LncRNA CDKN2BAS predicts poor prognosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and promotes metastasis via the miR-153-5p/ARHGAP18 signaling axis

Epigenetic regulation of hepatocellular carcinoma progression: MicroRNAs as therapeutic, diagnostic and prognostic factors

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a significant challenge for public healthcare systems in developed Western countries including the USA, Canada, and the UK, is influenced by different risk factors including hepatitis virus infections, alcoholism, and smoking. The disruption in the balance of microRNAs (miRNAs) plays a vital function in tumorigenesis, given their function as regulators in numerous signaling networks. These miRNAs, which are mature and active in the cytoplasm, work by reducing the expression of target genes through their impact on mRNAs. MiRNAs are particularly significant in HCC as they regulate key aspects of the tumor, like proliferation and invasion. Additionally, during treatment phases such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy, the levels of miRNAs are key determinants. Pre-clinical experiments have demonstrated that altered miRNA expression contributes to HCC development, metastasis, drug resistance, and radio-resistance, highlighting related molecular pathways and processes like MMPs, EMT, apoptosis, and autophagy. Furthermore, the regulatory role of miRNAs in HCC extends beyond their immediate function, as they are also influenced by other epigenetic factors like lncRNAs and circular RNAs (circRNAs), as discussed in recent reviews. Applying these discoveries in predicting the prognosis of HCC could mark a significant advancement in the therapy of this disease.

The role of competing endogenous RNA network in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma: potential therapeutic targets

The current situation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) management is challenging due to its high incidence, mortality, recurrence and metastasis. Recent advances in gene genetic and expression regulation have unveiled the significant role of non-coding RNA (ncRNA) in various cancers. This led to the formulation of the competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) hypothesis, which posits that both coding RNA and ncRNA, containing miRNA response elements (MRE), can share the same miRNA sequence. This results in a competitive network between ncRNAs, such as lncRNA and mRNA, allowing them to regulate each other. Extensive research has highlighted the crucial role of the ceRNA network in HCC development, impacting various cellular processes including proliferation, metastasis, cell death, angiogenesis, tumor microenvironment, organismal immunity, and chemotherapy resistance. Additionally, the ceRNA network, mediated by lncRNA or circRNA, offers potential in early diagnosis and prevention of HCC. Consequently, ceRNAs are emerging as therapeutic targets for HCC. The complexity of these gene networks aligns with the multi-target approach of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), presenting a novel perspective for TCM in combating HCC. Research is beginning to show that TCM compounds and prescriptions can affect HCC progression through the ceRNA network, inhibiting proliferation and metastasis, and inducing apoptosis. Currently, the lncRNAs TUG1, NEAT1, and CCAT1, along with their associated ceRNA networks, are among the most promising ncRNAs for HCC research. However, this field is still in its infancy, necessitating advanced technology and extensive basic research to fully understand the ceRNA network mechanisms of TCM in HCC treatment.

Krüppel-like Factor-9 and Krüppel-like Factor-13: Highly Related, Multi-Functional, Transcriptional Repressors and Activators of Oncogenesis

Specificity Proteins/Krüppel-like Factors (SP/KLF family) are a conserved family of transcriptional regulators. These proteins share three highly conserved, contiguous zinc fingers in their carboxy-terminus, requisite for binding to cis elements in DNA. Each SP/KLF protein has unique primary sequence within its amino-terminal and carboxy-terminal regions, and it is these regions which interact with co-activators, co-repressors, and chromatin-modifying proteins to support the transcriptional activation and repression of target genes. Krüppel-like Factor 9 (KLF9) and Krüppel-like Factor 13 (KLF13) are two of the smallest members of the SP/KLF family, are paralogous, emerged early in metazoan evolution, and are highly conserved. Paradoxically, while most similar in primary sequence, KLF9 and KLF13 display many distinct roles in target cells. In this article, we summarize the work that has identified the roles of KLF9 (and to a lesser degree KLF13) in tumor suppression or promotion via unique effects on differentiation, pro- and anti-inflammatory pathways, oxidative stress, and tumor immune cell infiltration. We also highlight the great diversity of miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circular RNAs which provide mechanisms for the ubiquitous tumor-specific suppression of KLF9 mRNA and protein. Elucidation of KLF9 and KLF13 in cancer biology is likely to provide new inroads to the understanding of oncogenesis and its prevention and treatments.

Long non-coding RNA SNHG17 may function as a competitive endogenous RNA in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma progression by sponging miR-34a-5p

We investigated the functional mechanism of long non-coding small nucleolar host gene 17 (SNHG17) in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). lncRNAs related to the prognosis of patients with DLBCL were screened to analyze long non-coding small nucleolar host gene 17 (SNHG17) expression in DLBCL and normal tissues, and a nomogram established for predicting DLBCL prognosis. SNHG17 expression in B-cell lymphoma cells was detected using qPCR. The effects of SNHG17 with/without doxorubicin on the proliferation and apoptosis of DoHH2 and Daudi were detected. The effects of combined SNHG17 and doxorubicin were analyzed. The regulatory function of SNHG17 in DLBCL was investigated using a mouse tumor xenotransplantation model. RNA sequencing was used to analyze the signaling pathways involved in SNHG17 knockdown in B-cell lymphoma cell lines. The target relationships among SNHG17, microRNA, and downstream mRNA biomolecules were detected. A higher SNHG17 level predicted a lower survival rate. SNHG17 was highly expressed in DLBCL patient tissues and cell lines. We established a prognostic model containing SNHG17 expression, which could effectively predict the overall survival rate of DLBCL patients. SNHG17 knockdown inhibited the proliferation and induced the apoptosis of B-cell lymphoma cells, and the combination of SNHG17 and doxorubicin had a synergistic effect. SNHG17, miR-34a-5p, and ZESTE gene enhancer homolog 2 (EZH2) had common hypothetical binding sites, and the luciferase reporter assay verified that miR-34a-5p was the direct target of SNHG17, and EZH2 was the direct target of miR-34a-5p. The carcinogenic function of SNHG17 in the proliferation and apoptosis of DLBCL cells was partially reversed by a miR-34a-5p inhibitor. SNHG17 increases EZH2 levels by inhibiting miR-34a-5p. Our findings indicate SNHG17 as critical for promoting DLBCL progression by regulating the EZH2 signaling pathway and sponging miR-34a-5p. These findings provide a new prognostic marker and therapeutic target for the prognosis and treatment of DLBCL.

LINC01343 targets miR-526b-5p to facilitate the development of hepatocellular carcinoma by upregulating ROBO1

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) contribute to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression and development. However, the function and molecular mechanisms of action of LINC01343 in HCC remain unclear. qRT-PCR and western blotting were performed to assess miR-526b-5p, LINC01343, and ROBO1 levels in HCC cell lines and tissue samples. Flow cytometry, transwell, and cell counting kit-8 assays were conducted in vitro to assess how LINC01343 influences the apoptosis, migration, and proliferation of HCC cells. In addition, the role of LINC01343 in the growth of tumors was verified using an in vivo xenograft tumor assay. Specific binding of miR-526b-5p to LINC01343/ROBO1 was validated using RNA immunoprecipitation and dual-luciferase reporter experiments. LINC01343 was upregulated in HCC cells and tissues. In vitro, LINC01343-knockdown Hep3B and Huh-7 cells exhibited enhanced apoptosis and suppressed proliferation and migration. An in vivo study further validated that LINC01343-knockdown repressed tumor growth. In terms of mechanisms, LINC01343 directly sponged miR-526b-5p, negatively modulating its expression. Moreover, further experiments revealed that inhibiting miR-526b-5p could counteract the tumor-suppressive effects of LINC01343-knockdown in Hep3B and Huh-7 cells. ROBO1 was identified as a direct target of miR-526b-5p. ROBO1 knockdown weakens the migratory and proliferative abilities of Hep3B and Huh-7 cells. Nonetheless, the inhibition of miR-526b-5p mitigated this effect. These findings revealed that LINC01343 serves as a vital oncogene in HCC. Moreover, the LINC01343/miR-526b-5p/ROBO1 axis may be a prospective target for HCC treatment.

Upregulation of lncRNA PTOV1-AS1 in hepatocellular carcinoma contributes to disease progression and sorafenib resistance through regulating miR-505

Increasing evidence has displayed the vital influence of lncRNA in tumorigenesis and chemoresistance of cancer treatment. This study investigated the function of lncRNA PTOV1-AS1 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and its role in sorafenib resistance. The relative expression of lncRNA and miRNA was measured by RT-qPCR. The cellular activities including cell proliferation and invasion were explored by CCK-8 and Transwell assays. Bioinformatics analysis and dual-luciferase reporter assay were used to predict the targeting miRNA of PTOV1-AS1. The expression levels of PTOV1-AS1 were higher in HCC tissues than that in the normal tissues and associated with patients' overall survival. Knockdown of PTOV1-AS1 decreased cell proliferation rate and invasion number. After treatment with different concentrations of sorafenib, the sorafenib-resistant hepatoma cells were conducted. PTOV1-AS1 expression levels were increased in HepG2-SR and Huh7-SR cells. PTOV1-AS1 knockdown repressed the proliferation, invasion, and drug resistance of sorafenib-resistant HCC cells by targeting the expression of miR-505. In conclusion, the expression of PTOV1-AS1 is increased in HCC and sorafenib-resistance HCC cells, as well as is associated with patients' prognosis. Inhibition of PTOV1-AS1 expression can reduce the resistance of sorafenib-resistant HCC cells, which may play a role by targeting the negative regulation of miR-505 expression.

Long non-coding RNAs in hepatocellular carcinoma

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) refer to a class of RNAs greater than 200 nucleotides in length, most of which are considered unable to encode proteins, thus deemed to be junk genes formerly. But with emerging studies about lncRNAs coming out in recent years, it is much more clearly depicted that they can regulate gene expression at different levels, with various mechanisms, thus participating in diverse biological or pathological processes, including complicated tumor-associated pathways. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of primary liver cancer, the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, which has been found to tightly associate with aberrant expression of a variety of lncRNAs regulating tumor proliferation, invasion, drug resistance, and so on, making it a potential novel tumor marker and therapeutic target. In this review, we highlight a few lncRNAs that are closely related to the occurrence and progression of HCC and try to cover their multifarious roles from different layers.

Making Sense of Antisense lncRNAs in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Transcriptome complexity is emerging as an unprecedented and fascinating domain, especially by high-throughput sequencing technologies that have unveiled a plethora of new non-coding RNA biotypes. This review covers antisense long non-coding RNAs, i.e., lncRNAs transcribed from the opposite strand of other known genes, and their role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Several sense-antisense transcript pairs have been recently annotated, especially from mammalian genomes, and an understanding of their evolutionary sense and functional role for human health and diseases is only beginning. Antisense lncRNAs dysregulation is significantly involved in hepatocarcinogenesis, where they can act as oncogenes or oncosuppressors, thus playing a key role in tumor onset, progression, and chemoradiotherapy response, as deduced from many studies discussed here. Mechanistically, antisense lncRNAs regulate gene expression by exploiting various molecular mechanisms shared with other ncRNA molecules, and exploit special mechanisms on their corresponding sense gene due to sequence complementarity, thus exerting epigenetic, transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and translational controls. The next challenges will be piecing together the complex RNA regulatory networks driven by antisense lncRNAs and, ultimately, assigning them a function in physiological and pathological contexts, in addition to defining prospective novel therapeutic targets and innovative diagnostic tools.

E2F1-mediated KDM4A-AS1 up-regulation promotes EMT of hepatocellular carcinoma cells by recruiting ILF3 to stabilize AURKA mRNA

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a gastrointestinal tumor with high clinical incidence. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play vital roles in modulating the growth and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of HCC. However, the underlying mechanism of lncRNA KDM4A antisense RNA 1 (KDM4A-AS1) in HCC remains elusive. In our study, the role of KDM4A-AS1 in HCC was systematically investigated. The levels of KDM4A-AS1, interleukin enhancer-binding factor 3 (ILF3), Aurora kinase A (AURKA), and E2F transcription factor 1 (E2F1) were determined by RT-qPCR or western blot. ChIP and dual luciferase reporter experiments were performed to detect the binding relationship between E2F1 and KDM4A-AS1 promoter sequence. RIP and RNA-pull down confirmed the interaction of ILF3 with KDM4A-AS1/AURKA. Cellular functions were analyzed by MTT, flow cytometry, wound healing and transwell assays. IHC was performed to detect Ki67 in vivo. We found that KDM4A-AS1 was increased in HCC tissues and cells. Elevated KDM4A-AS1 level was correlated to poor prognosis of HCC. Knockdown of KDM4A-AS1 inhibited the proliferation, migration, invasion and EMT of HCC cells. ILF3 bound to KDM4A-AS1 and AURKA. KDM4A-AS1 maintained the stability of AURKA mRNA by recruiting ILF3. E2F1 transcriptionally activated KDM4A-AS1. Overexpressed KDM4A-AS1 reversed the contribution of E2F1 depletion to AURKA expression and EMT in HCC cells. KDM4A-AS1 promoted tumor formation in vivo through the PI3K/AKT pathway. These results revealed that E2F1 transcriptionally activated KDM4A-AS1 to regulate HCC progression via the PI3K/AKT pathway. E2F1 and KDM4A-AS1 may serve as good prognostic targets for HCC treatment.

The role of long non-coding RNA HCG18 in cancer

The incidence of cancer is increasing worldwide and is becoming the most common cause of death. Identifying new biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis is important for developing cancer treatment strategies and reducing mortality. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are non-coding, single-stranded RNAs that play an important role as oncogenes or tumor suppressors in the occurrence and development of human tumors. Abnormal expression of human leukocyte antigen complex group 18 (HCG18) is observed in many types of cancer, and its imbalance is closely related to cancer progression. HCG18 regulates cell proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and anti-apoptosis through a variety of mechanisms. Therefore, HCG18 is a potential tumor biomarker and therapeutic target. However, the therapeutic significance of HCG18 has not been well studied, and future research may develop new intervention strategies to combat cancer. In this study, we reviewed the biological function, mechanism, and potential clinical significance of HCG18 in various cancers to provide a reference for future research.

Ras superfamily GTPase activating proteins in cancer: Potential therapeutic targets?

To search more therapeutic strategies for Ras-mutant tumors, regulators of the Ras superfamily involved in the GTP/GDP (guanosine triphosphate/guanosine diphosphate) cycle have been well concerned for their anti-tumor potentials. GTPase activating proteins (GAPs) provide the catalytic group necessary for the hydrolysis of GTPs, which accelerate the switch by cycling between GTP-bound active and GDP-bound inactive forms. Inactivated GAPs lose their function in activating GTPase, leading to the continuous activation of downstream signaling pathways, uncontrolled cell proliferation, and eventually carcinogenesis. A growing number of evidence has shown the close link between GAPs and human tumors, and as a result, GAPs are believed as potential anti-tumor targets. The present review mainly summarizes the critically important role of GAPs in human tumors by introducing the classification, function and regulatory mechanism. Moreover, we comprehensively describe the relationship between dysregulated GAPs and the certain type of tumor. Finally, the current status, research progress, and clinical value of GAPs as therapeutic targets are also discussed, as well as the challenges and future direction in the cancer therapy.

LncRNA SSTR5-AS1 as a Prognostic Marker Promotes Cell Proliferation and Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Prostate Cancer

This study is aimed to investigate the clinical significance and biological function of long non-coding RNA somatostatin receptor 5 antisense RNA 1 (SSTR5-AS1) in prostate cancer (PCa). Here, we found that SSTR5-AS1 expression was upregulated in PCa tissues compared with adjacent tissues using quantitative real time PCR analysis. The results from Chi-square test showed that increased SSTR5-AS1 expression levels were correlated with preoperative prostate specific antigen, tumor stage and lymph node metastasis. Kaplan-Meier survival curve described patients with high SSTR5-AS1 expression level showed poor survival. Univariate and multivariate cox regression analysis further identified SSTR5-AS1 expression as a poor independent prognostic factor for PCa patients. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine incorporation assay, wound-healing assay and Transwell assay were performed to investigate the functional role of SSTR5-AS1 in PCa cells. The in vitro results indicated that SSTR5-AS1 knockdown inhibited, while SSTR5-AS1 overexpression promoted the proliferation, migration, and invasion of PCa cells. At molecular level, SSTR5-AS1 knockdown downregulated the protein levels of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, N-cadherin and vimentin, and upregulated E-cadherin expression in PC-3 cells. SSTR5-AS1 overexpression obtained opposite results on these protein markers in DU145 cells. In conclusion, these findings indicated that SSTR5-AS1 promotes PCa cell behaviors, which might provide a potential therapeutic target for PCa patients.

Circular RNA ITCH increases sorafenib-sensitivity in hepatocellular carcinoma via sequestering miR-20b-5p and modulating the downstream PTEN-PI3K/Akt pathway

BACKGROUNDS

Sorafenib-resistance leads to poor prognosis and high mortality in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and this study aims to investigate the functional role of a circular RNA ITCH (circITCH) in regulating the sorafenib-resistance of HCC and its underlying mechanisms.

METHODS

The expression of circITCH in HCC tissues and cell lines were detected by performing quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Sorafenib-resistant HCC cells were transfected with PLCDH-circITCH to upregulate circITCH and intervened with sorafenib, and MTT assay, flow cytometry and transwell assay were used to test the cell viability, apoptosis and migration ability, respectively. The downstream target of circITCH were explored by using bioinformatic analysis, dual luciferase reporter system and Western blot.

RESULTS

CircITCH was significantly down-regulated in HCC tissues and cell lines, compared with their normal counterparts. Especially, in contrast with the sorafenib-sensitive HCC cells, continuous sorafenib treatment decreased the expression levels of circITCH in the sorafenib-resistant HCC cells. Overexpression of circITCH increased sorafenib-sensitivity, promoted cell apoptosis and reduced cell migration abilities in the sorafenib-resistant HCC cells. Mechanically, circITCH elevated PTEN expression to inactivate the PI3K/Akt signals through negatively regulating miR-20b-5p in HCC, and upregulating miR-20b-5p or inhibiting PTEN abolished the enhancing effect of circITCH overexpression on sorafenib-induced cytotoxicity in sorafenib-resistant HCC cells.

CONCLUSION

Taken together, this study proves that circITCH enhances sorafenib-sensitivity in sorafenib-resistant HCC cells via regulating the miR-20b-5p/PTEN/PI3K/Akt signaling cascade, which highlights the potential value of circITCH as a target for enhancing the sorafenib-sensitivity in HCC.

SNHG3 regulates NEIL3 via transcription factor E2F1 to mediate malignant proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma

The involvement of small nucleolar RNA host gene 3 (SNHG3) in cancer regulation has been reported. This study attempted to deeply investigate the molecular regulatory mechanism of SNHG3 on malignant progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). According to TCGA analysis, high SNHG3 expression was a risk factor for poor prognosis of HCC patients. Therefore, we further detected the mRNA level of SNHG3 in HCC tissue and cells. It was found that SNHG3 was upregulated in HCC tissue and cells. Afterwards, CCK-8 and flow cytometry assays further proved that silencing SNHG3 inhibited HCC cell proliferation while inducing cell apoptosis and G0/G1 phase arrest. It was also attested in vivo experiments that silencing SNHG3 could reduce the volume and weight of tumors and downregulate the Ki-67 expression to suppress HCC tumor growth. Next, it was discovered that SNHG3 increased the binding of E2F1 and NEIL3 promoter region, thereby activating the transcription feature of NEIL3. Lastly, rescue assays indicated that NEIL3 participated in SNHG3-mediated HCC cell cycle, apoptosis and proliferation. All in all, this study revealed the specific regulatory mechanism of SNHG3 in HCC to enable SNHG3 a hopeful marker for HCC diagnosis and treatment.

Morinda officinalis extract exhibits protective effects against atopic dermatitis by regulating the MALAT1/miR-590-5p/CCR7 axis

BACKGROUND

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with a genetic predisposition, and the traditional Chinese medicine Morinda officinalis and its roots are characterized with anti-inflammatory effects and have been used for the treatment of various disease. However, it is still largely unknown whether Morinda officinalis extract (MOE) can be used for the treatment of AD.

OBJECTIVES

In our study we aimed to determine whether MOE could ameliorate 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced AD and elucidate molecular mechanisms.

METHODS

We established an AD mouse model by using DNCB. Skin pathological analysis and ELISA assay were used to detect the effect of MOE on the inflammation of AD model mouse skin and the expression changes of inflammatory factors, and further functional verification was performed in TNF-α/IFN-γ-induced HaCaT cells.

RESULTS

Our in vivo experiments confirmed that MOE remarkably reduced DNCB-induced AD lesions and symptoms, such as epidermal and dermal thickness and mast cell infiltration and inflammatory cytokines secretion in the mice models. In addition, the underlying mechanisms by which MOE ameliorated AD had been uncovered, and we verified that MOE inhibited MALAT1 expression in AD, resulting in attenuated expression of C-C chemokine receptor type 7 (CCR7) regulated by MALAT1-sponge miR-590-5p in a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) mechanisms-dependent manner, thereby inhibiting TNF-α/IFN-γ-induced cellular proliferation and inflammation.

P53 Regulates Osteogenic Differentiation Through miR-153-5p/miR-183-5p-X-Linked IAP (XIAP) Signal in Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell (BMSC)

This study assessed P53′s role in BMSC osteogenic differentiation. Osteoporosis model was established and P53 expression in the osteogenic differentiation was detected by RT-PCR. BMSC was cultivated and transfected with siRNA followed by measuring presentation of osteogenic differentiation was detected after cells were. The apoptotic condition of osteogenic differentiation was detected through IF method and protein analysis. The relation between P53 and miR-153-5p/miR-183-5p-XIAP signal axis was detected through bioinformatics and luciferase reporter gene assay. P53 expression was significantly increased after osteogenic differentiation was induced. There was a binding site between P53 and miR-153-5p/miR-183-5p-XIAP signal axis. The apoptotic ability of osteoblast was enhanced after inhibition of the expression of P53. In conclusion, P53 develops crucial action on the regulation of BMSC osteogenic differentiation through miR-153-5p/miR-183-5p-XIAP axis.

The lncRNA KIF9-AS1 Accelerates Hepatocellular Carcinoma Growth by Recruiting DNMT1 to Promote RAI2 DNA Methylation

Background

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a very common malignant tumor. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) enable discoveries of new therapeutic tumor targets. We aimed to study the role and potential regulatory mechanisms of the lncRNA KIF9-AS1 in HCC.

Methods

CCK-8, scratch assay, and flow cytometry were used to detect cell proliferation, migration, and apoptosis, respectively. Bax, Bcl-2, ERK, and pERK expression were measured by western blotting. StarBase predicted KIF9-AS1 expression in HCC and paracancerous tissues. RPISeq predicted the interaction score of KIF9-AS1 and DNMT1, and MethyPrimer revealed the CpG island distribution in the RAI2 promoter. MSP was performed to measure RAI2 methylation. RIP and ChIP were performed to examine lncRNA KIF9-AS1, DNMT1, and RAI2 interactions. Finally, the effect of KIF9-AS1 knockdown on HCC was verified with nude mice.

Results

We found that KIF9-AS1 expression was increased in HCC tissues. KIF9-AS1 knockdown inhibited the proliferation and migration, and facilitated the apoptosis of HCC cells. lncRNA KIF9-AS1-mediated RAI2 expression led to DNMT1 recruitment and regulated RAI2 DNA methylation. RAI2 overexpression inhibited the proliferation and migration and promoted the apoptosis of HCC cells. KIF9-AS1 knockdown inhibited subcutaneous tumor formation in vivo.

Conclusion

This study shows that KIF9-AS1 accelerates HCC growth by inducing DNMT1 promotion of RAI2 DNA methylation.

Ceramide synthase 6 antisense RNA 1 contributes to the progression of breast cancer by sponging miR-16-5p to upregulate ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2C

Breast cancer (BC) is the most dangerous female mortality all over the world, described by unavoidable spread and metastaticity of BC cells. Increasing evidences verified that lncRNA play a major role in the tumorgenesis and development of BC cell. The purpose of this study is to investigate the roles of lncRNA ceramide synthase 6 antisense RNA 1 (CERS6-AS1) and ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2C (UBE2C) in BC and explore the regulatory association among miR-16-5p, CERS6-AS1, and UBE2C in BC. The CERS6-AS1 and UBE2C expression levels were determined by real time quantitative PCR in cell lines and tissues of BC. The function of CERS6-AS1 and UBE2C in the apoptosis, proliferation, and migration was confirmed by cell counting kit-8, Transwell, and flowcytometry tests. We performed tumor xenograft assay to validate the roles of CERS6-AS1 in vivo. The expression of UBE2C proteins was evaluated by Western Blot analysis. Moreover, the relationship among UBE2C, CERS6-AS1, and miR-16-5p was verified by luciferase report assay. It was found that CERS6-AS1 and UBE2C were meaningfully upregulated in BC, and knockdown of both CERS6-AS1 and UBE2C inhibited the BC cell proliferation and migration, whereas induced apoptosis. Mechanistically, CERS6-AS1 could facilitate BC progression by sponging miR-16-5p for upregulation of the UBE2C expression. The CERS6-AS1/miR-16-5p/UBE2C axis might be a prospective therapeutic target in the BC treatment by sponging miR-16-5p to upregulate UBE2C, which might contribute to the development of BC.

The activation of M 3 muscarinic receptor reverses liver injuryvia the Sp1/lncRNA Gm2199/miR-212 axis

Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (MRs) play important roles in the regulation of hepatic fibrosis and the receptor agonists and antagonists can affect hepatocyte proliferation. However, little is known about the impact of M ₃R subtypes and associated signaling pathways on liver injury. The aim of this study is to explore the function and mechanism of M ₃R in the regulation of liver injury. We evaluate liver injury and detect the changes in related indexes, including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), hydroxyproline (HYP), and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), after administration of an M ₃R agonist. Western blot analysis and qRT-PCR show that the transcription factor Sp1 and long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) Gm2199 are also changed significantly. Rescue assay is performed to further confirm that M ₃R contributes to the progression of hepatocyte proliferation through regulating Sp1 and Gm2199. The activated M ₃R can specifically regulate Gm2199 by inhibiting the expression of Sp1. Meanwhile, Gm2199 directly regulates miR-212, and ERK is a potential target of miR-212. Collectively, these findings define a novel mechanism for activating M ₃R to reverse liver injury, which affects hepatocyte proliferation through the Sp1/Gm 2199/miR-212/ERK axis.

A comprehensive review on miR-153: Mechanistic and controversial roles of miR-153 in tumorigenicity of cancer cells

miRNAs play a crucial role in regulating genes involved in cancer progression. Recently, miR-153 has been mainly well-known as a tumor suppressive miRNA modulating genes in proliferation, metastasis, EMT, angiogenesis and drug resistance ability of a variety types of cancer. Mechanistic activity of miR-153 in tumorigenicity has not been fully reviewed. This manuscript presents a comprehensive review on the tumor suppressive activity of miR-153 as well as introducing the controversial role of miR-153 as an oncogenic miRNA in cancer. Furthermore, it summarizes all potential non-coding RNAs such as long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs), transcribed ultra-conserved regions (T-UCRs) and circular RNAs (CircRNAs) targeting and sponging miR-153. Understanding the critical role of miR-153 in cell growth, metastasis, angiogenesis and drug resistance ability of cancer cells, suggests miR-153 as a potential prognostic biomarker for detecting cancer as well as providing a novel treatment strategy to combat with several types of cancer.

Analysis of the role of m6A and lncRNAs in prognosis and immunotherapy of hepatocellular carcinoma

Objective

To study the role of m6A and lncRNAs in the prognosis and immunotherapy of hepatocellular carcinoma, construct the risk score of overall survival of hepatocellular carcinoma, and search for new therapeutic targets and drugs.

Methods

The data used in this study are obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. A total of 424 HCC samples were included. The co-expression of lncRNAs and M6A-related genes in HCC was analyzed, COX regression analysis was conducted to construct the risk score for HCC prognosis, and the model's validity was further verified in different clinical trials subtypes and principal component analysis. GO enrichment analysis and immune function analysis were performed for the differential genes in the high-risk group and the low-risk group divided by risk score and analyzed the prognostic effect of TMB on the two groups. Based on the results, potential therapeutic agents for HCC were screened.

Results

The risk score can better predict the prognosis of HCC, the area under the ROC curve is 0.727. Differential genes were mainly located in the extracellular matrix and chromosomal regions and may play regulatory roles in binding sites and catalytic enzymes, thereby affecting the chromosome division and cell proliferation of cells. Type Ⅱ IFN response, type Ⅰ IFN response and MHC class Ⅰ were the three most different functions in terms of immune function between the high-risk group and the low-risk group. Type II IFN response, type I IFN response was significantly down-regulated in the high-risk group, while MHC class I was up-regulated. 14 potential therapeutic drugs were screened out.

Conclusions

The risk score constructed with NRAV and AL031985.3 had a good predictive effect on the prognosis of HCC. Differences in genes and immune function between high-risk and low-risk groups promoted the occurrence and progression of HCC.

TM4SF19-AS1 facilitates the proliferation of lung squamous cell carcinoma by recruiting WDR5 to mediate TM4SF19

BACKGROUND

As reported, long non-coding RNAs are a pivotal player in lung squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) progression. We noticed the remarkably upregulated transmembrane-4-l-six-family-19 antisense RNA 1 (TM4SF19-AS1) in LSCC and further demonstrated the function it played in LSCC and the possible molecular mechanism.

METHODS

Via bioinformatics approach, we evaluated TM4SF19-AS1 and TM4SF19 levels in LSCC tissue, and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot revealed their mRNA and protein levels in LSCC cells. Cell Counting Kit-8 and colony formation assays analyzed the proliferation ability of LSCC cells, and cell adhesion ability was detected via cell adhesion assay. RNA immunoprecipitation and chromatin immunoprecipitation analyzed the underlying mechanism of TM4SF19-AS1 regulating its target, while methylation-specific PCR indicated the methylation level of TM4SF19-AS1.

RESULTS

TM4SF19-AS1 was markedly upregulated in LSCC. Functional assays revealed that TM4SF19-AS1 could facilitate the proliferation and adhesion of LSCC. Besides, we revealed the mechanism of TM4SF19-AS1 regulation that it directly bound to WD repeat-containing protein 5 (WDR5), and was then recruited to TM4SF19 promoter region, which activated DNA demethylation, thereby suppressing malignant LSCC progression.

CONCLUSION

Our research demonstrated that TM4SF19-AS1 affected LSCC cell proliferation by recruiting WDR5 to manipulate transmembrane-4-lsix-family-member-19 (TM4SF19), which offers a new observation on LSCC pathogenesis, indicating that TM4SF19-AS1 is able to be a promising target for LSCC treatment.

LINC00893 inhibits the progression of prostate cancer through miR-3173-5p/SOCS3/JAK2/STAT3 pathway

Background

Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common malignant tumors in the male urinary system. In recent years, the morbidity and mortality of PCa have been increasing due to the limited effects of existing treatment strategies. Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) LINC00893 was reported to inhibit the proliferation and metastasis of papillary thyroid cancer cells, but its role in PCa has not been reported. This study aims to investigate the role and underlying mechanism of LINC00893 in regulating the progression of PCa cells.

Methods

We first compared LINC00893 expression levels between PCa tissues and normal prostate tissues through TCGA database. The relative LINC00893 expression levels were further validated in 66 pairs of PCa tissues and para-cancerous normal tissues, as well as in PCa cell lines. Gain-of-function experiment was performed by transfecting PCa cell with LINC00893 expression vector, and CCK (Cell count kit)-8, 5-Ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU) incorporation, colony information and transwell assays were conducted to assess the functional phenotypes. Dual-luciferase reporter, RNA-binding protein immunoprecipitation (RIP) and RNA pull-down assays were performed to evaluate the molecular interactions.

Results

LINC00893 was downregulated in PCa tissues and cell lines, and patients with low expression of LINC00893 were associated with a poorer overall survival rate. LINC00893 overexpression hindered the proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) as well as the migratory ability of PCa cells, and suppressed the tumorigenesis of PCa cells in nude mice. We further demonstrated that LINC00893 acted as a sponge for miR-3173-5p and inhibited its activity, which in turn regulated the suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3)/Janus Kinase 2 (JAK2)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling axis.

Conclusions

Our study demonstrated that LINC00893 suppresses the progression of PCa cells through targeting miR-3173-5p/SOCS3/JAK2/STAT3 axis. Our data uncovers a novel tumor-suppressor role of LINC00893 in PCa, which may serve as a potential strategy for targeted therapy in PCa.

Grapical Abstract

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12935-022-02637-4.

LncRNA GATA3-AS1 promoted invasion and migration in human endometrial carcinoma by regulating the miR-361/ARRB2 axis

Endometrial carcinoma (EC) is a kind of fatal female malignancy. lncRNA GATA3-AS1 has been identified as an oncogene in various cancers. However, the functions and mechanisms of GATA3-AS1 in EC remain to be explored. Human EC tissues and four EC cell lines were used. Western blotting and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) were used to evaluate the expression of GATA3-AS1, miR-361, and ARRB2. Dual-luciferase reporter and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assays were used to validate the interaction among GATA3-AS1, miR-361, and ARRB2. Flow cytometry, colony formation assay, scratch assay, and transwell assay were used to examine the cell apoptosis, proliferation, migration, and invasion of EC cells, respectively. In vivo tumor growth was monitored in nude mice. GATA3-AS1 and ARRB2 were upregulated while miR-361 was downregulated in human EC tissues and EC cells. GATA3-AS1 knockdown constrained cell proliferation, invasion, migration, and EMT while promoting the apoptosis of EC cells by upregulating miR-361. GATA3-AS1 negatively regulated miR-361 expression. ARRB2 was the direct target of miR-361 and could activate the Src/Akt pathway. In vivo, GATA3-AS1 knockdown suppressed tumor progression by upregulating the miR-361 expression. lncRNA GATA3-AS1 promoted EC invasion and migration by the miR-361/ARRB2 axis, which indicated that GATA3-AS1 might be a promising therapeutic option for advanced EC progression. KEY MESSAGES: GATA3-AS1 knockdown suppressed EC proliferation, invasion, and migration. GATA3-AS1 directly inhibited miR-361 as a ceRNA. MiR-361 knockdown reversed the tumor suppressive effect caused by GATA3-AS1 knockdown. MiR-361 bound to ARRB2 directly and suppressed its expression. The GATA3-AS1/miR-361/ARRB2 axis regulated EC cell proliferation, invasion, and migration.

lncRNA MALAT1 promotes HCC metastasis through the peripheral vascular infiltration via miRNA-613: a primary study using contrast ultrasound

Background

This study aimed to explore the specific pathogenesis of lncRNA MALAT1 promoting the invasion and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) through peripheral blood vessels by regulating the expression of miRNA-613 molecule.

Methods

The data of 60 HCC metastatic patients and 60 HCC non-metastatic patients detected by the contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical College from January 2020 to June 2021 were collected, as well as postoperatively retained HCC tissues and paired paracancer tissues (5 cm laterally from the edge of the cancer area), to study the changes of microangiogenesis in HCC tissues with CEUS. The correlation between CEUS grading and lncRNA MALAT1 in patients with HCC was analyzed through Pearson correlation analysis, lncRNA MALAT1 and miRNA-613 in HCC tissues of patients with HCC were detected by qRT-PCR, followed by the bioinformatic analysis for the relationship between lncRNA MALAT1 and miRNA-613. The Log-growing human HCC cell strain, HepG2, was selected for experiments. Adenovirus transfection knocked down lncRNA MALAT1 in HCC cells, which was divided into two groups (inhibitor-NC group and lncR-inhibitor group), followed by knocking down miRNA-613 on the basis of knocking down lncRNA MALAT1, which was divided into three groups (inhibitor-NC group, lncR-inhibitor groups, and lncR/miR613-inhibitor group). The expression of miRNA-613 and lncRNA MALAT1 in each group was detected by qRT-PCR. The migration and invasiveness of cells in each group were detected by Transwell assay.

Results

CEUS of HCC and Pearson correlation analysis showed that CEUS grading and lncRNA MALAT1 were positively correlated in patients with HCC. In HCC tissues of patients with HCC, lncRNA MALAT1 expressed high and miRNA-613 expressed low. The results of bioinformatic analysis showed the targeting of lncRNA MALAT1 and miRNA-613. Knocking down lncRNA MALAT1 could increase miRNA-613 expression significantly, and reduce the migration of HCC cells. Inhibiting miRNA-613 based on knocking down lncRNA MALAT1 could increase the survival and migration of HCC cells.

Conclusions

lncRNA MALAT1 can promote HCC metastasis through the peripheral vascular infiltration by inhibiting the level of MiRNA-613, which can, therefore, be used as a potential target for the treatment of HCC.

1. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) grading was positively correlated with lncRNA MALAT1 in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

2. lncRNA MALAT1 expressed high and miRNA-613 expressed low in HCC tissues of patients with HCC.

3. lncRNA MALAT1 was targeted with miRNA-613.

4. Knocking down lncRNA MALAT1 could significantly increase miRNA-613 expression.

5. Knocking down lncRNA MALAT1 could reduce the migration of HCC cells.

6. Inhibiting miRNA-613 on the basis of knocking down lncRNA MALAT1 could increase the survival and migration of HCC cells.

LINC00839 Promotes the Progression of Gastric Cancer by Sponging miR-1236-3p

In this paper, LINC00839 expression in gastric cancer (GC) was confirmed by real-time quantitative PCR. The function of LINC00839 in GC was detected by loss of function assays. Luciferase assays was performed to confirm the interaction between LINC00839 and miR-1236-3p. Then we investigated the regulatory effect of LINC00839 on miR-1236-3p. The results confirmed that the expression level of LINC00839 in GC was significantly up-regulated. LINC00839 could promote GC cell proliferation, mobility, and invasion. The detection of luciferase reporter gene confirmed that LINC000839 could bind to the binding site of miR-1236-3p. Our findings suggest that LINC00839 promotes GC progression through sponging miR-1236-3p.

β-Patchoulene represses hypoxia-induced proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of liver cancer cells

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a malignant tumor originating from liver epithelial cells with a high clinical mortality rate. β-Patchoulene (β-PAE) is a compound extracted from patchouli, which has analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. This research aims to probe the impacts of β-PAE on hypoxia-induced HCC cell proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Firstly, hypoxic injury models were constructed in HCC Huh-7 and MHCC97 cells, and the hypoxic injury cell models were then treated with different concentrations of β-PAE. The cell viability, proliferation, migration, invasion and apoptosis were checked by the cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, colony formation assay, Transwell assay, flow cytometry and terminal deoxyribonucleotide transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. The expression of Survivin protein, EMT markers and the NF-κB/HIF-1α pathway was gauged by Western blot (WB) or cellular immunofluorescence or reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The in-vivo experiment was conducted to confirm the anti-tumor role of β-PAE. As a result, β-PAE abated hypoxia-induced HCC cell growth, proliferation, migration, invasion and EMT and facilitated apoptosis in vitro and in vivo dose-dependently. Further mechanism studies displayed that β-PAE inactivated the NF-κB/HIF-1α pathway, and HIF-1α activation significantly reversed the β-PAE-mediated tumor inhibition. β-PAE repressed the proliferation and EMT of hypoxia-induced HCC cells by choking the NF-κB/HIF-1α pathway, suggesting that β-PAE was a potential drug for HCC treatment.

Molecular mechanism for LINC01426 to regulate gastric cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion

BACKGROUND

The pathogenesis of gastric cancer is complex, among which the dysregulation of expression of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes is a key factor. MiR-153-5p has been confirmed to have a tumor suppressor effect in liver cancer, and antisense noncoding RNA in the INK4 locus (ANRIL) can promote liver cancer cell migration. However, whether long intergenic non-coding RNA 01426 (LINC01426) targets miR-153-5p and participates in the progression of gastric cancer remains to be studied.

AIM

To investigate whether LINC01426 targets miR-153-5p to affect the proliferation, migration, and invasion of gastric cancer cells.

METHODS

Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was used to analyze the expression of LINC01426 and miR-153-5p in gastric cancer tissues, tumor adjacent tissues, gastric cancer cell lines (SNU-1, AGS, and HS-746T), and normal gastric epithelial cells (GES1). The correlation of LINC01426 and miR-153-5p expression in gastric cancer tissues was analyzed by Pearson correlation. Online bioinformatics analysis, dual luciferase reporter assay, and RT-qPCR were applied to confirm the regulatory effect of LINC01426 on miR-153-5p. The effect of LINC01426 and miR-153-5p expression on cell viability, migration, and invasion was evaluated by MTT and transwell assays.

RESULTS

LINC01426 was highly expressed in gastric cancer tissue and cells compared with tumor adjacent tissue and GES1 cells (P < 0.05), but miR-153-5 was lowly expressed in gastric cancer tissue and cells (P < 0.05). Pearson correlation analysis showed that the expression of LINC01426 and miR-153-5p in gastric cancer tissues was negatively correlated (r = -0.828, P < 0.05). LINC01426 could target and negatively regulate miR-153-5p. LINC01426 inhibition or miR-153-5p overexpression remarkably reduced the proliferation, migration, and invasion of SNU-1 cells (P < 0.05), while miR-153-5p inhibition had opposite effects (P < 0.05). The effects of LINC01426 inhibition on the proliferation, migration, and invasion of SNU-1 cells were significantly reversed by inhibiting miR-153-5p (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Inhibition of LINC01426 could hinder the proliferation, invasion, and migration of gastric cancer cells, which is related to the negative regulation of miR-153-5p by LINC01426.

LncRNA HCG11 Facilitates Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Progression Through Regulating miRNA-490-3p/MAP3K9 Axis

Purpose

Long noncoding RNAs (LncRNAs) play complex but important roles in the progression of various tumors. This study aimed to elucidate the functional mechanisms of the HLA complex group 11 (HCG11) in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC).

Patients and Methods

HCG11 levels in NPC specimens were determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and qPCR. Proliferation, apoptosis, and metastasis of NPC cells were determined using CCK8, colony formation, annexin V-PI, and transwell assays. A murine tumor xenograft model was used to investigate the regulatory function of HCG11 in NPC in vivo, and immunohistochemical staining was used to determine the Ki-67 level in tumors. The target relationships between HCG11, microRNA miR-490-3p, and MAPK kinase kinase 9 (MAP3K9) were detected using bioinformatics, qPCR, western blotting, and luciferase reporter assays.

Results

HCG11 was highly expressed in NPC tissues and was positively associated with tumor stage, lymphatic metastasis, and poor prognosis. Functionally, HCG11 knockdown inhibited proliferation and migration and induced apoptosis of NPC cells. Mechanistically, miR-490-3p is a direct target of HCG11, oncogenic functions of HCG11 in NPC cell proliferation and migration can be partially reversed by the miR-490-3p inhibitor. HCG11 significantly increased mitogen-activated protein kinase MAPK kinase 9 (MAP3K9) levels by inhibiting miR-490-3p.

Conclusion

HCG11 facilitates NPC progression via MAP3K9 signaling by sponging miRNA-490-3p, which may contribute to new prognostic markers and promising therapeutic targets.

LncRNA LINC00649 recruits TAF15 and enhances MAPK6 expression to promote the development of lung squamous cell carcinoma via activating MAPK signaling pathway

Lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) represents one of the commonest types of lung cancer featured with high morbidity and poor prognosis. Many types of research have documented that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) exert crucial functions in the development of cancers, and LUSC is included. In our study, we aimed at unveiling the mechanism underlying long intergenic nonprotein coding RNA 0649 (LINC00649) in LUSC cells. As a result, LINC00649 was discovered to be with high expression in LUSC cells. Moreover, it was confirmed through functional assays that the knockdown of LINC00649 hindered the occurrence and progression of LUSC. Results of mechanism assays validated that E2F transcription factor 7 (E2F7) was a transcription activator of LINC00649 and induced its up-regulation in LUSC cells. Furthermore, LINC00649 recruited TAF15, which is TATA-box binding protein associated factor 15 to stabilize mitogen-activated protein kinase 6 (MAPK6) expression and activate the transcription of MAPK6, thereby enhancing MAPK6 expression to activate the MAPK signaling pathway. Eventually, results of rescue assays suggested that overexpression of MAPK6 offset the influence of LINC00649 silencing on LUSC progression. In summary, our research determined the E2F7/LINC00649/TAF15/MAPK6/MAPK signaling pathway in regulating LUSC development, which made LINC00649 a potential biomarker for LUSC treatment.

Silencing of long chain noncoding RNA paternally expressed gene (PEG10) inhibits the progression of neuroblastoma by regulating microRNA-449a (miR-449a)/ribosomal protein S2 (RPS2) axis

To investigate the mechanism of paternally expressed gene (PEG10) in regulating neuroblastoma (NB) progression. PEG10 expression was detected using quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase-chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The interaction of miR-449a and PEG10 or ribosomal protein S2 (RPS2) was employed by starBase, and then proved through RIP and dual-luciferase reporter assays. The NB cell viability, proliferation, invasion, and migration were evaluated by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), colony formation, and Transwell assay. The mRNA and protein levels were determined by qRT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively. The levels of PEG10 and RPS2 were remarkably increased in NB tissues and cells, nevertheless the expression of miR-449a was conspicuously declined in NB tissues and cells. Silencing of PEG10 inhibited proliferation, migration, and invasion in SK-N-BE (2) cells, while overexpression of PEG10 promoted proliferation, migration, and invasion in SH-SY5Y cells. We affirmed that PEG10 interacted with miR-449a, and miR-449a could target the 3'UTR of RPS2 and negatively regulate its expression in NB cells. The upregulation of miR-449a inhibited proliferation, migration, and invasion in SK-N-BE (2) cells, while downregulation of miR-449a promoted proliferation, migration, and invasion in SH-SY5Y cells. Moreover, miR-449a overexpression weaken the function of PEG10-mediated on promoting proliferation, migration, and invasion in SH-SY5Y cells, while RPS2 overexpression rescued the effects of miR-449a-mediated on inhibiting those behaviors of SH-SY5Y cells. In conclusion, Silencing of PEG10 could inhibit proliferation, migration, and invasion via the miR-449a/RPS2 axis in NB cells.

SNHG15, a p53-regulated lncRNA, suppresses cisplatin-induced apoptosis and ROS accumulation through the miR-335-3p/ZNF32 axis

Small nucleolar RNA host gene 15 (SNHG15) is upregulated in many malignancies and mediates the development of multiple cancers, including osteosarcoma (OS). However, data on the regulatory mechanisms and role of SNHG15 in the chemoresistance of OS remain scarce. Here, we show that p53 binds to the SNHG15 promoter, leading to decreased SNHG15 expression. Decreased SNHG15 expression promotes cisplatin-induced apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in OS cells. Furthermore, SNHG15 sponges and inhibits the activity of endogenous miR-335-3p, leading to the upregulation of zinc finger protein 32 (ZNF32). Taken together, these findings reveal that p53 downregulates SNHG15 expression in OS. In addition, SNHG15 suppresses cisplatin-induced apoptosis and ROS accumulation through the miR-335-3p/ZNF32 pathway.

Quercetin attenuates the proliferation, inflammation, and oxidative stress of high glucose-induced human mesangial cells by regulating the miR-485-5p/YAP1 pathway

Background

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a kidney damage caused by diabetes and the main cause of end-stage renal disease. However, the current treatment of DN has many limitations. Quercetin is a bioflavonoid compound with therapeutic benefits in metabolic diseases. This study aims to determine the therapeutic potentials and underlying mechanism of quercetin on DN.

Methods

We collected blood samples from DN patients and healthy controls and treated human mesangial cells (HMCs) with high glucose (HG) to establish an in vitro model of DN. Then we assessed the expression difference of miR-485-5p as well as YAP1 in serum of DN patients and healthy controls and between HG-induced HMCs and control cells. qRT-PCR and western blot were performed to assess miR-485-5p and YAP1 expression levels; CCK-8 and ELISAs were used to examine cell proliferation, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Dual luciferase reporter assay was implemented to detect the binding of miR-485-5p and YAP1 mRNA sequence.

Results

Quercetin suppressed proliferation, inflammation, and oxidative stress of HMCs induced by HG. As for mechanism, miR-485-5p directly bound to YAP1 and inhibited YAP1 expression. The downregulation of miR-485-5p and upregulation of YAP1 were also observed in the serum of DN patients. Quercetin modulated miR-485-5p/YAP1 axis to regulate HG-induced inflammation and oxidative stress.

Conclusion:

Quercetin inhibits the proliferation, inflammation, and oxidative stress of HMCs induced by HG through miR-485-5p/YAP1 axis, which might provide a novel treatment strategy for DN.

Identification of Atrial Fibrillation-Related lncRNA Based on Bioinformatic Analysis

BACKGROUND

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia in the world. Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) has been found to play an important role in cardiovascular diseases including heart failure, myocardial infarction, and atherosclerosis. However, the role of lncRNA in AF has rarely been studied. The purpose of this study is to identify the expression profile of lncRNA in AF patients, explore the function of lncRNA in AF, and provide a potential scientific basis for the treatment of AF in the future.

METHODS

The lncRNA and mRNA expression profiles were obtained from the atrial appendage samples of GSE31821, GSE411774, GSE79768, and GSE115574 in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Functional analysis was performed via Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and Gene Set Variation Analysis (GSVA). The "CIBERSORT" R kit was used to analyze 22 immune cell infiltrates in AF and sinus rhythm (SR) patients. The "CORRPLOT" R package was used to analyze the immune correlation between lncRNA and immune cells.

RESULTS

A total of 6 differentially expressed lncRNAs and 45 differentially expressed mRNAs were identified in the AF and SR groups. GO, KEGG, and GSVA results showed that abnormally expressed lncRNAs were involved in signaling pathways related to the atrium, including the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway and calcium signaling pathway. Immune cell infiltration analysis revealed that native B cells, follicular helper T cells, and resting dendritic cells may be involved in the AF process. In addition, LINC00844 was negatively correlated with resting dendritic cells.

CONCLUSION

The expression profile of lncRNA in AF patients was different from that in normal controls. The physiological functions of these differentially expressed lncRNAs may be related to the pathogenesis of AF, which provide a scientific basis for the prognosis and treatment of patients with AF.

SNHG8 promotes cell proliferation, migration, and invasion of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells as an oncogene through miR-588/HMGA2 axis

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NC) poses a threat to the life of patients. Long non-coding RNA (LncRNA) is a novel kind of non-coding RNA, which plays a pivotal role through sponge microRNA (miRNA). Abnormal expression of small nucleolar RNA host gene 8 (SNHG8) is involved in various tumors; however, the role of SNHG8 in NC remains unknown. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting was employed to detect the expression levels of SNHG8, miR-588, and high mobility group A2 (HMGA2). Cell proliferation, migration, and invasion were analyzed by CCK-8 and transwell assays. miR-588 binding sites in SNHG8 were predicted by LncBase analysis. Luciferase reporter and RNA pull-down assay were used to confirm the interaction of SNHG8 and miR-588. SNHG8 was highly expressed in NC cells. The prognosis of the patients with NC in the high expression levels of SNHG8 was poorer than that in the low expression levels. The expression of SNHG8 was closely related to tumor size, TNM stage, and distal metastasis. Knockdown of SNHG8 inhibited cell proliferation, migration, and invasion of NC. SNHG8 targeted miR-588. Inhibition of miR-588 could partially reverse the knockdown of SNHG8 in NC cells, and miR-588 targeted HMGA2. In conclusion, SNHG8 promotes proliferation, migration, and invasion of NC cells through miR-588/HMGA2 in NC as an oncogene.

lncRNA TMPO antisense RNA 1 promotes the malignancy of cholangiocarcinoma cells by regulating let-7g-5p/ high-mobility group A1 axis

Cholangiocarcinoma (CHOL) is often diagnosed at an advanced stage; therefore, exploring its key regulatory factors is important for earlier diagnosis and treatment. This study aimed to identify the mechanisms of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) TMPO Antisense RNA 1 (TMPO-AS1), microRNA let-7 g-5p, and high-mobility group A1 (HMGA1) proteins in CHOL. Our results, through quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot detection, showed that TMPO-AS1 and HMGA1 were overexpressed while let-7 g-5p was underexpressed in CHOL. Cell function experiments in CHOL cells revealed that TMPO-AS1 knockdown inhibited cell proliferation, colony formation, and cell migration, but induced apoptosis. TMPO-AS1 knockdown also suppressed tumor growth in vivo. Together with luciferase assay and Western blotting, we found that TMPO-AS1 could sponge let-7 g-5p to promote HMGA1 expression. Moreover, HMGA1 overexpression attenuated the effect of TMPO-AS1 downregulation in CHOL cells. Overall, our findings identified the oncogenic effect of TMPO-AS1 on CHOL cells, which may put forward a novel methodology for CHOL diagnosis and therapy.

Long non-coding RNA DCST1-AS1/hsa-miR-582-5p/HMGB1 axis regulates colorectal cancer progression

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are related to the initiation and progression of tumor and regulate various cellular processes including growth, invasion, migration, and apoptosis. Understanding the roles and mechanisms of lncRNAs in regulating cancer progression is crucial for formulating novel therapeutic strategies. Although lncRNA DCST1-antisense RNA 1(AS1) has been implicated in several cancers, its role in the progression of colorectal cancer (CRC) remains to be explored. This study focuses on elucidating the function of lncRNA DCST1-AS1 in CRC development and its underlying mechanism. We found that the expression of lncRNA DCST1-AS1 was up-regulated in CRC tissues and cell lines, and CRC patients with high lncRNA DCST1-AS1 expression were associated with a poor prognosis. Loss-of-function and gain-of-function experiment in CRC cell lines confirmed that lncRNA DCST1-AS1 promoted the malignant phenotype of CRC cells, including cell proliferation, colony formation, migration, and invasion. In addition, we identified the binding sites between lncRNA DCST1-AS1 and hsa-miR-582-5p, and between hsa-miR-582-5p and High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) through DIANA Tools and TargetScan database, which was further confirmed by dual-luciferase reporter assay. Functional assay further confirmed the crucial role of lncRNA DCST1-AS1/hsa-miR-582-5p/HMGB1 axis in modulating the malignant phenotype of CRC cells. Collectively, our data suggest that lncRNA DCST1-AS1 regulates the aggressiveness of CRC cells through hsa-miR-582-5p/HMGB1 axis. Our study provides novel insight into the mechanism of lncRNA DCST1-AS1 in CRC cells for targeted therapy.

LncRNAs as the Regulators of Brain Function and Therapeutic Targets for Alzheimer’s Disease

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia and a serious threat to the health and safety of the elderly population. It has become an emerging public health problem and a major economic and social burden. However, there is currently no effective treatment for AD. Although the mechanism of AD pathogenesis has been investigated substantially, the full range of molecular factors that contribute to its development remain largely unclear. In recent years, accumulating evidence has revealed that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), a type of non-coding RNA longer than 200 nucleotides, play important roles in multiple biological processes involved in AD pathogenesis. With the further exploration of genomics, the role of lncRNA in the pathogenesis of AD has been phenotypically or mechanistically studied. Herein, we systematically review the current knowledge about lncRNAs implicated in AD and elaborate on their main regulatory pathways, which may contribute to the discovery of novel therapeutic targets and drugs for AD.

Long Non-Coding RNA LINC01572 Promotes Hepatocellular Carcinoma Progression via Sponging miR-195-5p to Enhance PFKFB4-Mediated Glycolysis and PI3K/AKT Activation

Background: Accumulating evidence indicates that type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and T2DM-associated HCC represents a common type of HCC cases. We herein identify an lncRNA LINC01572 that was aberrantly upregulated in T2DM-related HCC via high-throughput screening. Based on this, the study was undertaken to identify the functional role and mechanism of LINC01572 in HCC progression.

Methods: RT-qPCR was used to detect the expressions of LINC01572 in HCC tissues and cell lines. Gain- or loss-of-function assays were applied to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo functional significance of LINC01572 in the HCC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion using corresponding experiments. Bioinformatics, RIP, RNA pull-down, and luciferase reporter assays were performed to explore the regulatory relationship of the LINC01572/miR-195-5p/PFKFB4 signaling axis.

Result: In this study, we profiled lncRNAs in HCC tissues and corresponding adjacent tissues from HCC patients with T2DM by RNA sequencing. Our data showed that LINC01572 was aberrantly upregulated in HCC tissues as compared with control, especially in those with concurrent T2DM. The high level of LINC01572 was correlated with advanced tumor stage, increased blood HbA1c level, and shortened survival time. The overexpression of LINC01572 significantly promoted HCC cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), while the knockdown of LINC01572 had the opposite effects on HCC cells. A mechanistic study revealed that LINC01572-regulated HCC progression via sponging miR-195-5p to increase the level of PFKFB4 and subsequent enhancement of glycolysis and activation of PI3K-AKT signaling.

Conclusion: LINC01572 acts as ceRNA of miR-195-5p to restrict its inhibition of PFKFB4, thereby enhancing glycolysis and activates PI3K/AKT signaling to trigger HCC malignancy.

LncRNA GASAL1 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression by up-regulating USP10-stabilized PCNA

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a fatal malignancy which has insufficient treatment options. Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) GASAL1 was discovered to be conspicuously up-regulated in HCC. However, the study on the role of GASAL1 in HCC reamins limited. Our study aimed at exploring the role and mechanism of GASAL1 in HCC. RT-qPCR or Western blot was conducted to examine the expression of RNAs or proteins. Functional assays were carried out to investigate the impact of GASAL1, USP10, and PCNA on HCC cells. Mechanism assays were performed to fathom out the relationship among GASAL1, miR-193b-5p, USP10, and PCNA. In vivo assays were also employed to determine the role of GASAL1 in HCC tumor growth and metastases. According to the data collected, GASAL1 displayed a high expression in HCC cells and GASAL1 knockdown led to impeded cell proliferation and migration, as well as tumor progression. A series of mechanism analysis demonstrated GASAL1 could sponge miR-193b-5p to raise the expression of USP10. Moreover, USP10 could induce PCNA deubiquitination to promote HCC cell growth. To conclude, GASAL1 plays an oncogenic role in HCC. GASAL1 could up-regulate USP10 via competitively binding to miR-193b-5p. And USP10 could strengthen cell proliferative and migratory abilities through deubiquitinating PCNA.

Study on the mechanism of LOXL1-AS1/miR-3614-5p/YY1 signal axis in the malignant phenotype regulation of hepatocellular carcinoma

Background

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors with high mortality worldwide. Accumulating researches have indicated that long non‑coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in varies human cancers, including HCC. Nevertheless, the specific molecular mechanism of lncRNA lysyl oxidase like 1 antisense RNA 1 (LOXL1-AS1) in HCC is still unclear.

Methods

LOXL1-AS1 expression was tested via qRT-PCR in HCC cells. Functional and mechanism assays were respectively done to evaluate the biological functions of HCC cells and the potential interaction of LOXL1-AS1 and other factors.

Results

We discovered that LOXL1-AS1 was high expressed in HCC cells. Inhibition of LOXL1-AS1 repressed cell proliferation, migration and invasion, but enhanced cell apoptosis in HCC. Further, miR-3614-5p was proven to be sponged by LOXL1-AS1. Additionally, Yin Yang 1 (YY1) was proven as the target gene of miR-3614-5p, and YY1 depletion could repress HCC cell malignant behaviors. YY1 could also transcriptionally activate LOXL1-AS1 expression. In rescue assays, we confirmed that overexpression of YY1 or miR-3614-5p inhibition could reverse the suppressive effects of LOXL1-AS1 silence on the malignant behaviors of HCC cells.

Conclusion

In short, LOXL1-AS1/miR-3614-5p/YY1 forms a positive loop in modulating HCC cell malignant behaviors.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13062-021-00312-8.

DGUOK-AS1 acts as a tumorpromoter through regulatingmiR-204-5p/IL-11 axis in breast cancer

Breast cancer is one of the most lethal malignancies among women; however, the underlying molecular mechanism involved in the progression and metastasis of breast cancer remains unclear. Numerous studies have confirmed that long noncoding RNAs are abnormally expressed in breast cancer and play crucial roles in cell proliferation and metastasis. In the study, we evaluated the functional role and detailed mechanism of DGUOK-AS1 in breast cancer progression and metastasis. DGUOK-AS1 knockdown suppressed proliferation, migration, and invasion of breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, miR-204-5p was identified as an inhibitory target of DGUOK-AS1, which served as a tumor suppressor in breast cancer. Significantly, we found that the ectopic expression of miR-204-5p could counteract DGUOK-AS1-mediated promotion of cell proliferation and metastasis in breast cancer. Moreover, IL-11 was found to be the downstream target of miR-204-5p, and DGUOK-AS1 could protect IL-11 from miR-204-5p-mediated degradation. DGUOK-AS1 overexpression promoted breast cancer cell migration, angiogenesis, and macrophage migration, mediating by the increased secretion of IL-11, which was extremely important for cancer progression. Collectively, our studies reveal that DGUOK-AS1/miR-204-5p/IL-11 axis plays a significant role in the progression and metastasis of breast cancer, and DGUOK-AS1 might be a novel biomarker and therapeutic target for breast cancer.

circSPG21 protects against intervertebral disc disease by targeting miR-1197/ATP1B3

The abnormal expression of circular RNAs (circRNAs) is associated with numerous human diseases. This study investigated the mechanism by which circRNA acts as competitive endogenous RNA in the regulation of degenerative intervertebral disc disease (IVDD). Decreased expression of circSPG21 was detected in degenerated nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs), the function of circSPG21 in NPCs was explored and verified, and the downstream target of circSPG21 was investigated. The interaction between circSPG21 and miR-1197 and its target gene (ATP1B3) was studied by online database prediction and molecular biological verification. Finally, the circSPG21/miR-1197/ATP1B3 axis was verified in the mouse tail-looping model. The expression of circSPG21 in the nucleus pulposus in IVDD was directly related to an imbalance of anabolic and catabolic factors, which affected cell senescence. circSPG21 was found to play a role in human NPCs by acting as a sponge of miR-1197 and thereby affecting ATP1B3. The regulation of circSPG21 provides a potentially effective therapeutic strategy for IVDD.

Long non-coding RNA TTN-AS1/microRNA-199a-3p/runt-related transcription factor 1 gene axis regulates the progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has a high degree of malignancy, which affects the quality of life and prognosis of patients with OSCC. Our study aimed to reveal the function of long non-coding RNA TTN-AS1/microRNA-199a-3p (miR-199a-3p)/runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) axis in OSCC progression, thereby providing a novel OSCC effective strategy. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting were performed to detect the expression of TTN-AS1, miR-199a-3p, and RUNX1 in OSCC. Several cell functional experiments, including Cell Counting Kit-8, flow cytometry, and cell adhesion assays, were used to assess cell proliferation, apoptosis, adhesion, and migration. A luciferase assay was performed to confirm the interaction between TTN-AS1, miR-199a-3p, and RUNX1. Our results revealed that TTN-AS1 and RUNX1 were upregulated in OSCC tissues and cells, whereas miR-199a-3p expression was downregulated. Knockdown of TTN-AS1 or RUNX1 suppressed cell proliferation, adhesion, and migration but induced apoptosis. Additionally, miR-199a-3p inhibitor partly relieved the effects of silencing TTN-AS1 and RUNX1 in OSCC cells due to their targeting relationship. In conclusion, TTN-AS1 and RUNX1 could promote OSCC progression and miR-199a-3p partly relieved the effects of TTN-AS1 and RUNX1.

The Role of Long Non-Coding RNA and microRNA Networks in Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Its Tumor Microenvironment

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common liver malignancy with high morbidity and poor prognosis. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in crucial biological processes of tumorigenesis and progression, and play four major regulatory roles, namely signal, decoy, guide, and scaffold, to regulate gene expression. Through these processes, lncRNAs can target microRNAs (miRNAs) to form lncRNA and miRNA networks, which regulate cancer cell proliferation, metastasis, drug resistance, and the tumor microenvironment. Here, we summarize the multifaceted functions of lncRNA and miRNA networks in the pathogenesis of HCC, the potential use of diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers, and novel therapeutic targets in HCC. This review also highlights the regulatory effects of lncRNA and miRNA networks in the tumor microenvironment of HCC.

Regulatory Non-coding RNAs for Death Associated Protein Kinase Family

The death associated protein kinases (DAPKs) are a family of calcium dependent serine/threonine kinases initially identified in the regulation of apoptosis. Previous studies showed that DAPK family members, including DAPK1, DAPK2 and DAPK3 play a crucial regulatory role in malignant tumor development, in terms of cell apoptosis, proliferation, invasion and metastasis. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that non-coding RNAs, including microRNA (miRNA), long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) and circRNA, are involved in the regulation of gene expression and tumorigenesis. Recent studies indicated that non-coding RNAs participate in the regulation of DAPKs. In this review, we summarized the current knowledge of non-coding RNAs, as well as the potential miRNAs, lncRNAs and circRNAs, that are involved in the regulation of DAPKs.

Knockdown circ_0040414 inhibits inflammation, apoptosis and promotes the proliferation of cardiomyocytes via miR-186-5p/PTEN/AKT axis in chronic heart failure

Previous studies have shown that circ_0040414 is highly expressed in the blood of patients with heart failure (HF), which suggests that circ_0040414 is associated with heart failure (HF). However, the functional involvement of circ_0040414 in HF and its potential mechanism remains unclear. Consistent with previous studies, our study showed that the expression of circ_0040414 in the peripheral blood of patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) was significantly higher than that of healthy control, which indicated that circ_0040414 could be used as a diagnostic biomarker in patients with CHF. In cardiomyocytes, circ_0040414 increased the level of proapoptotic proteins Bax, cleaved-caspase 3 and reduced the expression of antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2. It also promoted inflammatory factors IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-β, but inhibited cell proliferation. In terms of mechanism, circ_0040414 upregulated the expression of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) through sponging miR-186-5p to inhibit AKT signaling activity. Our study uncovered a novel role and the mechanism of circ_0040414 in controlling CHF, enriched the molecular regulatory network in CHF, and may provide a possible strategy for the treatment of CHF.

lncRNA SNHG11 facilitates prostate cancer progression through the upregulation of IGF‑1R expression and by sponging miR‑184

Long non‑coding RNA (lncRNA) small nucleolar RNA host gene 11 (SNHG11) has been shown to play an important role in the development and progression of numerous types of cancer. However, to the best of our knowledge, the role of SNHG11 in prostate cancer (PCa) development and metastasis remains unclear. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate the functional role and molecular mechanisms of SNHG11 in PCa progression. It was revealed that the SNHG11 expression levels were significantly upregulated in PCa tissues, in comparison with those in adjacent normal tissues. Functionally, SNHG11 knockdown significantly suppressed PCa cell proliferation, migration, invasion and metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, SNHG11 was found to positively regulate insulin‑like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF‑1R) expression by sponging microRNA (miRNA/miR)‑184 in PCa cells. The results of rescue experiments demonstrated that IGF‑1R overexpression reversed the suppressive effects of SNHG11 knockdown on the proliferation, migration and invasion of PCa cells. On the whole, the findings of the present study suggest that SNHG11 expression is upregulated in PCa and that it facilitates PCa progression, at least in part, via the modulation of the miR‑184/IGF‑1R signaling axis.