Micrornas in prostate cancer: an overview

Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type kappa (PTPRK) revisited: evolving insights into structure, function, and pathology

Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Receptor Type Kappa (PTPRK) is a membrane-bound tyrosine phosphatase encoded by the frequently deleted region of chromosome 6q, which plays a crucial role in regulating cell signaling, adhesion, and immune response. Structurally, PTPRK comprises with an extracellular domain involved in cell-cell adhesion, a transmembrane region, and two intracellular catalytic domains responsible for its phosphatase activity. Notably, PTPRK undergoes proteolytic cleavage by Furin and ADAM10, resulting in the generation of an extracellular E-subunit and a P-subunit. Further processing by γ-secretase releases the intracellular PIC, which plays a pivotal role in regulating β-catenin signaling within the nucleus. PTPRK is widely recognized for its tumor-suppressive properties across various cancers, including colorectal, lung, ovarian, and melanoma. Despite its function as a tumor suppressor, the expression and activity of PTPRK exhibit considerable variability across different cancer types and stages. It exerts its effects by dephosphorylating key signaling molecules such as EGFR, STAT3, CD133 and β-catenin, thereby inhibiting cancer cell proliferation, survival, and metastasis. Beyond its role in cancer, PTPRK is also involved in immune regulation, particularly in the development of CD4 + T cells, and has been implicated in autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis. In the nervous system, PTPRK is linked to neurite outgrowth and synaptic transmission, with genetic polymorphisms in PTPRK associated with an increased risk of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease. Given its extensive involvement in cancer biology, immune regulation, and neurodevelopment, PTPRK presents a promising therapeutic target. Strategies aimed at restoring its activity or targeting PTPRK might offer new approaches for current cancer therapies and overcome drug resistance. In this review, we elucidate the structural characteristics and functional roles of PTPRK in cellular signaling and disease pathogenesis. The variability of PTPRK suggests that the regulatory mechanisms governing its activity are intricate and worth further comprehensive investigation.

Diagnostic value of miR‑21 and miR‑221 as potential biomarkers for early diagnosis of prostate cancer

Prostate cancer (PCa) is globally the second most diagnosed malignancy in men, with >1.5 million new cases reported in 2020. Given the limitations of classical detection methods, the discovery of new predictive PCa biomarkers is critical. MicroRNAs (miRs), which are small, single-stranded, non-coding RNA molecules, have emerged as potential biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. The present study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic value of miR-21 and miR-221 in PCa and their association with clinicopathological parameters. The expression of miR-21 and miR-221 was assessed using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR in 50 tumour and 50 control tissue samples. The results demonstrated that miR-21 and miR-221 were significantly upregulated in PCa tissues compared with that of the normal control tissues. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed that miR-21 had an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.90, with a sensitivity of 70% and a specificity of 96%. Similarly, miR-221 demonstrated an AUC of 0.89, with a sensitivity of 86% and a specificity of 78%. High expression of miR-21 and miR-221 was also demonstrated to be associated with higher Gleason scores and advanced tumour stages. The findings of the present study indicate the potential role of miR-21 and miR-221 as biomarkers in the diagnosis of PCa. However, further studies in non-invasive samples such as serum, blood and urine are needed to support the results of the present study.

Epigenetic and biogenetic regulation by polyphenols in prostate cancer in the context of 3P medicine

Prostate cancer (PCa) can remain asymptomatic for years, complicating early detection and effective intervention. Predictive, Preventive, and Personalized Medicine (3PM) provides a transformative framework for addressing these challenges by integrating novel biomarkers, targeted prevention, and individualized therapies. Recent studies highlight the pivotal role of dysregulated microRNAs (miRNAs) and epigenetic alterations in cancer progression and metastasis. miRNAs, as non-coding RNAs approximately 22 nucleotides in length, regulate gene expression through translational inhibition or mRNA degradation. Dysregulated miRNAs are linked to the overexpression of oncogenic proteins and suppression of tumor suppressor genes in malignancies. Polyphenols such as curcumin, quercetin, resveratrol, and green tea catechins (EGCG) have demonstrated potential in modulating miRNA expression and reversing aberrant epigenetic modifications. Despite their established anticancer effects, the clinical application of polyphenols in stratified patient groups, particularly in primary and secondary cancer prevention, remains underexplored. Beyond their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, polyphenols modulate early epigenetic and biogenetic events critical for cancer prevention and therapy. By targeting predictive biomarkers and improving therapy response, polyphenols contribute significantly to 3PM by enabling early diagnostics, mitigating risks, and personalizing treatments. This review evaluates current knowledge of polyphenols' impact on miRNAs and epigenetics in PCa and explores their potential applications within the 3PM framework, emphasizing predictive diagnostics, targeted prevention, and personalized treatment strategies.

Association of miRNA and Bone Tumors: Future Therapeutic Inroads

Small endogenous non-coding RNA molecules known as micro-ribonucleic acids (miRNAs) control post-transcriptional gene regulation. A change in miRNA expression is related to various diseases, including bone tumors. Benign bone tumors are categorized based on matrix production and predominant cell type. Osteochondromas and giant cell tumors are among the most common bone tumors. Interestingly, miRNAs can function as either tumor suppressor genes or oncogenes, thereby determining the fate of a tumor. In the present review, we discuss various bone tumors with regard to their prognosis, pathogenesis, and diagnosis. The association between miRNAs and bone tumors, such as osteosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, chondrosarcoma, and giant-cell tumors, is also discussed. Moreover, miRNA may play an important role in tumor proliferation, growth, and metastasis. Knowledge of the dysregulation, amplification, and deletion of miRNA can be beneficial for the treatment of various bone cancers. The miRNAs could be beneficial for prognosis, treatment, future drug design, and treatment of resistant cases of bone cancer.

miRNAs Dysregulated in Human Papillomavirus-Associated Benign Prostatic Lesions and Prostate Cancer

Prostate pathologies, including chronic prostatitis, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and prostate cancer (PCa), are strongly associated with chronic inflammation, which is a key risk factor and hallmark of these diseases [...].

Diagnostic properties of miR-146a-5p from liquid biopsies in prostate cancer: A meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Several studies on biomarker properties of microRNAs from liquid biopsy in prostate cancer (PCa) identified miR-146a-5p as a potential novel diagnostic marker. However, other studies with the same or similar topic failed to confirm the supposed discriminatory ability of miR-146a-5p, for which reason we aimed at elucidating the potential biomarker role of circulatory/urinary miR-146a-5p in PCa by conducting a qualitative and quantitative data synthesis.

METHODS

Eligible articles were identified by searching PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases. Open MetaAnalyst software was used for pooling data on sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratio and diagnostic odds ratio (OR) of miR-146a-5p.

RESULTS

A total of 15 articles were eligible for qualitative data synthesis, while the results from 13 studies with 2080 participants were included in the meta-analysis. The established between-study heterogeneity was high, while the expression of hsa-miR-146a was associated with a diagnostic OR of 3.544 (P < 0.001; 95 %CI 2.186-5.747). Pooled sensitivity was found to be lower than 70 % (0.655, 95 %CI 0.573-0.729, P < 0.001), while the obtained value for specificity was 65 % (95 %CI 0.583-0.709, P < 0.001). Segregating studies according to ethnicity, sample type or the type of controls did not result in significantly higher sensitivity and specificity in subgroups, compared to the overall pooled data.

CONCLUSIONS

The resulting pooled sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic OR do not qualify miR-146a-5p for a reliable diagnostic biomarker of PCa.

Singlet oxygen-based photoelectrochemical detection of miRNAs in prostate cancer patients' plasma: A novel diagnostic tool for liquid biopsy

Dysregulation of miRNA expression occurs in many cancers, making miRNAs useful in cancer diagnosis and therapeutic guidance. In a clinical context using methods such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the limited amount of miRNAs in circulation often limits their quantification. Here, we present a PCR-free and sensitive singlet oxygen (1O2)-based strategy for the detection and quantification of miRNAs in untreated human plasma from patients diagnosed with prostate cancer. A target miRNA is specifically captured by functionalised magnetic beads and a detection oligonucleotide probe in a sandwich-like format. The formed complex is concentrated at the sensor surface via magnetic beads, providing an interface for the photoinduced redox signal amplification. The detection oligonucleotide probe bears a molecular photosensitiser, which produces 1O2 upon illumination, oxidising a redox reporter and creating a redox cycling loop, allowing quantification of pM level miRNA in diluted human plasma within minutes after hybridisation and without target amplification.

Tumoral periprostatic adipose tissue exovesicles-derived miR-20a-5p regulates prostate cancer cell proliferation and inflammation through the RORA gene

BACKGROUND

From the first steps of prostate cancer (PCa) initiation, tumours are in contact with the most-proximal adipose tissue called periprostatic adipose tissue (PPAT). Extracellular vesicles are important carriers of non-coding RNA such as miRNAs that are crucial for cellular communication. The secretion of extracellular vesicles by PPAT may play a key role in the interactions between adipocytes and tumour. Analysing the PPAT exovesicles (EVs) derived-miRNA content can be of great relevance for understanding tumour progression and aggressiveness.

METHODS

A total of 24 samples of human PPAT and 17 samples of perivesical adipose tissue (PVAT) were used. EVs were characterized by western blot and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and uptake by PCa cells was verified by confocal microscopy. PPAT and PVAT explants were cultured overnight, EVs were isolated, and miRNA content expression profile was analysed. Pathway and functional enrichment analyses were performed seeking potential miRNA targets. In vitro functional studies were evaluated using PCa cells lines, miRNA inhibitors and target gene silencers.

RESULTS

Western blot and TEM revealed the characteristics of EVs derived from PPAT (PPAT-EVs) samples. The EVs were up taken and found in the cytoplasm of PCa cells. Nine miRNAs were differentially expressed between PPAT and PVAT samples. The RORA gene (RAR Related Orphan Receptor A) was identified as a common target of 9 miRNA-regulated pathways. In vitro functional analysis revealed that the RORA gene was regulated by PPAT-EVs-derived miRNAs and was found to be implicated in cell proliferation and inflammation.

CONCLUSION

Tumour periprostatic adipose tissue is linked to PCa tumour aggressiveness and could be envisaged for new therapeutic strategies.

Discrimination of Genetic Biomarkers of Disease through Machine-Learning-Based Hypothesis Testing of Direct SERS Spectra of DNA and RNA

Cancer is globally a leading cause of death that would benefit from diagnostic approaches detecting it in its early stages. However, despite much research and investment, cancer early diagnosis is still underdeveloped. Owing to its high sensitivity, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)-based detection of biomarkers has attracted growing interest in this area. Oligonucleotides are an important type of genetic biomarkers as their alterations can be linked to the disease prior to symptom onset. We propose a machine-learning (ML)-enabled framework to analyze complex direct SERS spectra of short, single-stranded DNA and RNA targets to identify relevant mutations occurring in genetic biomarkers, which are key disease indicators. First, by employing ad hoc-synthesized colloidal silver nanoparticles as SERS substrates, we analyze single-base mutations in ssDNA and RNA sequences using a direct SERS-sensing approach. Then, an ML-based hypothesis test is proposed to identify these changes and differentiate the mutated sequences from the corresponding native ones. Rooted in "functional data analysis," this ML approach fully leverages the rich information and dependencies within SERS spectral data for improved modeling and detection capability. Tested on a large set of DNA and RNA SERS data, including from miR-21 (a known cancer miRNA biomarker), our approach is shown to accurately differentiate SERS spectra obtained from different oligonucleotides, outperforming various data-driven methods across several performance metrics, including accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and F1-scores. Hence, this work represents a step forward in the development of the combined use of SERS and ML as effective methods for disease diagnosis with real applicability in the clinic.

Coordinating single-cell and bulk RNA-seq in deciphering the intratumoral immune landscape and prognostic stratification of prostate cancer patients

INTRODUCTION

Prostate cancer is a common cancer among male population. The aberrant expression of histone modifiers has been identified as a potential driving force in numerous cancer types. However, the mechanism of histone modifiers in the development of prostate cancer remains unknown.

METHODS

Expression profiles and clinical data were obtained from GSE70769, GSE46602, and GSE67980. Seruat R package was utilized to calculate the gene set enrichment of the histone modification pathway and obtain the Histone score. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) and Cox regression analyses were employed to identify marker genes with prognostic value. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was conducted to assess the efficacy of the prognostic model. In addition, microenvironment cell populations counter (MCPcounter), single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA), and xCell algorithms were employed for immune infiltration analysis. Drug sensitivity prediction was performed using oncoPredict R package.

RESULTS

We screened differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between Histone-high score (Histone-H) and Histone-low score (Histone-L) groups, which were enriched in RNA splicing and DNA-binding transcription factor binding pathways. We retained four prognostic marker genes, including TACC3, YWHAH, TAF1C and TTLL5. The risk model showed significant efficacy in stratification of the prognosis of prostate cancer patients in both internal and external cohorts (p < .0001 and p = .032, respectively). In addition, prognostic gene YWHAH was infiltrated in abundance of fibroblasts and highly correlated with Entinostat_1593 drug sensitivity score and the value of risk score.

CONCLUSION

We innovatively developed a histone modification-related prognostic model with high prognostic potency and identified YWHAH as possible diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers for prostate cancer. It provides novel insights to address prostate cancer and enhance clinical outcomes, thereby opening up a new avenue for customized treatment alternatives.

Tumor suppressive miR-99b-5p as an epigenomic regulator mediating mTOR/AR/SMARCD1 signaling axis in aggressive prostate cancer

Introduction

African American (AA) men exhibited 2.3-fold higher PCa incidence and 1.7-fold higher PCa mortality rates when compared to the European American (EA) men. Besides the socioeconomic factors, emerging evidence has highlighted that biological risk factors may play critical roles in the AA PCa disparities. Previously, we have shown that downregulated miR-99b-5p and upregulated mTOR cooperatively promotes the AA PCa aggressiveness and drug resistance.

Methods

In this study, we aimed to explore the miR-99b-5p/mTOR/AR/SMARCD1 signaling axis in AA PCa aggressiveness. The analyses used in the study included immunofluorescence, western blot, in-vitro functional assays (TUNEL, colony forming, and MTT), and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-qPCR assays in 2D and/or 3D culture model of EA PCa and AA PCa cell lines.

Results

Specifically, the immunofluorescence staining, and western blot analysis has revealed that nuclear mTOR, AR, and SMARCD1 were highly expressed in AA PCa (MDA PCa 2b) compared to EA PCa (LNCaP) cell line. Western blot analysis further revealed that miR-99b-5p inhibited protein levels of mTOR, AR/AR-V7 and SMARCD1 in cytoplasm and nuclei of EA and AA PCa. The in-vitro functional (MTT, TUNEL, and clonogenic) assays have demonstrated that miR-99b-5p effectively inhibited cell proliferation/survival and induced cell apoptosis in EA and AA PCa cells. Moreover, combination of miR-99b-5p and enzalutamide (Enz) synergistically enhances the cytotoxicity against aggressive AA PCa and castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). mTOR ChIP-qPCR assays further demonstrated that miR-99b-5p or miR-99b-5p/Enz significantly reduces the recruitment of mTOR to the genes involved in the metabolic reprogramming in CRPC.

Discussion

Taken together, miR-99b-5p may function as an epigenomic driver to modulate the mTOR/AR/SMARCD1 signaling axis in AA PCa and resistant CRPC.

MicroRNAs in Prostate Cancer: Implications for Treatment Response and Therapeutic Targets

Cancer resistance to treatment is very common, represents one of the most significant challenges in the last few decades, and continues to impede all efforts to cure cancer [...].

microRNA-382 as a tumor suppressor? Roles in tumorigenesis and clinical significance

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small single-stranded RNAs belonging to a class of non-coding RNAs with an average length of 18-22 nucleotides. Although not able to encode any protein, miRNAs are vastly studied and found to play role in various human physiologic as well as pathological conditions. A huge number of miRNAs have been identified in human cells whose expression is straightly regulated with crucial biological functions, while this number is constantly increasing. miRNAs are particularly studied in cancers, where they either can act with oncogenic function (oncomiRs) or tumor-suppressors role (referred as tumor-suppressor/oncorepressor miRNAs). miR-382 is a well-studied miRNA, which is revealed to play regulatory roles in physiological processes like osteogenic differentiation, hematopoietic stem cell differentiation and normal hematopoiesis, and liver progenitor cell differentiation. Notably, miR-382 deregulation is reported in pathologic conditions, such as renal fibrosis, muscular dystrophies, Rett syndrome, epidural fibrosis, atrial fibrillation, amelogenesis imperfecta, oxidative stress, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication, and various types of cancers. The majority of oncogenesis studies have claimed miR-382 downregulation in cancers and suppressor impact on malignant phenotype of cancer cells in vitro and in vivo, while a few studies suggest opposite findings. Given the putative role of this miRNA in regulation of oncogenesis, assessment of miR-382 expression is suggested in a several clinical investigations as a prognostic/diagnostic biomarker for cancer patients. In this review, we have an overview to recent studies evaluated the role of miR-382 in oncogenesis as well as its clinical potential.

Mutations in microRNA-128-2-3p identified with amplification-free hybridization assay

We describe a quantitative detection method for mutated microRNA in human plasma samples. Specific oligonucleotides designed from a Peyrard-Bishop model allowed accurate prediction of target:probe recognition affinity and specificity. Our amplification-free tandem bead-based hybridization assay had limit of detection of 2.2 pM. Thereby, the assay allowed identification of single-nucleotide polymorphism mismatch profiles in clinically relevant microRNA-128-2-3p, showing terminal mutations that correlate positively with inflammatory colitis and colorectal cancer.

Prostate Cancer: Genetics, Epigenetics and the Need for Immunological Biomarkers

Epidemiological data highlight prostate cancer as a significant global health issue, with high incidence and substantial impact on patients' quality of life. The prevalence of this disease is associated with various factors, including age, heredity, and race. Recent research in prostate cancer genetics has identified several genetic variants that may be associated with an increased risk of developing the disease. However, despite the significance of these findings, genetic markers for prostate cancer are not currently utilized in clinical practice as reliable indicators of the disease. In addition to genetics, epigenetic alterations also play a crucial role in prostate cancer development. Aberrant DNA methylation, changes in chromatin structure, and microRNA (miRNA) expression are major epigenetic events that influence oncogenesis. Existing markers for prostate cancer, such as prostate-specific antigen (PSA), have limitations in terms of sensitivity and specificity. The cost of testing, follow-up procedures, and treatment for false-positive results and overdiagnosis contributes to the overall healthcare expenditure. Improving the effectiveness of prostate cancer diagnosis and prognosis requires either narrowing the risk group by identifying new genetic factors or enhancing the sensitivity and specificity of existing markers. Immunological biomarkers (both circulating and intra-tumoral), including markers of immune response and immune dysfunction, represent a potentially useful area of research for enhancing the diagnosis and prognosis of prostate cancer. Our review emphasizes the need for developing novel immunological biomarkers to improve the diagnosis, prognosis, and management of prostate cancer. We highlight the most recent achievements in the identification of biomarkers provided by circulating monocytes and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). We highlight that monocyte-derived and TAM-derived biomarkers can enable to establish the missing links between genetic predisposition, hormonal metabolism and immune responses in prostate cancer.

Development of an electrochemiluminescent oligonucleotide-based assay for the quantification of prostate cancer associated miR-141-3p in human serum

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small oligonucleotides (18-25 bases), biologically relevant for epigenetic regulation of key processes, particularly in association with cancer. Research effort has therefore been directed towards the monitoring and detection of miRNAs to progress (early) cancer diagnoses. Traditional detection strategies for miRNAs are expensive, with a lengthy time-to-result. In this study we develop an oligonucleotide-based assay using electrochemistry for the specific, selective and sensitive detection of a circulating miRNA (miR-141) associated with prostate cancer. In the assay, the excitation and readout of the signal are independent: an electrochemical stimulation followed by an optical readout. A 'sandwich' approach is incorporated, consisting of a biotinylated capture probe immobilised on streptavidin-functionalised surfaces and a detection probe labelled with digoxigenin. We show that the assay allows the detection of miR-141 in human serum, even in the presence of other miRNAs, with a LOD of 0.25 pM. The developed electrochemiluminescent assay has, therefore, the potential for efficient universal oligonucleotide target detection via the redesign of capture and detection probes.

miRNAs: Potential as Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets for Cancer

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are single-stranded, non-coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally by binding to messenger RNAs. miRNAs are important regulators of gene expression, and their dysregulation is implicated in many human and canine diseases. Most cancers tested to date have been shown to express altered miRNA levels, which indicates their potential importance in the oncogenic process. Based on this evidence, numerous miRNAs have been suggested as potential cancer biomarkers for both diagnosis and prognosis. miRNA-based therapies have also been tested in different cancers and have provided measurable clinical benefits to patients. In addition, understanding miRNA biogenesis and regulatory mechanisms in cancer can provide important knowledge about resistance to chemotherapies, leading to more personalized cancer treatment. In this review, we comprehensively summarized the importance of miRNA in human and canine cancer research. We discussed the current state of development and potential for the miRNA as both a diagnostic marker and a therapeutic target.

A tissue miRNA expression pattern is associated with disease aggressiveness of localized prostate cancer

BACKGROUND

Prostate cancer (PCa) is a heterogeneous malignancy with high variability in clinical course. Insufficient stratification according to the aggressiveness at the time of diagnosis causes unnecessary or delayed treatment. Current stratification systems are not effective enough because they are based on clinical, surgical or biochemical parameters, but do not take into account molecular factors driving PCa cancerogenesis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important players in molecular pathogenesis of PCa and could serve as valuable biomarkers for the assessment of disease aggressiveness and its prognosis.

METHODS

In the study, in total, 280 PCa patients were enrolled. The miRNA expression profiles were analyzed in FFPE PCa tissue using the miRCURY LNA miRNA PCR System. The expression levels of candidate miRNAs were further verified by two-level validation using the RT-qPCR method and evaluated in relation to PCa stratification reflecting the disease aggressiveness.

RESULTS

MiRNA profiling revealed 172 miRNAs dysregulated between aggressive (ISUP 3-5) and indolent PCa (ISUP 1) (p < 0.05). In the training and validation cohort, miR-15b-5p and miR-106b-5p were confirmed to be significantly upregulated in tissue of aggressive PCa when their level was associated with disease aggressiveness. Furthermore, we established a prognostic score combining the level of miR-15b-5p and miR-106b-5p with serum PSA level, which discriminated indolent PCa from an aggressive form with even higher analytical parameters (AUC being 0.9338 in the training set and 0.8014 in the validation set, respectively). The score was also associated with 5-year biochemical progression-free survival (bPFS) of PCa patients.

CONCLUSIONS

We identified a miRNA expression pattern associated with disease aggressiveness in prostate cancer patients. These miRNAs may be of biological interest as the focus can be also set on their specific role within the molecular pathology and the molecular mechanism that underlies the aggressivity of prostate cancer.

Potential diagnostic role of circulating MiRNAs in colorectal cancer

OBJECTIVES

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common and fourth most deadly cancer worldwide despite its various screening method. Thus, the search for novel and better markers is continuous. This study aimed to assess the combined expression levels of miR-133a, miR-574-3p, and miR-27a in early diagnosis of colorectal cancer in comparison to traditional tumor markers (CEA and CA19.9).

METHODS

miR-133a, miR-574-3p, and miR-27a were assessed in sera of 120 participants categorized into healthy control group (n = 20), benign group (n = 30) and malignant group (n = 70) using real-time PCR.

RESULTS

miR-133a, miR-574-3p, and miR-27a expressions showed significant difference among different staging, grading and tumor size of CRC. The sensitivities of the three miRNAs whether combined or individually used were better than routinely used tumor markers (CEA and CA19.9) leading to more accurate and faster diagnosis of CRC.

CONCLUSION

Synergetic detection of miRNA-133a, miRNA-574-3p, and miRNA-27a may serve as better noninvasive biomarkers with higher combined sensitivity for early diagnosis of CRC than individual detection of miRNAs.

MiR-145 inhibits cell migration and increases paclitaxel chemosensitivity in prostate cancer cells

Objectives

Prostate cancer (PC) is one of the most commonly diagnosed malignancies among men worldwide. Paclitaxel is a chemotherapeutic agent widely used to treat different types of cancer. Recent studies revealed miRNAs control various genes that influence the regulation of many biological and pathological processes such as the formation and development of cancer, chemotherapy resistance, etc.

Materials and Methods

Between three PC cell lines (PC3, DU-145, LNCAP), PC3 showed the lowest miR-145 expression and was chosen for experiments. PC3 cells were treated with paclitaxel and miR-145 separately or in combination. To measure the cell viability, migratory capacity, autophagy, cell cycle progression, and apoptosis induction, the MTT assay, wound-healing assay, and Annexin V/PI apoptosis assay were used, respectively. Moreover, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was employed to measure the expression level of genes involved in apoptosis, migration, and stemness properties.

Results

Obtained results illustrated that miR-145 transfection could enhance the sensitivity of PC3 cells to paclitaxel and increase paclitaxel-induced apoptosis by modulating the expression of related genes, including Caspase-3, Caspase-9, Bax, and Bcl-2. Also, results showed combination therapy increased cell cycle arrest at the sub-G1 phase. miR-145 and paclitaxel cooperatively reduced migration ability and related-metastatic and stemness gene expression, including MMP-2, MMP-9, CD44, and SOX-2. In addition, combination therapy can suppress MDR1 expression.

Conclusion

These results confirmed that miR-145 combined with paclitaxel cooperatively could inhibit cell proliferation and migration and increase the chemosensitivity of PC3 cells compared to mono treatment. So, miR-145 combination therapy may be used as a promising approach for PC treatment.

A Proteomic Approach Reveals That miR-423-5p Modulates Glucidic and Amino Acid Metabolism in Prostate Cancer Cells

Recently, we have demonstrated that miR-423-5p modulates the growth and metastases of prostate cancer (PCa) cells both in vitro and in vivo. Here, we have studied the effects of miR-423-5p on the proteomic profile in order to identify its intracellular targets and the affected pathways. Applying a quantitative proteomic approach, we analyzed the effects on the protein expression profile of miR-423-5p-transduced PCa cells. Moreover, a computational analysis of predicted targets of miR-423-5p was carried out by using several target prediction tools. Proteomic analysis showed that 63 proteins were differentially expressed in miR-423-5-p-transfected LNCaP cells if compared to controls. Pathway enrichment analysis revealed that stable overexpression of miR-423-5p in LNCaP PCa cells induced inhibition of glycolysis and the metabolism of several amino acids and a parallel downregulation of proteins involved in transcription and hypoxia, the immune response through Th17-derived cytokines, inflammation via amphorin signaling, and ion transport. Moreover, upregulated proteins were related to the S phase of cell cycle, chromatin modifications, apoptosis, blood coagulation, and calcium transport. We identified seven proteins commonly represented in miR-423-5p targets and differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) and analyzed their expression and influence on the survival of PCa patients from publicly accessible datasets. Overall, our findings suggest that miR-423-5p induces alterations in glucose and amino acid metabolism in PCa cells paralleled by modulation of several tumor-associated processes.

Exosomal miRNAs-a diagnostic biomarker acting as a guiding light in the diagnosis of prostate cancer

Prostate cancer, one of the major causes of mortality globally is regarded as the second leading cause of mortality among men. It is known to affect the stromal cells surrounding it. Through the use of exosomes, the affected stromal cells can promote the growth and spread of the cancer. Exosomes are known to play a role not only in the development and progression of cancer but also contribute to the drug-resistance character of cancer cells. Recently, the discovery of the small non-coding RNAs or miRNA has attracted attention of cancer researchers as they can regulate the expression of different genes. Therefore, exosomal miRNA can be used as a novel and reliable biomarker for the diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer. In addition, exosomal miRNAs can also be used as a potential treatment for prostate cancer. The goal of this review is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the current knowledge about the role of exosomal miRNAs in the treatment of patients with prostate cancer and their potential role in monitoring the disease.

MiR-375 and miR-21 as Potential Biomarkers of Prostate Cancer: Comparison of Matching Samples of Plasma and Exosomes

MiR-21 and miR-375 have been reported as dysregulated in prostate cancer (PCa) in multiple previous studies. Still, variable or even opposing data for the expression of these microRNAs in PCa were found, and their potential biomarker properties remain elusive. In an attempt to clarify their significance as PCa biomarkers, as well as to compare different types of specimens as a source of relevant microRNAs, we used plasma and matching plasma-derived exosomes from patients with PCa and patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Plasma and exosomes were obtained from 34 patients with PCa and 34 patients with BPH, and their levels of expression of miR-21 and miR-375 were determined by RT-qPCR. We found no significant difference in the level of expression of these microRNAs in plasma and exosomes between patients with PCa and BPH. The level of exosomal miR-21 was elevated in PCa patients with high serum PSA values, as well as in patients with aggressive PCa, while for plasma samples, the results remained insignificant. For miR-375, we did not find an association with the values of standard prognostic parameters of PCa, nor with cancer aggressiveness. Therefore, our results support the potential prognostic role of exosomal miR-21 expression levels in PCa.

Salivary microRNA profiling dysregulation in autism spectrum disorder: A pilot study

INTRODUCTION

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are the most prevalent neurobiological disorders in children. The etiology comprises genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors such as dysfunction of the immune system. Epigenetic mechanisms are mainly represented by DNA methylation, histone modifications, and microRNAs (miRNA). The major explored epigenetic mechanism is mediated by miRNAs which target genes known to be involved in ASD pathogenesis. Salivary poly-omic RNA measurements have been associated with ASD and are helpful to differentiate ASD endophenotypes. This study aims to comprehensively examine miRNA expression in children with ASD and to reveal potential biomarkers and possible disease mechanisms so that they can be used to improve faction between individuals by promoting more personalized therapeutic approaches.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Saliva samples were collected from 10 subjects: 5 samples of children with ASD and 5 from healthy controls. miRNAs were analyzed using an Illumina Next-Generation-Sequencing (NGS) system.

RESULTS

Preliminary data highlighted the presence of 365 differentially expressed miRNAs. Pathway analysis, molecular function, biological processes, and target genes of 41 dysregulated miRNAs were assessed, of which 20 were upregulated, and 21 were downregulated in children with ASD compared to healthy controls.

CONCLUSION

The results of this study represent preliminary but promising data, as the identified miRNA pathways could represent useful biomarkers for the early non-invasive diagnosis of ASD.

The Role of Curcumin in Prostate Cancer Cells and Derived Spheroids

A major challenge in the clinical management of prostate cancer (PC) is to inhibit tumor growth and prevent metastatic spreading. In recent years, considerable efforts have been made to discover new compounds useful for PC therapy, and promising advances in this field were reached. Drugs currently used in PC therapy frequently induce resistance and PC progresses toward metastatic castration-resistant forms (mCRPC), making it virtually incurable. Curcumin, a commercially available nutritional supplement, represents an attractive therapeutic agent for mCRPC patients. In the present study, we compared the effects of chemotherapeutic drugs such as docetaxel, paclitaxel, and cisplatin, to curcumin, on two PC cell lines displaying a different metastatic potential: DU145 (moderate metastatic potential) and PC-3 (high metastatic potential). Our results revealed a dose-dependent reduction of DU145 and PC-3 cell viability upon treatment with curcumin similar to chemotherapeutic agents (paclitaxel, cisplatin, and docetaxel). Furthermore, we explored the EGFR-mediated signaling effects on ERK activation in DU145 and PC-3 cells. Our results showed that DU145 and PC-3 cells overexpress EGFR, and the treatment with chemotherapeutic agents or curcumin reduced EGFR expression levels and ERK activation. Finally, chemotherapeutic agents and curcumin reduced the size of DU145 and PC-3 spheroids and have the potential to induce apoptosis and also in Matrigel. In conclusion, despite different studies being carried out to identify the potential synergistic curcumin combinations with chemopreventive/therapeutic efficacy for inhibiting PC growth, the results show the ability of curcumin used alone, or in combinatorial approaches, to impair the size and the viability of PC-derived spheroids.

MicroRNA-99b-5p targets mTOR/AR axis, induces autophagy and inhibits prostate cancer cell proliferation

OBJECTIVES: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are the small non-coding regulatory RNA molecules involved in gene regulation via base-pairing with complementary sequences in mRNAs. The dysregulation of specific miRNAs, such as miR-99b-5p (miR-99b), is associated with prostate cancer (PCa) progression. However, the mechanistic role of miR-99b in PCa remains to be determined. In this study, we aimed to investigate the functional and clinical significance of miR-99b in PCa. STUDY DESIGN: The expression of miR-99b and its downstream targets mTOR/AR in the PCa samples were analyzed by RT/qPCR. The effects of miR-99b overexpression/inhibition on PCa cell survival/proliferation, spheroid formation, and cell migration were examined by specific assays. Luciferase reporter assays were performed to determine the binding of miR-99b to 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of the mTOR gene. The effects of miR-99b on the expression of mTOR, AR, and PSA proteins, as well as on AKT/mTOR signaling, autophagy, and neuroendocrine differentiation markers were analyzed by western blotting. The expression of miR-99b, mTOR, AR, PSA in AR-negative PC3 and AR-positive LNCaP cells was analyzed by RT/qPCR. The effect of miR-99b on global gene expression in PC3 cells was analyzed by RNA-seq. RESULTS: The expression of miR-99b was downregulated in tumor samples from PCa patients, whereas the expression of mTOR and AR was upregulated. In PCa cell lines, overexpression of miR-99b inhibited cell proliferation and cell colony/spheroid formation; induced apoptosis, and increased sensitivity towards docetaxel (DTX). In contrast, inhibition of miR-99b by miR-99b inhibitor resulted in increased cell growth in PCa cells. Mechanistically, miR-99b inhibited the expression of the mammalian target of the rapamycin (mTOR) gene by binding to its 3′ UTR and induced autophagy. Furthermore, miR-99b inhibited androgen receptor (AR) activity in LNCaP cells and induced apoptosis. Activation of AR signaling by dihydrotestosterone (DHT) downregulated miR-99b expression and promoted cell PCa cell growth/survival, whereas inactivation of mTOR by rapamycin or AR by enzalutamide decreased miR-99b mediated PCa cell growth. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that miR-99b functions as a tumor suppressor by targeting the mTOR/AR axis in PCa cells, implicating miR-99b as a novel biomarker and therapeutic target for PCa management.

DNA-gold nanoprobe-based integrated biosensing technology for non-invasive liquid biopsy of serum miRNA: A new frontier in prostate cancer diagnosis

The low specificity of prostate-specific antigen contributes to overdiagnosis and ov ertreatment of prostate cancer (PCa) patients. Hence, there is an urgent need for inclusive diagnostic platforms that could improve the diagnostic accuracy of PCa. Dysregulated miRNAs are closely associated with the progression and recurrence and have emerged as promising diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for PCa. Nevertheless, simple, rapid, and ultrasensitive quantification of serum miRNAs is highly challenging. This study designed, synthesized, and demonstrated the practicability of DNA-linked gold nanoprobes (DNA-AuNPs) for the single-step quantification of miR-21/miR-141/miR-375. In preclinical study, the assay differented PCa Pten conditional knockout (Pten^cKO) mice compared to their age-matched Pten wild-type (Pten^WT) control mice. In human sera, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve-based correlation analyses revealed clear discrimination between PCa patients from normal healthy controls using training and validation sets. Overall, we established integrated nano-biosensing technology for the PCR-free, non-invasive liquid biopsies of multiple miRNAs for PCa diagnosis.

Secreted miR-153 Controls Proliferation and Invasion of Higher Gleason Score Prostate Cancer

Prostate cancer (PC) is a male common neoplasm and is the second leading cause of cancer death in American men. PC is traditionally diagnosed by the evaluation of prostate secreted antigen (PSA) in the blood. Due to the high levels of false positives, digital rectal examination and transrectal ultrasound guided biopsy are necessary in uncertain cases with elevated PSA levels. Nevertheless, the high mortality rate suggests that new PC biomarkers are urgently needed to help clinical diagnosis. In a previous study, we have identified a network of genes, altered in high Gleason Score (GS) PC (GS ≥ 7), being regulated by miR-153. Until now, no publication has explained the mechanism of action of miR-153 in PC. By in vitro studies, we found that the overexpression of miR-153 in high GS cell lines is required to control cell proliferation, migration and invasion rates, targeting Kruppel-like factor 5 (KLF5). Moreover, miR-153 could be secreted by exosomes and microvesicles in the microenvironment and, once entered into the surrounding tissue, could influence cellular growth. Being upregulated in high GS human PC, miR-153 could be proposed as a circulating biomarker for PC diagnosis.

Diagnostic Value of microRNA-375 as Future Biomarker for Prostate Cancer Detection: A Meta-Analysis

Background and Objectives: Responding to the need for additional biomarkers for the diagnosis of prostate cancer (PCa), mounting studies show that microRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) possess great potential as future promising diagnostic tools. However, the usefulness of these miRNAs is still highly debated, as the degree of inconsistency between study designs and results is still elevated. Herein, we present a meta-analysis evaluating the diagnostic value and accuracy of circulating miR-375, as it is one of the most studied types of miRs in PCa. Materials and Methods: The diagnostic accuracy of miR-375 was evaluated using the QUADAS-2 tool, analyzing different statistical parameters. The seven studies (from six articles) that matched our selection included 422 PCa patients and 212 controls (70 healthy volunteers + 142 with benign prostate diseases). Results and Conclusion: We obtained a p-value of 0.76 for sensitivity, 0.83 for specificity, 16 for DOR, 4.6 for LR+, 0.29 for LR−, and 0.87 for AUC (95% CI 0.83–0.89). Our results confirm that miRNA-375 has high diagnostic potential for PCa, suggesting its usefulness as a powerful biomarker. More comprehensive studies are warranted to better assess its true value as a diagnostic biomarker for this urologic disease.

Expression of miR-24-1-5p in Tumor Tissue Influences Prostate Cancer Recurrence: The PROCA-life Study

The role of miR-24-1-5p and its prognostic implications associated with prostate cancer are mainly unknown. In a population-based cohort, the Prostate Cancer Study throughout life (PROCA-life), all men had a general health examination at study entry and were followed between 1994 and 2016. Patients with available tissue samples after a prostatectomy with curative intent were identified (n = 189). The tissue expression of miR-24-1-5p in prostate cancer was examined by in situ hybridization (ISH) in tissue microarray (TMA) blocks by semi-quantitative scoring by two independent investigators. Multivariable Cox regression models were used to study the associations between miR-24-1-5p expression and prostate cancer recurrence. The prostate cancer patients had a median age of 65.0 years (range 47−75 years). The Cancer of the Prostate Risk Assessment Postsurgical Score, International Society of Urological Pathology grade group, and European Association of Urology Risk group were all significant prognostic factors for five-year recurrence-free survival (p < 0.001). Prostate cancer patients with a high miR-24-1-5p expression (≥1.57) in the tissue had a doubled risk of recurrence compared to patients with low expression (HR 1.99, 95% CI 1.13−3.51). Our study suggests that a high expression of miR-24-1-5p is associated with an increased risk of recurrence of prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy, which points to the potential diagnostic and therapeutic value of detecting miR-24-1-5p in prostate cancer cases.

Small interfering RNA targeting N-cadherin regulates cell proliferation and migration in enzalutamide-resistant prostate cancer

Enzalutamide is one of the options for treating patients with castration-resistant or metastatic prostate cancer. However, a substantial proportion of patients become resistant to enzalutamide after a period of treatment. Cells in these tumors typically exhibit increased proliferative and migratory capabilities, in which N-cadherin (CDH2) appear to serve an important role. In the present study, by up- and downregulating the expression of CDH2, the possible effects of CDH2 on the prostate cancer cell line LNCaP were investigated. Male sex hormone-sensitive LNCaP cells treated with 10 µM enzalutamide were named LNCaP enzalutamide-resistant (EnzaR) cells. Reverse transcription-PCR, western blotting and immunofluorescence staining were used to measure CDH2, E-cadherin, α-SMA, Snail and Slug expression. Transfection with the pCMV-CDH2 plasmid was performed for CDH2 upregulation, whilst transfection with small interfering RNA (siRNA)-CDH2 was performed for CDH2 downregulation. MTT and Cell Counting Kit-4 assays were used to evaluate the proportion of viable cancer cells. Subsequently, gap closure assay was performed to evaluate the migratory capability of both LNCaP and LNCaP EnzaR cell lines. CDH2 expression was found to be increased in LNCaP EnzaR cells compared with that in LNCaP cells. CDH2 overexpression increased cell viability and migration in both LNCaP and LNCaP EnzaR cell lines. By contrast, the opposite trend was observed after CDH2 expression was knocked down. CDH2 expression also showed a high association with that of four epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers, which was confirmed by western blotting. Based on these results, it was concluded that knocking down CDH2 expression using siRNA transfection mediated significant influence on LNCaP EnzaR cell physiology, which may be a potential therapeutic option for prostate cancer treatment.

A review of the biological role of miRNAs in prostate cancer suppression and progression

Prostate cancer (PC) is the third-leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Although the current treatment strategies are progressing rapidly, PC is still representing a substantial medical problem for affected patients. Several factors are involved in PC initiation, progression, and treatments failure including microRNAs (miRNAs). The miRNAs are endogenous short non-coding RNA sequence negatively regulating target mRNA expression via degradation or translation repression. miRNAs play a pivotal role in PC pathogenesis through its ability to initiate the induction of cancer stem cells (CSCs) and proliferation, as well as sustained cell cycle, evading apoptosis, invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Furthermore, miRNAs regulate major molecular pathways affecting PC such as the androgen receptor (AR) pathway, p53 pathway, PTEN/PI3K/AKT pathway, and Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Furthermore, miRNAs alter PC therapeutic response towards the androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), chemotherapy and radiation therapy (RT). Thus, the understanding and profiling of the altered miRNAs expression in PC could be utilized as a non-invasive biomarker for the early diagnosis as well as for patient sub-grouping with different prognoses for individualized treatment. Accordingly, in the current review, we summarized in updated form the roles of various oncogenic and tumor suppressor (TS) miRNAs in PC, revealing their underlying molecular mechanisms in PC initiation and progression.

Advances in the Biological Functions and Mechanisms of miRNAs in the Development of Osteosarcoma

Osteosarcoma is one of the most common primary malignant bone tumors, mainly occurring in children and adolescents, and is characterized by high morbidity and poor prognosis. MicroRNAs, a class of noncoding RNAs consisting of 19 to 25 nucleotides, are involved in cell proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and apoptosis to regulate the development and progression of osteosarcoma. Studies have found that microRNAs are closely related to the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of osteosarcoma patients and have an important role in improving drug resistance in osteosarcoma. This paper reviews the role of microRNAs in the pathogenesis of osteosarcoma and their clinical value, aiming to provide a new research direction for diagnosing and treating osteosarcoma and achieving a better prognosis.

Use of MicroRNAs as biomarkers in the early diagnosis of prostate cancer

INTRODUCTION

Prostate cancer (PCa) is a common type of cancer in western countries and prominent cause of mortality in men. The aim of the study was to analyze circulating miRNAs as biomarkers in the sera of healthy individuals and prostate cancer cases without biopsy.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Twenty prostate cases, age (mean and range) 61,4±12.1 (45-73), and twenty healthy men, age 59,3±11.2 (44-70) were included to the study. The mean and range of prostate spesific antigen (PSA) in cancer cases and healthy individuals were 6.79±2.84 ng/ml (2.25-14.7) and 3.8±2.2 ng/ml (1.3-7.8) respectively.

RESULTS

Seven miRNAs including two internal controls (Let7c, miR125b, miR141, miR145, miR 155, miR181 ve miR192) were evaluated in two groups. The level of miR141 was significantly lower in PCa cases than healthy individuals (p=0,004), and miR155 was significantly higher (p=0,005) in PCa cases. Both miRNAs were explored sensitive and spesific in the ROC analysis. Tumor mass were found to be associated with the level of miR-125b and miR-145. Conclusion; validation studies are required in wider patient groups in the subject of tumor effect and miRNA biomarkers in prostate cancer.

Breviscapine Participates in the Progression of Prostate Cancer by Inhibiting ZFP91 Expression through Upregulation of MicroRNA-129-5p

Objective

To investigate the effect of breviscapine (BVP) on the development of prostate cancer and its molecular mechanism.

Materials and Methods

After treatment with breviscapine and microRNA-129-5p, MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) and cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) tests were performed to examine the proliferation rate of cells, while Transwell was used to analyze cell migration ability; at the same time, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was applied to detect the expression of microRNA-129-5p and ZFP91 in prostate cancer cells. In addition, the binding of microRNA-129-5p and ZFP91 was confirmed by dual-luciferase reporting assay; meanwhile, cell reverse experiment verified that breviscapine can regulate ZFP91 via upregulating microRNA-129-5p.

Results

The results of MTT, CCK-8, and Transwell experiments demonstrated that breviscapine inhibited the proliferation as well as the migration capacities of PC cells; meanwhile, it upregulated the level of microRNA-129-5p in PC cells while downregulated that of ZFP91. Furthermore, dual-luciferase reporter gene assay verified that ZFP91 was a potential target of microRNA-129-5p. Finally, cell reverse experiment confirmed that breviscapine downregulated ZFP91 expression by upregulating microRNA-129-5p, while downregulation of microRNA-129-5p partially reversed the inhibitory effect of breviscapine on cell proliferation ability.

Conclusions

Breviscapine may inhibit the expression of ZFP91 through upregulating microRNA-129-5p and thus participating in the progression of PC.

Phytochemicals mediated modulation of microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs in cancer prevention and therapy

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are two main categories of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) that can influence essential biological functions in various ways, as well as their expression and function are tightly regulated in physiological homeostasis. Additionally, the dysregulation of these ncRNAs seems to be crucial to the pathogenesis of human diseases. The latest findings indicate that ncRNAs execute vital roles in cancer initiation and progression, and the cancer phenotype can be reversed by modulating their expression. Available scientific discoveries suggest that phytochemicals such as polyphenols, alkaloids, terpenoids, and organosulfur compounds can significantly modulate multiple cancer-associated miRNAs and lncRNAs, thereby inhibiting cancer initiation and development. However, despite promising outcomes of experimental research, only a few clinical trials are currently being conducted to evaluate the therapeutic effectiveness of these compounds. Nevertheless, understanding phytochemical-mediated ncRNA regulation in cancer and the underlying molecular mechanisms on tumor pathophysiology can aid in the development of novel therapeutic strategies to combat this deadly disease.

Two-Step Competitive Hybridization Assay: A Method for Analyzing Cancer-Related microRNA Embedded in Extracellular Vesicles

With an increased understanding of the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in cancer evolution, there is a growing interest in the use of these non-coding nucleic acids in cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment monitoring. miRNAs embedded in extracellular vesicles (EVs) are of particular interest given that circulating EVs carry cargo that are strongly correlated to their cells of origin such as tumor cells while protecting them from degradation. As such, there is a tremendous interest in new simple-to-operate vesicular microRNA analysis tools for widespread use in performing liquid biopsies. Herein, we present a two-step competitive hybridization assay that is rationally designed to translate low microRNA concentrations to large electrochemical signals as the measured signal is inversely proportional to the microRNA concentration. Using this assay, with a limit-of-detection of 122 aM, we successfully analyzed vesicular miRNA 200b from prostate cancer cell lines and human urine samples, demonstrating the expected lower expression levels of miRNA 200b in the EVs from prostate cancer cells and in the prostate cancer patient's urine samples compared to healthy patients and non-tumorigenic cell lines, validating the suitability of our approach for clinical analysis.

Regulation of Neuroendocrine-like Differentiation in Prostate Cancer by Non-Coding RNAs

Neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) represents a variant of prostate cancer that occurs in response to treatment resistance or, to a much lesser extent, de novo. Unravelling the molecular mechanisms behind transdifferentiation of cancer cells to neuroendocrine-like cancer cells is essential for development of new treatment opportunities. This review focuses on summarizing the role of small molecules, predominantly microRNAs, in this phenomenon. A published literature search was performed to identify microRNAs, which are reported and experimentally validated to modulate neuroendocrine markers and/or regulators and to affect the complex neuroendocrine phenotype. Next, available patients’ expression datasets were surveyed to identify deregulated microRNAs, and their effect on NEPC and prostate cancer progression is summarized. Finally, possibilities of miRNA detection and quantification in body fluids of prostate cancer patients and their possible use as liquid biopsy in prostate cancer monitoring are discussed. All the addressed clinical and experimental contexts point to an association of NEPC with upregulation of miR-375 and downregulation of miR-34a and miR-19b-3p. Together, this review provides an overview of different roles of non-coding RNAs in the emergence of neuroendocrine prostate cancer.

miRNA-21 Serum Evaluation in BPH, Hormone Sensitive Prostate Cancer, and Castrate Resistant Prostate Cancer: Attempt for Diagnostic Biomarker Evaluation

BACKGROUND

Some of prostate cancer cases could progress to be Castrate Resistant Prostate Cancer (CRPC). However it is still a challenge to early diagnose it since no reliable examination could be done except PSA, which has high variability. It is now known that miRNAs are involved in nearly all inflammatory responses. Several malignancies in humans that specifically express miRNA have been detected and identified. The expression values of miRNA-21 also correlates with the occurrence of resistant castration of prostate cancer and metastases, therefore miRNA-21 is expected to be a biomarker to estimate the progression of cancer.

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study was to analyze the expression values and cut-off markers of miRNA-21 as markers of CRPC progression.

METHODS

This study used a retrospective cohort design with observational analysis. The forty-eight total sample was obtained from serum, then the RT-PCR was performed to obtain expression values of miRNA-21. Data were analyzed using One Way ANOVA to see the difference in the expression values of miRNA-21. Furthermore, to determine the cut-off analysis was carried out using the ROC curve.

RESULTS

In the BPH group, an average expression value of miRNA-21 was 33,785±1.80 ng/dL, in the Prostate cancer group the average miRNA-21 was 34.51±1.32 ng/dL, while in the CRPC group, an average miRNA-21 was obtained, reaching to 34.51±1.32 ng/dL. The cut-off value of miRNA-21 from the BPH category was <33,595, PPV = 50%, NPV = 80% with a value of p = 0.081, the prostate Ca category was 33.595-35.21, PPV = 87.5%, NPV = 66.7% with p value = 0.003, while the value of miRNA-21 in the CRPC category was> 35.21, PPV = 80%, NPV = 58.3 with a value of p = 0.04.

CONCLUSION

There is a significant difference in the expression values of miRNA-21 between BPH with CRPC and Prostate cancer and CRPC, therefore, miRNA-21 cut-off point is potential to differentiate the diagnosis.

miR-28-3p inhibits prostate cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion, and promotes apoptosis by targeting ARF6

Previous studies have reported that the expression levels of microRNA (miR)-28-3p are downregulated in prostate cancer (PCa) compared with those in adjacent normal tissues. However, to the best of our knowledge, the function and underlying mechanisms of miR-28-3p in PCa have not been reported. The present study aimed to explore the role of miR-28-3p and its mechanism in the development of PCa. In the present study, miR-28-3p and ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (ARF6) expression levels were analyzed using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Cell proliferation, colony formation, apoptosis, migration and invasion were determined using Cell Counting Kit-8, colony forming, flow cytometry and Transwell assays, respectively. The association between miR-28-3p and ARF6 was investigated using a dual luciferase reporter assay. ARF6, Rac1, Erk1/2 and phosphorylated (p)-Erk1/2 protein expression levels were analyzed using western blotting. The results of the present study revealed that miR-28-3p expression levels were downregulated, whereas ARF6 expression levels were upregulated in PCa cell lines (LNCaP, 22Rv-1, PC-3 and DU145) compared with those in the normal prostate line RWPE-1. The overexpression of miR-28-3p promoted cell apoptosis, and inhibited cell proliferation, colony formation, migration and invasion. However, the knockdown of miR-28-3p exerted the opposite results. The results of the dual luciferase reporter assays, RT-qPCR and western blotting indicated that ARF6 was a target gene of miR-28-3p. Finally, rescue experiments demonstrated that ARF6 overexpression attenuated the effects of the miR-28-3p mimic by upregulating Rac1 and p-Erk1/2 expression in PCa cells. In conclusion, these findings indicated that miR-28-3p may inhibit the biological behaviors of PCa cells by targeting ARF6, and therefore may represent a novel therapeutic candidate for PCa.

MicroRNAs as the critical regulators of protein kinases in prostate and bladder cancers

Background

Bladder cancer (BCa) and prostate cancer (PCa) are frequent urothelial and genital malignancies with a high ratio of morbidity and mortality which are more common among males. Since BCa and PCa cases are mainly diagnosed in advanced stages with clinical complications, it is required to introduce the efficient early detection markers. Protein kinases are critical factors involved in various cellular processes such as cell growth, motility, differentiation, and metabolism. Deregulation of protein kinases can be frequently observed through the neoplastic transformation and tumor progression. Therefore, kinases are required to be regulated via different genetic and epigenetic processes. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are among the critical factors involved in epigenetic regulation of protein kinases. Since miRNAs are noninvasive and more stable factors in serum and tissues compared with mRNAs, they can be used as efficient diagnostic markers for the early detection of PCa and BCa.

Main body

In present review, we have summarized all of the reported miRNAs that have been associated with regulation of protein kinases in bladder and prostate cancers.

Conclusions

For the first time, this review highlights the miRNAs as critical factors in regulation of protein kinases during prostate and bladder cancers which paves the way of introducing a noninvasive kinase-specific panel of miRNAs for the early detection of these malignancies. It was observed that the class VIII receptors of tyrosine kinases and non-receptor tyrosine kinases were the most frequent targets for the miRNAs in bladder and prostate cancers, respectively.

Role of Metastasis-Related microRNAs in Prostate Cancer Progression and Treatment

Simple Summary

In this review article we summarize the current literature on the pro- and anti-metastatic roles of distinct microRNAs in prostate cancer with a particular focus on their impact on invasion, migration and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Moreover, we give a brief overview on how this knowledge developed so far into novel therapeutic approaches to target metastatic prostate cancer.

Abstract

Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most prevalent cancer types in males and the consequences of its distant metastatic deposits are the leading cause of PCa mortality. Therefore, identifying the causes and molecular mechanisms of hematogenous metastasis formation is of considerable clinical importance for the future development of improved therapeutic approaches. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level by targeting messenger RNAs. Numerous studies have identified miRNAs as promotors or inhibitors of metastasis and revealed, in part, their targeting pathways in PCa. Because miRNAs are remarkably stable and can be detected in both tissue and body fluid, its potential as specific biomarkers for metastasis and therapeutic response is also currently under preclinical evaluation. In the present review, we focus on miRNAs that are supposed to initiate or suppress metastasis by targeting several key mRNAs in PCa. Metastasis-suppressing miRNAs include miR-33a-5p, miR-34, miR-132 and miR-212, miR-145, the miR-200 family (incl. miR-141-3p), miR-204-5p, miR-532-3p, miR-335, miR-543, miR-505-3p, miR 19a 3p, miR-802, miR-940, and miR-3622a. Metastasis-promoting RNAs, such as miR-9, miR-181a, miR-210-3, miR-454, miR-671-5p, have been shown to increase the metastatic potential of PCa cells. Other metastasis-related miRNAs with conflicting reports in the literature are also discussed (miR-21 and miR-186). Finally, we summarize the recent developments of miRNA-based therapeutic approaches, as well as current limitations in PCa. Taken together, the metastasis-controlling miRNAs provide the potential to be integrated in the strategy of diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of metastatic PCa. Nevertheless, there is still a lack of consistency between certain miRNA signatures and reproducibility, which impedes clinical implementation.

Investigating differential miRNA expression profiling using serum and urine specimens for detecting potential biomarkers for early prostate cancer diagnosis

Background/aim

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are known up-to-date candidate biomarkers for several diseases. In addition, obtaining miRNA from different body fluids such as serum, plasma, saliva, and urine is relatively easy to handle. Herein we aimed to detect miRNAs as biomarkers for early stage prostate cancer (PC). For this purpose, we used urine and serum samples to detect any significant differences in miRNA profiles between patients and healthy controls.

Materials and methods

Total ribonucleic acid (RNA) in urine and serum samples were isolated from eight untreated PC patients, thirty healthy individuals were screened for miRNA profile, and candidate miRNAs were validated. Whole urinary and serum miRNA profile was analyzed using Affymetrix GeneChip miRNA 4.0 Arrays. Candidate miRNAs were investigated by stem-loop reverse transcription- polymerase chain reaction.

Results

When we analyzed the urinary samples of PC patients, 49 miRNAs were detected to be upregulated and 14 miRNAs were found to be downregulated when compared with healthy controls. According to the serum samples, 19 miRNAs were found to be upregulated, and 21 miRNAs were found to be downregulated when compared with healthy individuals as well. Interestingly, we detected only four overlapping miRNAs (MIR320A, MIR4535, MIR4706, MIR6750) that commonly increase or decrease in both serum and urine samples. Among them, MIR320A was found to be downregulated, and MIR4535, MIR4706, and MIR6750 were found to be upregulated for urine samples. However, only MIR6750 was upregulated and the other three miRNAs were downregulated for serum samples.

Conclusion

Notably, the expression profile of MIR320A was significantly altered in urine specimens of prostate cancer patients. We considered that MIR320A has been evaluated as a valuable biomarker that can be used in the early diagnosis of PC.

MicroRNAs in prostate cancer following radiotherapy: Towards predicting response to radiation treatment

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most frequently diagnosed male cancer worldwide. Early diagnosis of PCa, response to therapy and prognosis still represent a challenge. Nearly 60% of PCa patients undergo radiation therapy (RT) which might cause side effects. In spite of numerous researches in this field, predictive biomarkers for radiation toxicity are still not elucidated. MicroRNAs as posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression are shown to be changed during and after irradiation. Manipulation with miRNA levels might be used to modulate response to RT-to reverse radioresistance-to induce radiosensitivity, or if needed, to reduce sensitivity to treatment to avoid side effects. In this review we have listed and described miRNAs involved in response to RT in PCa, and highlighted potential candidates for future biological tests predicting radiation response to RT, with the special focus on side effects of RT. Individual radiation response is a result of the interactions between physical characteristics of radiation treatment and biological background of each patient, and miRNA expression changes among others. According to described literature we concluded that let-7, miR-21, miR-34a, miR-146a, miR-155, and members of miR-17/92 cluster might be promising candidates for biological tests predicting radiosensitivity of PCa patients undergoing radiation treatment, and as future agents for modulation of radiation response. Predictive miRNA panels, especially for acute and late side effects of RT can serve as a starting point for decisions for individualized RT planning. We believe that this review might be one step closer to understanding molecular mechanisms underlying individual radiation response of patients with PCa.

Implication of β2-adrenergic receptor and miR-196a correlation in neurite outgrowth of LNCaP prostate cancer cells

The β2-adrenergic receptor has been shown to be involved in neuroendocrine differentiation and to contribute to the development of aggressive prostate cancer. In this study we have investigated whether miR-196a plays a role in the regulation of the β2-adrenergic receptor in the LNCaP prostate cancer cell line. Our results show that the expression of miR-196a is elevated in LNCaP prostate cancer cells with reduced levels of β2-adrenergic receptor after stably transfection with three different shRNAs. Furthermore, treatment with β-blockers showed that this upregulation is strictly related to the low levels of β2-adrenergic receptor and not to the inhibition of the receptor signaling activity. Finally, we found that the reduced ability of LNCaP cells with low levels of β2-adrenergic receptor to initiate neuroendocrine differentiation under androgen depletion conditions is mediated by miR-196a. In conclusion, this study provides the rational for a role of miR-196a in the β2-adrenergic receptor mediated neuroendocrine differentiation of LNCaP prostate cancer cells.

miRNAs as Therapeutic Tools and Biomarkers for Prostate Cancer

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the fifth cause of tumor-related deaths in man worldwide. Despite the considerable improvement in the clinical management of PCa, several limitations emerged both in the screening for early diagnosis and in the medical treatment. The use of prostate-specific antigen (PSA)-based screening resulted in patients' overtreatment and the standard therapy of patients suffering from locally advanced/metastatic tumors (e.g., radical prostatectomy, radiotherapy, and androgen deprivation therapy) showed time-limited efficacy with patients undergoing progression toward the lethal metastatic castration-resistant PCa (mCRPC). Although valuable alternative therapeutic options have been recently proposed (e.g., docetaxel, cabazitaxel, abiraterone, enzalutamide, and sipuleucel-T), mCRPC remains incurable. Based on this background, there is an urgent need to identify new and more accurate prostate-specific biomarkers for PCa diagnosis and prognosis and to develop innovative medical approaches to counteract mCRPC. In this context, microRNA (miRNAs) emerged as potential biomarkers in prostate tissues and biological fluids and appeared to be promising therapeutic targets/tools for cancer therapy. Here we overview the recent literature and summarize the achievements of using miRNAs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets/tools for fighting PCa.

KibioR & Kibio: a new architecture for next-generation data querying and sharing in big biology

MOTIVATION

The growing production of massive heterogeneous biological data offers opportunities for new discoveries. However, performing multi-omics data analysis is challenging, and researchers are forced to handle the ever-increasing complexity of both data management and evolution of our biological understanding. Substantial efforts have been made to unify biological datasets into integrated systems. Unfortunately, they are not easily scalable, deployable and searchable, locally or globally.

RESULTS

This publication presents two tools with a simple structure that can help any data provider, organization or researcher, requiring a reliable data search and analysis base. The first tool is Kibio, a scalable and adaptable data storage based on Elasticsearch search engine. The second tool is KibioR, a R package to pull, push and search Kibio datasets or any accessible Elasticsearch-based databases. These tools apply a uniform data exchange model and minimize the burden of data management by organizing data into a decentralized, versatile, searchable and shareable structure. Several case studies are presented using multiple databases, from drug characterization to miRNAs and pathways identification, emphasizing the ease of use and versatility of the Kibio/KibioR framework.

AVAILABILITY

Both KibioR and Elasticsearch are open source. KibioR package source is available at https://github.com/regisoc/kibior and the library on CRAN at https://cran.r-project.org/package=kibior.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

miRNAs as biomarkers for early cancer detection and their application in the development of new diagnostic tools

Over the last decades, microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as important molecules associated with the regulation of gene expression in humans and other organisms, expanding the strategies available to diagnose and handle several diseases. This paper presents a systematic review of literature of miRNAs related to cancer development and explores the main techniques used to quantify these molecules and their limitations as screening strategy. The bibliographic research was conducted using the online databases, PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Science Direct searching the terms "microRNA detection", "miRNA detection", "miRNA and prostate cancer", "miRNA and cervical cancer", "miRNA and cervix cancer", "miRNA and breast cancer", and "miRNA and early cancer diagnosis". Along the systematic review over 26,000 published papers were reported, and 252 papers were returned after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, which were considered during this review. The aim of this study is to identify potential miRNAs related to cancer development that may be useful for early cancer diagnosis, notably in the breast, prostate, and cervical cancers. In addition, we suggest a preliminary top 20 miRNA panel according to their relevance during the respective cancer development. Considering the progressive number of new cancer cases every year worldwide, the development of new diagnostic tools is critical to refine the accuracy of screening tests, improving the life expectancy and allowing a better prognosis for the affected patients.

Prostate Carcinogenesis: Insights in Relation to Epigenetics and Inflammation

Prostate cancer is a multifactorial disease that mainly occurs due to the accumulation of somatic, genetic, and epigenetic changes, resulting in the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes and activation of oncogenes. Mutations in genes, specifically those that control cell growth and division or the repair of damaged DNA, make the cells grow and divide uncontrollably to form a tumor. The risk of developing prostate cancer depends upon the gene that has undergone the mutation. Identifying such genetic risk factors for prostate cancer poses a challenge for the researchers. Besides genetic mutations, many epigenetic alterations, including DNA methylation, histone modifications (methylation, acetylation, ubiquitylation, sumoylation, and phosphorylation) nucleosomal remodeling, and chromosomal looping, have significantly contributed to the onset of prostate cancer as well as the prognosis, diagnosis, and treatment of prostate cancer. Chronic inflammation also plays a major role in the onset and progression of human cancer, via modifications in the tumor microenvironment by initiating epithelialmesenchymal transition and remodeling the extracellular matrix. In this article, the authors present a brief history of the mechanisms and potential links between the genetic aberrations, epigenetic changes, inflammation, and inflammasomes that are known to contribute to the prognosis of prostate cancer. Furthermore, the authors examine and discuss the clinical potential of prostate carcinogenesis in relation to epigenetics and inflammation for its diagnosis and treatment..

lncRNA FOXP4‑AS1 predicts poor prognosis and accelerates the progression of mantle cell lymphoma through the miR‑423‑5p/NACC1 pathway

Long non‑coding RNA (lncRNA) forkhead box P4 antisense RNA 1 (FOXP4‑AS1) has been determined to function as an oncogene in various types of cancer. However, the biological function and the underlying mechanisms of FOXP4‑AS1 in mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) remain to be uncovered. The expression and the associated clinicopathological characteristics and prognostic significance of FOXP4‑AS1 were explored in MCL clinical samples. The effects of FOXP4‑AS1 on MCL cellular behaviors, including proliferation, migration and invasion were analyzed using CCK‑8, crystal violet and Transwell assays. The downstream molecules of FOXP4‑AS1 were explored using bioinformatics analysis and dual luciferase assay. Our results showed that FOXP4‑AS1 expression was upregulated in MCL patients, and that the high expression of FOXP4‑AS1 was correlated with the unfavorable prognosis of patients. Functionally, while FOXP4‑AS1 downregulation inhibited proliferation, migration and invasion of MCL cells, FOXP4‑AS1 overexpression had promotive effects on these cellular processes. Mechanistically, FOXP4‑AS1 was found to act as a competing endogenous (ce)RNA for miR‑423‑5p to regulate the expression of nucleus accumbens‑associated 1 (NACC1). The negative regulation of FOXP4‑AS1 on miR‑423‑5p compared to that of miR‑423‑5p on NACC1 was determined at the mRNA or protein levels in MCL cells. Moreover, an inverse expression correlation between FOXP4‑AS1 and miR‑423‑5p, and that between miR‑423‑5p and NACC1 was confirmed in MCL clinical samples. In addition, rescue assay showed that miR‑423‑5p upregulation or NACC1 knockdown abolished the promoting effects of FOXP4‑AS1 on MCL cell proliferation, migration and invasion. In conclusion, FOXP4‑AS1 promotes MCL progression through the upregulation of NACC1 expression by inhibiting miR‑423‑5p. FOXP4‑AS1 may serve as a novel therapeutic target for patients with MCL.