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Zhang W, Wu H, Luo S, Lu X, Tan X, Wen L, Ma X, Efferth T. Molecular insights into experimental models and therapeutics for cholestasis. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 174:116594. [PMID: 38615607 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Cholestatic liver disease (CLD) is a range of conditions caused by the accumulation of bile acids (BAs) or disruptions in bile flow, which can harm the liver and bile ducts. To investigate its pathogenesis and treatment, it is essential to establish and assess experimental models of cholestasis, which have significant clinical value. However, owing to the complex pathogenesis of cholestasis, a single modelling method can merely reflect one or a few pathological mechanisms, and each method has its adaptability and limitations. We summarize the existing experimental models of cholestasis, including animal models, gene-knockout models, cell models, and organoid models. We also describe the main types of cholestatic disease simulated clinically. This review provides an overview of targeted therapy used for treating cholestasis based on the current research status of cholestasis models. In addition, we discuss the respective advantages and disadvantages of different models of cholestasis to help establish experimental models that resemble clinical disease conditions. In sum, this review not only outlines the current research with cholestasis models but also projects prospects for clinical treatment, thereby bridging basic research and practical therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hefei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Shiman Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaohua Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Xiyue Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Wen
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
| | - Xiao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
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Zhang W, Ding D, Lu Y, Chen H, Jiang P, Zuo P, Wang G, Luo J, Yin Y, Luo J, Yin Y. Structural and functional insights into the lipid regulation of human anion exchanger 2. Nat Commun 2024; 15:759. [PMID: 38272905 PMCID: PMC10810954 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44966-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Anion exchanger 2 (AE2) is an electroneutral Na+-independent Cl-/HCO3- exchanger belongs to the SLC4 transporter family. The widely expressed AE2 participates in a variety of physiological processes, including transepithelial acid-base secretion and osteoclastogenesis. Both the transmembrane domains (TMDs) and the N-terminal cytoplasmic domain (NTD) are involved in regulation of AE2 activity. However, the regulatory mechanism remains unclear. Here, we report a 3.2 Å cryo-EM structure of the AE2 TMDs in complex with PIP2 and a 3.3 Å full-length mutant AE2 structure in the resting state without PIP2. We demonstrate that PIP2 at the TMD dimer interface is involved in the substrate exchange process. Mutation in the PIP2 binding site leads to the displacement of TM7 and further stabilizes the interaction between the TMD and the NTD. Reduced substrate transport activity and conformation similar to AE2 in acidic pH indicating the central contribution of PIP2 to the function of AE2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqi Zhang
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Pathology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Dian Ding
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Pathology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yishuo Lu
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Pathology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Hongyi Chen
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Pathology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Peijun Jiang
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Pathology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Peng Zuo
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Pathology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Guangxi Wang
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Pathology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Juan Luo
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518036, China
| | - Yue Yin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jianyuan Luo
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxin Yin
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Pathology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China.
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518036, China.
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Tsai YL, Arias-Badia M, Kadlecek TA, Lwin YM, Srinath A, Shah NH, Wang ZE, Barber D, Kuriyan J, Fong L, Weiss A. TCR signaling promotes formation of an STS1-Cbl-b complex with pH-sensitive phosphatase activity that suppresses T cell function in acidic environments. Immunity 2023; 56:2682-2698.e9. [PMID: 38091950 PMCID: PMC10785950 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
T cell responses are inhibited by acidic environments. T cell receptor (TCR)-induced protein phosphorylation is negatively regulated by dephosphorylation and/or ubiquitination, but the mechanisms underlying sensitivity to acidic environments are not fully understood. Here, we found that TCR stimulation induced a molecular complex of Cbl-b, an E3-ubiquitin ligase, with STS1, a pH-sensitive unconventional phosphatase. The induced interaction depended upon a proline motif in Cbl-b interacting with the STS1 SH3 domain. STS1 dephosphorylated Cbl-b interacting phosphoproteins. The deficiency of STS1 or Cbl-b diminished the sensitivity of T cell responses to the inhibitory effects of acid in an autocrine or paracrine manner in vitro or in vivo. Moreover, the deficiency of STS1 or Cbl-b promoted T cell proliferative and differentiation activities in vivo and inhibited tumor growth, prolonged survival, and improved T cell fitness in tumor models. Thus, a TCR-induced STS1-Cbl-b complex senses intra- or extra-cellular acidity and regulates T cell responses, presenting a potential therapeutic target for improving anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Li Tsai
- Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Marcel Arias-Badia
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Theresa A Kadlecek
- Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Yee May Lwin
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Aahir Srinath
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Neel H Shah
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Zhi-En Wang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Diane Barber
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - John Kuriyan
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Lawrence Fong
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Arthur Weiss
- Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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Wang X, Wei Y, Yang Y, Yang Y, Li H, Li Y, Zhang F, Wang L. Animal models of primary biliary cholangitis: status and challenges. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:214. [PMID: 37993960 PMCID: PMC10664283 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-01170-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is an autoimmune liver disease. The aetiology of PBC remains unclear, and its pathogenesis is complex. Animal models are essential to clarify the pathogenesis of PBC and explore the occurrence of early events. MAIN BODY Herein, we review recent research progress in PBC animal models, including genetically modified, chemically inducible, biologically inducible, and protein-immunised models. Although these animal models exhibit several immunological and pathological features of PBC, they all have limitations that constrain further research and weaken their connection with clinical practice. CONCLUSION The review will benefit efforts to understand and optimise animal models in order to further clarify PBC pathogenesis and molecular targets for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Wei
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yanlei Yang
- Clinical Biobank, Department Medical Research Central, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yunjiao Yang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Haolong Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yongzhe Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Fengchun Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Beijing, China.
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Yang Y, He X, Rojas M, Leung PSC, Gao L. Mechanism-based target therapy in primary biliary cholangitis: opportunities before liver cirrhosis? Front Immunol 2023; 14:1184252. [PMID: 37325634 PMCID: PMC10266968 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1184252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is an immune-mediated liver disease characterized by cholestasis, biliary injuries, liver fibrosis, and chronic non-suppurative cholangitis. The pathogenesis of PBC is multifactorial and involves immune dysregulation, abnormal bile metabolism, and progressive fibrosis, ultimately leading to cirrhosis and liver failure. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and obeticholic acid (OCA) are currently used as first- and second-line treatments, respectively. However, many patients do not respond adequately to UDCA, and the long-term effects of these drugs are limited. Recent research has advanced our understanding the mechanisms of pathogenesis in PBC and greatly facilitated development of novel drugs to target mechanistic checkpoints. Animal studies and clinical trials of pipeline drugs have yielded promising results in slowing disease progression. Targeting immune mediated pathogenesis and anti-inflammatory therapies are focused on the early stage, while anti-cholestatic and anti-fibrotic therapies are emphasized in the late stage of disease, which is characterized by fibrosis and cirrhosis development. Nonetheless, it is worth noting that currently, there exists a dearth of therapeutic options that can effectively impede the progression of the disease to its terminal stages. Hence, there is an urgent need for further research aimed at investigating the underlying pathophysiology mechanisms with potential therapeutic effects. This review highlights our current knowledge of the underlying immunological and cellular mechanisms of pathogenesis in PBC. Further, we also address current mechanism-based target therapies for PBC and potential therapeutic strategies to improve the efficacy of existing treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushu Yang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - XiaoSong He
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Manuel Rojas
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Patrick S. C. Leung
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Lixia Gao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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Wang W, Chen D, Wang J, Wen L. Cellular Homeostasis and Repair in the Biliary Tree. Semin Liver Dis 2022; 42:271-282. [PMID: 35672015 DOI: 10.1055/a-1869-7714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
During biliary tree homeostasis, BECs are largely in a quiescent state and their turnover is slow for maintaining normal tissue homeostasis. BTSCs continually replenish new BECs in the luminal surface of EHBDs. In response to various types of biliary injuries, distinct cellular sources, including HPCs, BTSCs, hepatocytes, and BECs, repair or regenerate the injured bile duct. BEC, biliary epithelial cell; BTSC, biliary tree stem/progenitor cell; EHBD, extrahepatic bile ducts; HPC, hepatic progenitor cell.The biliary tree comprises intrahepatic bile ducts and extrahepatic bile ducts lined with epithelial cells known as biliary epithelial cells (BECs). BECs are a common target of various cholangiopathies for which there is an unmet therapeutic need in clinical hepatology. The repair and regeneration of biliary tissue may potentially restore the normal architecture and function of the biliary tree. Hence, the repair and regeneration process in detail, including the replication of existing BECs, expansion and differentiation of the hepatic progenitor cells and biliary tree stem/progenitor cells, and transdifferentiation of the hepatocytes, should be understood. In this paper, we review biliary tree homeostasis, repair, and regeneration and discuss the feasibility of regenerative therapy strategies for cholangiopathy treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dongfeng Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liangzhi Wen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Zhang S, Tao X, Wang L, Chen H, Zhao L, Sun J, Bian S, Chen Z, Shao T, Yang Y, Li Y, Zhang F. Downregulation of Programmed Death-1 Pathway Promoting CD8 + T Cell Cytotoxicity in Primary Biliary Cholangitis. Dig Dis Sci 2022; 67:2981-2993. [PMID: 34392493 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-021-07165-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is an autoimmune disease. CD8 + T cell (CTLs) cytotoxicity played a crucial rule in of PBC with unclear detailed pathogenesis. AIMS The role of the programmed death-1 (PD-1) pathway in CD8 + T cell cytotoxicity in patients with PBC was determined. METHODS We recruited 69 patients with PBC and 57 healthy controls (HCs). PD-1 pathway in peripheral CD8 + T cells and related cytokines were detected, and gene expression levels were detected. Immunofluorescence staining of PD-1/PD-L1 was performed on liver tissue. PD-1 ± CTLs were cocultured with human intrahepatic biliary epithelial cells (HiBECs) to measure CTL cytotoxicity, proliferation and cytokine levels and HiBEC apoptosis. The upstream signaling pathway of PD-1 was detected. RESULTS PBC patients exhibited Tbet gene upregulation and PD-1 downregulation in CTLs, with PD-1 expression reduced in CTLs and PD-L1 reduced in the liver portal region relative to HCs. Higher plasma IL-10, interferon-γ and transforming growth factor-β concentrations were observed in the PBC group than the HC group. In CTL and HiBEC coculture experiment, compared with PD-1- CTLs, PD-1 + CTLs exhibited weaker cytotoxicity, less proliferation and lower cytokine production. When the system was blocked by anti-PD-1 antibodies, these effects were antagonized. CONCLUSIONS PD-1 expression in CD8 + T cells decreased, and PD-1 pathway-related cytokines changed in patients with PBC. PD-1/PD-L1 pathway silencing increased CD8 + T cell proliferation, related cytokine production and CTL cytotoxic effects on HiBECs in coculture experiment. The PD-1/PD-L1 pathway might represent an important pathway in the immunological mechanism underlying PBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Xixi Tao
- Department of Ultrasound, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Hua Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Liling Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Jinlei Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Sainan Bian
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Zhilei Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Tihong Shao
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yunjiao Yang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yongzhe Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Fengchun Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China.
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Navarro F, Casares N, Martín-Otal C, Lasarte-Cía A, Gorraiz M, Sarrión P, Llopiz D, Reparaz D, Varo N, Rodriguez-Madoz JR, Prosper F, Hervás-Stubbs S, Lozano T, Lasarte JJ. Overcoming T cell dysfunction in acidic pH to enhance adoptive T cell transfer immunotherapy. Oncoimmunology 2022; 11:2070337. [PMID: 35529677 PMCID: PMC9067511 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2022.2070337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The high metabolic activity and insufficient perfusion of tumors leads to the acidification of the tumor microenvironment (TME) that may inhibit the antitumor T cell activity. We found that pharmacological inhibition of the acid loader chloride/bicarbonate anion exchanger 2 (Ae2), with 4,4’-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2’-disulfonicacid (DIDS) enhancedCD4+ andCD8+ T cell function upon TCR activation in vitro, especially under low pH conditions. In vivo, DIDS administration delayed B16OVA tumor growth in immunocompetent mice as monotherapy or when combined with adoptive T cell transfer of OVA-specificT cells. Notably, genetic Ae2 silencing in OVA-specificT cells improvedCD4+/CD8+ T cell function in vitro as well as their antitumor activity in vivo. Similarly, genetic modification of OVA-specificT cells to overexpress Hvcn1, a selectiveH+ outward current mediator that prevents cell acidification, significantly improved T cell function in vitro, even at low pH conditions. The adoptive transfer of OVA-specificT cells overexpressing Hvcn1 exerted a better antitumor activity in B16OVA tumor-bearingmice. Hvcn1 overexpression also improved the antitumor activity of CAR T cells specific for Glypican 3 (GPC3) in mice bearing PM299L-GPC3tumors. Our results suggest that preventing intracellular acidification by regulating the expression of acidifier ion channels such as Ae2 or alkalinizer channels like Hvcn1 in tumor-specificlymphocytes enhances their antitumor response by making them more resistant to the acidic TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flor Navarro
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, University of Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Noelia Casares
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, University of Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Celia Martín-Otal
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, University of Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Aritz Lasarte-Cía
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, University of Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Marta Gorraiz
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, University of Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Patricia Sarrión
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, University of Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Diana Llopiz
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, University of Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - David Reparaz
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, University of Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Nerea Varo
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra, IdiSNA, CIBERONC, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Juan Roberto Rodriguez-Madoz
- Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, IdiSNAHemato-Oncology, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Felipe Prosper
- Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, IdiSNAHemato-Oncology, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Hematology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra, IdiSNA, CIBERONC, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sandra Hervás-Stubbs
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, University of Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Teresa Lozano
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, University of Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Juan José Lasarte
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, University of Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
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Jazbec K, Jež M, Švajger U, Smrekar B, Miceska S, Rajčevič U, Justin M, Završnik J, Malovrh T, Švara T, Gombač M, Ramšak Ž, Rožman P. The Influence of Heterochronic Non-Myeloablative Bone Marrow Transplantation on the Immune System, Frailty, General Health, and Longevity of Aged Murine Recipients. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12040595. [PMID: 35454183 PMCID: PMC9028083 DOI: 10.3390/biom12040595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The stem cell theory of aging postulates that stem cells become inefficient at maintaining the original functions of the tissues. We, therefore, hypothesized that transplanting young bone marrow (BM) to old recipients would lead to rejuvenating effects on immunity, followed by improved general health, decreased frailty, and possibly life span extension. We developed a murine model of non-myeloablative heterochronic BM transplantation in which old female BALB/c mice at 14, 16, and 18(19) months of age received altogether 125.1 ± 15.6 million nucleated BM cells from young male donors aged 7–13 weeks. At 21 months, donor chimerism was determined, and the immune system’s innate and adaptive arms were analyzed. Mice were then observed for general health and frailty until spontaneous death, when their lifespan, post-mortem examinations, and histopathological changes were recorded. The results showed that the old mice developed on average 18.7 ± 9.6% donor chimerism in the BM and showed certain improvements in their innate and adaptive arms of the immune system, such as favorable counts of neutrophils in the spleen and BM, central memory Th cells, effector/effector memory Th and Tc cells in the spleen, and B1a and B1b cells in the peritoneal cavity. Borderline enhanced lymphocyte proliferation capacity was also seen. The frailty parameters, pathomorphological results, and life spans did not differ significantly in the transplanted vs. control group of mice. In conclusion, although several favorable effects are obtained in our heterochronic non-myeloablative transplantation model, additional optimization is needed for better rejuvenation effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Jazbec
- Diagnostic Services, Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.J.); (U.Š.); (B.S.); (S.M.); (U.R.); (M.J.); (P.R.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Mojca Jež
- Diagnostic Services, Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.J.); (U.Š.); (B.S.); (S.M.); (U.R.); (M.J.); (P.R.)
| | - Urban Švajger
- Diagnostic Services, Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.J.); (U.Š.); (B.S.); (S.M.); (U.R.); (M.J.); (P.R.)
- Chair of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Boštjan Smrekar
- Diagnostic Services, Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.J.); (U.Š.); (B.S.); (S.M.); (U.R.); (M.J.); (P.R.)
| | - Simona Miceska
- Diagnostic Services, Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.J.); (U.Š.); (B.S.); (S.M.); (U.R.); (M.J.); (P.R.)
| | - Uroš Rajčevič
- Diagnostic Services, Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.J.); (U.Š.); (B.S.); (S.M.); (U.R.); (M.J.); (P.R.)
| | - Mojca Justin
- Diagnostic Services, Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.J.); (U.Š.); (B.S.); (S.M.); (U.R.); (M.J.); (P.R.)
| | - Janja Završnik
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Tadej Malovrh
- Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Tanja Švara
- Institute of Pathology, Wild Animals, Fish and Bees, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.Š.); (M.G.)
| | - Mitja Gombač
- Institute of Pathology, Wild Animals, Fish and Bees, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.Š.); (M.G.)
| | - Živa Ramšak
- National Institute of Biology, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Primož Rožman
- Diagnostic Services, Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.J.); (U.Š.); (B.S.); (S.M.); (U.R.); (M.J.); (P.R.)
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is characterized by autoimmune damage of intrahepatic bile ducts associated with a loss of tolerance to mitochondrial antigens. PBC etiopathogenesis is intriguing because of different perplexing features, namely: a) although mitochondria are present in all cell types and tissues, the damage is mainly restricted to biliary epithelial cells (BECs); b) despite being an autoimmune disorder, it does not respond to immunosuppressive drugs but rather to ursodeoxycholic acid, a bile salt that induces HCO3- rich choleresis; c) the overwhelming female preponderance of the disease remains unexplained. Here we present an etiopathogenic view of PBC which sheds light on these puzzling facts of the disease. RECENT FINDINGS PBC develops in patients with genetic predisposition to autoimmunity in whom epigenetic mechanisms silence the Cl-/HCO3- exchanger AE2 in both cholangiocytes and lymphoid cells. Defective AE2 function can produce BECs damage as a result of decreased biliary HCO3- secretion with disruption of the protective alkaline umbrella that normally prevents the penetration of toxic apolar bile salts into cholangiocytes. AE2 dysfunction also causes increased intracellular pH (pHi) in cholangiocytes, leading to the activation of soluble adenylyl cyclase, which sensitizes BECs to bile salt-induced apoptosis. Recently, mitophagy was found to be inhibited by cytosolic alkalization and stimulated by acidification. Accordingly, we propose that AE2 deficiency may disturb mitophagy in BECs, thus, promoting the accumulation of defective mitochondria, oxidative stress and presentation of mitochondrial antigens to the immune cells. As women possess a more acidic endolysosomal milieu than men, mitophagy might be more affected in women in an AE2-defective background. Apart from affecting BECs function, AE2 downregulation in lymphocytes may also contribute to alter immunoregulation facilitating autoreactive T-cell responses. SUMMARY PBC can be considered as a disorder of Cl-/HCO3- exchange in individuals with genetic predisposition to autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Prieto
- Center for Applied Medical Research (Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona
| | - Jesus M. Banales
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute – Donostia University Hospital – University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian
- National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, ‘Instituto de Salud Carlos III’)
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao
| | - Juan F. Medina
- Unit of Medical Training, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Qian F, Wang X, Yin Z, Xie G, Yuan H, Liu D, Chai R. The slc4a2b gene is required for hair cell development in zebrafish. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:18804-18821. [PMID: 33044947 PMCID: PMC7732325 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Hair cells (HCs) function as important sensory receptors that can detect movement in their immediate environment. HCs in the inner ear can sense acoustic signals, while in aquatic vertebrates HCs can also detect movements, vibrations, and pressure gradients in the surrounding water. Many genes are responsible for the development of HCs, and developmental defects in HCs can lead to hearing loss and other sensory dysfunctions. Here, we found that the solute carrier family 4, member 2b (slc4a2b) gene, which is a member of the anion-exchange family, is expressed in the otic vesicles and lateral line neuromasts in developing zebrafish embryos. An in silico analysis showed that the slc4a2b is evolutionarily conserved, and we found that loss of function of slc4a2b resulted in a decreased number of HCs in zebrafish neuromasts due to increased HC apoptosis. Taken together, we conclude that slc4a2b plays a critical role in the development of HCs in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuping Qian
- MOE Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, School of Life Science and Technology, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Zhenhua Yin
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Gangcai Xie
- Medical School, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Huijun Yuan
- Medical Genetics Center, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Dong Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Renjie Chai
- MOE Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, School of Life Science and Technology, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China,School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China,Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
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12
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Kunst RF, Niemeijer M, van der Laan LJW, Spee B, van de Graaf SFJ. From fatty hepatocytes to impaired bile flow: Matching model systems for liver biology and disease. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 180:114173. [PMID: 32717228 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A large variety of model systems are used in hepatobiliary research. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of established and emerging models for specific research questions. We specifically discuss the value and limitations of these models for research on metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), (previously named non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NAFLD/NASH)) and cholestasis-related diseases such as primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). The entire range of models is discussed varying from immortalized cell lines, mature or pluripotent stem cell-based models including organoids/spheroids, to animal models and human ex vivo models such as normothermic machine perfusion of livers and living liver slices. Finally, the pros and cons of each model are discussed as well as the need in the scientific community for continuous innovation in model development to better mimic the human (patho)physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roni F Kunst
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marije Niemeijer
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Luc J W van der Laan
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bart Spee
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Stan F J van de Graaf
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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13
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Zhang S, Wang L, Li M, Zhang F, Zeng X. The PD-1/PD-L pathway in rheumatic diseases. J Formos Med Assoc 2020; 120:48-59. [PMID: 32334916 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2020.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Autoimmune diseases are diseases in which the body produces an abnormal immune response to self-antigens and damages its own tissues. Programmed death-1 (PD-1) and its ligands (PD-Ls) have been discovered to be important negative regulators of the immune system, playing crucial roles in autoimmunity. METHODS We analyzed the existing scientific literature dealing with this issue. In this review, the PD-1/PD-L pathway in the genetic susceptibility to and pathogenesis of rheumatic diseases is discussed. The PD-1/PD-L pathway might be helpful for diagnosing, evaluating the disease activity of and treating rheumatic diseases. RESULTS PD-1/PD-L gene polymorphisms are associated with a genetic predisposition to rheumatic disorders, which can provide reference information for diagnosis and disease activity. The conclusion of the crucial role of the PD-1/PD-L pathway in the pathogenesis of rheumatic diseases is consistent, but the details remain controversial. In some animal models, manipulating the PD-1/PD-L pathway could decrease disease severity. PD-1/PD-Ls may enable us to develop new therapeutics for patients with rheumatic diseases in the future. CONCLUSION The PD-1/PD-L pathway plays crucial roles in rheumatic disease. More work is needed to provide a better mechanistic understanding of the PD-1/PD-L pathway and to facilitate the precise therapeutic manipulation of this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Mengtao Li
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Fengchun Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zeng
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
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Lee D, Hong JH. The Fundamental Role of Bicarbonate Transporters and Associated Carbonic Anhydrase Enzymes in Maintaining Ion and pH Homeostasis in Non-Secretory Organs. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21010339. [PMID: 31947992 PMCID: PMC6981687 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The bicarbonate ion has a fundamental role in vital systems. Impaired bicarbonate transport leads to various diseases, including immune disorders, cystic fibrosis, tumorigenesis, kidney diseases, brain dysfunction, tooth fracture, ischemic reperfusion injury, hypertension, impaired reproductive system, and systemic acidosis. Carbonic anhydrases are involved in the mechanism of bicarbonate movement and consist of complex of bicarbonate transport systems including bicarbonate transporters. This review focused on the convergent regulation of ion homeostasis through various ion transporters including bicarbonate transporters, their regulatory enzymes, such as carbonic anhydrases, pH regulatory role, and the expression pattern of ion transporters in non-secretory systems throughout the body. Understanding the correlation between these systems will be helpful in order to obtain new insights and design potential therapeutic strategies for the treatment of pH-related disorders. In this review, we have discussed the broad prospects and challenges that remain in elucidation of bicarbonate-transport-related biological and developmental systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeong Hee Hong
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-32-899-6682; Fax: +82-32-899-6039
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15
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Arenas F, Hervías I, Sáez E, Melero S, Prieto J, Parés A, Medina JF. Promoter hypermethylation of the AE2/SLC4A2 gene in PBC. JHEP Rep 2019; 1:145-153. [PMID: 32039364 PMCID: PMC7001545 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims Patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) exhibit reduced AE2/SLC4A2 gene expression in the liver and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). AE2 encodes a Cl–/HCO3– exchanger involved in biliary bicarbonate secretion and intracellular pH regulation. Reduced AE2 expression in PBC may be pathogenic, as Ae2-knockout mice reproduce characteristic PBC features. Herein, we aimed to identify CpG-methylation abnormalities in AE2 promoter regions that might contribute to the reduced gene transcription in PBC livers and PBMCs. Methods CpG-cytosine methylation rates were interrogated at 1-base pair resolution in upstream and alternate AE2 promoter regions through pyrosequencing of bisulphite-modified genomic DNA from liver specimens and PBMCs. AE2a and alternative AE2b1 and AE2b2 mRNA levels were measured by real-time PCR. Human lymphoblastoid-T2 cells were treated with 5-aza-2´-deoxycytidine for demethylation assays. Results AE2 promoters were found to be hypermethylated in PBC livers compared to normal and diseased liver specimens. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed that minimal CpG-hypermethylation clusters of 3 AE2a-CpG sites and 4 alternate-AE2b2-CpG sites specifically differentiated PBC from normal and diseased controls, with mean methylation rates inversely correlating with respective transcript levels. Additionally, in PBMCs a minimal cluster of 3 hypermethylated AE2a-CpG sites distinguished PBC from controls, and mean methylation rates correlated negatively with AE2a mRNA levels in these immune cells. Alternate AE2b2/AE2b1 promoters in PBMCs were constitutively hypermethylated, in line with absent alternative mRNA expression in diseased and healthy PBMCs. Demethylation assays treating lymphoblastoid-T2 cells with 5-aza-2´-deoxycytidine triggered AE2b2/AE2b1 expression and upregulated AE2a-promoter expression. Conclusions Disease-specific hypermethylation of AE2 promoter regions and subsequent downregulation of AE2-gene expression in the liver and PBMCs of patients with PBC might be critically involved in the pathogenesis of this complex disease. Lay summary Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic immune-associated cholestatic liver disease with unclear complex/multifactorial etiopathogenesis affecting mostly middle-aged women. Patients with PBC exhibit reduced expression of the AE2/SLC4A2 gene. Herein, we found that AE2 promoter regions are hypermethylated in the liver and peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with PBC. This increased methylation is associated with downregulated AE2-gene expression, which might contribute to the pathogenesis of PBC. Therefore, novel epigenetic targets may improve treatment in patients with PBC who respond poorly to current pharmacological therapies. Patients with PBC have higher AE2 CpG methylation in upstream AE2a and/or AE2b2/AE2b1 promoter regions in liver and PBMCs. Combined methylation rates of 2 minimal CpG-clusters in the liver and 1 minimal CpG-cluster in PBMCs specifically distinguished PBC from normal and diseased controls. Methylation rates of AE2 promoter regions inversely correlated with levels of respective AE2 mRNAs in liver and PBMCs. Alternate AE2b2/AE2b1 promoter regions were found to be densely methylated in both normal and diseased PBMC samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabián Arenas
- Division of Gene Therapy and Hepatology, CIMA, School of Medicine and Clinic University of Navarra, and Ciberehd, Pamplona
| | - Isabel Hervías
- Division of Gene Therapy and Hepatology, CIMA, School of Medicine and Clinic University of Navarra, and Ciberehd, Pamplona
| | - Elena Sáez
- Division of Gene Therapy and Hepatology, CIMA, School of Medicine and Clinic University of Navarra, and Ciberehd, Pamplona
| | - Saida Melero
- Division of Gene Therapy and Hepatology, CIMA, School of Medicine and Clinic University of Navarra, and Ciberehd, Pamplona
| | - Jesús Prieto
- Division of Gene Therapy and Hepatology, CIMA, School of Medicine and Clinic University of Navarra, and Ciberehd, Pamplona
| | - Albert Parés
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, and Ciberehd, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan F. Medina
- Division of Gene Therapy and Hepatology, CIMA, School of Medicine and Clinic University of Navarra, and Ciberehd, Pamplona
- Corresponding author. Address: Division of Gene Therapy and Hepatology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA) University of Navarra School of Medicine, Pamplona, Spain.
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16
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Abstract
Cholangiocytes, the epithelial cells lining the intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts, are highly specialized cells residing in a complex anatomic niche where they participate in bile production and homeostasis. Cholangiocytes are damaged in a variety of human diseases termed cholangiopathies, often causing advanced liver failure. The regulation of cholangiocyte transport properties is increasingly understood, as is their anatomical and functional heterogeneity along the biliary tract. Furthermore, cholangiocytes are pivotal in liver regeneration, especially when hepatocyte regeneration is compromised. The role of cholangiocytes in innate and adaptive immune responses, a critical subject relevant to immune-mediated cholangiopathies, is also emerging. Finally, reactive ductular cells are present in many cholestatic and other liver diseases. In chronic disease states, this repair response contributes to liver inflammation, fibrosis and carcinogenesis and is a subject of intense investigation. This Review highlights advances in cholangiocyte research, especially their role in development and liver regeneration, their functional and biochemical heterogeneity, their activation and involvement in inflammation and fibrosis and their engagement with the immune system. We aim to focus further attention on cholangiocyte pathobiology and the search for new disease-modifying therapies targeting the cholangiopathies.
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17
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Rodrigues PM, Perugorria MJ, Santos-Laso A, Bujanda L, Beuers U, Banales JM. Primary biliary cholangitis: A tale of epigenetically-induced secretory failure? J Hepatol 2018; 69:1371-1383. [PMID: 30193962 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic cholestatic liver disease associated with autoimmune-related destruction of small to medium size intrahepatic bile ducts. The aetiology of PBC is unknown and its pathogenesis remains obscure. Both genetic variants and environmental factors have been linked to increased PBC susceptibility, with other alterations known to cooperate in disease pathobiology. Increasing evidence indicates the presence of epigenetic abnormalities in PBC, particularly alterations of cholangiocellular microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs). This review highlights and discusses the most relevant epigenetic alterations found in patients with PBC, focusing on the role of miR-506 in the promotion of cholestasis and immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro M Rodrigues
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute - Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Maria J Perugorria
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute - Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain; National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, "Instituto de Salud Carlos III"), Spain; Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Alvaro Santos-Laso
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute - Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Luis Bujanda
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute - Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain; National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, "Instituto de Salud Carlos III"), Spain
| | - Ulrich Beuers
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research and Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jesus M Banales
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute - Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain; National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, "Instituto de Salud Carlos III"), Spain; Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.
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18
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Mariotti V, Cadamuro M, Spirli C, Fiorotto R, Strazzabosco M, Fabris L. Animal models of cholestasis: An update on inflammatory cholangiopathies. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1865:954-964. [PMID: 30398152 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cholestasis is a frequent clinical condition initiating or complicating chronic liver diseases, particularly cholangiopathies, where the biliary epithelium is the primary target of the pathogenetic sequence. Until a few decades ago, understanding of cholestasis relied mostly on the experimental model of bile duct ligation in rodents. However, a simple model of biliary obstruction cannot reproduce the complex mechanisms and networks leading to cholestasis in cholangiopathies. These networks are underpinned by an intricate dysregulation of pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic signals involving besides cholangiocytes, multiple cell elements of both innate and adaptive immunity. Therefore, in the last years, a wide range of animal models of biliary injury have been developed, mostly in mice, following three main approaches, chemical induction, immunization and genetic manipulation. In this review, we will give an update of the animal models of the two main cholangiopathies, primary sclerosing cholangitis and primary biliary cholangitis, which have provided us with the most relevant insights into the pathogenesis of these still controversial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Mariotti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Carlo Spirli
- Section of Digestive Disease, Liver Center, Yale University, Yale, USA
| | - Romina Fiorotto
- Section of Digestive Disease, Liver Center, Yale University, Yale, USA
| | | | - Luca Fabris
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy; Section of Digestive Disease, Liver Center, Yale University, Yale, USA.
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19
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Abstract
Ion channels and transporters move ions across membrane barriers and are essential for a host of cell functions in many organs. They conduct K+, Na+ and Cl-, which are essential for regulating the membrane potential, H+ to control intracellular and extracellular pH and divalent cations such as Ca2+, Mg2+ and Zn2+, which function as second messengers and cofactors for many proteins. Inherited channelopathies due to mutations in ion channels or their accessory proteins cause a variety of diseases in the nervous, cardiovascular and other tissues, but channelopathies that affect immune function are not as well studied. Mutations in ORAI1 and STIM1 genes that encode the Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channel in immune cells, the Mg2+ transporter MAGT1 and the Cl- channel LRRC8A all cause immunodeficiency with increased susceptibility to infection. Mutations in the Zn2+ transporters SLC39A4 (ZIP4) and SLC30A2 (ZnT2) result in nutritional Zn2+ deficiency and immune dysfunction. These channels, however, only represent a fraction of ion channels that regulate immunity as demonstrated by immune dysregulation in channel knockout mice. The immune system itself can cause acquired channelopathies that are associated with a variety of diseases of nervous, cardiovascular and endocrine systems resulting from autoantibodies binding to ion channels. These autoantibodies highlight the therapeutic potential of functional anti-ion channel antibodies that are being developed for the treatment of autoimmune, inflammatory and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Vaeth
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Stefan Feske
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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Mohammad I, Nousiainen K, Bhosale SD, Starskaia I, Moulder R, Rokka A, Cheng F, Mohanasundaram P, Eriksson JE, Goodlett DR, Lähdesmäki H, Chen Z. Quantitative proteomic characterization and comparison of T helper 17 and induced regulatory T cells. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2004194. [PMID: 29851958 PMCID: PMC5979006 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2004194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional network and protein regulators that govern T helper 17 (Th17) cell differentiation have been studied extensively using advanced genomic approaches. For a better understanding of these biological processes, we have moved a step forward, from gene- to protein-level characterization of Th17 cells. Mass spectrometry–based label-free quantitative (LFQ) proteomics analysis were made of in vitro differentiated murine Th17 and induced regulatory T (iTreg) cells. More than 4,000 proteins, covering almost all subcellular compartments, were detected. Quantitative comparison of the protein expression profiles resulted in the identification of proteins specifically expressed in the Th17 and iTreg cells. Importantly, our combined analysis of proteome and gene expression data revealed protein expression changes that were not associated with changes at the transcriptional level. Our dataset provides a valuable resource, with new insights into the proteomic characteristics of Th17 and iTreg cells, which may prove useful in developing treatment of autoimmune diseases and developing tumor immunotherapy. T helper 17 (Th17) cells and induced regulatory T (iTreg) cells are two subsets of T helper cells differentiated from naïve cells that play important roles in autoimmune diseases, immune homeostasis, and tumor immunity. The differentiation process is achieved by changes in numerous proteins, including transcription regulators, enzymes, membrane receptors, and cytokines, which are critical in lineage commitment. To profile protein expression changes in Th17 and iTreg cells, we polarized murine naïve CD4+ T (Thp) cells in vitro to Th17 and iTreg cells and performed quantitative proteomic analysis of these cells. More than 4,000 proteins, covering almost all subcellular compartments, were detected. Quantitative comparison of the protein expression profiles resulted in the identification of proteins specifically expressed in the Th17 and iTreg cells. Importantly, our combined analysis of proteome and gene expression data revealed protein expression changes that were not associated with changes at the transcriptional level. The present study serves as a valuable resource that may prove useful in developing treatment of autoimmune diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Mohammad
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- Turku Doctoral Programme of Molecular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Kari Nousiainen
- Department of Computer Science, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Santosh D. Bhosale
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- Turku Doctoral Programme of Molecular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Inna Starskaia
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- Turku Doctoral Programme of Molecular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Robert Moulder
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Anne Rokka
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Fang Cheng
- Cell Biology, Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Ponnuswamy Mohanasundaram
- Cell Biology, Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - John E. Eriksson
- Cell Biology, Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - David R. Goodlett
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Harri Lähdesmäki
- Department of Computer Science, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Zhi Chen
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- * E-mail:
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21
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Chang JC, Go S, Verhoeven AJ, Beuers U, Oude Elferink RP. Role of the bicarbonate-responsive soluble adenylyl cyclase in cholangiocyte apoptosis in primary biliary cholangitis; a new hypothesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:1232-1239. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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22
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Abstract
The SLC4 family Cl-/[Formula: see text] cotransporters (NBCe1, NBCe2, NBCn1, and NBCn2) contribute to a variety of vital physiological processes including pH regulation and epithelial fluid secretion. Accordingly, their dysfunction can have devastating effects. Disorders such as epilepsy, hemolytic anemia, glaucoma, hearing loss, osteopetrosis, and renal tubular acidosis are all genetically linked to SLC4-family gene loci. This review summarizes how studies of Slc4-modified mice have enhanced our understanding of the etiology of SLC4-linked pathologies and the interpretation of genetic linkage studies. The review also surveys the novel disease signs exhibited by Slc4-modified mice which could either be considered to presage their description in humans, or to highlight interspecific differences. Finally, novel Slc4-modified mouse models are proposed, the study of which may further our understanding of the basis and treatment of SLC4-linked disorders of [Formula: see text]-transporter dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Parker
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, The State University of New York: The University at Buffalo , Buffalo, New York.,Department of Ophthalmology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo: The State University of New York , Buffalo, New York.,State University of New York Eye Institutes, University at Buffalo: The State University of New York , Buffalo, New York
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23
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Celay J, Lozano T, Concepcion AR, Beltrán E, Rudilla F, García-Barchino MJ, Robles EF, Rabal O, de Miguel I, Panizo C, Casares N, Oyarzabal J, Prieto J, Medina JF, Lasarte JJ, Martínez-Climent JÁ. Targeting the anion exchanger 2 with specific peptides as a new therapeutic approach in B lymphoid neoplasms. Haematologica 2017; 103:1065-1072. [PMID: 29191842 PMCID: PMC6058773 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2017.175687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells can weaken antitumor immune responses, and inhibition of their function appears to be a promising therapeutic approach in cancer patients. Mice with targeted deletion of the gene encoding the Cl-/HCO3- anion exchanger AE2 (also termed SLC4A2), a membrane-bound carrier involved in intracellular pH regulation, showed a progressive decrease in the number of Treg cells. We therefore challenged AE2 as a potential target for tumor therapy, and generated linear peptides designed to bind the third extracellular loop of AE2, which is crucial for its exchange activity. Peptide p17AE2 exhibited optimal interaction ability and indeed promoted apoptosis in mouse and human Treg cells, while activating effector T-cell function. Interestingly, this linear peptide also induced apoptosis in different types of human leukemia, lymphoma and multiple myeloma cell lines and primary malignant samples, while it showed only moderate effects on normal B lymphocytes. Finally, a macrocyclic AE2 targeting peptide exhibiting increased stability in vivo was effective in mice xenografted with B-cell lymphoma. These data suggest that targeting the anion exchanger AE2 with specific peptides may represent an effective therapeutic approach in B-cell malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Celay
- Division of Hematological-Oncology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, CIBERONC, IDISNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Teresa Lozano
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Axel R Concepcion
- Division of Hepatology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elena Beltrán
- Division of Hematological-Oncology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, CIBERONC, IDISNA, Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Francesc Rudilla
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - María José García-Barchino
- Division of Hematological-Oncology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, CIBERONC, IDISNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Eloy F Robles
- Division of Hematological-Oncology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, CIBERONC, IDISNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Obdulia Rabal
- Small Molecule Discovery Platform and Molecular Therapeutics Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Irene de Miguel
- Small Molecule Discovery Platform and Molecular Therapeutics Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carlos Panizo
- Department of Hematology, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Noelia Casares
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Julen Oyarzabal
- Small Molecule Discovery Platform and Molecular Therapeutics Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jesús Prieto
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Division of Hepatology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Juan F Medina
- Division of Hepatology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Juan José Lasarte
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - José Ángel Martínez-Climent
- Division of Hematological-Oncology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, CIBERONC, IDISNA, Pamplona, Spain
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24
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Abstract
Purpose of Review The purpose of this review is to discuss reasons why immunosuppressive therapy so far failed in Primary Biliry Cholangitis. Recent Findings Even targeted immunosuppressive therapy seems ineffective or potentially harmful. Summary Bile acid-mediated cholangiocyte damage, facilitated by insufficient bicarbonate secretion, seems to attenuate the anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic actions of immunosuppressant and immunomodulatory drugs in a clinically significant way.
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25
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Fernandez-Barrena MG, Barcena-Varela M, Banales JM. New evidence supporting the biliary bicarbonate umbrella theory. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2017; 41:126-128. [PMID: 27818187 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M G Fernandez-Barrena
- Hepatology Program, CIMA of the University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Madrid, Spain
| | - M Barcena-Varela
- Hepatology Program, CIMA of the University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - J M Banales
- National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Madrid, Spain; Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo del Dr. Begiristain s/n, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.
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26
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Hisamoto S, Shimoda S, Harada K, Iwasaka S, Onohara S, Chong Y, Nakamura M, Bekki Y, Yoshizumi T, Ikegami T, Maehara Y, He XS, Gershwin ME, Akashi K. Hydrophobic bile acids suppress expression of AE2 in biliary epithelial cells and induce bile duct inflammation in primary biliary cholangitis. J Autoimmun 2016; 75:150-160. [PMID: 27592379 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms of chronic inflammation in primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is essential for successful treatment. Earlier work has demonstrated that patients with PBC have reduced expression of the anion exchanger 2 (AE2) on biliary epithelial cells (BEC) and deletion of AE2 gene has led to a PBC-like disorder in mice. To directly address the role of AE2 in preventing PBC pathogenesis, we took advantage of our ability to isolate human BEC and autologous splenic mononuclear cells (SMC). We studied the influence of hydrophobic bile acids, in particular, glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDC), on AE2 expression in BEC and the subsequent impact on the phenotypes of BEC and local inflammatory responses. We demonstrate herein that GCDC reduces AE2 expression in BEC through induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which enhances senescence of BEC. In addition, a reduction of AE2 levels by either GCDC or another AE2 inhibitor upregulates expression of CD40 and HLA-DR as well as production of IL-6, IL-8 and CXCL10 from BEC in response to toll like receptor ligands, an effect suppressed by inhibition of ROS. Importantly, reduced AE2 expression enhances the migration of autologous splenic mononuclear cells (SMC) towards BEC. In conclusion, our data highlight a key functional role of AE2 in the maintenance of the normal physiology of BEC and the pathogenic consequences of reduced AE2 expression, including abnormal intrinsic characteristics of BEC and their production of signal molecules that lead to the chronic inflammatory responses in small bile ducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Hisamoto
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Shinji Shimoda
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Kenichi Harada
- Department of Human Pathology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan.
| | - Sho Iwasaka
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Shinya Onohara
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Yong Chong
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Minoru Nakamura
- Clinical Research Center in National Hospital Organization (NHO), Nagasaki Medical Center and Department of Hepatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Omura, Japan.
| | - Yuki Bekki
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Tomoharu Yoshizumi
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Toru Ikegami
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Yoshihiko Maehara
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Xiao-Song He
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - M Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Koichi Akashi
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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27
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Zhang AP, Yang JH. Advances in understanding pathogenesis of primary biliary cholangitis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2016; 24:169-175. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v24.i2.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is an autoimmune liver disease characterized by chronic and progressive cholestasis. In recent years, the incidence and prevalence of PBC are increasing year by year. However, the etiology and pathogenesis are not fully understood. It is believed that genetic susceptibility, environmental factors, and immunologic tolerance are related with the pathogenesis of PBC. This article reviews the progress in the understanding of the pathogenesis of PBC.
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