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Qu S, Jia W, Nie Y, Shi W, Chen C, Zhao Z, Song W. AGR2: The Covert Driver and New Dawn of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer Treatment. Biomolecules 2024; 14:743. [PMID: 39062458 PMCID: PMC11275012 DOI: 10.3390/biom14070743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The anterior gradient protein 2 (AGR2) plays a crucial role in facilitating the formation of protein disulfide bonds within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Research suggests that AGR2 can function as an oncogene, with its heightened expression linked to the advancement of hepatobiliary and pancreatic cancers through invasion and metastasis. Notably, AGR2 not only serves as a pro-oncogenic agent but also as a downstream targeting protein, indirectly fostering cancer progression. This comprehensive review delves into the established functions and expression patterns of AGR2, emphasizing its pivotal role in cancer progression, particularly in hepatobiliary and pancreatic malignancies. Furthermore, AGR2 emerges as a potential cancer prognostic marker and a promising target for immunotherapy, offering novel avenues for the treatment of hepatobiliary and pancreatic cancers and enhancing patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Qu
- Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an 710021, China; (S.Q.); (W.J.); (W.S.); (C.C.)
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (Y.N.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Weili Jia
- Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an 710021, China; (S.Q.); (W.J.); (W.S.); (C.C.)
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (Y.N.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Ye Nie
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (Y.N.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Wen Shi
- Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an 710021, China; (S.Q.); (W.J.); (W.S.); (C.C.)
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (Y.N.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Chao Chen
- Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an 710021, China; (S.Q.); (W.J.); (W.S.); (C.C.)
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (Y.N.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zihao Zhao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (Y.N.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Wenjie Song
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (Y.N.); (Z.Z.)
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2
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Wambach M, Montani M, Runz J, Stephan C, Jung K, Moch H, Eberli D, Bernhardt M, Hommerding O, Kreft T, Cronauer MV, Kremer A, Mayr T, Hauser S, Kristiansen G. Clinical implications of AGR2 in primary prostate cancer: Results from a large-scale study. APMIS 2024; 132:256-266. [PMID: 38288749 DOI: 10.1111/apm.13382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Human anterior gradient-2 (AGR2) has been implicated in carcinogenesis of various solid tumours, but the expression data in prostate cancer are contradictory regarding its prognostic value. The objective of this study is to evaluate the expression of AGR2 in a large prostate cancer cohort and to correlate it with clinicopathological data. AGR2 protein expression was analysed immunohistochemically in 1023 well-characterized prostate cancer samples with a validated antibody. AGR2 expression levels in carcinomas were compared with matched tissue samples of adjacent normal glands. AGR2 expression levels were dichotomized and tested for statistical significance. Increased AGR2 expression was found in 93.5% of prostate cancer cases. AGR2 levels were significantly higher in prostate cancer compared with normal prostate tissue. A gradual loss of AGR2 expression was associated with increasing tumour grade (ISUP), and AGR2 expression is inversely related to patient survival, however, multivariable significance is not achieved. AGR2 is clearly upregulated in the majority of prostate cancer cases, yet a true diagnostic value appears unlikely. In spite of the negative correlation of AGR2 expression with increasing tumour grade, no independent prognostic significance was found in this large-scale study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Wambach
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Matteo Montani
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Josefine Runz
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich and University Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carsten Stephan
- Department of Urology, Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Jung
- Department of Urology, Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany
| | - Holger Moch
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich and University Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Eberli
- Clinic of Urology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marit Bernhardt
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Tobias Kreft
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Anika Kremer
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Mayr
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Hauser
- Clinic of Urology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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3
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Hartung NM, Mainka M, Pfaff R, Kuhn M, Biernacki S, Zinnert L, Schebb NH. Development of a quantitative proteomics approach for cyclooxygenases and lipoxygenases in parallel to quantitative oxylipin analysis allowing the comprehensive investigation of the arachidonic acid cascade. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:913-933. [PMID: 36683060 PMCID: PMC9883352 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04489-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Oxylipins derived from the cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX) pathways of the arachidonic acid (ARA) cascade are essential for the regulation of the inflammatory response and many other physiological functions. Comprehensive analytical methods comprised of oxylipin and protein abundance analysis are required to fully understand mechanisms leading to changes within these pathways. Here, we describe the development of a quantitative multi-omics approach combining liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry-based targeted oxylipin metabolomics and proteomics. As the first targeted proteomics method to cover these pathways, it enables the quantitative analysis of all human COX (COX-1 and COX-2) and relevant LOX pathway enzymes (5-LOX, 12-LOX, 15-LOX, 15-LOX-2, and FLAP) in parallel to the analysis of 239 oxylipins with our targeted oxylipin metabolomics method from a single sample. The detailed comparison between MRM3 and classical MRM-based detection in proteomics showed increased selectivity for MRM3, while MRM performed better in terms of sensitivity (LLOQ, 16-122 pM vs. 75-840 pM for the same peptides), linear range (up to 1.5-7.4 μM vs. 4-368 nM), and multiplexing capacities. Thus, the MRM mode was more favorable for this pathway analysis. With this sensitive multi-omics approach, we comprehensively characterized oxylipin and protein patterns in the human monocytic cell line THP-1 and differently polarized primary macrophages. Finally, the quantification of changes in protein and oxylipin levels induced by lipopolysaccharide stimulation and pharmaceutical treatment demonstrates its usefulness to study molecular modes of action involved in the modulation of the ARA cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Hartung
- Chair of Food Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Malwina Mainka
- Chair of Food Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Rebecca Pfaff
- Chair of Food Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Michael Kuhn
- Chair of Food Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Sebastian Biernacki
- Chair of Food Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Lilli Zinnert
- Chair of Food Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Nils Helge Schebb
- Chair of Food Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119, Wuppertal, Germany.
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4
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Zhong X, Chen R. Detection of Ferroptosis by Immunohistochemistry and Immunofluorescence. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2712:211-222. [PMID: 37578709 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3433-2_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a type of regulated cell death driven by oxidative damage, characterized by iron overload and lipid peroxidation, and regulated by a network of distinct molecules and organelles. Impaired ferroptotic response is implicated in multiple physiological and pathological processes, including tumorigenesis, neurodegeneration, and ischemia-reperfusion damage. Classical techniques of immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunofluorescence (IF) can be employed to exhibit antigen expression and location in tissues observed with microscopy, making them powerful tools in studying the ferroptosis process. In this chapter, we introduce commonly used protocols and summarize typical markers used in IHC and IF to monitor ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ruochan Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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5
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Tang D, He J, Dai Y, Geng X, Leng Q, Jiang H, Sun R, Xu S. Targeting KDM1B-dependent miR-215-AR-AGR2-axis promotes sensitivity to enzalutamide-resistant prostate cancer. Cancer Gene Ther 2022; 29:543-557. [PMID: 33854217 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-021-00332-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications of histones by histone demethylases plays an important role in the regulation of gene transcription and are implicated in cancers. Castrate resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is often driven by constitutively active androgen receptor and commonly becomes resistant to established hormonal therapy strategies such as enzalutamide as a result. However, the role of KDM1B involved in next generation anti-enzalutamide resistance and the mechanisms of KDM1B regulation are poorly defined. Here, we show that KDM1B is upregulated and correlated with prostate cancer progression and poor prognosis. Downregulation of miR-215 is correlated with overexpression of KDM1B in enzalutamide-resistant prostate cancer cells, which promotes AR-dependent AGR2 transcription and regulates the sensitivity to next generation AR-targeted therapy. Inhibition of KDM1B significantly inhibits prostate tumor growth and improves enzalutamide treatments through AGR2 suppression. Our studies demonstrate inhibition of KDM1B can offer a viable therapeutic option to overcome enzalutamide resistance in tumors with deregulated miR-215-KDM1B-AR-AGR2 signaling axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donge Tang
- Research Center of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Clinical Medical Research Center, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiaxi He
- Department of Pathology, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yong Dai
- Department of Clinical Medical Research Center, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xinyan Geng
- Department of Biochemistry, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Qixin Leng
- Department of Pathology, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Haowu Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for the Study of Itch, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rui Sun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Songhui Xu
- Research Center of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
- Department of Pathology, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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6
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Application of Proteogenomics to Urine Analysis towards the Identification of Novel Biomarkers of Prostate Cancer: An Exploratory Study. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14082001. [PMID: 35454907 PMCID: PMC9031064 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14082001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common cancers. Due to the limited and invasive approaches for PCa diagnosis, it is crucial to identify more accurate and non-invasive biomarkers for its detection. The aim of our study was to non-invasively uncover new protein targets for detecting PCa using a proteomics and proteogenomics approach. This work identified several dysregulated mutant protein isoforms in urine from PCa patients, some of them predicted to have a protective or an adverse role in these patients. These results are promising given urine’s non-invasive nature and offers an auspicious opportunity for research and development of PCa biomarkers. Abstract To identify new protein targets for PCa detection, first, a shotgun discovery experiment was performed to characterize the urinary proteome of PCa patients. This revealed 18 differentially abundant urinary proteins in PCa patients. Second, selected targets were clinically tested by immunoblot, and the soluble E-cadherin fragment was detected for the first time in the urine of PCa patients. Third, the proteogenome landscape of these PCa patients was characterized, revealing 1665 mutant protein isoforms. Statistical analysis revealed 6 differentially abundant mutant protein isoforms in PCa patients. Analysis of the likely effects of mutations on protein function and PPIs involving the dysregulated mutant protein isoforms suggests a protective role of mutations HSPG2*Q1062H and VASN*R161Q and an adverse role of AMBP*A286G and CD55*S162L in PCa patients. This work originally characterized the urinary proteome, focusing on the proteogenome profile of PCa patients, which is usually overlooked in the analysis of PCa and body fluids. Combined analysis of mass spectrometry data using two different software packages was performed for the first time in the context of PCa, which increased the robustness of the data analysis. The application of proteogenomics to urine proteomic analysis can be very enriching in mutation-related diseases such as cancer.
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7
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Arshavsky-Graham S, Ward SJ, Massad-Ivanir N, Scheper T, Weiss SM, Segal E. Porous Silicon-Based Aptasensors: Toward Cancer Protein Biomarker Detection. ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU 2021; 1:82-94. [PMID: 34693403 PMCID: PMC8532149 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.1c00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The anterior gradient homologue-2 (AGR2) protein is an attractive biomarker for various types of cancer. In pancreatic cancer, it is secreted to the pancreatic juice by premalignant lesions, which would be an ideal stage for diagnosis. Thus, designing assays for the sensitive detection of AGR2 would be highly valuable for the potential early diagnosis of pancreatic and other types of cancer. Herein, we present a biosensor for label-free AGR2 detection and investigate approaches for enhancing the aptasensor sensitivity by accelerating the target mass transfer rate and reducing the system noise. The biosensor is based on a nanostructured porous silicon thin film that is decorated with anti-AGR2 aptamers, where real-time monitoring of the reflectance changes enables the detection and quantification of AGR2, as well as the study of the diffusion and target-aptamer binding kinetics. The aptasensor is highly selective for AGR2 and can detect the protein in simulated pancreatic juice, where its concentration is outnumbered by orders of magnitude by numerous proteins. The aptasensor's analytical performance is characterized with a linear detection range of 0.05-2 mg mL-1, an apparent dissociation constant of 21 ± 1 μM, and a limit of detection of 9.2 μg mL-1 (0.2 μM), which is attributed to mass transfer limitations. To improve the latter, we applied different strategies to increase the diffusion flux to and within the nanostructure, such as the application of isotachophoresis for the preconcentration of AGR2 on the aptasensor, mixing, or integration with microchannels. By combining these approaches with a new signal processing technique that employs Morlet wavelet filtering and phase analysis, we achieve a limit of detection of 15 nM without compromising the biosensor's selectivity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Arshavsky-Graham
- Department
of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion—Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Institute
of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz Universität
Hannover, Callinstraße 5, 30167 Hanover, Germany
| | - Simon J. Ward
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Naama Massad-Ivanir
- Department
of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion—Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Thomas Scheper
- Institute
of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz Universität
Hannover, Callinstraße 5, 30167 Hanover, Germany
| | - Sharon M. Weiss
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Ester Segal
- Department
of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion—Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- The
Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
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8
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Liu MS, Zhao H, Xu CX, Xie PB, Wang W, Yang YY, Lee WH, Jin Y, Zhou HQ. Clinical significance of EPHX2 deregulation in prostate cancer. Asian J Androl 2021; 23:109-115. [PMID: 32687069 PMCID: PMC7831821 DOI: 10.4103/aja.aja_34_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The arachidonic acid (AA) metabolic pathway participates in various physiological processes as well as in the development of malignancies. We analyzed genomic alterations in AA metabolic enzymes in the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) prostate cancer (PCa) dataset and found that the gene encoding soluble epoxide hydrolase (EPHX2) is frequently deleted in PCa. EPHX2 mRNA and protein expression in PCa was examined in multiple datasets by differential gene expression analysis and in a tissue microarray by immunohistochemistry. The expression data were analyzed in conjunction with clinicopathological variables. Both the mRNA and protein expression levels of EPHX2 were significantly decreased in tumors compared with normal prostate tissues and were inversely correlated with the Gleason grade and disease-free survival time. Furthermore, EPHX2 mRNA expression was significantly decreased in metastatic and recurrent PCa compared with localized and primary PCa, respectively. In addition, EPHX2 protein expression correlated negatively with Ki67 expression. In conclusion, EPHX2 deregulation is significantly correlated with the clinical characteristics of PCa progression and may serve as a prognostic marker for PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Sheng Liu
- The Second Ward of Urology, Qujing Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Qujing 655000, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650332, China
| | - Chen-Xiang Xu
- The Second Ward of Urology, Qujing Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Qujing 655000, China
| | - Ping-Bo Xie
- The Second Ward of Urology, Qujing Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Qujing 655000, China
| | - Wei Wang
- The Second Ward of Urology, Qujing Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Qujing 655000, China
| | - Ying-Yu Yang
- The Second Ward of Urology, Qujing Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Qujing 655000, China
| | - Wen-Hui Lee
- The Second Ward of Urology, Qujing Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Qujing 655000, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Yang Jin
- Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo 0379, Norway
| | - Hong-Qing Zhou
- The Second Ward of Urology, Qujing Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Qujing 655000, China
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9
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Moidu NA, A Rahman NS, Syafruddin SE, Low TY, Mohtar MA. Secretion of pro-oncogenic AGR2 protein in cancer. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05000. [PMID: 33005802 PMCID: PMC7519367 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Anterior gradient-2 (AGR2) protein mediates the formation, breakage and isomerization of disulphide bonds during protein maturation in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and contributes to the homoeostasis of the secretory pathway. AGR2 promotes tumour development and metastasis and its elevated expression is almost completely restricted to malignant tumours. Interestingly, this supposedly ER-resident protein can be localised to other compartments of cancer cells and can also be secreted into the extracellular milieu. There are emerging evidences that describe the gain-of-function activities of the extracellular AGR2, particularly in cancer development. Here, we reviewed studies detailing the expression, pathological and physiological roles associated with AGR2 and compared the duality of localization, intracellular and extracellular, with special emphasis on the later. We also discussed the possible mechanisms of AGR2 secretion as well as deliberating the functional impacts of AGR2 in cancer settings. Last, we deliberate the current therapeutic strategies and posit the potential use AGR2, as a prognosis and diagnosis marker in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurshahirah Ashikin Moidu
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nisa Syakila A Rahman
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Saiful Effendi Syafruddin
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Teck Yew Low
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - M Aiman Mohtar
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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10
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Norris JM, Simpson BS, Parry MA, Allen C, Ball R, Freeman A, Kelly D, Kim HL, Kirkham A, You S, Kasivisvanathan V, Whitaker HC, Emberton M. Genetic Landscape of Prostate Cancer Conspicuity on Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Systematic Review and Bioinformatic Analysis. EUR UROL SUPPL 2020; 20:37-47. [PMID: 33000006 PMCID: PMC7497895 DOI: 10.1016/j.euros.2020.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Context Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) detects most, but not all, clinically significant prostate cancer. The genetic basis of prostate cancer visibility and invisibility on mpMRI remains uncertain. Objective To systematically review the literature on differential gene expression between mpMRI-visible and mpMRI-invisible prostate cancer, and to use bioinformatic analysis to identify enriched processes or cellular components in genes validated in more than one study. Evidence acquisition We performed a systematic literature search of the Medline, EMBASE, PubMed, and Cochrane databases up to January 2020 in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) statement. The primary endpoint was differential genetic features between mpMRI-visible and mpMRI-invisible tumours. Secondary endpoints were explanatory links between gene function and mpMRI conspicuity, and the prognostic value of differential gene enrichment. Evidence synthesis We retrieved 445 articles, of which 32 met the criteria for inclusion. Thematic synthesis from the included studies showed that mpMRI-visible cancer tended towards enrichment of molecular features associated with increased disease aggressivity, including phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) loss and higher genomic classifier scores, such as Oncotype and Decipher. Three of the included studies had accompanying publicly available data suitable for further bioinformatic analysis. An over-representation analysis of these datasets revealed increased expression of genes associated with extracellular matrix components in mpMRI-visible tumours. Conclusions Prostate cancer that is visible on mpMRI is generally enriched with molecular features of tumour development and aggressivity, including activation of proliferative signalling, DNA damage, and inflammatory processes. Additionally, there appears to be concordant cellular components and biological processes associated with mpMRI conspicuity, as highlighted by bioinformatic analysis of large genetic datasets. Patient summary Prostate cancer that is detected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) tends to have genetic features that are associated with more aggressive disease. This suggests that MRI can be used to assess the likelihood of aggressive prostate cancer, based on tumour visibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Norris
- UCL Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK.,London Deanery of Urology, London, UK.,Department of Urology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Benjamin S Simpson
- UCL Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Marina A Parry
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Clare Allen
- Department of Radiology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Rhys Ball
- Department of Pathology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Alex Freeman
- Department of Pathology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Daniel Kelly
- School of Healthcare Sciences, Cardiff University, Wales, UK
| | - Hyung L Kim
- Department of Urology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, West Hollywood, CA, USA
| | - Alex Kirkham
- Department of Radiology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Sungyong You
- Department of Urology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, West Hollywood, CA, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, West Hollywood, CA, USA
| | - Veeru Kasivisvanathan
- UCL Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Urology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Hayley C Whitaker
- UCL Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mark Emberton
- UCL Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Urology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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11
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Duijvesz D, Rodriguez‐Blanco G, Hoogland AM, Verhoef EI, Dekker LJ, Roobol MJ, van Leenders GJLH, Luider TM, Jenster G. Differential tissue expression of extracellular vesicle-derived proteins in prostate cancer. Prostate 2019; 79:1032-1042. [PMID: 31018022 PMCID: PMC6594141 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteomic profiling of extracellular vesicles (EVs) from prostate cancer (PCa) and normal prostate cell lines, led to the identification of new candidate PCa markers. These proteins included the nuclear exportin proteins XPO1 (also known as CRM1), the EV-associated PDCD6IP (also known as ALIX), and the previously published fatty acid synthase FASN. In this study, we investigated differences in expression of XPO1 and PDCD6IP on well-characterized prostate cancer cohorts using mass spectrometry and tissue microarray (TMA) immunohistochemistry to determine their diagnostic and prognostic value. METHODS Protein fractions from 67 tissue samples (n = 33 normal adjacent prostate [NAP] and n = 34 PCa) were analyzed by mass spectrometry (nano-LC-MS-MS). Label-free quantification of EVs was performed to identify differentially expressed proteins between PCa and NAP. Prognostic evaluation of the candidate markers was performed with a TMA, containing 481 radical prostatectomy samples. Samples were stained for the candidate markers and correlated with patient information and clinicopathological outcome. RESULTS XPO1 was higher expressed in PCa compared to NAP in the MS data analysis (P > 0.0001). PDCD6IP was not significantly higher expressed (P = 0.0501). High cytoplasmic XPO1 staining in the TMA immunohistochemistry, correlated in a multivariable model with high Gleason scores (P = 0.002) and PCa-related death (P = 0.009). CONCLUSION High expression of cytoplasmic XPO1 shows correlation with prostate cancer and has added clinical value in tissue samples. Furthermore, as an extracellular vesicles-associated protein, it might be a novel relevant liquid biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diederick Duijvesz
- Department of UrologyErasmus Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of UrologyCanisius Wilhelmina HospitalNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | | | - A. Marije Hoogland
- Department of PathologyErasmus Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of PathologyIsala ClinicsZwolleThe Netherlands
| | - Esther I. Verhoef
- Department of PathologyErasmus Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Lennard J. Dekker
- Department of NeurologyErasmus Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | | | - Theo M. Luider
- Department of NeurologyErasmus Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Guido Jenster
- Department of UrologyErasmus Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
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