MiR-27a promotes insulin resistance and mediates glucose metabolism by targeting PPAR-γ-mediated PI3K/AKT signaling

Effect of miR-10a on the proliferation and differentiation of yak adipocyte precursors

The fat content of yak meat is significantly correlated with the meat quality, and an appropriate fat content helps to improve the texture of the meat. The involvement of miR-10a in regulating the differentiation and proliferation of various cell types has been reported. Therefore, in this study, the effects of miR-10a on lipid droplet accumulation were investigated by transfection of yak adipocyte precursors with an miR-10a inhibitor, followed by Oil Red O, BODIPY, EdU staining, and cell cycle analysis of the transfected and control cells. The relative expression of lipogenic marker genes was determined by RT-qPCR to clarify the effect of miR-10a on the differentiation and proliferation of yak adipocyte precursors. Mature adipocytes were collected for transcriptome analysis to identify differentially expressed target genes and the association of these genes with adipogenic pathways was investigated by GO and KEGG enrichment analyses. In addition, the phylogeny and expression profiles of miR-10a were analyzed in various yak tissues. The results showed that miR-10a could inhibit the differentiation and promote the proliferation of yak adipocyte precursors. Analysis of the RNA-Seq results showed that miR-10a inhibitor and inhibitor NC had six differentially expressed genes: FABP4, AKR1B7, IGF2, ROCK1, IFNB1, and PLA2G3. These genes were found to be involved in the regulation of adipogenesis, with IGF2 and IFNB1 being upregulated in the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, which is activated upon stimulation by IGF2 and IFNB1 and inhibits the differentiation and promotes the proliferation of yak adipocytes precursor, which in turn affected adipogenesis. Moreover, phylogenetic analysis indicated that miR-10a evolved relatively recently in yak and sheep, while tissue expression profiles showed that miR-10a was highly expressed in yak lung tissues.

Start small, think big: MicroRNAs in diabetes mellitus and relevant cardiorenal-liver metabolic health spectrum

Diabetes mellitus (DM), co-existing with metabolic disorder of cardio-renal-liver, is one of the most difficult problems in medicine that attracts global concern with high mortality. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNA molecules that negatively regulates gene expression and exerts active against a large proportion of the transcriptome, due to their high evolutionary conservation. Emerging evidence prove that miRNAs are involved in the pathogenesis of DM and associated metabolic disorders, manifested by their variable alteration in the blood, urine, tissues, or organs, principally contributing to modulate the interconnections between DM and cardio-renal-liver metabolism. Mechanistically, miRNAs regulate various biological processes, such as metabolism of insulin, lipid, glucose, inflammatory response, fibrosis, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and angiogenesis, etc. This review emphasizes the function of miRNAs and highlights the physiopathological regulation of miRNA in DM and related complications, especially the dysfunction of cardiovascular system, kidneys, and liver, with the aim of providing promising biomarkers for assisting early diagnosis of DM with cardio-renal-liver- specific metabolic disorders, as well as for the development of miRNA-targeting agents.

Understanding the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) role in periodontitis and diabetes mellitus: A molecular perspective

Periodontitis and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) are chronic conditions with dysregulated immune responses. Periodontitis involves immune dysfunction and dysbiotic biofilms, leading to tissue destruction. T2DM is marked by insulin resistance and systemic inflammation, driving metabolic and tissue damage. Both conditions share activation of key pathways, including Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-κB), Activator Protein-1 (AP-1), and Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT) proteins, reinforcing an inflammatory feedback loop. This review highlights the role of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma (PPAR-γ), a transcription factor central to lipid and glucose metabolism, adipogenesis, and immune regulation. PPAR-γ activation has been shown to suppress inflammatory mediators such as Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-α) and Interleukin 6 (IL-6) through the inhibition of NF-κB, AP-1, and STAT pathways, thereby potentially disrupting the inflammatory-metabolic cycle that drives both diseases. PPAR-γ agonists, including thiazolidinediones (TZDs) and endogenous ligands such as 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2), show promise in reducing inflammation and improving insulin sensitivity, but they are limited by adverse effects. Therapies, including Selective Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Modulators (SPPARMs), have been developed to offer a more targeted approach, allowing for selective modulation of PPAR-γ activity to retain its anti-inflammatory benefits while minimizing their side effects. By integrating insights into PPAR-γ's molecular mechanisms, this review underscores its therapeutic potential in mitigating inflammation and enhancing metabolic control.

Glucose metabolism is controlled by non-coding RNAs in autoimmune diseases; a glimpse into immune system dysregulation

The immune system accidentally targets the body's tissues, causing inflammation and tissue damage, the root causes of autoimmune illnesses. In recent studies, non-coding RNAs have been shown to significantly control gene expression and metabolic pathways linked to autoimmune diseases. This review investigates the effects of non-coding RNA on glucose metabolism, a route frequently dysregulated in autoimmune illnesses such as multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and diabetes. We review how non-coding RNA affects immune cell activity modulation, glucose absorption, glycolysis, and other metabolic processes critical to immune function. We also investigate the possibility of using non-coding RNA-mediated metabolic pathway targeting as a new therapeutic approach to treat autoimmune disorders. By clarifying the complex interplay of non-coding RNA, glucose metabolism, and immune dysregulation, this study endeavors to enhance comprehension of autoimmune etiology and facilitate the creation of focused therapies.

The Interplay Between Obesity and Aging in Breast Cancer and Regulatory Function of MicroRNAs in This Pathway

Breast cancer (BC) is a significant contributor to cancer-related deaths in women, and it has complex connections with obesity and aging. This review explores the interaction between obesity and aging in relation to the development and progression of BC, focusing on the controlling role of microRNAs (miRNAs). Obesity, characterized by excess adipose tissue, contributes to a proinflammatory environment and metabolic dysregulation, which are important in tumor development. Aging, associated with cellular senescence and systemic changes, further exacerbates these conditions. miRNAs, small noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression, play key roles in these processes, impacting pathways involved in cell proliferation, apoptosis, and cancer metastasis, either as tumor suppressors or oncogenes. Importantly, specific miRNAs are implicated in mediating the impact of obesity and aging on BC. Exploring the regulatory networks controlled by miRNAs provides valuable information on new targets for therapy and predictive markers, demonstrating the potential for using miRNA-based interventions to treat BC in obese and elderly individuals. This review emphasizes the importance of integrated research strategies to understand the complex connections between obesity, aging, and miRNA regulation in BC.

Identification and Validation of Lipid Metabolism Gene FASN-Associated miRNA in Wilms Tumor

miRNA has been a research hotspot in recent years and its scope of action is very wide, involving the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and other biological behaviors. This study intends to explore the role of miRNA in the lipid metabolism and development of Wilms tumor (WT) by detecting and analyzing the differences in the expression profiles of miRNAs between the tumor and adjacent normal tissue. Gene detection was performed in tumor tissues and adjacent normal tissues of three cases of WT to screen differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs). According to our previous research, FASN, which participates in the lipid metabolism pathway, may be a target of WT. The starBase database was used to predict FASN-targeted miRNAs. The above two groups of miRNAs were intersected to obtain FASN-targeted DEMs and then GO Ontology (GO) functional enrichment analysis of FASN-targeted DEMs was performed. Finally, the FASN-targeted DEMs were compared and further verified by qRT‒PCR. Through gene sequencing and differential analysis, 287 DEMs were obtained, including 132 upregulated and 155 downregulated miRNAs. The top ten DEMs were all downregulated. Fourteen miRNAs targeted by the lipid metabolism-related gene FASN were predicted by starBase. After intersection with the DEMs, three miRNAs were finally obtained, namely, miR-107, miR-27a-3p, and miR-335-5p. GO enrichment analysis was mainly concentrated in the Parkin-FBXW7-Cul1 ubiquitin ligase complex and response to prostaglandin E. Further experimental verification showed that miR-27a-3p was significantly correlated with WT (P = 0.0018). Imbalanced expression of miRNAs may be involved in the occurrence and development of WT through lipid metabolism. The expression of miR-27a-3p is related to the malignant degree of WT, and it may become the target of diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of WT in the later stage.

Discovery of Palindrome Dual PPARγ-GPR40 Agonists for Treating Type 2 Diabetes

This work describes a first attempt of palindromic design for dual compounds that act simultaneously on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and G-protein-coupled receptor 40 (GPR40) for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. The compounds were synthesized by multi-step chemical reactions and the relative mRNA expression levels of PPARγ, GPR40, and GLUT-4 were measured in cultured C2 C12 muscle cells and RIN-m5 f β-pancreatic cells. In addition, insulin secretion and GLUT-4 translocation were measured. Compound 2 displayed a moderate increase in the mRNA expression of PPARγ and GPR40. However, the translocation of the GLUT-4 transporter was 400 % with a similar effect to pioglitazone. The in vivo effect of compound 2 was determined at 25 mg/kg single dose using a normoglycemic and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) rat models. Compound 2 showed basal plasma glucose in diabetic rats with feed intake, which is associated with the moderate release of insulin measured in cells. Surprisingly, the glucose does not decrease in normoglycemic rats. Compound 2 maintained significant interactions with the GPR40 and PPARγ receptors during molecular dynamics. Altogether, the results demonstrate that compound 2, with a palindromic design, simultaneously activates PPARγ and GPR40 receptors without inducing hypoglycemia.

Resveratrol inhibits white adipose deposition by the ESR1-mediated PI3K/AKT signaling pathway

Excessive adipose accumulation is the primary cause of obesity. Resveratrol (RES), a natural polyphenolic compound, has garnered significant attention for its anti-obesity properties. However, the precise mechanisms by which RES influences fat deposition have not yet been explored. In this study, the aim was to identify the target proteins and associated pathways of RES in order to elucidate the mechanisms by which RES reduces fat deposition. In this study, mice were administered 400 mg/kg of RES via gavage for 12 weeks. We found that while 400 mg/kg RES had no impact on the growth of the mice, it significantly reduced the weight of various white adipose tissues, as well as the serum and liver concentrations of total cholesterol and triglycerides. Network pharmacology identified 15 potential targets of RES and highlighted the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway as a key pathway. Molecular docking and dynamic simulations suggested that ESR1 might be the target protein through which RES exerts its anti-fat deposition effects. In vitro experiments revealed that ESR1 promotes the proliferation and inhibits the differentiation of 3 T3-L1 adipocytes, and suppresses the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Silencing the ESR1 gene altered the ability of RES to inhibit cell differentiation via the PI3K/AKT pathway. Gene expression results in subcutaneous adipose tissue, epididymal fat tissue, and liver tissue of mice were consistent with observations in cells. In summary, RES reduces white fat deposition by directly targeting the ESR1 protein and inhibiting the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Our findings provide new insights into the potential use of RES in the prevention and treatment of obesity.

Dietary modulation of microRNAs in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes

The prevalence of type 2 diabetes is increasing worldwide. Various molecular mechanisms have been proposed to interfere with the insulin signaling pathway. Recent advances in proteomics and genomics indicate that one such mechanism involves the post-transcriptional regulation of insulin signaling by microRNA (miRNA). These noncoding RNAs typically induce messenger RNA (mRNA) degradation or translational repression by interacting with the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of target mRNA. Dietary components and patterns, which can either enhance or impair the insulin signaling pathway, have been found to regulate miRNA expression in both in vitro and in vivo studies. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge of how dietary components influence the expression of miRNAs related to the control of the insulin signaling pathway and discusses the potential application of these findings in precision nutrition.

Effect of genistein supplementation on microenvironment regulation of breast tumors in obese mice

Obesity is an important risk factor for breast cancer in women before and after menopause. Adipocytes, key mediators in the tumor microenvironment, play a pivotal role in the relationship between obesity with cancer. However, the potential of dietary components in modulating this relationship remains underexplored. Genistein, a soy-derived isoflavone, has shown promise in reducing breast cancer risk, attenuating obesity-associated inflammation, and improving insulin resistance. However, there are no reports examining whether genistein has the ability to reduce the effects of obesity on breast tumor development. In this study, we constructed a mammary tumor model in ovariectomized obese mice and examined the effects of genistein on body condition and tumor growth. Moreover, the effects of genistein on the tumor microenvironment were examined via experimental observation of peritumoral adipocytes and macrophages. In addition, we further investigated the effect of genistein on adipocyte and breast cancer cell crosstalk via coculture experiments. Our findings indicate that dietary genistein significantly alleviates obesity, systemic inflammation, and metabolic disorders induced by a high-fat diet in ovariectomized mice. Notably, it also inhibits tumor growth in vivo. The impact of genistein extends to the tumor microenvironment, where it reduces the production of cancer-associated adipocytes (CAAs) and the recruitment of M2d-subtype macrophages. In vitro, genistein mitigates the transition of adipocytes into CAAs and inhibits the expression of inflammatory factors by activating PPAR-γ pathway and degrading nuclear NF-κB. Furthermore, it impedes the acquisition of invasive properties and epithelial‒mesenchymal transition in breast cancer cells under CAA-induced inflammation, disrupting the Wnt3a/β-catenin pathway. Intriguingly, the PPAR-γ inhibitor T0070907 counteracted the effects of genistein in the coculture system, underscoring the specificity of its action. Our study revealed that genistein can mitigate the adverse effects of obesity on breast cancer by modulating the tumor microenvironment. These findings provide new insights into how genistein intake and a soy-based diet can reduce breast cancer risk.

Single-Atom Ce-N-C Nanozyme Ameliorates Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus by Improving Glucose Metabolism Disorders and Reducing Oxidative Stress

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) as a chronic metabolic disease has become a global public health problem. Insulin resistance (IR) is the main pathogenesis of T2DM. Oxidative stress refers to an imbalance between free radical production and the antioxidant system, causing insulin resistance and contributing to the development of T2DM via several molecular mechanisms. Besides, the reduction in hepatic glycogen synthesis also leads to a decrease in peripheral insulin sensitivity. Thus, reducing oxidative stress and promoting glycogen synthesis are both targets for improving insulin resistance and treating T2DM. The current study aims to investigate the pharmacological effects of single-atom Ce-N-C nanozyme (SACe-N-C) on the improvement of insulin resistance and to elucidate its underlying mechanisms using HFD/STZ-induced C57BL/6J mice and insulin-resistant HepG2 cells. The results indicate that SACe-N-C significantly improves hepatic glycogen synthesis and reduces oxidative stress, as well as pancreatic and liver injury. Specifically, compared to the T2DM model group, fasting blood glucose decreased by 29%, hepatic glycogen synthesis increased by 17.13%, and insulin secretion increased by 18.87%. The sod and GPx in the liver increased by 17.80% and 25.28%, respectively. In terms of mechanism, SACe-N-C modulated glycogen synthesis through the PI3K/AKT/GSK3β signaling pathway and activated the Keap1/Nrf2 pathway to alleviate oxidative stress. Collectively, this study suggests that SACe-N-C has the potential to treat T2DM.

Alisma Orientalis Extract Ameliorates Hepatic Iron Deregulation in MAFLD Mice via FXR-Mediated Gene Repression

Iron is a vital trace element for our bodies and its imbalance can lead to various diseases. The progression of metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is often accompanied by disturbances in iron metabolism. Alisma orientale extract (AOE) has been reported to alleviate MAFLD. However, research on its specific lipid metabolism targets and its potential impact on iron metabolism during the progression of MAFLD remains limited. To establish a model of MAFLD, mice were fed either a standard diet (CON) or a high-fat diet (HFD) for 9 weeks. The mice nourished on the HFD were then randomly assigned to the HF group and the HFA group, with the HFA group receiving AOE by gavage on a daily basis for 13 weeks. Supplementation with AOE remarkably reduced overabundant lipid accumulation in the liver and restored the iron content of the liver. AOE partially but significantly reversed dysregulated lipid metabolizing genes (SCD1, PPAR γ, and CD36) and iron metabolism genes (TFR1, FPN, and HAMP) induced by HFD. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays indicated that the reduced enrichment of FXR on the promoters of SCD1 and FPN genes induced by HFD was significantly reversed by AOE. These findings suggest that AOE may alleviate HFD-induced disturbances in liver lipid and iron metabolism through FXR-mediated gene repression.

Acute Effects of Dietary Protein Consumption on the Postprandial Metabolic Response, Amino Acid Levels and Circulating MicroRNAs in Patients with Obesity and Insulin Resistance

The post-nutritional intervention modulation of miRNA expression has been previously investigated; however, post-acute dietary-ingestion-related miRNA expression dynamics in individuals with obesity and insulin resistance (IR) are unknown. We aimed to determine the acute effects of protein ingestion from different dietary sources on the postprandial metabolic response, amino acid levels, and circulating miRNA expression in adults with obesity and IR. This clinical trial included adults with obesity and IR who consumed (1) animal-source protein (AP; calcium caseinate) or (2) vegetable-source protein (VP; soy protein isolate). Glycaemic, insulinaemic, and glucagon responses, amino acid levels, and exosomal microRNAs isolated from plasma were analysed. Post-AP ingestion, the area under the curve (AUC) of insulin (p = 0.04) and the plasma concentrations of branched-chain (p = 0.007) and gluconeogenic (p = 0.01) amino acids increased. The effects of different types of proteins on the concentration of miRNAs were evaluated by measuring their plasma circulating levels. Compared with the baseline, the AP group presented increased circulating levels of miR-27a-3p, miR-29b-3p, and miR-122-5p (p < 0.05). Subsequent analysis over time at 0, 30, and 60 min revealed the same pattern and differences between treatments. We demonstrated that a single dose of dietary protein has acute effects on hormonal and metabolic regulation and increases exosomal miRNA expression in individuals with obesity and IR.

Hippo-YAP/TAZ-ROS signaling axis regulates metaflammation induced by SelenoM deficiency in high-fat diet-derived obesity

INTRODUCTION

Metabolic inflammation (metaflammation) in obesity is primarily initiated by proinflammatory macrophage infiltration into adipose tissue. SelenoM contributes to the modulation of antioxidative stress and inflammation in multiple pathological processes; however, its roles in metaflammation and the proinflammatory macrophage (M1)-like state in adipose tissue have not been determined.

OBJECTIVES

We hypothesize that SelenoM could effectively regulate metaflammation via the Hippo-YAP/TAZ-ROS signaling axis in obesity derived from a high-fat diet.

METHODS

Morphological changes in adipose tissue were examined by hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining and fluorescence microscopy. The glucose tolerance test (GTT) and insulin tolerance test (ITT) were used to evaluate the impact of SelenoM deficiency on blood glucose levels. RNA-Seq analysis, LC-MS analysis, Mass spectrometry analysis and western blotting were performed to detect the levels of genes and proteins related to glycolipid metabolism in adipose tissue.

RESULTS

Herein, we evaluated the inflammatory features and metabolic microenvironment of mice with SelenoM-deficient adipose tissues by multi-omics analyses. The deletion of SelenoM resulted in glycolipid metabolic disturbances and insulin resistance, thereby accelerating weight gain, adiposity, and hyperglycemia. Mice lacking SelenoM in white adipocytes developed severe adipocyte hypertrophy via impaired lipolysis. SelenoM deficiency aggravated the generation of ROS by reducing equivalents (NADPH and glutathione) in adipocytes, thereby promoting inflammatory cytokine production and the M1-proinflammatory reaction, which was related to a change in nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) levels in macrophages. Mechanistically, SelenoM deficiency promoted metaflammation via Hippo-YAP/TAZ-ROS-mediated transcriptional regulation by targeting large tumor suppressor 2 (LATS2). Moreover, supplementation with N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) to reduce excessive oxidative stress partially rescued adipocyte inflammatory responses and macrophage M1 activation.

CONCLUSION

Our data indicate that SelenoM ameliorates metaflammation mainly via the Hippo-YAP/TAZ-ROS signaling axis in obesity. The identification of SelenoM as a key regulator of metaflammation presents opportunities for the development of novel therapeutic interventions targeting adipose tissue dysfunction in obesity.

Crosstalk between MiRNAs/lncRNAs and PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in diabetes mellitus: Mechanistic and therapeutic perspectives

Diabetes as a fastest growing diseases worldwide is characterized by elevated blood glucose levels. There's an enormous financial burden associated with this endocrine disorder, with unequal access to health care between developed and developing countries. PI3Ks (phosphoinositide 3-kinases) have been demonstrated to be crucial for glucose homeostasis, and malfunctioning of these molecules can contribute to an increase in glucose serum levels, the main pathophysiological feature of diabetes. Additionally, recent evidence suggests that miRNAs and lncRNAs are reciprocally interacting with this signaling pathway. It is therefore evident that abnormal regulation of miRNAs/lncRNAs in the lncRNAs/miRNAs/PI3K/AKT axis is related to clinicopathological characteristics and plays a crucial role in the regulation of biological processes. It has therefore been attempted in this review to describe the interaction between PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and various miRNAs/lncRNAs and their importance in DM biology. We also presented the clinical applications of PI3K/AKT-related ncRNAs/herbal medicine in patients with DM.

The role of miR-143/miR-145 in the development, diagnosis, and treatment of diabetes

Objectives

Diabetes mellitus [DM], is a multifaceted metabolic disease, which has become a worldwide threat to human wellness. Over the past decades, an enormous amount of attention has been devoted to understanding how microRNAs [miRNAs], a class of small non-coding RNA regulators of gene expression at the post-transcriptional level, are tied to DM pathology. It has been demonstrated that miRNAs control insulin synthesis, secretion, and activity. This review aims to provide an evaluation of the use of miR-143 and miR-145 as biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of diabetes.

Methods

The use of miR-143 and miR-145 as biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of diabetes has been studied, and research that examined this link was sought after in the literature. In addition, we will discuss the cellular and molecular pathways of insulin secretion regulation by miR-143/145 expression and finally their role in diabetes.

Results

In the current review, we emphasize recent findings on the miR-143/145 expression profiles as novel DM biomarkers in clinical studies and animal models and highlight recent discoveries on the complex regulatory effect and functional role of miR-143/145 expression in DM.

Conclusion

A novel clinical treatment that alters the expression and activity of miR-143/miR-145 may be able to return cells to their natural state of glucose homeostasis, demonstrating the value of using comprehensive miRNA profiles to predict the beginning of diabetes.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40200-023-01317-y.

Bioinformatics study of the potential therapeutic effects of ginsenoside Rh3 in reversing insulin resistance

Background

In recent years, the incidence of insulin resistance is increasing, and it can cause a variety of Metabolic syndrome. Ginsenosides have been clinically proven to improve fat metabolism and reduce insulin resistance, but their components and mechanism of action are still unclear.

Objective

Ginsenoside, a bioactive compound derived from ginseng, exhibits significant potential in treating obesity, diabetes, and metabolic disorders. Despite evidence supporting its efficacy in ameliorating insulin resistance (IR) in obesity, the specific bioactive components and underlying mechanisms remain obscure. In this study, we endeavored to elucidate the potential molecular targets and pathways influenced by ginsenoside Rh3 (GRh3) to ameliorate IR in liver tissue. We employed a comprehensive approach that integrates system pharmacology and bioinformatics analysis.

Materials and methods

Our methodology involved the identification of candidate targets for GRh3 and the profiling of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to IR in individuals with insulin resistance. The coalescence of candidate targets and DEGs facilitated the construction of a "GRh3-targets-disease" network for each tissue type, ultimately yielding 38 shared target genes. Subsequently, we conducted pathway enrichment analysis, established protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks, and identified hub targets among the GRh3 targets and IR-related DEGs. Additionally, we conducted animal experiments to corroborate the role of these hub targets in the context of GRh3.

Results

Our investigation identified a total of 38 overlapping targets as potential candidates. Notably, our analysis revealed crucial hub targets such as EGFR, SRC, ESR1, MAPK1, and CASP3, alongside implicated signaling pathways, including those related to insulin resistance, the FoxO signaling pathway, the PPAR signaling pathway, and the IL-17 signaling pathway. This study establishes a robust foundation for the mechanisms underlying GRh3's efficacy in mitigating IR. Furthermore, these results suggest that GRh3 may serve as a representative compound within the ginsenoside family.

Conclusion

This study elucidates the potential molecular targets and associated pathways through which GRh3 ameliorates IR, showcasing its multifaceted nature, spanning multiple targets, pathways, and mechanisms. These findings establish a robust foundation for subsequent experimental inquiries and clinical applications.

Association of lncRNA MEG3 rs941576 polymorphism, expression profile, and its related targets with the risk of obesity-related colorectal cancer: potential clinical insights

The identification of novel screening tools is imperative to empower the early detection of colorectal cancer (CRC). The influence of the long non-coding RNA maternally expressed gene 3 (MEG3) rs941576 single nucleotide polymorphism on CRC susceptibility remains uninvestigated. This research appraised MEG3 rs941576 association with the risk and clinical features of CRC and obesity-related CRC and its impact on serum MEG3 expression and its targets miR-27a/insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1)/IGF binding protein 3 (IGFBP3) and miR-181a/sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), along with the potential of these markers in obesity-related CRC diagnosis. 130 CRC patients (60 non-obese and 70 obese) and 120 cancer-free controls (64 non-obese and 56 obese) were enrolled. MEG3 targets were selected using bioinformatics analysis. MEG3 rs941576 was associated with magnified CRC risk in overall (OR (95% CI) 4.69(1.51-14.57), P = 0.0018) and stratified age and gender groups, but not with obesity-related CRC risk or MEG3/downstream targets' expression. Escalated miR-27a and IGFBP3 and reduced IGF1 serum levels were concomitant with MEG3 downregulation in overall CRC patients versus controls and obese versus non-obese CRC patients. Serum miR-181a and SIRT1 were upregulated in CRC patients versus controls but weren't altered in the obese versus non-obese comparison. Serum miR-181a and miR-27a were superior in overall and obesity-related CRC diagnosis, respectively; meanwhile, IGF1 was superior in distinguishing obese from non-obese CRC patients. Only serum miR-27a was associated with obesity-related CRC risk in multivariate logistic analysis. Among overall CRC patients, MEG3 rs941576 was associated with lymph node (LN) metastasis and tumor stage, serum MEG3 was negatively correlated with tumor stage, while SIRT1 was correlated with the anatomical site. Significant correlations were recorded between MEG3 and anatomical site, SIRT1 and tumor stage, and miR-27a/IGFBP3 and LN metastasis among obese CRC patients, while IGF1 was correlated with tumor stage and LN metastasis among non-obese CRC patients. Conclusively, this study advocates MEG3 rs941576 as a novel genetic marker of CRC susceptibility and prognosis. Our findings accentuate circulating MEG3/miR-27a/IGF1/IGFBP3, especially miR-27a as valuable markers for the early detection of obesity-related CRC. This axis along with SIRT1 could benefit obesity-related CRC prognosis.

The role of RUNX1/NF-κB in regulating PVAT inflammation in aortic dissection

The pathogenesis of aortic dissection (AD), an aortic disease associated with high mortality, involves significant vascular inflammatory infiltration. However, the precise relationship between perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) and aortic dissection remains incompletely understood. The objective of this study is to investigate the role of PVAT inflammation in the pathogenesis of aortic dissection and identify novel therapeutic targets for this disease. The mouse model of aortic dissection was established in this study through intraperitoneal injection of Ang II and administration of BAPN in drinking water. Additionally, control groups were established at different time points including the 2-week group, 3-week group, and 4-week group. qPCR and immunohistochemistry techniques were employed to detect the expression of inflammatory markers and RUNX1 in PVAT surrounding the thoracic aorta in mice. Additionally, an aortic dissection model was established using RUNX1 knockout mice, and the aforementioned indicators were assessed. The 3T3-L1 cells were induced to differentiate into mature adipocytes in vitro, followed by lentivirus transfection for the knockdown or overexpression of RUNX1. The study aimed to investigate the potential cell-to-cell interactions by co-culturing 3T3-L1 cells with A7r5 or RAW264.7 cells. Subsequently, human aortic PVAT samples were obtained through clinical surgery and the aforementioned indicators were detected. In comparison to the control group, the aortic dissection model group exhibited decreased expression of MMP-2 and NF-κB in PVAT, while TNF-α and RUNX1 expression increased. Suppression of RUNX1 expression resulted in increased MMP-2 and NF-κB expression in PVAT, along with decreased TNF-α expression. Overexpression of RUNX1 upregulated the expression levels of NF-Κb, MMP-2, and TNF-α in adipocytes, whereas knockdown of RUNX1 exerted an opposite effect. Macrophages co-cultured with adipocytes overexpressing RUNX1 exhibited enhanced CD86 expression, while vascular smooth muscle cells co-cultured with these adipocytes showed reduced α-SMA expression. In human samples, there was an increase in both RUNX1 and MMP-2 expression levels, accompanied by a decrease in TNF-α and NF-Κb expression. The presence of aortic dissection is accompanied by evident inflammatory alterations in the PVAT, and this phenomenon appears to be associated with the involvement of RUNX1. It is plausible that the regulation of PVAT's inflammatory changes by RUNX1/NF-κB signaling pathway plays a role in the pathogenesis of aortic dissection.

Characterization and Function Analysis of miRNA Editing during Fat Deposition in Chinese Indigenous Ningxiang Pigs

This study aimed to identify active miRNA editing sites during adipose development in Ningxiang pigs and analyze their characteristics and functions. Based on small RNA-seq data from the subcutaneous adipose tissues of Ningxiang pigs at four stages-30 days (piglet), 90 days (nursery), 150 days (early fattening), and 210 days (late fattening)-we constructed a developmental map of miRNA editing in the adipose tissues of Ningxiang pigs. A total of 505 miRNA editing sites were identified using the revised pipeline, with C-to-U editing types being the most prevalent, followed by U-to-C, A-to-G, and G-to-U. Importantly, these four types of miRNA editing exhibited base preferences. The number of editing sites showed obvious differences among age groups, with the highest occurrence of miRNA editing events observed at 90 days of age and the lowest at 150 days of age. A total of nine miRNA editing sites were identified in the miRNA seed region, with significant differences in editing levels (p < 0.05) located in ssc-miR-23a, ssc-miR-27a, ssc-miR-30b-5p, ssc-miR-15a, ssc-miR-497, ssc-miR-15b, and ssc-miR-425-5p, respectively. Target gene prediction and KEGG enrichment analyses indicated that the editing of miR-497 might potentially regulate fat deposition by inhibiting adipose synthesis via influencing target binding. These results provide new insights into the regulatory mechanism of pig fat deposition.

MHO or MUO? White adipose tissue remodeling

In this review, we delve into the intricate relationship between white adipose tissue (WAT) remodeling and metabolic aspects in obesity, with a specific focus on individuals with metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) and metabolically unhealthy obesity (MUO). WAT is a highly heterogeneous, plastic, and dynamically secreting endocrine and immune organ. WAT remodeling plays a crucial role in metabolic health, involving expansion mode, microenvironment, phenotype, and distribution. In individuals with MHO, WAT remodeling is beneficial, reducing ectopic fat deposition and insulin resistance (IR) through mechanisms like increased adipocyte hyperplasia, anti-inflammatory microenvironment, appropriate extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, appropriate vascularization, enhanced WAT browning, and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SWAT) deposition. Conversely, for those with MUO, WAT remodeling leads to ectopic fat deposition and IR, causing metabolic dysregulation. This process involves adipocyte hypertrophy, disrupted vascularization, heightened pro-inflammatory microenvironment, enhanced brown adipose tissue (BAT) whitening, and accumulation of visceral adipose tissue (VWAT) deposition. The review underscores the pivotal importance of intervening in WAT remodeling to hinder the transition from MHO to MUO. This insight is valuable for tailoring personalized and effective management strategies for patients with obesity in clinical practice.

Eicosapentaenoic Acid Alleviates Inflammatory Response and Insulin Resistance in Pregnant Mice With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

This study investigated the effect of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) on insulin resistance in pregnant mice with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and underlying mechanism. C57BL/6 mice fed with a high-fat diet for 4 weeks and the newly gestated were selected and injected with streptozotocin for GDM modeling. We demonstrated that the fasting insulin levels (FINS) and insulin sensitivity index (ISI) in serum and blood glucose level were significantly higher in GDM group than in normal control (NC) group. The low or high dose of EPA intervention reduced these levels, and the effect of high dose intervention was more significant. The area under the curve in GDM group was higher than that of NC group, and then gradually decreased after low or high dose of EPA treatment. The serum levels of TC, TG and LDL were increased in GDM group, while decreased in EPA group. GDM induced down-regulation of HDL level, and the low or high dose of EPA gradually increased this level. The levels of p-AKT2Ser, p-IRS-1Tyr, GLUT4, and ratios of pIRS-1Tyr/IRS-1 and pAKT2Ser/AKT2 in gastrocnemius muscle were reduced in GDM group, while low or high dose of EPA progressively increased these alterations. GDM enhanced TLR4, NF-kappaB p65, IL-1beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha levels in placental tissues, and these expressions were declined at different dose of EPA, and the decrease was greater at high dose. We concluded that EPA receded the release of inflammatory factors in the placental tissues by inhibiting the activation of TLR4 signaling, thereby alleviating the IR.

Lipocalin 2-A bone-derived anorexigenic and β-cell promoting signal: From mice to humans

The skeleton is traditionally known for its structural support, organ protection, movement, and maintenance of mineral homeostasis. Over the last 10 years, bone has emerged as an endocrine organ with diverse physiological functions. The two key molecules in this context are fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), secreted by osteocytes, and osteocalcin, a hormone produced by osteoblasts. FGF23 affects mineral homeostasis through its actions on the kidneys, and osteocalcin has beneficial effects in improving glucose homeostasis, muscle function, brain development, cognition, and male fertility. In addition, another osteoblast-derived hormone, lipocalin 2 (LCN2) has emerged into the researchers' field of vision. In this review, we mainly focus on LCN2's role in appetite regulation and glucose metabolism and also briefly introduce its effects in other pathophysiological conditions, such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, sarcopenic obesity, and cancer-induced cachexia.

miR-2765 involved in ammonia nitrogen stress via negative regulation of autophagy in shrimp

MicroRNA (miRNA) is a highly conserved non-coding tiny endogenous RNA molecule that regulates various cellular functions by inhibiting mRNA translation or promoting the degradation of proteins. In this study, we identified a specific miRNA (designed as Pva-miR-2765) from Penaeus vannamei, which widely distributed in different tissues of shrimp, with the highest concentration found in the intestine. Through fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), we observed that Pva-miR-2765 is primarily located in the cytoplasm. Interestingly, we found that the expression of Pva-miR-2765 significantly decreased in hemocytes, hepatopancreas and gill under ammonia nitrogen stress. Furthermore, when Pva-miR-2765 was silenced, the autophagy level in shrimp significantly increased. Additionally, Pva-miR-2765 was found to promote pathological damage in the hepatopancreas of shrimp. Subsequently, correlation analysis revealed a negative relationship between the expression of Pva-miR-2765 and PvTBC1D7. To confirm this interaction, we conducted a dual luciferase reporter gene assay, which demonstrated that Pva-miR-2765 inhibit the expression of PvTBC1D7 by interacting with its 3'UTR. And the expression level of PvTBC1D7 in shrimp decreased significantly under ammonia nitrogen stress in Pva-miR-2765 overexpressed. Our findings suggest that Pva-miR-2765 can reduce autophagy in P. vannamei by inhibiting the regulation of PvTBC1D7, thereby participating in the oxidative stress of shrimp caused by ammonia nitrogen stress.

Fibroblast growth factor 21 alleviates diabetes-induced cognitive decline

Diabetes mellitus (DM) causes damage to the central nervous system, resulting in cognitive impairment. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) exhibits the potential to alleviate neurodegeneration. However, the therapeutic effect of intracerebroventricular (i.c.v) FGF21 infusion on diabetes-induced cognitive decline (DICD) and its potential mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, the impact of FGF21 on DICD was explored, and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics plus 13C NMR spectroscopy in combine with intravenous [1-13C]-glucose infusion were used to investigate the underlying metabolic mechanism. Results revealed that i.c.v FGF21 infusion effectively improved learning and memory performance of DICD mice; neuron loss and apoptosis in hippocampus and cortex were significantly blocked, suggesting a potential neuroprotective role of FGF21 in DICD. Metabolomics results revealed that FGF21 modulated DICD metabolic alterations related to glucose and neurotransmitter metabolism, which are characterized by distinct recovered enrichment of [3-13C]-lactate, [3-13C]-aspartate, [4-13C]-glutamine, [3-13C]-glutamine, [4-13C]-glutamate, and [4-13C]- γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) from [1-13C]-glucose. Moreover, diabetes-induced neuron injury and metabolic dysfunctions might be mediated by PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β signaling pathway inactivation in the hippocampus and cortex, which were activated by i.c.v injection of FGF21. These findings indicate that i.c.v FGF21 infusion exerts its neuroprotective effect on DICD by remodeling cerebral glucose and neurotransmitter metabolism by activating the PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β signaling pathway.

Revving the engine: PKB/AKT as a key regulator of cellular glucose metabolism

Glucose metabolism is of critical importance for cell growth and proliferation, the disorders of which have been widely implicated in cancer progression. Glucose uptake is achieved differently by normal cells and cancer cells. Even in an aerobic environment, cancer cells tend to undergo metabolism through glycolysis rather than the oxidative phosphorylation pathway. Disordered metabolic syndrome is characterized by elevated levels of metabolites that can cause changes in the tumor microenvironment, thereby promoting tumor recurrence and metastasis. The activation of glycolysis-related proteins and transcription factors is involved in the regulation of cellular glucose metabolism. Changes in glucose metabolism activity are closely related to activation of protein kinase B (PKB/AKT). This review discusses recent findings on the regulation of glucose metabolism by AKT in tumors. Furthermore, the review summarizes the potential importance of AKT in the regulation of each process throughout glucose metabolism to provide a theoretical basis for AKT as a target for cancers.

Low-dose Lipopolysaccharide Alleviates Spinal Cord Injury-induced Neuronal Inflammation by Inhibiting microRNA-429-mediated Suppression of PI3K/AKT/Nrf2 Signaling

This study investigated the impact of low-dose lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on spinal cord injury (SCI) and the potential molecular mechanism. Rats were randomly assigned to four groups: Sham, SCI, SCI + LPS, and SCI + LPS + agomir. Allen's weight-drop method was used to establish an in vivo SCI model. The Basso Bcattie Bresnahan rating scale was employed to monitor locomotor function. An in vitro SCI model was constructed by subjecting PC12 cells to oxygen and glucose deprivation/ reoxygenation (OGD/R). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was applied for the determination interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6. The dual luciferase reporter assay was used to validate the targeting of microRNA (miR)-429 with PI3K. Immunohistochemical staining was used to assess the expression of PI3K, phosphorylated AKT and Nrf2 proteins. The Nrf2-downstream anti-oxidative stress proteins, OH-1 and NQO1, were detected by western blot assay. MiR-429 expression was detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization and real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR. In vitro, low-dose LPS decreased miR-429 expression, activated PI3K/AKT/Nrf2, inhibited oxidative stress and inflammation, and attenuated SCI. MiR-429 was found to target and negatively regulate PI3K. Inhibition of miR-429 suppressed low-dose LPS-mediated oxidative stress and inflammation via activation of the PI3K/AKT/Nrf2 pathway. In vivo, miR-429 was detectable in neurons. Inhibition of miR-429 blocked low-dose LPS-mediated oxidative stress and inflammation via activation of the PI3K/AKT/Nrf2 pathway. Overall, low-dose LPS was found to alleviate SCI-induced neuronal oxidative stress and inflammatory response by down-regulating miR-429 to activate the PI3K/AKT/Nrf2 pathway.

Adipocyte-derived exosomal miR-22-3p modulated by circadian rhythm disruption regulates insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle cells

Circadian rhythm disruption leads to dysregulation of lipid metabolism, which further drive the occurrence of insulin resistance (IR). Exosomes are natural carrier systems that advantageous for cell communication. In the present study, we aimed to explore whether and how the exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) in circulation participate in modulating skeletal muscle IR induced by circadian rhythm disruption. In the present study, 24-h constant light (12-h light/12-h light, LL) was used to establish the mouse model of circadian rhythm disruption. Bmal1 interference was used to establish the cell model of circadian rhythm disruption. And in clinical experiments, we chose a relatively large group of rhythm disturbance-shift nurses. We showed that LL-induced circadian rhythm disruption led to increased body weight and visceral fat volume, as well as occurrence of IR in vivo. Furthermore, exosomal miR-22-3p derived from adipocytes in the context of circadian rhythm disruption induced by Bmal1 interference could be uptaken by skeletal muscle cells to promote IR occurrence in vitro. Moreover, miR-22-3p in circulation was positively correlated with the clinical IR-associated factors. Collectively, these data showed that exosomal miR-22-3p in circulation may act as potential biomarker and therapeutic target for skeletal muscle IR, contributing to the prevention of diabetes in the context of rhythm disturbance.

SIRT1 alleviates insulin resistance and respiratory distress in late preterm rats by activating QKI5-mediated PPARγ/PI3K/AKT pathway

Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS) is a common complication of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and late preterm births. Research suggests that SIRT1 was involved in LPS-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome, but its mechanism remains to be further explored. Here, pregnant rats were intraperitoneally injected with 45 mg/Kg streptozotocin at day 0 of gestation to induce GDM and injected with LPS at day 17 of gestation to induce late preterm birth. Pioglitazone (a PPARγ agonist) was administered from day 17 to parturition in GDM group, and it was administered for 3 days before LPS injection in late preterm birth group. SRT1720 (a SIRT1 activator) was administered by oral gavage from day 0 to day 17 in both groups. Our data showed that activation of SIRT1 or PPARγ alleviated the abnormal blood glucose metabolism and lung tissue injury, downregulated expression of surfactant proteins (SP-B and SP-C), and decreased activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway induced by GDM and late preterm birth in neonatal rats. Moreover, an insulin resistance model was established by treating primary AT-II cells with insulin. Activation of SIRT1 reversed insulin-induced reduction in cell proliferation, glucose consumption, SP-B and SP-C expression, and the activity of the PI3K/AKT pathway and increase in cellular inflammation and apoptosis. Mechanistically, SIRT1 upregulated PPARγ expression via deacetylation of QKI5, an RNA binding protein that can stabilize its target mRNA molecules, and then activated the PI3K/AKT pathway. In conclusion, SIRT1 promotes the expression of PPARγ via upregulation of QKI5 and activates the PI3K/AKT pathway, thus mitigating NRDS caused by GDM and late preterm birth.

Advances in Studies of Chiglitazar Sodium, a Novel PPAR Pan-Agonist, for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Chiglitazar sodium is a new peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) pan-agonist with independent intellectual property rights in China. It can treat type 2 diabetes mellitus and regulate metabolism by modestly activating PPARα, PPARγ, and PPARδ to improve insulin sensitivity, regulate blood glucose, and promote fatty acid oxidation and utilization. Chiglitazar sodium has a significant insulin-sensitizing effect and is advantageous in reducing fasting and postprandial blood glucose levels, particularly at the 48 mg dose in patients with concomitant high triglycerides in terms of blood glucose and triglyceride level control.

Comprehensive Molecular Evaluation of HNF-1 Alpha, miR-27a, and miR-146 Gene Variants and Their Link with Predisposition and Progression in Type 2 Diabetes Patients

BACKGROUND

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a metabolic condition induced by insulin resistance and pancreatic beta cell dysfunction. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have biological significance because they regulate processes such as the molecular signaling pathways involved in the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus. The hepatocyte nuclear factor-1 alpha (HNF-1 alpha) is a transcription factor found in hepatocytes and the pancreas. Mutations in the HNF-1 alpha gene were reportedly associated with maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY). The objective of the present study was to examine the associations between MiR-27a, MiR-146, and HNF-1 alpha single-nucleotide variations (SNVs) with T2D risk in the Saudi population.

METHODOLOGY

We evaluated the association of SNVs of miR-27a rs895819 A>G, 146a-rs2910164 C>G, and HNF-1 alpha rs1169288 G>T (I27L) with the risk of T2D in Saudi patients with the Amplification Refractory Mutation System PCR (ARMS-PCR). For the miR-27a SNVs, we used 115 cases (82 males, 33 females) and 117 matched healthy controls (HCs); for the Mir-146 SNVs, we used 103 cases (70 males, 33 females) and 108 matched HCs; and for the HNF-1 alpha, we employed 110 patients (80 males, 30 females) and 110 HCs. The blood biochemistry of the participants was essayed using commercial kits, and the methods of statistical analysis used were the Chi-square test, the Fisher exact test, and a multivariate analysis based on logistic regression, like the odds ratio (OD) and risk ratio (RR), with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

RESULTS

The MiR-27a rs895819 AG genotype was linked to increased T2D susceptibility, with OR = 2.01 and p-value = 0.011, and the miR-146 rs2910164 CG genotype and C allele were linked to an elevated risk of T2D, with OR = 2.75, p-value < 0.0016, OR = 1.77, and p-value = 0.004. The results also showed that the GT genotype and T allele of the HNF-1 alpha (rs1169288) G>T is linked to T2D, with OR = 2.18, p-value = 0.0061, and 1.77, p-value = 0.0059.

CONCLUSIONS

The SNVs in miR-27a, miR-146, and HNF-1 alpha can be potential loci for T2D risk. The limitations of this study include the relatively small sample size and the fact that it was a cross-sectional study. To our knowledge, this is the first study to highlight the association between miR-27a, miR-146, and HNF-1 alpha SNVs and the risk of T2D in the Saudi population. Future large-scale case-control studies, as well as studies on the functions of the proteins and protein interaction studies for HNF-1 alpha, are required to verify our findings. Furthermore, these findings can be used for the identification and stratification of at-risk populations via genetic testing for T2D-prevention strategies.

Biomarkers of obesity-mediated insulin resistance: focus on microRNAs

Obesity and metabolic syndromes are becoming increasingly prevalent worldwide. Insulin resistance (IR) is a common complication of obesity. However, IR occurrence varies across individuals with obesity and may involve epigenetic factors. To rationalize the allocation of healthcare resources, biomarkers for the early risk stratification of individuals with obesity should be identified. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are closely associated with metabolic diseases and involved in epigenetic regulation. In this review, we have summarized the changes in miRNA expression in the peripheral circulation and tissues of patients and animals with obesity-associated IR over the last 5 years and identified several candidate biomarkers that predict obesity-related IR. There are areas for improvement in existing studies. First, more than the predictive validity of a single biomarker is required, and a biomarker panel needs to be formed. Second, miRNAs are often studied in isolation and do not form a network of signaling pathways. We believe that early biomarkers can help clinicians accurately predict individuals prone to obesity-related IR at an early stage. Epigenetic regulation may be one of the underlying causes of different clinical outcomes in individuals with obesity. Future studies should focus on objectively reflecting the differences in miRNA profile expression in individuals with obesity-related IR, which may help identify more reliable biomarkers. Understanding the metabolic pathways of these miRNAs can help design new metabolic risk prevention and management strategies, and support the development of drugs to treat obesity and metabolic disorders.

Decoding the regulatory roles of non-coding RNAs in cellular metabolism and disease

Non-coding RNAs, including long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs), are being studied extensively in a variety of fields. Their roles in metabolism have received increasing attention in recent years but are not yet clear. The regulation of glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid metabolism is an imperative physiological process that occurs in living organisms and takes part in cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Here, we summarize the important roles played by non-coding RNAs in glucose metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, and amino acid metabolism, as well as the mechanisms involved. We also summarize the therapeutic advances for non-coding RNAs in diseases such as obesity, cardiovascular disease, and some metabolic diseases. Overall, non-coding RNAs are indispensable factors in metabolism and have a significant role in the three major metabolisms, which may be exploited as therapeutic targets in the future.

Metabolic, structure-activity characteristics of conjugated linolenic acids and their mediated health benefits

Conjugated linolenic acid (CLnA) is a mixture of octadecenoic acid with multiple positional and geometric isomers (including four 9, 11, 13-C18:3 isomers and three 8, 10, 12-C18:3 isomers) that is mainly present in plant seeds. In recent years, CLnA has shown many promising health benefits with the deepening of research, but the metabolic characteristics, physiological function differences and mechanisms of different isomers are relatively complex. In this article, the metabolic characteristics of CLnA were firstly reviewed, with focus on its conversion, catabolism and anabolism. Then the possible mechanisms of CLnA exerting biological effects were summarized and analyzed from its own chemical and physical characteristics, as well as biological receptor targeting characteristics. In addition, the differences and mechanisms of different isomers of CLnA in anticancer, lipid-lowering, anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory physiological functions were compared and summarized. The current results show that the position and cis-trans conformation of conjugated structure endow CLnA with unique physical and chemical properties, which also makes different isomers have commonalities and particularities in the regulation of metabolism and physiological functions. Corresponding the metabolic characteristics of different isomers with precise nutrition strategy will help them to play a better role in disease prevention and treatment. CLnA has the potential to be developed into food functional components and dietary nutritional supplements. The advantages and mechanisms of different CLnA isomers in the clinical management of specific diseases need further study.

Obesity-Linked PPARγ Ser273 Phosphorylation Promotes Beneficial Effects on the Liver, despite Reduced Insulin Sensitivity in Mice

Since the removal of thiazolidinediones (TZDs) from the market, researchers have been exploring alternative anti-diabetic drugs that target PPARγ without causing adverse effects while promoting insulin sensitization by blocking serine 273 phosphorylation (Ser273 or S273). Nonetheless, the underlying mechanisms of the relationship between insulin resistance and S273 phosphorylation are still largely unknown, except for the involvement of growth differentiation factor (GDF3) regulation in the process. To further investigate potential pathways, we generated a whole organism knockin mouse line with a single S273A mutation (KI) that blocks the occurrence of its phosphorylation. Our observations of KI mice on different diets and feeding schedules revealed that they were hyperglycemic, hypoinsulinemic, presented more body fat at weaning, and presented an altered plasma and hepatic lipid profile, distinctive liver morphology and gene expression. These results suggest that total blockage of S273 phosphorylation may have unforeseen effects that, in addition to promoting insulin sensitivity, could lead to metabolic disturbances, particularly in the liver. Therefore, our findings demonstrate both the beneficial and detrimental effects of PPAR S273 phosphorylation and suggest selective modulation of this post translational modification is a viable strategy to treat type 2 diabetes.

PI3K/AKT pathway promotes keloid fibroblasts proliferation by enhancing glycolysis under hypoxia

Our previous study demonstrated altered glucose metabolism and enhanced phosphorylation of the PI3K/AKT pathway in keloid fibroblasts (KFb) under hypoxic conditions. However, whether the PI3K/AKT pathway influences KFb cell function by regulating glucose metabolism under hypoxic conditions remains unclear. Here, we show that when PI3K/AKT pathway was inactivated with LY294002, the protein expression of glycolytic enzymes decreased, while the amount of mitochondria and mitochondrial membrane potential increased. The key parameters of extracellular acidification rate markedly diminished, and those of oxygen consumption rate significantly increased after inhibition of the PI3K/AKT pathway. When the PI3K/AKT pathway was suppressed, the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial ROS (mitoROS) were significantly increased. Meanwhile, cell proliferation, migration and invasion were inhibited, and apoptosis was increased when the PI3K/AKT pathway was blocked. Additionally, cell proliferation was compromised when KFb were treated with both SC79 (an activator of the PI3K/AKT pathway) and 2-deoxy-d-glucose (an inhibitor of glycolysis), compared with the SC79 group. Moreover, a positive feedback mechanism was demonstrated between the PI3K/AKT pathway and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α). Our data collectively demonstrated that the PI3K/AKT pathway promotes proliferation and inhibits apoptosis in KFb under hypoxia by regulating glycolysis, indicating that the PI3K/AKT signalling pathway could be a therapeutic target for keloids.

Retraction Note: MiR-140 targets RAP2A to enable the proliferation of insulin-treated ovarian granulosa cells

This article has been retracted. Please see the Retraction Notice for more detail: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13048-020-0611-4.

The Anti-Obesity and Anti-Steatotic Effects of Chrysin in a Rat Model of Obesity Mediated through Modulating the Hepatic AMPK/mTOR/lipogenesis Pathways

BACKGROUND

Obesity is a complex multifactorial disease characterized by excessive adiposity, and is linked to an increased risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Flavonoids are natural polyphenolic compounds that exert interesting pharmacological effects as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and lipid-lowering agents. In the present study, we investigated the possible therapeutic effects of the flavonoid chrysin on obesity and NAFLD in rats, and the role of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways in mediating these effects.

METHOD

Thirty-two Wistar male rats were divided into two groups: the control group and the obese group. Obesity was induced by feeding with an obesogenic diet for 3 months. The obese rats were subdivided into four subgroups, comprising an untreated group, and three groups treated orally with different doses of chrysin (25, 50, and 75 mg/kg/day for one month). Results revealed that chrysin treatment markedly ameliorated the histological changes and significantly and dose-dependently reduced the weight gain, hyperglycemia, and insulin resistance in the obese rats. Chrysin, besides its antioxidant boosting effects (increased GSH and decreased malondialdehyde), activated the AMPK pathway and suppressed the mTOR and lipogenic pathways, and stimulated expression of the genes controlling mitochondrial biogenesis in the hepatic tissues in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, chrysin could be a promising candidate for the treatment of obesity and associated NAFLD, aiding in attenuating weight gain and ameliorating glucose and lipid homeostasis and adipokines, boosting the hepatic mitochondrial biogenesis, and modulating AMPK/mTOR/SREBP-1c signaling pathways.

circITGB1 Regulates Adipocyte Proliferation and Differentiation via the miR-23a/ARRB1 Pathway

Adipose tissues represent an important energy storage organ in animals and are the largest endocrine organ. It plays an important regulatory role in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic syndrome. Adipose development is a complex biological process involving multiple key genes, signaling pathways, and non-coding RNAs, including microRNAs and circular RNAs. In this study, we characterized circITGB1 and named its host gene ITGB1, which is differentially expressed in sheep of different months based on sequencing data. We collated and analyzed the sequencing data to select miRNA-23a with strong binding to ARRB1. We found that miRNA-23a regulates the development and differentiation of sheep adipocytes by targeting ARRB1. As a competing endogenous RNA, circITGB1 overexpression effectively alleviated the inhibitory effect of miR-23a on ARRB1. Conclusively, we provide evidence that circITGB1 regulates the proliferation and differentiation of sheep adipocytes via the miR-23a/ARRB1 pathway. This study provides a scientific basis for further studies on adipose tissue development at the circRNA level.

The role of circulating miRNAs in mechanism of action and prediction of therapeutic responses of metformin in polycystic ovarian syndrome

OBJECTIVE

To study the involvement of microribonucleic acids (miRNAs) in the pathogenesis of chronic anovulation and mechanism of metformin treatment in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).

DESIGN

Case-control and prospective validation cohort study.

SETTING

Tertiary university hospital.

PATIENT(S)

A total of 146 patients with PCOS and chronic anovulation and 20 non-PCOS controls were enrolled. Patients who resumed ovulation after metformin treatment (MET-OV) and remained anovulatory after metformin treatment (MET-AO) were assigned to MET-OV and MET-AO groups, respectively.

INTERVENTION(S)

All patients with PCOS received metformin treatment for 6 months.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S)

Baseline and chronological changes in the plasma levels of 14 miRNAs (miR-21, 93, 132, 193b, 221, 222, 223, 27a, 125b, 200b, 212, 320a, 429, and 483) selected by literature review, anthropometric data, and hormonal as well as metabolic profiles were measured. Predictive modeling based on baseline circulatory miRNA levels and clinical parameters was performed to predict ovulation recovery after metformin treatment.

RESULT(S)

No significant differences were observed in the baseline hormonal and metabolic profiles between the MET-OV and MET-AO groups. However, the expression of miR-27a, miR-93, and miR-222 was significantly higher in the MET-OV group than that for the MET-AO and control groups. After 6 months of metformin treatment, the levels of insulin, luteinizing hormone, and 6 circulating miRNAs (miR-21, 27a, 93, 221, 222, and 223) and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance decreased significantly in the MET-OV group, but remained unchanged in the MET-AO group. The area under curve, sensitivity, and specificity of the adjusted prediction model, based on miRNA levels and clinical parameters using logistic regression analysis for predicting ovulatory response after metformin treatment, were 0.807, 0.892, and 0.632, respectively.

CONCLUSION(S)

The present study demonstrated a distinct pattern of baseline expression and chronological changes in the levels of several circulatory miRNAs between the MET-OV and MET-AO groups, suggesting that aberrantly overexpressed diabetogenic miRNAs are involved in the pathophysiology of chronic anovulation in PCOS, and their down-regulation might contribute toward the therapeutic effects of metformin. This could provide new insights into the mechanism of action and applicability of individualized metformin therapy in women with PCOS.

miR-27a Targeting PIK3R3 Regulates the Proliferation and Apoptosis of Sheep Hair Follicle Stem Cells

Micro RNAs are regulatory factors in tissue development, organ formation, cell growth, apoptosis and other biological processes. In particular, several miRNAs are related to the development of hair follicles. Here, we investigated the effect of the targeting of PIK3R3 by miR-27a on the AKT/MTOR pathway and on the proliferation and apoptosis of hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs) in sheep. Knockdown of the expression of PIK3R3 was found to significantly inhibit the proliferation and promote the apoptosis of HFSCs. Similarly, a miR-27a mimic significantly inhibited the proliferation and promoted the apoptosis of HFSCs. The miR-27a mimic was also shown to significantly inhibit the expression of PIK3R3, AKT, and MTOR and the phosphorylation of AKT and MTOR, while a miR-27a inhibitor increased the expression of these genes. The presence of an miR-27a binding site in the 3' UTR of PIK3R3 was identified by a bioinformatics analysis, and the interaction was verified with a dual-luciferase reporter assay. The expression of PIK3R3 mRNA and protein was negatively correlated with the presence of miR-27a, which suggests that this interaction may be involved in the biological impacts on proliferation and apoptosis. Thus, this study demonstrates that miR-27a plays a potential role in the proliferation and apoptosis of sheep hair follicle stem cells by targeting PIK3R3, which can be used to design new methods to improve sheep wool.

Signaling Pathways of Podocyte Injury in Diabetic Kidney Disease and the Effect of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is one of the most important comorbidities for patients with diabetes, and its incidence has exceeded one tenth, with an increasing trend. Studies have shown that diabetes is associated with a decrease in the number of podocytes. Diabetes can induce apoptosis of podocytes through several apoptotic pathways or induce autophagy of podocytes through related pathways. At the same time, hyperglycemia can also directly lead to apoptosis of podocytes, and the related inflammatory reactions are all harmful to podocytes. Podocyte damage is often accompanied by the production of proteinuria and the progression of DKD. As a new therapeutic agent for diabetes, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) have been demonstrated to be effective in the treatment of diabetes and the improvement of terminal outcomes in many rodent experiments and clinical studies. At the same time, SGLT2i can also play a protective role in diabetes-induced podocyte injury by improving the expression of nephrotic protein defects and inhibiting podocyte cytoskeletal remodeling. Some studies have also shown that SGLT2i can play a role in inhibiting the apoptosis and autophagy of cells. However, there is no relevant study that clearly indicates whether SGLT2i can also play a role in the above pathways in podocytes. This review mainly summarizes the damage to podocyte structure and function in DKD patients and related signaling pathways, as well as the possible protective mechanism of SGLT2i on podocyte function.

Role of Adipose Tissue microRNAs in the Onset of Metabolic Diseases and Implications in the Context of the DOHaD

The worldwide epidemic of obesity is associated with numerous comorbid conditions, including metabolic diseases such as insulin resistance and diabetes, in particular. The situation is likely to worsen, as the increase in obesity rates among children will probably lead to an earlier onset and more severe course for metabolic diseases. The origin of this earlier development of obesity may lie in both behavior (changes in nutrition, physical activity, etc.) and in children's history, as it appears to be at least partly programmed by the fetal/neonatal environment. The concept of the developmental origin of health and diseases (DOHaD), involving both organogenesis and epigenetic mechanisms, encompasses such programming. Epigenetic mechanisms include the action of microRNAs, which seem to play an important role in adipocyte functions. Interestingly, microRNAs seem to play a particular role in propagating local insulin resistance to other key organs, thereby inducing global insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. This propagation involves the active secretion of exosomes containing microRNAs by adipocytes and adipose tissue-resident macrophages, as well as long-distance communication targeting the muscles and liver, for example. Circulating microRNAs may also be useful as biomarkers for the identification of populations at risk of subsequently developing obesity and metabolic diseases.

Proteomic analysis of skeletal muscle in Chinese hamsters with type 2 diabetes mellitus reveals that OPLAH downregulation affects insulin resistance and impaired glucose uptake

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disease controlled by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The Chinese hamster, as a novel animal model of spontaneous T2DM with high phenotypic similarity to human disease, is of great value in identifying potential therapeutic targets for T2DM. Here, we used tandem mass tag (TMT) quantitative proteomics based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to assess the skeletal muscles of a Chinese hamster diabetes model. We identified 38 differentially abundant proteins, of which 14 were upregulated and 24 were downregulated. Further analysis of the differentially abundant proteins revealed that five of them (OPLAH, GST, EPHX1, SIRT5, ALDH1L1) were associated with oxidative stress; these were validated at the protein and mRNA levels, and the results were consistent with the proteomic analysis results. In addition, we evaluated the role of OPLAH in the pathogenesis of T2DM in human skeletal muscle cells (HSKMCs) by silencing it. The knockdown of OPLAH caused an increase in reactive oxygen species content, decreased the GSH content, inhibited the PI3K/Akt/GLUT4 signaling pathway, and reduced glucose uptake. We propose that OPLAH downregulation plays a role in insulin resistance and glucose uptake disorders in HSKMCs possibly via oxidative stress, making it a new therapeutic target for T2DM.

Role of Chemerin in Cardiovascular Diseases

(1) Background: Obesity is closely connected to the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Excess fat accumulation is associated with metabolic malfunctions that disrupt cardiovascular homeostasis by activating inflammatory processes that recruit immune cells to the site of injury and reduce nitric oxide levels, resulting in increased blood pressure, endothelial cell migration, proliferation, and apoptosis. Adipose tissue produces adipokines, such as chemerin, that may alter immune responses, lipid metabolism, vascular homeostasis, and angiogenesis. (2) Methods: We performed PubMed and MEDLINE searches for articles with English abstracts published between 1997 (when the first report on chemerin identification was published) and 2022. The search retrieved original peer-reviewed articles analyzed in the context of the role of chemerin in CVDs, explicitly focusing on the most recent findings published in the past five years. (3) Results: This review summarizes up-to-date findings related to mechanisms of chemerin action, its role in the development and progression of CVDs, and novel strategies for developing chemerin-targeting therapeutic agents for treating CVDs. (4) Conclusions: Extensive evidence points to chemerin's role in vascular inflammation, angiogenesis, and blood pressure modulation, which opens up exciting perspectives for developing chemerin-targeting therapeutic agents for the treatment of CVDs.

Genetic Determinants of Cardiovascular Disease: The Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase 3 (eNOS3), Krüppel-Like Factor-14 (KLF-14), Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (MTHFR), MiRNAs27a and Their Association with the Predisposition and Susceptibility to Coronary Artery Disease

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is an important cause of death worldwide. CAD is caused by genetic and other factors including hypertension, hyperlipidemia, obesity, stress, unhealthy diet, physical inactively, smoking and Type 2 diabetes (T2D). The genome wide association studies (GWASs) have revealed the association of many loci with risk to diseases such as cancers, T2D and CAD. Nitric oxide (NO) is a potent vasodilator and is required for normal vascular health. It is produced in the endothelial cells in a reaction catalyzed by the endothelial NO synthase (eNOS). Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) is a very important enzyme involved in metabolism of folate and homocysteine, and its reduced function leads to cardiovascular disease. The Krüppel-like factor-14 (KLF-14) is an important transcriptional regulator that has been implicated in metabolic syndrome. MicroRNA (MiRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs that regulate the gene expression of proteins involved in important physiological processes including cell cycle and metabolism. In the present study, we have investigated the potential impact of germline pathogenic variants of endothelial eNOS, KLF-14, MTHFR, MiRNA-27a and their association with risk to CAD in the Saudi population. Methods: Amplification Refractory Mutation System (ARMS) PCR was used to detect MTHFR, KLF-14, miRNA-27a and eNOS3 genotyping in CAD patients and healthy controls. About 125 CAD cases and 125 controls were enrolled in this study and statistical associations were calculated including p-value, risk ratio (RR), and odds ratio (OD). Results: There were statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) in genotype distributions of MTHFR 677 C>T, KLF-14 rs972283 G>A, miRNAs27a rs895819 A>G and eNOS3 rs1799983 G>T between CAD patients and controls. In addition, our results indicated that the MTHFR-TT genotype was associated with increased CAD susceptibility with an OR 2.75 (95%) and p < 0.049, and the KLF14-AA genotype was also associated with increased CAD susceptibility with an OR of 2.24 (95%) and p < 0.024. Moreover, the miRNAs27a-GG genotype protects from CAD risk with an OR = 0.31 (0.016), p = 0.016. Our results also indicated that eNOS3 -GT genotype is associated with CAD susceptibility with an OR = 2.65, and p < 0.0003. Conclusion: The MTHFR 677C>T, KLF14 rs972283 G>A, miRNAs27a A>G, and eNOS3 rs1799983 G>T genotypes were associated with CAD susceptibility (p < 0.05). These findings require verification in future large-scale population based studies before these loci are used for the prediction and identification of individuals at risk to CAD. Weight control, physical activity, and smoking cessation are very influential recommendations given by clinicians to the at risk individuals to reduce or delay the development of CAD.

Lycopene ameliorates skin aging by regulating the insulin resistance pathway and activating SIRT1

Microvascular loss is one of the most important characteristics of skin aging and several microvascular activities play key roles in preserving skin health. In vitro, lycopene (Ly) reduced the contents of reactive oxygen species (ROS), β-galactosidase, and advanced glycosylation end products (AGEs), while increasing the contents of ATP and NAD+/NADH along with the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Furthermore, the expression of Fibrillin-I and VEGF was increased in aged primary skin fibroblast cells (PRSFs). LC-MS non-targeted cell metabolomics demonstrated a mechanism by which (Ly) lycopene protects aging skin cells, and the KEGG analysis predicted the pathways involved. In vivo, aged rats exhibited signs of reduced capillary density and blood flow, skin aging, mitochondrial disorder, and insulin resistance. Following Ly intervention, these phenomena were reversed. Meanwhile, insulin pathway protein, VEGF, and SIRT1 protein expression data showed that lycopene might reverse insulin resistance and promote microvascular renewal to protect aging skin. In summary, all data demonstrated that Ly might reverse insulin resistance via SIRT1 during skin aging and promote microvascular neovascularization to protect aging skin.