testes, but also with decreased fertility and alterations of sexual activity in men. Nowadays, the participation of triiodothyronine (T3) in the control of Sertoli and Leydig cell proliferation, testicular maturation, and steroidogenesis is widely accepted, as well as the presence of thyroid hormone transporters and receptors in testicular cells throughout the development process and in adulthood. But even with data suggesting that T3 may act directly on these cells to bring about its effects, there is still controversy regarding the impact of thyroid diseases on human spermatogenesis and fertility, which can be in part due to the lack of well-controlled clinical studies. The current review aims at presenting an updated picture of recent clinical data about the role of thyroid hormones in male gonadal function.
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Thyroid hormone is a critical regulator of growth, development, and metabolism in virtually all tissues, and altered thyroid status affects many organs and systems. Although for many years testis has been regarded as a thyroid hormone unresponsive organ, it is now evident that thyroid hormone plays an important role in testicular development and function. A considerable amount of data show that thyroid hormone influences steroidogenesis as well as spermatogenesis. The involvement of tri-iodothyronine (T(3)) in the control of Sertoli cell proliferation and functional maturation is widely accepted, as well as its role in postnatal Leydig cell differentiation and steroidogenesis. The presence of thyroid hormone receptors in testicular cells throughout development and in adulthood implies that T(3) may act directly on these cells to bring about its effects. Several recent studies have employed different methodologies and techniques in an attempt to understand the mechanisms underlying thyroid hormone effects on testicular cells. The current review aims at presenting an updated picture of the recent advances made regarding the role of thyroid hormones in male gonadal function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Márcia Santos Wagner
- Endocrine Division, Thyroid Section, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-033, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Gereben B, Zavacki AM, Ribich S, Kim BW, Huang SA, Simonides WS, Zeöld A, Bianco AC. Cellular and molecular basis of deiodinase-regulated thyroid hormone signaling. Endocr Rev 2008; 29:898-938. [PMID: 18815314 PMCID: PMC2647704 DOI: 10.1210/er.2008-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 563] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2008] [Accepted: 08/15/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The iodothyronine deiodinases initiate or terminate thyroid hormone action and therefore are critical for the biological effects mediated by thyroid hormone. Over the years, research has focused on their role in preserving serum levels of the biologically active molecule T(3) during iodine deficiency. More recently, a fascinating new role of these enzymes has been unveiled. The activating deiodinase (D2) and the inactivating deiodinase (D3) can locally increase or decrease thyroid hormone signaling in a tissue- and temporal-specific fashion, independent of changes in thyroid hormone serum concentrations. This mechanism is particularly relevant because deiodinase expression can be modulated by a wide variety of endogenous signaling molecules such as sonic hedgehog, nuclear factor-kappaB, growth factors, bile acids, hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha, as well as a growing number of xenobiotic substances. In light of these findings, it seems clear that deiodinases play a much broader role than once thought, with great ramifications for the control of thyroid hormone signaling during vertebrate development and metamorphosis, as well as injury response, tissue repair, hypothalamic function, and energy homeostasis in adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Gereben
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Wood MA, Walker WH. USF1/2 transcription factor DNA-binding activity is induced during rat Sertoli cell differentiation. Biol Reprod 2008; 80:24-33. [PMID: 18768914 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.108.070037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Each Sertoli cell can support a finite number of developing germ cells. During development of the testis, the cessation of Sertoli cell proliferation and the onset of differentiation determine the final number of Sertoli cells and, hence, the number of sperm that can be produced. We hypothesize that the transition from proliferation to differentiation is facilitated by E-box transcription factors that induce the expression of differentiation-promoting genes. The relative activities of E-box proteins were studied in primary Sertoli cells isolated from 5-, 11-, and 20-day-old rats, representing proliferating, differentiating, and differentiated cells, respectively. E-box DNA-binding activity is almost undetectable 5 days after birth but peaks with initiation of differentiation 11 days after birth and remains elevated. Upstream stimulatory factors 1 and 2 (USF1 and USF2) were found to be the predominant E-box proteins present within DNA-protein complexes formed after incubating E-box-containing probes with nuclear extracts from developing Sertoli cells. The known potentiator of Sertoli cell differentiation, thyroxine, increases USF DNA-binding activity in Sertoli cells before differentiation (5-day-old Sertoli cells) but not after differentiation is initiated (11- and 20-day-old Sertoli cells). The developmental-specific increase in USF1 and USF2 DNA-binding activity may facilitate the switch from proliferation to differentiation and, thus, determine the ultimate number of Sertoli cells present within the testes and the upper limit of fertility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Wood
- Center for Research in Reproductive Physiology, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Physiology, Magee Women's Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Anguiano B, Aranda N, Delgado G, Aceves C. Epididymis expresses the highest 5'-deiodinase activity in the male reproductive system: kinetic characterization, distribution, and hormonal regulation. Endocrinology 2008; 149:4209-17. [PMID: 18467445 PMCID: PMC2488221 DOI: 10.1210/en.2007-1679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We characterized the enzymes that catalyze the deiodination of T(4) to T(3) in the male reproductive tract. Testis, epididymis (EPI), seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral glands, spermatozoa, and semen were taken from sexually mature rats (300 g). Iodothyronine 5'-deiodinase (5'-D) activity was quantified by the radiolabeled-iodide-release method. 5'-D activity was 10-fold higher in EPI and semen than in the rest of the tissues. In EPI, semen, and prostate, the enzymatic activity was completely inhibited by 1 mm 6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil, whereas in the other tissues the inhibition was partial (50%). The high susceptibility to 6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil inhibition, a ping-pong kinetic pattern, and low cofactor (Michaelis Menten constant for dithiothreitol=0.7 mm) and high substrate (Michaelis Menten constant for reverse T(3)=0.4 microm) requirements indicate that EPI 5'-D corresponds to type 1 deiodinase (D1). Real-time RT-PCR amplification of D1 mRNA in this tissue confirms this conclusion. The highest EPI D1 expression occurred at the onset of puberty and sexual maturity, and in the adult, this activity was more abundant in corpus and caput than in the caudal region. EPI D1 expression was elevated under conditions of hyperthyroidism and with addition of 17beta-estradiol. Our data also showed a direct association between D1 and a functional epididymis marker, the neutral alpha-glucosidase enzyme, suggesting that local generation of T(3) could be associated with the development and function of EPI and/or spermatozoa maturation. Further studies are necessary to analyze the possible physiological relevance of 5'-D in the male reproductive system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Anguiano
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro 76230, México
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|