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Moll GN. Agonists of galanin subtype 2 receptor may prevent pancreatic cancer and agonists of angiotensin II type 2 receptor may prevent colorectal cancer. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 978:176772. [PMID: 38925290 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains a dreadful disease with poor prognosis. While the prognosis of colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is better than that of PDAC, it still is the second-leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Recently, a (methyl)lanthionine-stabilized, highly receptor-specific agonist of galanin subtype 2 (GAL2) receptor inhibited the growth of GAL2 receptor-expressing patient-derived xenografts (PDX) of pancreatic cancer. Furthermore, a lanthionine-constrained agonist of angiotensin II type 2 (AT2) receptor inhibited PDX of colorectal cancer in mice. Stimulation of GAL2 receptor may modulate immune surveillance and inhibits PDAC via cell cycle inhibition and apoptosis. Consistent with GAL2 receptor-mediated tumor inhibition, for PDAC, survival is much higher for patients with high GAL2 receptor expression. Importantly, a (methyl)lanthionine-stabilized GAL2 receptor-specific agonist enhances expression of GAL2 receptor, not only in PDAC-PDX but also in healthy tissue indicating therapeutic and preventive potentials for GAL2 receptor agonists. AT2 receptor is interacting with four tumor suppressor proteins, Src homology phosphatase 1, Src homology phosphatase 2, Promyelocytic Leukemia Zinc Finger protein and Microtuble-Associated Scaffold Protein1, the latter also known as Angiotensin-II type 2 receptor-Interacting Protein. Pathways linked to these tumor suppressor proteins may enhance immune surveillance, prevent carcinogenesis, counter proliferation and stimulate apoptosis. Taken together, current data are prompting the hypothesis of a prophylactic treatment option with stable, specific and safe agonists of GAL2 receptor and AT2 receptor to prevent the emergence of pancreatic and colorectal cancer in individuals at risk.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Animals
- Colorectal Neoplasms/prevention & control
- Colorectal Neoplasms/metabolism
- Colorectal Neoplasms/pathology
- Colorectal Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/agonists
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/metabolism
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/prevention & control
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 2/agonists
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 2/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/pathology
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/prevention & control
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Gert N Moll
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborg 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, Netherlands.
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2
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Jasim SA, Farber IM, Noraldeen SAM, Bansal P, Alsaab HO, Abdullaev B, Alkhafaji AT, Alawadi AH, Hamzah HF, Mohammed BA. Incorporation of immunotherapies and nanomedicine to better normalize angiogenesis-based cancer treatment. Microvasc Res 2024; 154:104691. [PMID: 38703993 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2024.104691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Neoadjuvant targeting of tumor angiogenesis has been developed and approved for the treatment of malignant tumors. However, vascular disruption leads to tumor hypoxia, which exacerbates the treatment process and causes drug resistance. In addition, successful delivery of therapeutic agents and efficacy of radiotherapy require normal vascular networks and sufficient oxygen, which complete tumor vasculopathy hinders their efficacy. In view of this controversy, an optimal dose of FDA-approved anti-angiogenic agents and combination with other therapies, such as immunotherapy and the use of nanocarrier-mediated targeted therapy, could improve therapeutic regimens, reduce the need for administration of high doses of chemotherapeutic agents and subsequently reduce side effects. Here, we review the mechanism of anti-angiogenic agents, highlight the challenges of existing therapies, and present how the combination of immunotherapies and nanomedicine could improve angiogenesis-based tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Irina M Farber
- Department of children's diseases of the F. Filatov clinical institute of children's health, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of Health of Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Pooja Bansal
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetics, Jain (Deemed-to-be) University, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560069, India; Department of Allied Healthcare and Sciences, Vivekananda Global University, Jaipur, Rajasthan 303012, India
| | - Hashem O Alsaab
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bekhzod Abdullaev
- Research Department of Biotechnology, New Uzbekistan University, Mustaqillik Avenue 54, Tashkent 100007, Uzbekistan; Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Central Asian University, Milliy Bog Street 264, Tashkent 111221, Uzbekistan..
| | | | - Ahmed Hussien Alawadi
- College of Technical Engineering, the Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq; College of Technical Engineering, the Islamic University of Al Diwaniyah, Qadisiyyah, Iraq; College of Technical Engineering, the Islamic University of Babylon, Babylon, Iraq
| | - Hamza Fadhel Hamzah
- Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, AL-Nisour University College, Baghdad, Iraq
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3
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Lim S, Lee KW, Kim JY, Kim KD. Consideration of SHP-1 as a Molecular Target for Tumor Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:331. [PMID: 38203502 PMCID: PMC10779157 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Abnormal activation of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) contributes to tumorigenesis, while protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) contribute to tumor control. One of the most representative PTPs is Src homology region 2 (SH2) domain-containing phosphatase 1 (SHP-1), which is associated with either an increased or decreased survival rate depending on the cancer type. Hypermethylation in the promoter region of PTPN6, the gene for the SHP-1 protein, is a representative epigenetic regulation mechanism that suppresses the expression of SHP-1 in tumor cells. SHP-1 comprises two SH2 domains (N-SH2 and C-SH2) and a catalytic PTP domain. Intramolecular interactions between the N-SH2 and PTP domains inhibit SHP-1 activity. Opening of the PTP domain by a conformational change in SHP-1 increases enzymatic activity and contributes to a tumor control phenotype by inhibiting the activation of the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT3) pathway. Although various compounds that increase SHP-1 activation or expression have been proposed as tumor therapeutics, except sorafenib and its derivatives, few candidates have demonstrated clinical significance. In some cancers, SHP-1 expression and activation contribute to a tumorigenic phenotype by inducing a tumor-friendly microenvironment. Therefore, developing anticancer drugs targeting SHP-1 must consider the effect of SHP-1 on both cell biological mechanisms of SHP-1 in tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment according to the target cancer type. Furthermore, the use of combination therapies should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyeon Lim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea;
| | - Ki Won Lee
- Anti-Aging Bio Cell Factory—Regional Leading Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jeong Yoon Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Institute of Agricultural and Life Science (IALS), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52725, Republic of Korea;
| | - Kwang Dong Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea;
- Anti-Aging Bio Cell Factory—Regional Leading Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea;
- Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
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4
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AFROZE N, SUNDARAM MK, RAINA R, JATHAN J, BHAGAVATULA D, HAQUE S, HUSSAIN A. Concurrent treatment of flavonol with chemotherapeutics potentiates or counteracts the therapeutic implications in cervical cancer cells. MINERVA BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOMOLECULAR RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.23736/s2724-542x.22.02938-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
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5
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Anderson TS, Wooster AL, Piersall SL, Okpalanwaka IF, Lowe DB. Disrupting cancer angiogenesis and immune checkpoint networks for improved tumor immunity. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:981-996. [PMID: 35149179 PMCID: PMC9357867 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have advanced the field of cancer immunotherapy in patients by sustaining effector immune cell activity within the tumor microenvironment. However, the approach in general is still faced with issues related to ICI response duration/resistance, treatment eligibility, and safety, which indicates a need for further refinements. As immune checkpoint upregulation is inextricably linked to cancer-induced angiogenesis, newer clinical efforts have demonstrated the feasibility of disrupting both tumor-promoting networks to mediate enhanced immune-driven protection. This review focuses on such key evidence stipulating the necessity of co-applying ICI and anti-angiogenic strategies in cancer patients, with particular interest in highlighting newer engineered antibody approaches that may provide theoretically superior multi-pronged and safe therapeutic combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor S Anderson
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX, 79601, United States
| | - Amanda L Wooster
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX, 79601, United States
| | - Savanna L Piersall
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX, 79601, United States
| | - Izuchukwu F Okpalanwaka
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX, 79601, United States
| | - Devin B Lowe
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX, 79601, United States.
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6
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Chen JL, Chu PY, Huang CT, Huang TT, Wang WL, Lee YH, Chang YY, Dai MS, Shiau CW, Liu CY. Interfering B cell receptor signaling via SHP-1/p-Lyn axis shows therapeutic potential in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Mol Med 2022; 28:93. [PMID: 35941532 PMCID: PMC9358803 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-022-00518-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive and molecularly heterogeneous non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. The B cell receptor (BCR) signaling pathway in DLBCL emerges as a new drug target. Protein phosphatase SHP-1 negatively regulates several oncogenic tyrosine kinases and plays a tumor suppressive role. Methods The direct SHP-1 agonists were used to evaluate the potential therapeutic implication of SHP-1 in DLBCL. Immunohistochemical staining for SHP-1 was quantified by H-score. The SHP-1 phosphatase activity was determined using tyrosine phosphatase assay. In vitro studies, including MTT, western blot analysis and cell apoptosis, were utilized to examined biological functions of SHP-1. Results Oral administration of SHP-1 agonist showed the potent anti-tumor effects compared to a selective Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor ibrutinib in mice bearing U2932 xenografts. SHP-1 agonist increased SHP-1 activity as well as downregulated p-Lyn in vivo. Here, we demonstrated that immunohistochemical staining for SHP-1 expression was positive in 76% of DLBCL samples. SHP-1 agonist exerted anti-proliferative and apoptotic effects compared with ibrutinib in DLBCL cells. Mechanistically, SHP-1 agonist decreased BCR signaling, especially p-Lyn, and led to apoptosis. Conclusions These data suggest that SHP-1 negatively regulates phosphorylation of Lyn, and targeting SHP-1/p-Lyn using SHP-1 agonist has therapeutic potential for treatment of DLBCL. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s10020-022-00518-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Lin Chen
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Sec. 2, Shih-Pai Road, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yi Chu
- Department of Pathology, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, No. 542, Sec. 1, Chung-Shan Rd., Changhua City, 500, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, No. 510, Zhong-zheng Rd., Xin-zhuang Dist., New Taipei City, 24205, Taiwan.,Department of Health Food, Chung Chou University of Science and Technology, Changhua, 510, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Teng Huang
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan.,Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Yang-Ming Branch of Taipei City Hospital, No.145, Zhengzhou Rd., Datong Dist., Taipei, 10341, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ting Huang
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Sec. 2, Shih-Pai Road, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Lun Wang
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Sec. 2, Shih-Pai Road, Taipei, 112, Taiwan.,Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Sec. 2, Shih-Pai Road, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsuan Lee
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Sec. 2, Shih-Pai Road, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Ya Chang
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Sec. 2, Shih-Pai Road, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shen Dai
- Hematology/Oncology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Wai Shiau
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Li-Nong Street, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yu Liu
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Sec. 2, Shih-Pai Road, Taipei, 112, Taiwan. .,School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan. .,Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Sec. 2, Shih-Pai Road, Taipei, 112, Taiwan. .,Division of Transfusion Medicine, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Sec. 2, Shih-Pai Road, Taipei, 112, Taiwan.
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7
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Immune Checkpoint Receptors Signaling in T Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073529. [PMID: 35408889 PMCID: PMC8999077 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The characterization of the receptors negatively modulating lymphocyte function is rapidly advancing, driven by success in tumor immunotherapy. As a result, the number of immune checkpoint receptors characterized from a functional perspective and targeted by innovative drugs continues to expand. This review focuses on the less explored area of the signaling mechanisms of these receptors, of those expressed in T cells. Studies conducted mainly on PD-1, CTLA-4, and BTLA have evidenced that the extracellular parts of some of the receptors act as decoy receptors for activating ligands, but in all instances, the tyrosine phosphorylation of their cytoplasmatic tail drives a crucial inhibitory signal. This negative signal is mediated by a few key signal transducers, such as tyrosine phosphatase, inositol phosphatase, and diacylglycerol kinase, which allows them to counteract TCR-mediated activation. The characterization of these signaling pathways is of great interest in the development of therapies for counteracting tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte exhaustion/anergy independently from the receptors involved.
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Chen Y, Jiang Z, Guan X, Li H, Li C, Tang C, Lei Y, Dang Y, Song B, Long L. The value of multi-parameter diffusion and perfusion magnetic resonance imaging for evaluating epithelial-mesenchymal transition in rectal cancer. Eur J Radiol 2022; 150:110245. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2022.110245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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9
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Modulation of the tumour microenvironment in hepatocellular carcinoma by tyrosine kinase inhibitors: from modulation to combination therapy targeting the microenvironment. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:73. [PMID: 35148789 PMCID: PMC8840552 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-02435-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) remain the backbone of systematic therapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Sorafenib and lenvatinib are currently approved as first-line therapeutic drugs, and regorafenib and cabozantinib are applied as second-line treatments. With inhibition of angiogenesis as the main target, TKIs exert a profound effect on the tumour microenvironment (TME). The TME is a complex mixture of cellular and noncellular components surrounding the tumour mass, and is associated with tumour progression partially through the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Specifically, the TME of HCC is characterized by profound extracellular matrix remodelling and an immunosuppressive microenvironment. The purpose of this review is to provide a summary of TME remodelling mediated by four Food and Drug Administration approved TKIs in HCC and thus summarize the rationale and potential targets for combination therapy. The modulatory effect of TKIs on the TME of HCC was reported to enhance the antitumour effect of TKIs through pyroptosis of macrophages and subsequent natural killer cell activation, T cell activation, regulatory T cell reduction in HCC. Meanwhile, TKIs also induce drug resistance via M2 polarization and accumulation, recruitment of tumour-associated neutrophils, and induction of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. In conclusion, the effect of TKIs on TME can enhance its antitumour effect, but might also partially contribute to the drug resistance that hinders the progression of TKIs as treatment for HCC. Additionally, the effect of TKIs also provides the rationale for combination therapy, including combining TKIs with immune checkpoint inhibitors, to facilitate increased drug efficacy of TKIs.
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Elamarthi P. Regorafenib: A narrative drug review. CANCER RESEARCH, STATISTICS, AND TREATMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/crst.crst_110_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Thanapirom K, Caon E, Papatheodoridi M, Frenguelli L, Al-Akkad W, Zhenzhen Z, Vilia MG, Pinzani M, Mazza G, Rombouts K. Optimization and Validation of a Novel Three-Dimensional Co-Culture System in Decellularized Human Liver Scaffold for the Study of Liver Fibrosis and Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13194936. [PMID: 34638417 PMCID: PMC8508071 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13194936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This study aims to overcome the current methodological limitations in discovering new therapeutic targets. Therefore, we optimized and validated a co-culture system using decellularized human liver three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds obtained from healthy and cirrhotic human livers for anti-fibrotic and anti-cancer dual drug screening. Both platforms mimic the naturally healthy and physio-pathological microenvironment and are able to recapitulate the key cellular and molecular events leading to liver fibrogenesis and cancer. This study demonstrates the differences between single versus co-cultures and the usage of human-derived liver 3D ECM scaffolds from healthy and cirrhotic livers. As lead compounds, we used Sorafenib and Regorafenib, first- and second-line drugs, and identified two different drug-induced mechanisms depending on the 3D ECM microenvironment. The 3D ECM scaffolds may represent innovative platforms for disease modeling, biomarker discovery, and drug testing in fibrosis and primary cancer. Abstract The introduction of new preclinical models for in vitro drug discovery and testing based on 3D tissue-specific extracellular matrix (ECM) is very much awaited. This study was aimed at developing and validating a co-culture model using decellularized human liver 3D ECM scaffolds as a platform for anti-fibrotic and anti-cancer drug testing. Decellularized 3D scaffolds obtained from healthy and cirrhotic human livers were bioengineered with LX2 and HEPG2 as single and co-cultures for up to 13 days and validated as a new drug-testing platform. Pro-fibrogenic markers and cancer phenotypic gene/protein expression and secretion were differently affected when single and co-cultures were exposed to TGF-β1 with specific ECM-dependent effects. The anti-fibrotic efficacy of Sorafenib significantly reduced TGF-β1-induced pro-fibrogenic effects, which coincided with a downregulation of STAT3 phosphorylation. The anti-cancer efficacy of Regorafenib was significantly reduced in 3D bioengineered cells when compared to 2D cultures and dose-dependently associated with cell apoptosis by cleaved PARP-1 activation and P-STAT3 inhibition. Regorafenib reversed TGF-β1-induced P-STAT3 and SHP-1 through induction of epithelial mesenchymal marker E-cadherin and downregulation of vimentin protein expression in both co-cultures engrafting healthy and cirrhotic 3D scaffolds. In their complex, the results of the study suggest that this newly proposed 3D co-culture platform is able to reproduce the natural physio-pathological microenvironment and could be employed for anti-fibrotic and anti-HCC drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kessarin Thanapirom
- Regenerative Medicine and Fibrosis Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London NW3 2PF, UK; (K.T.); (E.C.); (M.P.); (L.F.); (W.A.-A.); (Z.Z.); (M.G.V.); (M.P.); (G.M.)
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Liver Fibrosis and Cirrhosis Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Elisabetta Caon
- Regenerative Medicine and Fibrosis Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London NW3 2PF, UK; (K.T.); (E.C.); (M.P.); (L.F.); (W.A.-A.); (Z.Z.); (M.G.V.); (M.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Margarita Papatheodoridi
- Regenerative Medicine and Fibrosis Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London NW3 2PF, UK; (K.T.); (E.C.); (M.P.); (L.F.); (W.A.-A.); (Z.Z.); (M.G.V.); (M.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Luca Frenguelli
- Regenerative Medicine and Fibrosis Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London NW3 2PF, UK; (K.T.); (E.C.); (M.P.); (L.F.); (W.A.-A.); (Z.Z.); (M.G.V.); (M.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Walid Al-Akkad
- Regenerative Medicine and Fibrosis Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London NW3 2PF, UK; (K.T.); (E.C.); (M.P.); (L.F.); (W.A.-A.); (Z.Z.); (M.G.V.); (M.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Zhang Zhenzhen
- Regenerative Medicine and Fibrosis Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London NW3 2PF, UK; (K.T.); (E.C.); (M.P.); (L.F.); (W.A.-A.); (Z.Z.); (M.G.V.); (M.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Maria Giovanna Vilia
- Regenerative Medicine and Fibrosis Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London NW3 2PF, UK; (K.T.); (E.C.); (M.P.); (L.F.); (W.A.-A.); (Z.Z.); (M.G.V.); (M.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Massimo Pinzani
- Regenerative Medicine and Fibrosis Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London NW3 2PF, UK; (K.T.); (E.C.); (M.P.); (L.F.); (W.A.-A.); (Z.Z.); (M.G.V.); (M.P.); (G.M.)
- Sheila Sherlock Liver Centre, Royal Free Hospital, London NW3 2QG, UK
| | - Giuseppe Mazza
- Regenerative Medicine and Fibrosis Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London NW3 2PF, UK; (K.T.); (E.C.); (M.P.); (L.F.); (W.A.-A.); (Z.Z.); (M.G.V.); (M.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Krista Rombouts
- Regenerative Medicine and Fibrosis Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London NW3 2PF, UK; (K.T.); (E.C.); (M.P.); (L.F.); (W.A.-A.); (Z.Z.); (M.G.V.); (M.P.); (G.M.)
- Correspondence:
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Zhang N, Ng AS, Cai S, Li Q, Yang L, Kerr D. Novel therapeutic strategies: targeting epithelial-mesenchymal transition in colorectal cancer. Lancet Oncol 2021; 22:e358-e368. [PMID: 34339656 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(21)00343-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process during which cells lose their epithelial characteristics, for instance apical-basal cell polarity and cell-cell contact, and gain mesenchymal properties, such as increased motility. In colorectal cancer, EMT has an important role in tumour progression, metastasis, and drug resistance. There has been accumulating evidence from preclinical and early clinical studies that show that EMT markers might serve as outcome predictors and potential therapeutic targets in colorectal cancer. This Review describes the fundamentals of EMT, including biology, newly partial EMT, and associated changes. We also provide a comprehensive summary of therapeutic compounds capable of targeting EMT markers, including drugs in preclinical and clinical trials and those with repurpose potential. Lastly, we explore the obstacles of EMT bench-to-bedside drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; University of Oxford-Sichuan University Huaxi Joint Centre for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Oxford, UK; Department of Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Aik Seng Ng
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; University of Oxford-Sichuan University Huaxi Joint Centre for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Oxford, UK
| | - Shijie Cai
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; University of Oxford-Sichuan University Huaxi Joint Centre for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Oxford, UK
| | - Qiu Li
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Yang
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; University of Oxford-Sichuan University Huaxi Joint Centre for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Oxford, UK; Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - David Kerr
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; University of Oxford-Sichuan University Huaxi Joint Centre for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Oxford, UK
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13
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Cai J, Cui Y, Yang J, Wang S. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition: When tumor cells meet myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1876:188564. [PMID: 33974950 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous myeloid cell population characterized by protumoral functions in the tumor immune network. An increasing number of studies have focused on the biological functions of MDSCs in tumor immunity. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a cellular plasticity process accompanied by a loss of epithelial phenotypes and an acquisition of mesenchymal phenotypes. In general, tumor cells that undergo EMT are more likely to invade and metastasize. Recently, extensive evidence suggests that EMT is closely related to a highly immunosuppressive environment. This review will summarize the immunosuppressive capacities of MDSC subsets and their distinct role in tumor EMT and further discuss immunotherapy for tumor EMT by targeting MDSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingshan Cai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China; Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yudan Cui
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China; Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
| | - Shengjun Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China; Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
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14
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Zhang N, Zhang S, Wu W, Lu W, Jiang M, Zheng N, Huang J, Wang L, Liu H, Zheng M, Wang J. Regorafenib inhibits migration, invasion, and vasculogenic mimicry of hepatocellular carcinoma via targeting ID1-mediated EMT. Mol Carcinog 2021; 60:151-163. [PMID: 33428809 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Regorafenib is approved for patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) following sorafenib. However, the effect of regorafenib on HCC metastasis and its mechanism are poorly understood. Here, our data showed that regorafenib significantly restrained the migration, invasion and vasculogenic mimicry (VM) of HCC cells, and downregulated the expression of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)/VM-related molecules. Using RNA-seq and cellular thermal shift assays, we found that inhibitor of differentiation 1 (ID1) was a key target of regorafenib. In HCC tissues, the protein expression of ID1 was positively correlated with EMT and VM formation (CD34- /PAS+ ). Functionally, ID1 knockdown inhibited HCC cell migration, invasion, metastasis, and VM formation in vitro and in vivo, with upregulation of E-cadherin and downregulation of Snail and VE-cadherin. Moreover, Snail overexpression promoted the migration, invasion, and VM formation of ID1 knockdown cells. Snail knockdown reduced the migration, invasion, and VM formation of ID1 overexpression cells. Finally, regorafenib suppressed VM formation and decreased the expression of ID1, VE-cadherin and Snail in HCC PDX model. In conclusion, we manifested that regorafenib distinctly inhibited EMT in HCC cells via targeting ID1, leading to the suppression of cell migration, invasion and VM formation. These findings suggest that regorafenib may be developed as a suitable therapeutic agent for HCC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Translational Research in Cancer and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute for Translational Medicine, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, China
| | - Shaoqin Zhang
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Translational Research in Cancer and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute for Translational Medicine, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, China
| | - Wenda Wu
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Translational Research in Cancer and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute for Translational Medicine, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, China
| | - Wenxian Lu
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Translational Research in Cancer and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute for Translational Medicine, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, China
| | - Mingting Jiang
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Translational Research in Cancer and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute for Translational Medicine, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, China
| | - Ning Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Pharmacology, The School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Translational Research in Cancer and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute for Translational Medicine, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, China
| | - Long Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Translational Research in Cancer and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute for Translational Medicine, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, China
| | - Hekun Liu
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Translational Research in Cancer and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute for Translational Medicine, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, China
| | - Min Zheng
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Translational Research in Cancer and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute for Translational Medicine, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, China
| | - Jichuang Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Translational Research in Cancer and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute for Translational Medicine, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, China
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15
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Lee MS, Cho HJ, Hong JY, Lee J, Park SH, Park JO, Park YS, Lim HY, Kang WK, Cho YB, Kim ST. Clinical and molecular distinctions in patients with refractory colon cancer who benefit from regorafenib treatment. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2020; 12:1758835920965842. [PMID: 33224274 PMCID: PMC7649869 DOI: 10.1177/1758835920965842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Regorafenib (Stivarga, BAY 73-4506; Bayer Pharma AG, Berlin, Germany) is a novel oral multikinase inhibitor that blocks the activity of several protein kinases. However, few guidelines exist for novel biomarkers to select patients who will likely benefit from regorafenib treatment. Metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) patients treated with regorafenib were evaluated in this study. Tumor tissues of these patients were subjected to next-generation sequencing-based cancer panel tests. The relationship between molecular profiling and efficacy of regorafenib was analyzed. Among the 76 mCRC patients, the median age was 58 years (range 22–79 years), and 73.7% received regorafenib as a third-line therapy. The primary tumor locations were the right side (n = 15, 19.8%) and the left side (n = 61, 80.2%). Most patients (97.4%) had received prior anti-angiogenetic agents, and a prior anti-Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) agent had been administered to 32.9%. Of these 76 patients, 65 were evaluated to determine the efficacy of treatment. We observed zero complete responses, seven confirmed partial responses (PR 9.2%), 26 stable disease states (34.2%), and 32 disease progressions (42.1%). The overall confirmed response rate and the disease control rate were 9.2% and 43.4%, respectively. Genomic analysis revealed that APC mutations were significant in patients who demonstrated a tumor response to regorafenib (p < 0.05). Interestingly, FGFR1 amplification was detected in only three of 76 patients (3.9%), and these three patients achieved a PR to regorafenib. The median progression-free survival time was 2.8 months (95% Confidence Interval [CI] 1.6–4.0). Patients with BRAF mutation and/or SMAD4 mutation had significantly worse progression-free survival (PFS) than those without such a mutation. On pathway analysis, Tumor Growth Factor (TGF)-beta pathways were significantly associated with worse PFS. We found that efficacy of regorafenib might be correlated with specific genetic aberrations, such as APC mutation and FGFR1 amplification. In addition, SMAD4 mutation and TGF-beta pathway were associated with worse PFS after regorafenib. We found that efficacy of regorafenib might be correlated with specific genetic aberrations, such as APC mutation and FGFR1 amplification. In addition, SMAD4 mutation and the TGF-beta pathway were associated with worse PFS after regorafenib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Sang Lee
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Jin Cho
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Korea Precision Medicine Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Yong Hong
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeeyun Lee
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Se Hoon Park
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joon Oh Park
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Suk Park
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho Yeong Lim
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Ki Kang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Beom Cho
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Seung Tae Kim
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea
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16
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Yasui K, Kondou R, Iizuka A, Miyata H, Tanaka E, Ashizawa T, Nagashima T, Ohshima K, Urakami K, Kusuhara M, Muramatsu K, Sugino T, Yamguchi K, Mori K, Harada H, Nishimura T, Kagawa H, Yamakawa Y, Hino H, Shiomi A, Akiyama Y. Effect of preoperative chemoradiotherapy on the immunological status of rectal cancer patients. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2020; 61:766-775. [PMID: 32672335 PMCID: PMC7482156 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rraa041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of chemo-radiation on the genetic and immunological status of rectal cancer patients who were treated with preoperative chemoradiotherapy (CRT). The expression of immune response-associated genes was compared between rectal cancer patients treated (n = 9) and not-treated (n = 10) with preoperative CRT using volcano plot analysis. Apoptosis and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) marker genes were analysed by quantitative PCR (qPCR). Other markers associated with the tumor microenvironment (TME), such as tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) and immune checkpoint molecules, were investigated using immunohistochemistry (IHC). The clinical responses of preoperative CRT for 9 rectal cancer patients were all rated as stable disease, while the pathological tumor regression score (TRG) revealed 6 cases of grade2 and 3 cases of grade1. According to the genetic signature of colon cancers, treated tumors belonged to consensus molecular subtype (CMS)4, while not-treated tumors had signatures of CMS2 or 3. CRT-treated tumors showed significant upregulation of EMT-associated genes, such as CDH2, TGF-beta and FGF, and cancer stem cell-associated genes. Additionally, qPCR and IHC demonstrated a suppressive immunological status derived from the upregulation of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-10 and TGF-beta) and immune checkpoint genes (B7-H3 and B7-H5) and from M2-type macrophage accumulation in the tumor. The induction of EMT and immune-suppressive status in the tumor after strong CRT treatment urges the development of a novel combined therapy that restores immune-suppression and inhibits EMT, ultimately leading to distant metastasis control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuaki Yasui
- Immunotherapy Division, Shizuoka Cancer Center Research Institute, 1007 Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka 411-8777, Japan
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Shizuoka Cancer Center Hospital, 1007 Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka 411-8777, Japan
| | - Ryota Kondou
- Immunotherapy Division, Shizuoka Cancer Center Research Institute, 1007 Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka 411-8777, Japan
| | - Akira Iizuka
- Immunotherapy Division, Shizuoka Cancer Center Research Institute, 1007 Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka 411-8777, Japan
| | - Haruo Miyata
- Immunotherapy Division, Shizuoka Cancer Center Research Institute, 1007 Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka 411-8777, Japan
| | - Emiko Tanaka
- Immunotherapy Division, Shizuoka Cancer Center Research Institute, 1007 Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka 411-8777, Japan
| | - Tadashi Ashizawa
- Immunotherapy Division, Shizuoka Cancer Center Research Institute, 1007 Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka 411-8777, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nagashima
- Cancer Diagnostic Research Division, Shizuoka Cancer Center Research Institute, 1007 Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka 411-8777, Japan
- SRL Inc., Hachioji, Tokyo 191-0002, Japan
| | - Keiichi Ohshima
- Medical Genetics Division, Shizuoka Cancer Center Research Institute, 1007 Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka 411-8777, Japan
| | - Kenichi Urakami
- Cancer Diagnostic Research Division, Shizuoka Cancer Center Research Institute, 1007 Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka 411-8777, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Kusuhara
- Regional Resources Division, Shizuoka Cancer Center Research Institute, 1007 Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka 411-8777, Japan
| | - Koji Muramatsu
- Division of Pathology, Shizuoka Cancer Center Hospital, 1007 Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka 411-8777, Japan
| | - Takashi Sugino
- Division of Pathology, Shizuoka Cancer Center Hospital, 1007 Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka 411-8777, Japan
| | - Ken Yamguchi
- Office of the President, Shizuoka Cancer Center Hospital, 1007 Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka 411-8777, Japan
| | - Keita Mori
- Clinical Research Center, Shizuoka Cancer Center Hospital, 1007 Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka 411-8777, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Harada
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Shizuoka Cancer Center Hospital, 1007 Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka 411-8777, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Nishimura
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Shizuoka Cancer Center Hospital, 1007 Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka 411-8777, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Kagawa
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Shizuoka Cancer Center Hospital, 1007 Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka 411-8777, Japan
| | - Yushi Yamakawa
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Shizuoka Cancer Center Hospital, 1007 Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka 411-8777, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Hino
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Shizuoka Cancer Center Hospital, 1007 Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka 411-8777, Japan
| | - Akio Shiomi
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Shizuoka Cancer Center Hospital, 1007 Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka 411-8777, Japan
| | - Yasuto Akiyama
- Immunotherapy Division, Shizuoka Cancer Center Research Institute, 1007 Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka 411-8777, Japan
- Corresponding author. Immunotherapy Division, Shizuoka Cancer Center Research Institute, 1007 Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka 411-8777, Japan. Tel: (+81) 559895222 (ext. 5330); Fax: (+81) 559896085;
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17
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Liu Y, Lyu J, Bell Burdett K, Sibley AB, Hatch AJ, Starr MD, Brady JC, Hammond K, Marmorino F, Rossini D, Goldberg RM, Falcone A, Cremolini C, Owzar K, Ivanova A, Moore DT, Lee MS, Sanoff HK, Innocenti F, Nixon AB. Prognostic and Predictive Biomarkers in Patients with Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Receiving Regorafenib. Mol Cancer Ther 2020; 19:2146-2154. [PMID: 32747417 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-20-0249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Regorafenib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor approved by the FDA for the treatment of patients with chemotherapy refractory metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). Regorafenib inhibits signaling through multiple receptors associated with angiogenesis, metastasis, and tumor immunity. Here, we report biomarker results from LCCC1029, a randomized, placebo-controlled, phase II trial of chemotherapy ± regorafenib in patients with second-line mCRC. A panel of 20 soluble protein biomarkers (termed the Angiome) was assessed in the plasma of 149 patients from the LCCC1029 trial both at baseline and along the treatment continuum. Baseline protein levels were analyzed for prognostic and predictive value for progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Changes in protein levels during treatment were analyzed for potential pharmacodynamic effects. Six markers (HGF, IL6, PlGF, VEGF-R1, OPN, and IL6R) were found to be prognostic for PFS. Nine markers (IL6, TIMP-1, PlGF, VCAM-1, ICAM-1, OPN, TSP-2, HGF, and VEGF-R1) were prognostic for OS. Higher baseline levels of OPN (P intx = 0.0167), VCAM-1 (P intx = 0.0216), and PDGF-AA (P intx = 0.0435) appeared to predict for PFS benefit from regorafenib compared with placebo. VCAM-1 was also potentially predictive of OS benefit from regorafenib compared with placebo (P intx = 0.0124). On-treatment changes of six markers reflected potential on-target effect of regorafenib. Consistent results were observed in an Italian cohort where 105 patients with late-stage mCRC received regorafenib monotherapy. The key findings of this study suggest that VCAM-1 may be a predictive biomarker for regorafenib benefit, while multiple protein markers may be prognostic of outcome in patients with mCRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingmiao Liu
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jing Lyu
- Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | | | - Ace J Hatch
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Mark D Starr
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - John C Brady
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Kelli Hammond
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Federica Marmorino
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, Unit of Medical Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliero- Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Daniele Rossini
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, Unit of Medical Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliero- Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Alfredo Falcone
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, Unit of Medical Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliero- Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Chiara Cremolini
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, Unit of Medical Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliero- Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Kouros Owzar
- Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, North Carolina.,Duke Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Anastasia Ivanova
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Dominic T Moore
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Michael S Lee
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Hanna K Sanoff
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Federico Innocenti
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Andrew B Nixon
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.
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18
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Varone A, Spano D, Corda D. Shp1 in Solid Cancers and Their Therapy. Front Oncol 2020; 10:935. [PMID: 32596156 PMCID: PMC7300250 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Shp1 is a cytosolic tyrosine phosphatase that regulates a broad range of cellular functions and targets, modulating the flow of information from the cell membrane to the nucleus. While initially studied in the hematopoietic system, research conducted over the past years has expanded our understanding of the biological role of Shp1 to other tissues, proposing it as a novel tumor suppressor gene functionally involved in different hallmarks of cancer. The main mechanism by which Shp1 curbs cancer development and progression is the ability to attenuate and/or terminate signaling pathways controlling cell proliferation, survival, migration, and invasion. Thus, alterations in Shp1 function or expression can contribute to several human diseases, particularly cancer. In cancer cells, Shp1 activity can indeed be affected by mutations or epigenetic silencing that cause failure of Shp1-mediated homeostatic maintenance. This review will discuss the current knowledge of the cellular functions controlled by Shp1 in non-hematopoietic tissues and solid tumors, the mechanisms that regulate Shp1 expression, the role of its mutation/expression status in cancer and its value as potential target for cancer treatment. In addition, we report information gathered from the public available data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database on Shp1 genomic alterations and correlation with survival in solid cancers patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Varone
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Spano
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Corda
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
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19
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Lavin DP, Tiwari VK. Unresolved Complexity in the Gene Regulatory Network Underlying EMT. Front Oncol 2020; 10:554. [PMID: 32477926 PMCID: PMC7235173 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is the process whereby a polarized epithelial cell ceases to maintain cell-cell contacts, loses expression of characteristic epithelial cell markers, and acquires mesenchymal cell markers and properties such as motility, contractile ability, and invasiveness. A complex process that occurs during development and many disease states, EMT involves a plethora of transcription factors (TFs) and signaling pathways. Whilst great advances have been made in both our understanding of the progressive cell-fate changes during EMT and the gene regulatory networks that drive this process, there are still gaps in our knowledge. Epigenetic modifications are dynamic, chromatin modifying enzymes are vast and varied, transcription factors are pleiotropic, and signaling pathways are multifaceted and rarely act alone. Therefore, it is of great importance that we decipher and understand each intricate step of the process and how these players at different levels crosstalk with each other to successfully orchestrate EMT. A delicate balance and fine-tuned cooperation of gene regulatory mechanisms is required for EMT to occur successfully, and until we resolve the unknowns in this network, we cannot hope to develop effective therapies against diseases that involve aberrant EMT such as cancer. In this review, we focus on data that challenge these unknown entities underlying EMT, starting with EMT stimuli followed by intracellular signaling through to epigenetic mechanisms and chromatin remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vijay K. Tiwari
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
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20
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Comparing Late-line Treatment Sequence of Regorafenib and Reduced-intensity FOLFOXIRI for Refractory Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. Am J Clin Oncol 2020; 43:28-34. [PMID: 31693507 DOI: 10.1097/coc.0000000000000637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both regorafenib and reduced-intensity FOLFOXIRI (riFOLFOXIRI) prolong survival in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). However, the sequence in which they should be administrated first in late-line treatment for refractory mCRC remains unclear. PATIENTS AND METHODS This study was a single-center retrospective cohort study that reviewed data from patients at Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan, with mCRC refractory to fluorouracil, irinotecan, oxaliplatin, cetuximab (wild-type RAS), and bevacizumab. Patients were divided into 2 groups: a regorafenib-first group and a riFOLFOXIRI-first group. The Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test were used to analyze survival, and a Cox proportional hazards model was used for univariate, multivariate, and subgroup analyses. RESULTS A total of 136 and 55 patients followed a regorafenib-first or riFOLFOXIRI-first treatment strategy, respectively. At baseline, patient characteristics were similar between the groups, except for younger age in the riFOLFOXIRI-first group. The regorafenib-first group had better overall survival (13.8 vs. 10.7 mo, P=0.038), whereas patients in the riFOLFOXIRI-first group had a better partial response rate (P=0.005) but a higher rate of discontinuation due to adverse effects (P=0.004) and cross-over to regorafenib (P<0.001). Thus, no significant difference was observed in progression-free survival (regorafenib-first strategy: 3.17 mo; riFOLFOXIRI-first strategy: 4.97 mo; P=0.624). Regorafenib-first strategy, sex, and pathology were identified as independent prognostic factors. Subgroup analysis indicated that younger age, better performance status, stage IV disease, and mutant RAS gene favored the regorafenib-first strategy. CONCLUSION Treatment with regorafenib-first followed by riFOLFOXIRI resulted in better overall survival when given as late-line treatment for patients with refractory mCRC.
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21
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Juengpanich S, Topatana W, Lu C, Staiculescu D, Li S, Cao J, Lin J, Hu J, Chen M, Chen J, Cai X. Role of cellular, molecular and tumor microenvironment in hepatocellular carcinoma: Possible targets and future directions in the regorafenib era. Int J Cancer 2020; 147:1778-1792. [PMID: 32162677 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains as one of the major causes of cancer-related mortality, despite the recent development of new therapeutic options. Regorafenib, an oral multikinase inhibitor, is the first systemic therapy that has a survival benefit for patients with advanced HCC that have a poor response to sorafenib. Even though regorafenib has been approved by the FDA, the clinical trial for regorafenib treatment does not show significant improvement in overall survival. The impaired efficacy of regorafenib caused by various resistance mechanisms, including epithelial-mesenchymal transitions, inflammation, angiogenesis, hypoxia, oxidative stress, fibrosis and autophagy, still needs to be resolved. In this review, we provide insight on regorafenib microenvironmental, molecular and cellular mechanisms and interactions in HCC treatment. The aim of this review is to help physicians select patients that would obtain the maximal benefits from regorafenib in HCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarun Juengpanich
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Win Topatana
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chen Lu
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Daniel Staiculescu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shijie Li
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiasheng Cao
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiacheng Lin
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiahao Hu
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mingyu Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiang Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiujun Cai
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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22
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Fondevila F, Méndez-Blanco C, Fernández-Palanca P, González-Gallego J, Mauriz JL. Anti-tumoral activity of single and combined regorafenib treatments in preclinical models of liver and gastrointestinal cancers. Exp Mol Med 2019; 51:1-15. [PMID: 31551425 PMCID: PMC6802659 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-019-0308-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Regorafenib is a sorafenib-derived chemotherapy drug belonging to the multikinase inhibitor family. This agent effectively targets a wide range of tyrosine kinases involved in cancer biology, such as those implicated in oncogenesis, angiogenesis, and tumor microenvironment control. The beneficial effects of regorafenib in clinical trials of patients who suffer from advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), colorectal cancer (CRC) or gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) refractory to standard treatments led to regorafenib monotherapy approval as a second-line treatment for advanced HCC and as a third-line treatment for advanced CRC and GISTs. Multiple in vitro and in vivo studies have been performed over the last decade to reveal the molecular mechanisms of the favorable actions exerted by regorafenib in patients. Given the hypothetical loss of sensitivity to regorafenib in tumor cells, preclinical research is also searching for novel therapeutic approaches consisting of co-administration of this drug plus other agents as a strategy to improve regorafenib effectiveness. This review summarizes the anti-tumor effects of regorafenib in single or combined treatment in preclinical models of HCC, CRC and GISTs and discusses both the global and molecular effects that account for its anti-cancer properties in the clinical setting. The cancer drug regorafenib exhibits a broad range of anti-tumor activities that could be enhanced by combination with other treatments. A team led by José L. Mauriz from the University of León, Spain, review the ways in which regorafenib, blocking several enzymes involved in cancer biology, has been shown to shrink tumors in different models of liver, colon and gastrointestinal cancer. Its mechanisms of action include blockade of new blood vessel formation, induction of cell death and modulation of the immune microenvironment. Research studies show that co-administration of regorafenib with other drugs directed at various molecular targets or immune pathways produces synergistic effects against cancer cells. The preclinical data highlights the potential of combination drug regimens to improve outcomes among patients eligible for regorafenib treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Fondevila
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of León, León, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Méndez-Blanco
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of León, León, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Fernández-Palanca
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of León, León, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier González-Gallego
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of León, León, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
| | - José L Mauriz
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of León, León, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain.
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23
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Kedhari Sundaram M, Raina R, Afroze N, Bajbouj K, Hamad M, Haque S, Hussain A. Quercetin modulates signaling pathways and induces apoptosis in cervical cancer cells. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20190720. [PMID: 31366565 PMCID: PMC6692570 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20190720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells have the unique ability to overcome natural defense mechanisms, undergo unchecked proliferation and evade apoptosis. While chemotherapeutic drugs address this, they are plagued by a long list of side effects and have a poor success rate. This has spurred researchers to identify safer bioactive compounds that possess chemopreventive and therapeutic properties. A wide range of experimental as well as epidemiological data encourage the use of dietary agents to impede or delay different stages of cancer. In the present study, we have examined the anti-ancer property of ubiquitous phytochemical quercetin by using cell viability assay, flow cytometry, nuclear morphology, colony formation, scratch wound assay, DNA fragmentation and comet assay. Further, qPCR analysis of various genes involved in apoptosis, cell cycle regulation, metastasis and different signal transduction pathways was performed. Proteome profiler was used to quantitate the expression of several of these proteins. We find that quercetin decreases cell viability, reduces colony formation, promotes G2-M cell cycle arrest, induces DNA damage and encourages apoptosis. Quercetin induces apoptosis via activating both apoptotic pathways with a stronger effect of the extrinsic pathway relying on the combined power of TRAIL, FASL and TNF with up-regulation of caspases and pro-apoptotic genes. Quercetin could inhibit anti-apoptotic proteins by docking studies. Further, quercetin blocks PI3K, MAPK and WNT pathways. Anticancer effect of quercetin observed in cell-based assays were corroborated by molecular biology studies and yielded valuable mechanistic information. Quercetin appears to be a promising candidate with chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic potential and warrants further research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ritu Raina
- School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, P.O. Box 345050, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nazia Afroze
- School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, P.O. Box 345050, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Khuloud Bajbouj
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mawieh Hamad
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shafiul Haque
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan-45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arif Hussain
- School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, P.O. Box 345050, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
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24
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Callebout E, Ribeiro SM, Laurent S, De Man M, Ferdinande L, Claes KBM, Van der Meulen J, Geboes KP. Long term response on Regorafenib in non-V600E BRAF mutated colon cancer: a case report. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:567. [PMID: 31185985 PMCID: PMC6560823 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-5763-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Non-V600E BRAF mutated colorectal cancer (CRC) is a rare disease entity with specific clinical features. These tumors are less likely to have microsatellite instability than CRC with a V600E BRAF mutation and often harbor a KRAS or NRAS mutation. Notably, median overall survival is longer than in wild-type BRAF CRC. Little is known about treatment possibilities in these patients. Case presentation We present the case of a 59 year old patient with a rare mutation in BRAF codon 594, who progressed rapidly on all classical therapies but experienced a clear and long lasting response on treatment with Regorafenib. Conclusion Little is known about therapies that can be effective in the rare non-V600E BRAF mutated CRCs. We present a patient who had a definite response to treatment with Regorafenib. There are no predictive markers that define a subset of CRC patients who benefit most from Regorafenib. The specific features of this non-V600E BRAF mutated CRC may be relevant in the exploration of predictive biomarkers for the efficacy of Regorafenib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Callebout
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Ghent, C Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Suzane Moura Ribeiro
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Ghent, C Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stephanie Laurent
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Ghent, C Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marc De Man
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Ghent, C Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Liesbeth Ferdinande
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Ghent, C Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kathleen B M Claes
- Centre for Medical Genetics, University Hospital Ghent, C Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joni Van der Meulen
- Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Ghent, C Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karen P Geboes
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Ghent, C Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
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25
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Abstract
Regorafenib (Stivarga®) is an oral small-molecule multiple kinase inhibitor. It is indicated worldwide for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). In the EU and USA it is indicated for patients with mCRC who have been previously treated with, or are not considered candidates for available therapies, including fluoropyrimidine-based chemotherapy, an anti-VEGF therapy and, if RAS wild-type, an anti-EGFR therapy. In Japan, it is indicated for the treatment of unresectable, advanced/recurrent CRC. The addition of regorafenib to best supportive care prolonged median overall survival (OS; by up to 2.5 months) and progression-free survival (PFS; by up to 1.5 months) relative to the addition of placebo in double-blind phase 3 studies (CORRECT and CONCUR) in patients with mCRC who had progressed after failure of standard therapy. Health-related quality of life was not adversely affected with regorafenib relative to placebo. A large open-label phase 3 study (CONSIGN) and several large real-world studies supported the efficacy of regorafenib in this setting. Regorafenib had a generally manageable tolerability profile, which was consistent with the profile of a typical small-molecule multiple kinase inhibitor. Treatment-related adverse events (AEs), mostly of mild or moderate severity, were reported in the majority of patients receiving regorafenib, with dermatological toxicities and liver enzyme elevations among the most common AEs. Although identification of biomarkers/parameters predicting efficacy outcomes with regorafenib will help to individualize therapy, current evidence indicates that regorafenib is a valuable treatment option for patients with refractory mCRC who have a very poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohita Dhillon
- Springer, Private Bag 65901, Mairangi Bay, Auckland, 0754, New Zealand.
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26
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Anderson RL, Balasas T, Callaghan J, Coombes RC, Evans J, Hall JA, Kinrade S, Jones D, Jones PS, Jones R, Marshall JF, Panico MB, Shaw JA, Steeg PS, Sullivan M, Tong W, Westwell AD, Ritchie JWA. A framework for the development of effective anti-metastatic agents. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2019; 16:185-204. [PMID: 30514977 PMCID: PMC7136167 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-018-0134-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Most cancer-related deaths are a result of metastasis, and thus the importance of this process as a target of therapy cannot be understated. By asking 'how can we effectively treat cancer?', we do not capture the complexity of a disease encompassing >200 different cancer types - many consisting of multiple subtypes - with considerable intratumoural heterogeneity, which can result in variable responses to a specific therapy. Moreover, we have much less information on the pathophysiological characteristics of metastases than is available for the primary tumour. Most disseminated tumour cells that arrive in distant tissues, surrounded by unfamiliar cells and a foreign microenvironment, are likely to die; however, those that survive can generate metastatic tumours with a markedly different biology from that of the primary tumour. To treat metastasis effectively, we must inhibit fundamental metastatic processes and develop specific preclinical and clinical strategies that do not rely on primary tumour responses. To address this crucial issue, Cancer Research UK and Cancer Therapeutics CRC Australia formed a Metastasis Working Group with representatives from not-for-profit, academic, government, industry and regulatory bodies in order to develop recommendations on how to tackle the challenges associated with treating (micro)metastatic disease. Herein, we describe the challenges identified as well as the proposed approaches for discovering and developing anticancer agents designed specifically to prevent or delay the metastatic outgrowth of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin L Anderson
- Translational Breast Cancer Program, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
- Cancer Therapeutics Cooperative Research Centre (CTx), Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Theo Balasas
- Commercial Partnerships, Cancer Research UK (CRUK), London, UK
| | - Juliana Callaghan
- Research and Innovation Services, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, Hampshire, UK
| | - R Charles Coombes
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Jeff Evans
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Jacqueline A Hall
- Research and Development, Vivacitv Ltd, Chesham, Buckinghamshire, UK
| | - Sally Kinrade
- Cancer Therapeutics Cooperative Research Centre (CTx), Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Medicines Development for Global Health, Southbank, Victoria, Australia
| | - David Jones
- Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, London, UK
| | | | - Rob Jones
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - John F Marshall
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | | | - Jacqui A Shaw
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Patricia S Steeg
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mark Sullivan
- Cancer Therapeutics Cooperative Research Centre (CTx), Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Medicines Development for Global Health, Southbank, Victoria, Australia
| | - Warwick Tong
- Cancer Therapeutics Cooperative Research Centre (CTx), Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew D Westwell
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - James W A Ritchie
- Commercial Partnerships, Cancer Research UK (CRUK), London, UK.
- Centre for Drug Development, CRUK, London, UK.
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27
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Kovacic JC, Dimmeler S, Harvey RP, Finkel T, Aikawa E, Krenning G, Baker AH. Endothelial to Mesenchymal Transition in Cardiovascular Disease: JACC State-of-the-Art Review. J Am Coll Cardiol 2019; 73:190-209. [PMID: 30654892 PMCID: PMC6865825 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.09.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT) is a process whereby an endothelial cell undergoes a series of molecular events that lead to a change in phenotype toward a mesenchymal cell (e.g., myofibroblast, smooth muscle cell). EndMT plays a fundamental role during development, and mounting evidence indicates that EndMT is involved in adult cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), including atherosclerosis, pulmonary hypertension, valvular disease, and fibroelastosis. Therefore, the targeting of EndMT may hold therapeutic promise for treating CVD. However, the field faces a number of challenges, including the lack of a precise functional and molecular definition, a lack of understanding of the causative pathological role of EndMT in CVDs (versus being a "bystander-phenomenon"), and a lack of robust human data corroborating the extent and causality of EndMT in adult CVDs. Here, we review this emerging but exciting field, and propose a framework for its systematic advancement at the molecular and translational levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason C Kovacic
- The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
| | - Stefanie Dimmeler
- Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Goethe University, and German Center of Cardiovascular Research, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Richard P Harvey
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School and School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Toren Finkel
- Aging Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Elena Aikawa
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, and Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Guido Krenning
- Laboratory for Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Andrew H Baker
- UoE/BHF Center for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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28
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Chen W, Yang J, Zhang Y, Cai H, Chen X, Sun D. Regorafenib reverses HGF-induced sorafenib resistance by inhibiting epithelial-mesenchymal transition in hepatocellular carcinoma. FEBS Open Bio 2019; 9:335-347. [PMID: 30761258 PMCID: PMC6356182 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sorafenib resistance is one of the major obstacles towards achieving a better outcome in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), in which aberrant activation of the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/mesenchymal‐epithelial transition pathway is frequently observed. Here, we report that HCC cells develop sorafenib resistance following HGF stimulation. Furthermore, HGF activates the downstream extracellular signal‐related kinase (ERK) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway and induces epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) by up‐regulating Snail in HCC cells. Inhibition of ERK and STAT3 abolished the rescue effect of HGF by down‐regulating Snail and EMT. Moreover, phosphoinositide 3‐kinase/Akt was also activated in HGF‐treated HCC cells, although it had no effect on Snail expression. Notably, we also found that regorafenib reversed HGF‐induced sorafenib resistance by inhibiting ERK and STAT3, and subsequently down‐regulating Snail and EMT. Taken together, our results indicate that HGF induces sorafenib resistance by activating phosporylated (P)‐ERK/Snail/EMT and P‐STAT3/Snail/EMT pathways. Inhibition of P‐ERK and P‐STAT3 by regorafenib can block HGF‐induced EMT, thereby reversing HGF‐induced sorafenib resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibo Chen
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Changzhou China
| | - Junsheng Yang
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Changzhou China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Changzhou China
| | - Huihua Cai
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Changzhou China
| | - Xuemin Chen
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Changzhou China
| | - Donglin Sun
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Changzhou China
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29
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Gene expression profile analysis of colon cancer grade II into grade III transition by using system biology. GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY FROM BED TO BENCH 2019; 12:60-66. [PMID: 30949321 PMCID: PMC6441480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
AIM Gene expression profile analysis of colon cancer grade II into grade III transition by using system biology. BACKGROUND Colon cancer is one of lethal cancer in men and women. Treatment in advanced colon cancer is difficult and survival rate is low. METHODS Gene expression profiles of children patients with non-preforated appendicitis in comparison with the samples with non- appendicitis abdominal pain are analysis via protein - protein interaction PPI and the critical compounds are introduced by STITCH. RESULTS Six critical genes including MAPK3, AKT1, SRC, TP53, GAPDH, and ALB were identified as a possible biomarker panel related to colon cancer grade II to III transition. Among these critical genes roles of MAPK3, AKT1, SRC, TP53 are highlighted. CONCLUSION It was concluded that target therapy to regulate SRC and TP53 may be the effective therapeutic way to treatment of colon cancer and more researches in necessary to design drugs for these purposes.
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30
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Wang H, Zhong W, Zhao J, Zhang H, Zhang Q, Liang Y, Chen S, Liu H, Zong S, Tian Y, Zhou H, Sun T, Liu Y, Yang C. Oleanolic Acid Inhibits Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition of Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Promoting iNOS Dimerization. Mol Cancer Ther 2019; 18:62-74. [PMID: 30297361 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-18-0448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Oleanolic acid exhibits extensive pharmacologic activities and takes significant antitumor effects. Its pharmacologic mechanism, however, still remained to be further clarified. In this study, we demonstrated that oleanolic acid attenuated the migration and invasion abilities, resulting in the suppression of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process in liver cancer cells, and inhibited the tumor growth of the peritoneal lymphocytes-bearing mice. We further proved that inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) may be the potential target of oleanolic acid. We confirmed that oleanolic acid could promote the dimerization of iNOS, activating it, and subsequently increasing the production of nitric oxide. Further experiments indicated that oleanolic acid promoted the nitration of specific proteins and consequently suppressed their EMT-related biological functions. Furthermore, it has been confirmed that oleanolic acid enhanced the antitumor effects of regorafenib in liver cancer treatment. These results deepened our understanding of the pharmacologic mechanism of the antitumor effect oleanolic acid, and the importance of nitric oxide synthetase as a therapeutic target for liver cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhi Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Weilong Zhong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianmin Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Hospital of Shun Yi District, Beijing, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuan Liang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuang Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Huijuan Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Shumin Zong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yixuan Tian
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Honggang Zhou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanrong Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China.
- Drug Safety Evaluation Center, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Cheng Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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31
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Uschner FE, Schueller F, Nikolova I, Klein S, Schierwagen R, Magdaleno F, Gröschl S, Loosen S, Ritz T, Roderburg C, Vucur M, Kristiansen G, Lammers T, Luedde T, Trebicka J. The multikinase inhibitor regorafenib decreases angiogenesis and improves portal hypertension. Oncotarget 2018; 9:36220-36237. [PMID: 30546838 PMCID: PMC6281422 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Angiogenesis is critically involved in the development of liver fibrosis, portal hypertension (PHT) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Regorafenib is a novel second-line therapy for HCC, but might also be beneficial in fibrosis and PHT even in absence of HCC. This study investigated the effects of regorafenib in experimental models without HCC. Methods Fibrosis (in vivo and in vitro), inflammation, liver damage (aminotransferases), angiogenesis (matrigel implantation) and in vivo systemic and portal hemodynamics were assessed in different mouse and rat models (bile duct ligation, CCl4, partial portal vein ligation) after acute and chronic treatment with regorafenib. Results Long-term treatment with regorafenib improved portal hypertension most likely due to blunted angiogenesis, without affecting fibrosis progression or regression. Interestingly, acute administration of regorafenib also ameliorated portal hemodynamics. Although regorafenib treatment led to hepatotoxic side effects in long-term treated fibrotic animals, in partial portal vein ligated rats, no liver toxicity due to regorafenib was observed. Discussion Regorafenib might be especially suitable as therapy in patients with PHT and preserved liver function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Erhard Uschner
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Florian Schueller
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ivelina Nikolova
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sabine Klein
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Cellular Medicine, Fibrosis Research Group, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | | | - Stefanie Gröschl
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sven Loosen
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Ritz
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Michael Vucur
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Twan Lammers
- Department of Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, University of Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tom Luedde
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jonel Trebicka
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Clinical Research, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,European Foundation for the Study of Chronic Liver Failure, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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Cai MH, Xu XG, Yan SL, Sun Z, Ying Y, Wang BK, Tu YX. Regorafenib suppresses colon tumorigenesis and the generation of drug resistant cancer stem-like cells via modulation of miR-34a associated signaling. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2018; 37:151. [PMID: 30005681 PMCID: PMC6045878 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0836-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most prevalent malignancies in the world and developed drug resistance has represented one of the most challenging tasks for management. The current therapeutic regimens may select and enrich cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) resulting in the increased resistance against treatment, metastatic potential and mortality. Regorafenib is a multi-kinase inhibitor, an FDA-approved last-of-line treatment for patients with chemo-refractory metastatic CRC. However, regorafenib’s potential effects on CSCs have not been fully elucidated. Methods Here, we developed two 5-FU resistant CRC cell lines, HCT-116R and DLD-1R and showed the increased CSCs characteristics such as increased side-population cells, tumor sphere formation and expression of stemness markers. These cell lines and CSCs properties were used for evaluating the potential of regorafenib in suppressing CSCs. Results We showed that regorafenib treatment decreased the stemness phenotypes including tumor sphere formation, and side-population, of both HCT-116R and DLD-1R cells. Additionally, regorafenib suppressed the cell viability in both cell lines synergistically with 5-FU. In vivo, the combination of regorafenib and 5-FU significantly suppressed the tumorigenesis and stemness markers of 5-FU resistant DLD-1R. Mechanistically, regorafenib-mediated effects were associated with the induction of tumor suppressor miR-34a and suppression of WNT/β-catenin signaling. Our findings demonstrated that regorafenib treatment was associated with the increased level of miR-34a, resulting in reversing drug resistance and cancer-initiating cell phenotypes by degrading WNT/β-catenin in CRC. Conclusion Regorafenib might be a potential drug for colon cancer stem-like cells and it should be investigated in future clinical trials. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-018-0836-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao-Hua Cai
- Department of General Surgery, Chun'an First People's Hospital (Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital Chun'an Branch), Hangzhou, 311700, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiao-Gang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of Ministry of Education, Institute of Feed Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shi-Li Yan
- Department of General Surgery, Chun'an First People's Hospital (Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital Chun'an Branch), Hangzhou, 311700, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ze Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Chun'an First People's Hospital (Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital Chun'an Branch), Hangzhou, 311700, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yin Ying
- Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, 310007, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Bai-Kui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of Ministry of Education, Institute of Feed Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yue-Xing Tu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, No. 158 Shangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
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Sulkowska U, Wincewicz A, Kanczuga-Koda L, Koda M, Sulkowski S. Comparison of E-cadherin with STAT3 and apoptosis regulators: Bak and Bcl-xL in endometrioid adenocarcinomas of different ER-alpha immunoprofile. Gynecol Endocrinol 2018; 34:171-174. [PMID: 28937296 DOI: 10.1080/09513590.2017.1379494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
E-cadherin is a factor of good prognosis in endometrioid adenocarcinomas, while STAT3 is an oncogenic driver of carcinogenesis. E-cadherin, Bak, Bcl-xL and STAT3 were immunohistochemically detected in 78 human endometrioid adenocarcinomas. E-cadherin correlated with STAT3 (p <. 001, r = 0.537) as well as Bak (p = .005, r = 0.314) and Bcl-xL (p = .002, r = 0.340) in the whole study group. In G2 tumors, E-cadherin associated with Bak (p = .021, r = 0.319), Bcl-xL (p = .026, r = 0.309) and STAT3 (p <.001, r = 0.513) but not in G3 adenocarcinomas. E-cadherin correlated with Bak and Bcl-xL in both G1- and estrogen receptor (ER)-negative tumors with significant relation of E-cadherin and STAT3 in G1- and ER-negative tumors. Antigrowth synergy of expression was preserved for antiapoptotic Bak and proliferation-suppressing E-cadherin in IA adenocarcinomas (p = .031, r = 0.342) with no significance between Bak and E-cadherin or STAT3 and emerging correlation between E-cadherin and Bcl-xL in IB + II tumors instead (p = .003, r = 0.472). E-cadherin correlated with Bak and Bcl-xL in ER-positive adenocarcinomas (p = .002, r = 0.382 and p <.001, r = 0.439, respectively) but not in ER-negative tumors. In conclusion, expression deregulation of studied proteins is reflected in selective loss of correlation between suppressors of tumor growth (E-cadherin and Bak) presumably due to progressing impairment of growth-inhibitory properties of clone of neoplastic cells within higher staging and poorer differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Sulkowska
- a Department of General Pathomorphology , Medical University of Bialystok , Bialystok , Poland
| | - Andrzej Wincewicz
- b Department of Pathology (NZOZ Zakład Patologii Spółka z o.o.), Non-Public Health Care Unit , Kielce , Poland
| | - Luiza Kanczuga-Koda
- c Department of Pathology , Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Bialystok Oncology Center , Bialystok , Poland
| | - Mariusz Koda
- a Department of General Pathomorphology , Medical University of Bialystok , Bialystok , Poland
| | - Stanislaw Sulkowski
- a Department of General Pathomorphology , Medical University of Bialystok , Bialystok , Poland
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Comunanza V, Bussolino F. Therapy for Cancer: Strategy of Combining Anti-Angiogenic and Target Therapies. Front Cell Dev Biol 2017; 5:101. [PMID: 29270405 PMCID: PMC5725406 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2017.00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept that blood supply is required and necessary for cancer growth and spreading is intuitive and was firstly formalized by Judah Folkman in 1971, when he demonstrated that cancer cells release molecules able to promote the proliferation of endothelial cells and the formation of new vessels. This seminal result has initiated one of the most fascinating story of the medicine, which is offering a window of opportunity for cancer treatment based on the use of molecules inhibiting tumor angiogenesis and in particular vascular-endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which is the master gene in vasculature formation and is the commonest target of anti-angiogenic regimens. However, the clinical results are far from the remarkable successes obtained in pre-clinical models. The reasons of this discrepancy have been partially understood and well addressed in many reviews (Bergers and Hanahan, 2008; Bottsford-Miller et al., 2012; El-Kenawi and El-Remessy, 2013; Wang et al., 2015; Jayson et al., 2016). At present anti-angiogenic regimens are not used as single treatments but associated with standard chemotherapies. Based on emerging knowledge of the biology of VEGF, here we sustain the hypothesis of the efficacy of a dual approach based on targeting pro-angiogenic pathways and other druggable targets such as mutated oncogenes or the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Comunanza
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Candiolo, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Federico Bussolino
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Candiolo, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
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35
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Wong SHM, Fang CM, Chuah LH, Leong CO, Ngai SC. E-cadherin: Its dysregulation in carcinogenesis and clinical implications. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2017; 121:11-22. [PMID: 29279096 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
E-cadherin is a transmembrane glycoprotein which connects epithelial cells together at adherens junctions. In normal cells, E-cadherin exerts its tumour suppressing role mainly by sequestering β-catenin from its binding to LEF (Lymphoid enhancer factor)/TCF (T cell factor) which serves the function of transcribing genes of the proliferative Wnt signaling pathway. Despite the ongoing debate on whether the loss of E-cadherin is the cause or effect of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), E-cadherin functional loss has frequently been associated with poor prognosis and survival in patients of various cancers. The dysregulation of E-cadherin expression that leads to carcinogenesis happens mostly at the epigenetic level but there are cases of genetic alterations as well. E-cadherin expression has been linked to the cellular functions of invasiveness reduction, growth inhibition, apoptosis, cell cycle arrest and differentiation. Studies on various cancers have shown that these different cellular functions are also interdependent. Recent studies have reported a rapid expansion of E-cadherin clinical relevance in various cancers. This review article summarises the multifaceted effect E-cadherin expression has on cellular functions in the context of carcinogenesis as well as its clinical implications in diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia How Ming Wong
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Chee Mun Fang
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Lay-Hong Chuah
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Chee Onn Leong
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Centre for Cancer and Stem Cell Research, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Siew Ching Ngai
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia.
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36
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Mayer B, Karakhanova S, Bauer N, Liu L, Zhu Y, Philippov PP, Werner J, Bazhin AV. A marginal anticancer effect of regorafenib on pancreatic carcinoma cells in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 390:1125-1134. [PMID: 28779210 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-017-1412-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Activation of receptor tyrosine kinases is recognized as a hallmark of cancer. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptor VEGFR are the prominent players in the induction of tumor neoangiogenesis. Strategies to inhibit VEGF and VEGFR are under intensive investigation in preclinical and clinical settings. Regorafenib is a multikinase inhibitor targeting some VEGFR and other receptor kinases. Preclinical results led to the FDA approval of regorafenib for treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer patients. Effects of this drug in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) have not been investigated yet. Gene expression was assessed with real-time PCR analysis. In vitro cell viability, proliferation, apoptosis, necrosis, migration, and invasion of the PDAC cells were assessed after regorafenib treatment. Ex vivo anti-tumor effects of regorafenib were investigated in a spheroid model of PDAC. In vivo anti-tumor effects of the drug were evaluated in a fertilized chicken egg model. In this work, we have demonstrated only a marginal anticancer effect of regorafenib in PDAC in vitro and ex vivo. However, in the egg model of PDAC, this drug reduced tumor volume. Besides, regorafenib is capable of modulating the expression of cancer stem cell (CSC) markers and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers on PDAC cells. We found out that effects of regorafenib on the expression of CSC and EMT markers are very heterogeneous and depend obviously on original expression of these markers. We concluded that regorafenib might be a potential drug for PDAC and it should be investigated in future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Mayer
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital of the LMU, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Svetlana Karakhanova
- Section Surgical Research, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nathalie Bauer
- Section Surgical Research, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Li Liu
- Section Surgical Research, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yifan Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Henan University Huaihe Hospital, Kai Feng, People's Republic of China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Cell Medical Engineering of Henan, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Pavel P Philippov
- Department of Cell Signalling, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Jens Werner
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital of the LMU, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexandr V Bazhin
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital of the LMU, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany.
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LILRB4 deficiency aggravates the development of atherosclerosis and plaque instability by increasing the macrophage inflammatory response via NF-κB signaling. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 131:2275-2288. [PMID: 28743735 DOI: 10.1042/cs20170198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease. LILRB4 is associated with the pathological processes of various inflammatory diseases. However, the potential function and underlying mechanisms of LILRB4 in atherogenesis remain to be investigated. In this study, LILRB4 expression was examined in both human and mouse atherosclerotic plaques. The effects and possible mechanisms of LILRB4 in atherogenesis and plaque instability were evaluated in LILRB4-/-ApoE-/- and ApoE-/- mice fed a high-fat diet. We found that LILRB4 was located primarily in macrophages, and its expression was up-regulated in atherosclerotic lesions from human coronary arteries and mouse aortic roots. LILRB4 deficiency significantly accelerated the development of atherosclerotic lesions and increased the instability of plaques, as evidenced by the increased infiltration of lipids, decreased amount of collagen components and smooth muscle cells. Moreover, LILRB4 deficiency in bone marrow-derived cells promoted the development of atherosclerosis. In vivo and in vitro analyses revealed that the pro-inflammatory effects of LILRB4 deficiency were mediated by the increased activation of NF-κB signaling due to decreased Shp1 phosphorylation. In conclusion, the present study indicates that LILRB4 deficiency promotes atherogenesis, at least partly, through reduced Shp1 phosphorylation, which subsequently enhances the NF-κB-mediated inflammatory response. Thus, targeting the "LILRB4-Shp1" axis may be a novel therapeutic approach for atherosclerosis.
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Voon DC, Huang RY, Jackson RA, Thiery JP. The EMT spectrum and therapeutic opportunities. Mol Oncol 2017; 11:878-891. [PMID: 28544151 PMCID: PMC5496500 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Carcinomas are phenotypically arrayed along an epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) spectrum, a developmental program currently exploited to understand the acquisition of drug resistance through a re‐routing of growth factor signaling. This review collates the current approaches employed in developing therapeutics against cancer‐associated EMT, and provides an assessment of their respective strengths and drawbacks. We reflect on the close relationship between EMT and chemoresistance against current targeted therapeutics, with a special focus on the epigenetic mechanisms that link these processes. This prompts the hypothesis that carcinoma‐associated EMT shares a common epigenetic pathway to cellular plasticity as somatic cell reprogramming during tissue repair and regeneration. Indeed, their striking resemblance suggests that EMT in carcinoma is a pathological adaptation of an intrinsic program of cellular plasticity that is crucial to tissue homeostasis. We thus propose a revised approach that targets the epigenetic mechanisms underlying pathogenic EMT to arrest cellular plasticity regardless of upstream cancer‐driving mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic C Voon
- Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan.,Division of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Ruby Y Huang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rebecca A Jackson
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jean P Thiery
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Inserm Unit 1186 Comprehensive Cancer Center, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,CNRS UMR 7057 Matter and Complex Systems, University Paris Denis Diderot, Paris, France
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Alteration of SHP-1/p-STAT3 Signaling: A Potential Target for Anticancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061234. [PMID: 28594363 PMCID: PMC5486057 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Src homology 2 (SH2) domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 1 (SHP-1), a non-receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase, has been reported as a negative regulator of phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and linked to tumor development. In this present review, we will discuss the importance and function of SHP-1/p-STAT3 signaling in nonmalignant conditions as well as malignancies, its cross-talk with other pathways, the current clinical development and the potential role of inhibitors of this pathway in anticancer therapy and clinical relevance of SHP-1/p-STAT3 in cancers. Lastly, we will summarize and highlight work involving novel drugs/compounds targeting SHP-1/p-STAT3 signaling and combined strategies that were/are discovered in our and our colleagues’ laboratories.
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40
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Christou N, Perraud A, Blondy S, Jauberteau MO, Battu S, Mathonnet M. E-cadherin: A potential biomarker of colorectal cancer prognosis. Oncol Lett 2017; 13:4571-4576. [PMID: 28588719 PMCID: PMC5452924 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common and lethal disease. It is the third most common type of cancer in the world, behind lung and breast cancer, with almost 1.4 million new cases diagnosed in 2012. The risk of developing CRC is influenced by environmental and genetic factors. Adenocarcinomas comprise the vast majority (98%) of CRCs. A patient's likelihood of survival is associated with the tumor stage at the time of diagnosis. With regular screening, CRC can be identified early, when treatment is the most effective. However, CRC is typically asymptomatic until the advanced stages. The combination of the absence of symptoms and current screening methodology results in a significant number of patients being diagnosed in advanced stages. The purpose of the present review is to discuss and summarize the biomarkers linked to CRC progression, particularly the controversial E-cadherin, which is a calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion molecule involved in the mesenchymal-epithelial transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niki Christou
- Cellular Homeostasis and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, GEIST Institute, University of Limoges, F-87025 Limoges, France.,General, Endocrine and Digestive Surgery Department, University Hospital of Limoges, F-87042 Limoges, France
| | - Aurélie Perraud
- Cellular Homeostasis and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, GEIST Institute, University of Limoges, F-87025 Limoges, France.,General, Endocrine and Digestive Surgery Department, University Hospital of Limoges, F-87042 Limoges, France
| | - Sabrina Blondy
- Cellular Homeostasis and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, GEIST Institute, University of Limoges, F-87025 Limoges, France
| | - Marie-Odile Jauberteau
- Cellular Homeostasis and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, GEIST Institute, University of Limoges, F-87025 Limoges, France
| | - Serge Battu
- Cellular Homeostasis and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, GEIST Institute, University of Limoges, F-87025 Limoges, France.,General, Endocrine and Digestive Surgery Department, University Hospital of Limoges, F-87042 Limoges, France
| | - Muriel Mathonnet
- Cellular Homeostasis and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, GEIST Institute, University of Limoges, F-87025 Limoges, France.,General, Endocrine and Digestive Surgery Department, University Hospital of Limoges, F-87042 Limoges, France
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