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Chen X, Ma Z, Yi Z, Wu E, Shang Z, Tuo B, Li T, Liu X. The effects of metabolism on the immune microenvironment in colorectal cancer. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:118. [PMID: 38453888 PMCID: PMC10920911 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-01865-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a malignancy that is widely prevalent worldwide. Due to its unsatisfactory treatment outcome and extremely poor prognosis, many studies on the molecular mechanisms and pathological mechanisms of CRC have been published in recent years. The tumor microenvironment (TME) is an extremely important feature of tumorigenesis and one of the hallmarks of tumor development. Metabolic reprogramming is currently a hot topic in tumor research, and studies on this topic have provided important insights into CRC development. In particular, metabolic reprogramming in cancer causes changes in the composition of energy and nutrients in the TME. Furthermore, it can alter the complex crosstalk between immune cells and associated immune factors, such as associated macrophages and T cells, which play important immune roles in the TME, in turn affecting the immune escape of tumors by altering immune surveillance. In this review, we summarize several metabolism-related processes affecting the immune microenvironment of CRC tumors. Our results showed that the immune microenvironment is regulated by metabolic reprogramming and influences the development of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingzhao Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Zhiyuan Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Zhiqiang Yi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Enqin Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Zhengye Shang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Biguang Tuo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Taolang Li
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Dalian Road 149, Zunyi, 563000, China.
| | - Xuemei Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, China.
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2
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Song B, Yang P, Zhang S. Cell fate regulation governed by p53: Friends or reversible foes in cancer therapy. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2024; 44:297-360. [PMID: 38311377 PMCID: PMC10958678 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. Targeted therapies aimed at key oncogenic driver mutations in combination with chemotherapy and radiotherapy as well as immunotherapy have benefited cancer patients considerably. Tumor protein p53 (TP53), a crucial tumor suppressor gene encoding p53, regulates numerous downstream genes and cellular phenotypes in response to various stressors. The affected genes are involved in diverse processes, including cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, cellular senescence, metabolic homeostasis, apoptosis, and autophagy. However, accumulating recent studies have continued to reveal novel and unexpected functions of p53 in governing the fate of tumors, for example, functions in ferroptosis, immunity, the tumor microenvironment and microbiome metabolism. Among the possibilities, the evolutionary plasticity of p53 is the most controversial, partially due to the dizzying array of biological functions that have been attributed to different regulatory mechanisms of p53 signaling. Nearly 40 years after its discovery, this key tumor suppressor remains somewhat enigmatic. The intricate and diverse functions of p53 in regulating cell fate during cancer treatment are only the tip of the iceberg with respect to its equally complicated structural biology, which has been painstakingly revealed. Additionally, TP53 mutation is one of the most significant genetic alterations in cancer, contributing to rapid cancer cell growth and tumor progression. Here, we summarized recent advances that implicate altered p53 in modulating the response to various cancer therapies, including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy. Furthermore, we also discussed potential strategies for targeting p53 as a therapeutic option for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Song
- Laboratory of Radiation MedicineWest China Second University HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanP. R. China
| | - Ping Yang
- Laboratory of Radiation MedicineWest China Second University HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanP. R. China
| | - Shuyu Zhang
- Laboratory of Radiation MedicineWest China Second University HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanP. R. China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical CollegeChina National Nuclear Corporation 416 HospitalChengduSichuanP. R. China
- Laboratory of Radiation MedicineNHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Technology Medical TransformationWest China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic MedicineSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanP. R. China
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3
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Barcherini V, Loureiro JB, Sena A, Madeira C, Leandro P, Saraiva L, Antunes AMM, Santos MMM. Metabolism-Guided Optimization of Tryptophanol-Derived Isoindolinone p53 Activators. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:146. [PMID: 37259297 PMCID: PMC9967700 DOI: 10.3390/ph16020146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
For the first time, the pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of tryptophanol-derived isoindolinones, previously reported as p53 activators, was investigated. From the metabolites' identification, performed by liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS/MS), followed by their preparation and structural elucidation, it was possible to identify that the indole C2 and C3 are the main target of the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-promoted oxidative metabolism in the tryptophanol-derived isoindolinone scaffold. Based on these findings, to search for novel p53 activators a series of 16 enantiopure tryptophanol-derived isoindolinones substituted with a bromine in indole C2 was prepared, in yields of 62-89%, and their antiproliferative activity evaluated in human colon adenocarcinoma HCT116 cell lines with and without p53. Structural optimization led to the identification of two (S)-tryptophanol-derived isoindolinones 3.9-fold and 1.9-fold more active than hit SLMP53-1, respectively. Compounds' metabolic stability evaluation revealed that this substitution led to a metabolic switch, with the impact of Phase I oxidative metabolism being minimized. Through differential scanning fluorimetry (DSF) experiments, the most active compound of the series in cell assays led to an increase in the protein melting temperature (Tm) of 10.39 °C, suggesting an effective binding to wild-type p53 core domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Barcherini
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joana B. Loureiro
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Sena
- Centro de Química Estrutural (CQE), Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Catarina Madeira
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Paula Leandro
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Lucília Saraiva
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Alexandra M. M. Antunes
- Centro de Química Estrutural (CQE), Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria M. M. Santos
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
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Advanced Strategies for Therapeutic Targeting of Wild-Type and Mutant p53 in Cancer. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12040548. [PMID: 35454137 PMCID: PMC9029346 DOI: 10.3390/biom12040548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
TP53 is a tumor suppressor gene that encodes a sequence-specific DNA-binding transcription factor activated by stressful stimuli; it upregulates target genes involved in growth suppression, cell death, DNA repair, metabolism, among others. TP53 is the most frequently mutated gene in tumors, with mutations not only leading to loss-of-function (LOF), but also gain-of-function (GOF) that promotes tumor progression, and metastasis. The tumor-specific status of mutant p53 protein has suggested it is a promising target for cancer therapy. We summarize the current progress of targeting wild-type and mutant p53 for cancer therapy through biotherapeutic and biopharmaceutical methods for (1) boosting p53 activity in cancer, (2) p53-dependent and p53-independent strategies for targeting p53 pathway functional restoration in p53-mutated cancer, (3) targeting p53 in immunotherapy, and (4) combination therapies targeting p53, p53 checkpoints, or mutant p53 for cancer therapy.
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Noncanonical roles of p53 in cancer stemness and their implications in sarcomas. Cancer Lett 2022; 525:131-145. [PMID: 34742870 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Impairment of the prominent tumor suppressor p53, well known for its canonical role as the "guardian of the genome", is found in almost half of human cancers. More recently, p53 has been suggested to be a crucial regulator of stemness, orchestrating the differentiation of embryonal and adult stem cells, suppressing reprogramming into induced pluripotent stem cells, or inhibiting cancer stemness (i.e., cancer stem cells, CSCs), which underlies the development of therapy-resistant tumors. This review addresses these noncanonical roles of p53 and their implications in sarcoma initiation and progression. Indeed, dysregulation of p53 family proteins is a common event in sarcomas and is associated with poor survival. Additionally, emerging studies have demonstrated that loss of wild-type p53 activity hinders the terminal differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells and leads to the development of aggressive sarcomas. This review summarizes recent findings on the roles of aberrant p53 in sarcoma development and stemness and further describes therapeutic approaches to restore normal p53 activity as a promising anti-CSC strategy to treat refractory sarcomas.
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6
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Song F, Bian Y, Liu J, Li Z, Zhao L, Fang J, Lai Y, Zhou M. Indole Alkaloids, Synthetic Dimers and Hybrids with Potential In Vivo Anticancer Activity. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 21:377-403. [PMID: 32901583 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200908162311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Indole, a heterocyclic organic compound, is one of the most promising heterocycles found in natural and synthetic sources since its derivatives possess fascinating structural diversity and various therapeutic properties. Indole alkaloids, synthetic dimers and hybrids could act on diverse targets in cancer cells, and consequently, possess potential antiproliferative effects on various cancers both in vitro and in vivo. Vinblastine, midostaurin, and anlotinib as the representative of indole alkaloids, synthetic dimers and hybrids respectively, have already been clinically applied to treat many types of cancers, demonstrating indole alkaloids, synthetic dimers and hybrids are useful scaffolds for the development of novel anticancer agents. Covering articles published between 2010 and 2020, this review emphasizes the recent development of indole alkaloids, synthetic dimers and hybrids with potential in vivo therapeutic application for cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Song
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, Shandong, China
| | - Yunqiang Bian
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, Shandong, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, Shandong, China
| | - Zhenghua Li
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, Shandong, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, Shandong, China
| | - Junman Fang
- School of Life Sciences, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, Shandong, China
| | - Yonghong Lai
- School of Life Sciences, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, Shandong, China
| | - Meng Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, Shandong, China
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7
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Gomes AS, Ramos H, Inga A, Sousa E, Saraiva L. Structural and Drug Targeting Insights on Mutant p53. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3344. [PMID: 34283062 PMCID: PMC8268744 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
p53 is a transcription factor with a pivotal role in cell homeostasis and fate. Its impairment is a major event in tumor onset and development. In fact, about half of human cancers bear TP53 mutations that not only halt the normal function of p53, but also may acquire oncogenic gain of functions that favor tumorigenesis. Although considered undruggable for a long time, evidence has proven the capability of many compounds to restore a wild-type (wt)-like function to mutant p53 (mutp53). However, they have not reached the clinic to date. Structural studies have strongly contributed to the knowledge about p53 structure, stability, dynamics, function, and regulation. Importantly, they have afforded relevant insights into wt and mutp53 pharmacology at molecular levels, fostering the design and development of p53-targeted anticancer therapies. Herein, we provide an integrated view of mutp53 regulation, particularly focusing on mutp53 structural traits and on targeting agents capable of its reactivation, including their biological, biochemical and biophysical features. With this, we expect to pave the way for the development of improved small molecules that may advance precision cancer therapy by targeting p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sara Gomes
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (A.S.G.); (H.R.)
| | - Helena Ramos
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (A.S.G.); (H.R.)
| | - Alberto Inga
- Laboratory of Transcriptional Networks, Department CIBIO, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy;
| | - Emília Sousa
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Novo Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Lucília Saraiva
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (A.S.G.); (H.R.)
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8
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Raimundo L, Paterna A, Calheiros J, Ribeiro J, Cardoso DSP, Piga I, Neto SJ, Hegan D, Glazer PM, Indraccolo S, Mulhovo S, Costa JL, Ferreira MJU, Saraiva L. BBIT20 inhibits homologous DNA repair with disruption of the BRCA1-BARD1 interaction in breast and ovarian cancer. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:3627-3647. [PMID: 33899955 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Advances in the treatment of triple-negative breast and ovarian cancer remain challenging. In particular, resistance to the available therapy, by restoring or overexpressing the DNA repair machinery, has often been reported. New strategies to improve the therapeutic outcomes of these cancers are needed. Herein, we disclose the dregamine 5-bromo-pyridin-2-ylhydrazone (BBIT20), a natural monoterpene indole alkaloid derivative, as an inhibitor of homologous DNA repair. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH To unveil BBIT20 antitumour activity and underlying molecular mechanism of action, two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures, patient-derived cell lines and xenograft mouse models were used. KEY RESULTS BBIT20 disrupted the BRCA1-BARD1 interaction, triggering nuclear-to-cytoplasmic BRCA1 translocation, cell cycle arrest and downregulation of homologous DNA repair-related genes and proteins, with subsequent enhancement of DNA damage, reactive oxygen species generation and apoptosis, in triple-negative breast and ovarian cancer cells. BBIT20 also displayed pronounced antitumour activity in patient-derived cells and xenograft mouse models of ovarian cancer, with low toxicity in non-malignant cells and undetectable side effects in mice. Additionally, it did not induce resistance in triple-negative breast and ovarian cancer and displayed marked synergistic effects with cisplatin and olaparib (a poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase inhibitor), on 2D and 3D models of these cancer cells. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS These findings add an inhibitor of the BRCA1-BARD1 interaction to the list of DNA-damaging agents. Importantly, either as a single agent or in combination therapy, BBIT20 reveals great potential in the personalized treatment of aggressive and resistant cancers, particularly triple-negative breast and advanced ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Raimundo
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, Porto, 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Angela Paterna
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, Lisbon, 1649-003, Portugal
| | - Juliana Calheiros
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, Porto, 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Joana Ribeiro
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, Lisbon, 1649-003, Portugal
| | - David S P Cardoso
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, Lisbon, 1649-003, Portugal
| | - Ilaria Piga
- Immunology and Molecular Oncology Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV, IRCCS, Padova, Italy.,Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, 35128, Italy
| | - Susana Junqueira Neto
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, 4200-135, Portugal.,Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, Porto, 4200-135, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Praça de Gomes Teixeira, Porto, 4099-002, Portugal
| | - Denise Hegan
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, CT06511, USA.,Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, CT06511, USA
| | - Peter M Glazer
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, CT06511, USA.,Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, CT06511, USA
| | - Stefano Indraccolo
- Immunology and Molecular Oncology Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV, IRCCS, Padova, Italy.,Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, 35128, Italy
| | - Silva Mulhovo
- Centro de Estudos Moçambicanos e de Etnociências (CEMEC), Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Pedagogical University, Maputo, 21402161, Mozambique
| | - José Luís Costa
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, 4200-135, Portugal.,Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, Porto, 4200-135, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Praça de Gomes Teixeira, Porto, 4099-002, Portugal
| | - Maria-José U Ferreira
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, Lisbon, 1649-003, Portugal
| | - Lucília Saraiva
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, Porto, 4050-313, Portugal
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Targeting p53 for Melanoma Treatment: Counteracting Tumour Proliferation, Dissemination and Therapeutic Resistance. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13071648. [PMID: 33916029 PMCID: PMC8037490 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13071648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Melanoma is a highly metastatic and therapy-resistant cancer and is therefore associated with low survival rates of patients. In melanoma, the inactivation of the wild-type form of the p53 tumour suppressor protein is a frequent event, mainly through interactions with MDM2 and MDMX. In this work, our recently disclosed p53-activating agent, SLMP53-2, displayed promising in vitro and in vivo antitumour activity, with particular impacts on melanoma migration and invasion. Moreover, SLMP53-2 (re)sensitized melanoma cells to clinically used chemotherapeutic agents, potentially overcoming the therapeutic resistance issue. As a whole, the p53 activator SLMP53-2 may represent a new therapeutic opportunity for melanoma, particularly in combination with MAPK pathway-targeting drugs. Abstract Melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer, primarily due to its high metastatic propensity and therapeutic resistance in advanced stages. The frequent inactivation of the p53 tumour suppressor protein in melanomagenesis may predict promising outcomes for p53 activators in melanoma therapy. Herein, we aimed to investigate the antitumor potential of the p53-activating agent SLMP53-2 against melanoma. Two- and three-dimensional cell cultures and xenograft mouse models were used to unveil the antitumor activity and the underlying molecular mechanism of SLMP53-2 in melanoma. SLMP53-2 inhibited the growth of human melanoma cells in a p53-dependent manner through induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Notably, SLMP53-2 induced p53 stabilization by disrupting the p53–MDM2 interaction, enhancing p53 transcriptional activity. It also promoted the expression of p53-regulated microRNAs (miRNAs), including miR-145 and miR-23a. Moreover, it displayed anti-invasive and antimigratory properties in melanoma cells by inhibiting the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), angiogenesis and extracellular lactate production. Importantly, SLMP53-2 did not induce resistance in melanoma cells. Additionally, it synergized with vemurafenib, dacarbazine and cisplatin, and resensitized vemurafenib-resistant cells. SLMP53-2 also exhibited antitumor activity in human melanoma xenograft mouse models by repressing cell proliferation and EMT while stimulating apoptosis. This work discloses the p53-activating agent SLMP53-2 which has promising therapeutic potential in advanced melanoma, either as a single agent or in combination therapy. By targeting p53, SLMP53-2 may counteract major features of melanoma aggressiveness.
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Ramos H, Soares MIL, Silva J, Raimundo L, Calheiros J, Gomes C, Reis F, Monteiro FA, Nunes C, Reis S, Bosco B, Piazza S, Domingues L, Chlapek P, Vlcek P, Fabian P, Rajado AT, Carvalho ATP, Veselska R, Inga A, Pinho E Melo TMVD, Saraiva L. A selective p53 activator and anticancer agent to improve colorectal cancer therapy. Cell Rep 2021; 35:108982. [PMID: 33852837 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Impairment of the p53 pathway is a critical event in cancer. Therefore, reestablishing p53 activity has become one of the most appealing anticancer therapeutic strategies. Here, we disclose the p53-activating anticancer drug (3S)-6,7-bis(hydroxymethyl)-5-methyl-3-phenyl-1H,3H-pyrrolo[1,2-c]thiazole (MANIO). MANIO demonstrates a notable selectivity to the p53 pathway, activating wild-type (WT)p53 and restoring WT-like function to mutant (mut)p53 in human cancer cells. MANIO directly binds to the WT/mutp53 DNA-binding domain, enhancing the protein thermal stability, DNA-binding ability, and transcriptional activity. The high efficacy of MANIO as an anticancer agent toward cancers harboring WT/mutp53 is further demonstrated in patient-derived cells and xenograft mouse models of colorectal cancer (CRC), with no signs of undesirable side effects. MANIO synergizes with conventional chemotherapeutic drugs, and in vitro and in vivo studies predict its adequate drug-likeness and pharmacokinetic properties for a clinical candidate. As a single agent or in combination, MANIO will advance anticancer-targeted therapy, particularly benefiting CRC patients harboring distinct p53 status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Ramos
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria I L Soares
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Chemistry Centre and Department of Chemistry, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joana Silva
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Liliana Raimundo
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Juliana Calheiros
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Célia Gomes
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal; University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal; Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Flávio Reis
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal; University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal; Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Filipe A Monteiro
- Departamento de Biomedicina, Unidade de Biologia Experimental, FMUP - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; Pain Research Group, IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Celular e Molecular, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Nunes
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Química Aplicada, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Salette Reis
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Química Aplicada, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Bartolomeo Bosco
- Department CIBIO, Laboratory of Transcriptional Networks, University of Trento, via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Silvano Piazza
- Department CIBIO, Laboratory of Transcriptional Networks, University of Trento, via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Lucília Domingues
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Petr Chlapek
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Vlcek
- 1st Department of Surgery, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Fabian
- Department of Oncological and Experimental Pathology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ana Teresa Rajado
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - A T P Carvalho
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Renata Veselska
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alberto Inga
- Department CIBIO, Laboratory of Transcriptional Networks, University of Trento, via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Teresa M V D Pinho E Melo
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Chemistry Centre and Department of Chemistry, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Lucília Saraiva
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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11
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Long S, Loureiro JB, Carvalho C, Gales L, Saraiva L, Pinto MMM, Puthongking P, Sousa E. Semi-Synthesis of Small Molecules of Aminocarbazoles: Tumor Growth Inhibition and Potential Impact on p53. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26061637. [PMID: 33804175 PMCID: PMC7998292 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor p53 is inactivated by mutation in approximately 50% of human cancers. Small molecules that bind and stabilize those mutants may represent effective anticancer drugs. Herein, we report the tumor cell growth inhibitory activity of carbazole alkaloids and amino derivatives, as well as their potential activation of p53. Twelve aminocarbazole alkaloids were semi-synthesized from heptaphylline (1), 7-methoxy heptaphylline (2), and 7-methoxymukonal (3), isolated from Clausena harmandiana, using a reductive amination protocol. Naturally-occurring carbazoles 1–3 and their amino derivatives were evaluated for their potential effect on wild-type and mutant p53 activity using a yeast screening assay and on human tumor cell lines. Naturally-occurring carbazoles 1–3 showed the most potent growth inhibitory effects on wild-type p53-expressing cells, being heptaphylline (1) the most promising in all the investigated cell lines. However, compound 1 also showed growth inhibition against non-tumor cells. Conversely, semi-synthetic aminocarbazole 1d showed an interesting growth inhibitory activity in tumor cells expressing both wild-type and mutant p53, exhibiting low growth inhibition on non-tumor cells. The yeast assay showed a potential reactivation of mutant p53 by heptaphylline derivatives, including compound 1d. The results obtained indicate that carbazole alkaloids may represent a promising starting point to search for new mutp53-reactivating agents with promising applications in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solida Long
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry (LQOF), Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; or (M.M.M.P.)
| | - Joana B. Loureiro
- Laboratory of Microbiology (LAQV/REQUIMTE), Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (J.B.L.); (C.C.)
| | - Carla Carvalho
- Laboratory of Microbiology (LAQV/REQUIMTE), Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (J.B.L.); (C.C.)
| | - Luís Gales
- Institute for the Biomedical Science Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (i3S-IBMC), University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Lucília Saraiva
- Laboratory of Microbiology (LAQV/REQUIMTE), Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (J.B.L.); (C.C.)
- Correspondence: (L.S.); (E.S.); Tel.: +351-2-2042-8689 (E.S.)
| | - Madalena M. M. Pinto
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry (LQOF), Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; or (M.M.M.P.)
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Ploenthip Puthongking
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kean University, Khon Kean 40002, Thailand;
| | - Emília Sousa
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry (LQOF), Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; or (M.M.M.P.)
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
- Correspondence: (L.S.); (E.S.); Tel.: +351-2-2042-8689 (E.S.)
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12
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Espadinha M, Barcherini V, Gonçalves LM, Molins E, Antunes AMM, Santos MMM. Tryptophanol-Derived Oxazolopyrrolidone Lactams as Potential Anticancer Agents against Gastric Adenocarcinoma. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14030208. [PMID: 33801507 PMCID: PMC8001353 DOI: 10.3390/ph14030208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is one of the deadliest cancers in modern societies, so there is a high level of interest in discovering new drugs for this malignancy. Previously, we demonstrated the ability of tryptophanol-derived polycyclic compounds to activate the tumor suppressor protein p53, a relevant therapeutic target in cancer. In this work, we developed a novel series of enantiomerically pure tryptophanol-derived small molecules to target human gastric adenocarcinoma (AGS) cells. From an initial screening of fourteen compounds in AGS cell line, a hit compound was selected for optimization, leading to two derivatives selective for AGS gastric cells over other types of cancer cells (MDA-MB-231, A-549, DU-145, and MG-63). More importantly, the compounds were non-toxic in normal cells (HEK 293T). Additionally, we show that the growth inhibition of AGS cells induced by these compounds is mediated by apoptosis. Stability studies in human plasma and human liver microsomes indicate that the compounds are stable, and that the major metabolic transformations of these molecules are mono- and di-hydroxylation of the indole ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Espadinha
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.E.); (V.B.); (L.M.G.)
| | - Valentina Barcherini
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.E.); (V.B.); (L.M.G.)
| | - Lídia M. Gonçalves
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.E.); (V.B.); (L.M.G.)
| | - Elies Molins
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain;
| | - Alexandra M. M. Antunes
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, ULisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Maria M. M. Santos
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.E.); (V.B.); (L.M.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-21-794-6451
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13
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Sari AN, Elwakeel A, Dhanjal JK, Kumar V, Sundar D, Kaul SC, Wadhwa R. Identification and Characterization of Mortaparib Plus-A Novel Triazole Derivative That Targets Mortalin-p53 Interaction and Inhibits Cancer-Cell Proliferation by Wild-Type p53-Dependent and -Independent Mechanisms. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040835. [PMID: 33671256 PMCID: PMC7921971 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
p53 has an essential role in suppressing the carcinogenesis process by inducing cell cycle arrest/apoptosis/senescence. Mortalin/GRP75 is a member of the Hsp70 protein family that binds to p53 causing its sequestration in the cell cytoplasm. Hence, p53 cannot translocate to the nucleus to execute its canonical tumour suppression function as a transcription factor. Abrogation of mortalin-p53 interaction and subsequent reactivation of p53's tumour suppression function has been anticipated as a possible approach in developing a novel cancer therapeutic drug candidate. A chemical library was screened in a high-content screening system to identify potential mortalin-p53 interaction disruptors. By four rounds of visual assays for mortalin and p53, we identified a novel synthetic small-molecule triazole derivative (4-[(1E)-2-(2-phenylindol-3-yl)-1-azavinyl]-1,2,4-triazole, henceforth named MortaparibPlus). Its activities were validated using multiple bioinformatics and experimental approaches in colorectal cancer cells possessing either wild-type (HCT116) or mutant (DLD-1) p53. Bioinformatics and computational analyses predicted the ability of MortaparibPlus to competitively prevent the interaction of mortalin with p53 as it interacted with the p53 binding site of mortalin. Immunoprecipitation analyses demonstrated the abrogation of mortalin-p53 complex formation in MortaparibPlus-treated cells that showed growth arrest and apoptosis mediated by activation of p21WAF1, or BAX and PUMA signalling, respectively. Furthermore, we demonstrate that MortaparibPlus-induced cytotoxicity to cancer cells is mediated by multiple mechanisms that included the inhibition of PARP1, up-regulation of p73, and also the down-regulation of mortalin and CARF proteins that play critical roles in carcinogenesis. MortaparibPlus is a novel multimodal candidate anticancer drug that warrants further experimental and clinical attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anissa Nofita Sari
- AIST-INDIA DAILAB, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST), Central 5-41, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan; (A.N.S.); (A.E.); (J.K.D.)
- School of Integrative & Global Majors (SIGMA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
| | - Ahmed Elwakeel
- AIST-INDIA DAILAB, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST), Central 5-41, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan; (A.N.S.); (A.E.); (J.K.D.)
- School of Integrative & Global Majors (SIGMA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
| | - Jaspreet Kaur Dhanjal
- AIST-INDIA DAILAB, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST), Central 5-41, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan; (A.N.S.); (A.E.); (J.K.D.)
| | - Vipul Kumar
- DAILAB, Department of Biochemical Engineering & Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110-016, India; (V.K.); (D.S.)
| | - Durai Sundar
- DAILAB, Department of Biochemical Engineering & Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110-016, India; (V.K.); (D.S.)
| | - Sunil C. Kaul
- AIST-INDIA DAILAB, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST), Central 5-41, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan; (A.N.S.); (A.E.); (J.K.D.)
- Correspondence: (S.C.K.); (R.W.)
| | - Renu Wadhwa
- AIST-INDIA DAILAB, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST), Central 5-41, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan; (A.N.S.); (A.E.); (J.K.D.)
- School of Integrative & Global Majors (SIGMA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
- Correspondence: (S.C.K.); (R.W.)
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14
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Barcherini V, Almeida J, Lopes EA, Wang M, Magalhães E Silva D, Mori M, Wang S, Saraiva L, Santos MMM. Potency and Selectivity Optimization of Tryptophanol-Derived Oxazoloisoindolinones: Novel p53 Activators in Human Colorectal Cancer. ChemMedChem 2020; 16:250-258. [PMID: 32737944 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
To search for novel p53 activators, four series of novel (S)- and (R)-tryptophanol-derived oxazoloisoindolinones were synthesized in a straightforward manner and their antiproliferative activity was evaluated in the human colorectal cancer HCT116 cell line. Structural optimization of the hit compound SLMP53-1 led to the identification of a (R)-tryptophanol-derived isoindolinone that was found to be six-fold more active, with increased selectivity for HCT116 cells with p53 and with low toxicity in normal cells. Binding studies with MDM2 showed that the antiproliferative activity of tryptophanol-derived isoindolinones does not involve inhibition of the main negative regulator of the p53 protein. Molecular docking simulations showed that although these molecules establish hydrophobic interactions with MDM2, they do not possess the required features to bind MDM2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Barcherini
- Department of Therapeutic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Lisbon, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joana Almeida
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Elizabeth A Lopes
- Department of Therapeutic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Lisbon, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mi Wang
- Rogel Cancer Center, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Diogo Magalhães E Silva
- Department of Therapeutic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Lisbon, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mattia Mori
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Shaomeng Wang
- Rogel Cancer Center, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Lucília Saraiva
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria M M Santos
- Department of Therapeutic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Lisbon, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
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15
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Tsai YH, Borini Etichetti CM, Cicetti S, Girardini JE, Spanevello RA, Suárez AG, Sarotti AM. Design, synthesis and evaluation of novel levoglucosenone derivatives as promising anticancer agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127247. [PMID: 32527547 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of levoglucosenone-derived 1,2,3-triazoles and isoxazoles featuring a flexible spacer between the heteroaromatic and anhydropyranose cores have been designed and synthesized following an hetero Michael // 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition path. The use of a design of experiments approach allowed the optimization of the oxa-Michael reaction with propargyl alcohol as nucleophile, a key step for the synthesis of the target compounds. All of the compounds were tested for their anticancer activity on MDA-MB-231 cells, featuring mutant p53. The results highlighted the importance of the introduction of the flexible spacer as well as the higher activity of oxa-Michael isoxazole-derivatives. The most prominent compounds also showed anti-proliferative activities against lung and colon cancer cell lines. The compounds showed enhanced cytotoxic effects in the presence of mutant p53, determined both by endogenous mutant p53 knock down (R280K) and by reintroducing p53 R280K in cells lacking p53 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsuan Tsai
- Instituto de Química Rosario (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario 2000, Argentina
| | - Carla M Borini Etichetti
- Instituto Fisiología Experimental de Rosario (IFISE-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - Soledad Cicetti
- Instituto de Química Rosario (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario 2000, Argentina
| | - Javier E Girardini
- Instituto de Inmunología Clínica y Experimental de Rosario (IDICER-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - Rolando A Spanevello
- Instituto de Química Rosario (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario 2000, Argentina
| | - Alejandra G Suárez
- Instituto de Química Rosario (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario 2000, Argentina
| | - Ariel M Sarotti
- Instituto de Química Rosario (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario 2000, Argentina.
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16
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Loh SN. Follow the Mutations: Toward Class-Specific, Small-Molecule Reactivation of p53. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10020303. [PMID: 32075132 PMCID: PMC7072143 DOI: 10.3390/biom10020303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The mutational landscape of p53 in cancer is unusual among tumor suppressors because most of the alterations are of the missense type and localize to a single domain: the ~220 amino acid DNA-binding domain. Nearly all of these mutations produce the common effect of reducing p53’s ability to interact with DNA and activate transcription. Despite this seemingly simple phenotype, no mutant p53-targeted drugs are available to treat cancer patients. One of the main reasons for this is that the mutations exert their effects via multiple mechanisms—loss of DNA contacts, reduction in zinc-binding affinity, and lowering of thermodynamic stability—each of which involves a distinct type of physical impairment. This review discusses how this knowledge is informing current efforts to develop small molecules that repair these defects and restore function to mutant p53. Categorizing the spectrum of p53 mutations into discrete classes based on their inactivation mechanisms is the initial step toward personalized cancer therapy based on p53 allele status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stewart N Loh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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17
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SLMP53-1 Inhibits Tumor Cell Growth through Regulation of Glucose Metabolism and Angiogenesis in a P53-Dependent Manner. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020596. [PMID: 31963392 PMCID: PMC7013701 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The Warburg effect is an emerging hallmark of cancer, which has the tumor suppressor p53 as its major regulator. Herein, we unveiled that p53 activation by (S)-tryptophanol-derived oxazoloisoindolinone (SLMP53-1) mediated the reprograming of glucose metabolism in cancer cells and xenograft human tumor tissue, interfering with angiogenesis and migration. Particularly, we showed that SLMP53-1 regulated glycolysis by downregulating glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), hexokinase-2 (HK2), and phosphofructokinase-2 isoform 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase-3 (PFKFB3) (key glycolytic enzymes), while upregulating the mitochondrial markers synthesis of cytochrome c oxidase 2 (SCO2), cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4 (COX4), and OXPHOS mitochondrial complexes. SLMP53-1 also downregulated the monocarboxylate transporter 4 (MCT4), causing the subsequent reduction of lactate export by cancer cells. Besides the acidification of the extracellular environment, SLMP53-1 further increased E-cadherin and reduced metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expression levels in both cancer cells and xenograft human tumor tissue, which suggested the interference of SLMP53-1 in extracellular matrix remodeling and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Consistently, SLMP53-1 depleted angiogenesis, decreasing endothelial cell tube formation and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression levels. SLMP53-1 also exhibited synergistic growth inhibitory activity in combination with the metabolic modulator dichloroacetic acid. These data reinforce the promising application of the p53-activating agent SLMP53-1 in cancer therapy, by targeting p53-mediated pathways of growth and dissemination.
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18
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Lopes EA, Gomes S, Saraiva L, Santos MM. Small Molecules Targeting Mutant P53: A Promising Approach for Cancer Treatment. Curr Med Chem 2020; 26:7323-7336. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666181116124308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
:
More than half of all human tumors express mutant forms of p53, with the ovary,
lung, pancreas, and colorectal cancers among the tumor types that display the highest prevalence
of p53 mutations. In addition, the expression of mutant forms of p53 in tumors is associated
with poor prognosis due to increased chemoresistance and invasiveness. Therefore, the
pharmacological restoration of wild-type-like activity to mutant p53 arises as a promising therapeutic
strategy against cancer. This review is focused on the most relevant mutant p53 small
molecule reactivators described to date. Despite some of them have entered into clinical trials,
none has reached the clinic, which emphasizes that new pharmacological alternatives, particularly
with higher selectivity and lower adverse toxic side effects, are still required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Lopes
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sara Gomes
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Lucília Saraiva
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria M.M. Santos
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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19
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SLMP53-1 interacts with wild-type and mutant p53 DNA-binding domain and reactivates multiple hotspot mutations. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1864:129440. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2019.129440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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20
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SLMP53-2 Restores Wild-Type-Like Function to Mutant p53 through Hsp70: Promising Activity in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11081151. [PMID: 31405179 PMCID: PMC6721528 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11081151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Half of human cancers harbor TP53 mutations that render p53 inactive as a tumor suppressor. In these cancers, reactivation of mutant p53 (mutp53) through restoration of wild-type-like function constitutes a valuable anticancer therapeutic strategy. In order to search for mutp53 reactivators, a small library of tryptophanol-derived oxazoloisoindolinones was synthesized and the potential of these compounds as mutp53 reactivators and anticancer agents was investigated in human tumor cells and xenograft mouse models. By analysis of their anti-proliferative effect on a panel of p53-null NCI-H1299 tumor cells ectopically expressing highly prevalent mutp53, the compound SLMP53-2 was selected based on its potential reactivation of multiple structural mutp53. In mutp53-Y220C-expressing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells, SLMP53-2-induced growth inhibition was mediated by cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and endoplasmic reticulum stress response. In these cells, SLMP53-2 restored wild-type-like conformation and DNA-binding ability of mutp53-Y220C by enhancing its interaction with the heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70), leading to the reestablishment of p53 transcriptional activity. Additionally, SLMP53-2 displayed synergistic effect with sorafenib, the only approved therapy for advanced HCC. Notably, it exhibited potent antitumor activity in human HCC xenograft mouse models with a favorable toxicological profile. Collectively, SLMP53-2 is a new mutp53-targeting agent with promising antitumor activity, particularly against HCC.
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21
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Punganuru SR, Madala HR, Arutla V, Srivenugopal KS. Selective killing of human breast cancer cells by the styryl lactone (R)-goniothalamin is mediated by glutathione conjugation, induction of oxidative stress and marked reactivation of the R175H mutant p53 protein. Carcinogenesis 2019; 39:1399-1410. [PMID: 30010803 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgy093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular basis of anticancer and apoptotic effects of R-goniothalamin (GON), a plant secondary metabolite was studied. We show that induction of oxidative stress and reactivation of mutant p53 underlie the strong cytotoxic effects of GON against the breast cancer cells. While GON was not toxic to the MCF10a breast epithelial cells, the SKBR3 breast cancer cells harboring an R175H mutant p53 were highly sensitive (IC50 = 7.3 µM). Flow cytometry and other pertinent assays showed that GON-induced abundant reactive oxygen species (ROS), glutathione depletion, protein glutathionylation and activation of apoptotic markers. GON was found to conjugate with glutathione both in vitro and in cells and the product was characterized by mass spectrometry. We hypothesized that the redox imbalance induced by GON may affect the structure of the R175H mutant p53 protein, and account for greater cytotoxicity. Using the SKBR3 breast cancer and p53-null H1299 lung cancer cells stably expressing the R175H p53 mutant protein, we demonstrated that GON triggers the appearance of a wild-type-like p53 protein by using conformation-specific antibodies, immunoprecipitation, DNA-binding assays and target gene expression. p53 restoration was associated with a G2/M arrest, senescence, reduced cell migration, invasion and increased cell death. GON elicited a highly synergistic cytotoxicity with cisplatin in SKBR3 cells. In SKBR3 xenografts developed in nude mice, there was a marked tumor growth delay by GON alone and GON + cisplatin combination. Our studies highlight the impact of tumor redox-stress generated by GON in activating the mutant p53 protein for greater antitumor efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surendra R Punganuru
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Hanumantha Rao Madala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Viswanath Arutla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Kalkunte S Srivenugopal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
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22
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Li Y, Wang Z, Chen Y, Petersen RB, Zheng L, Huang K. Salvation of the fallen angel: Reactivating mutant p53. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:817-831. [PMID: 30632144 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor p53 is known as the guardian of the genome for its powerful anti-tumour capacity. However, mutations of p53 that undermine their protein structure, resulting in loss of tumour suppressor function and gain of oncogenic function, have been implicated in more than half of human cancers. The crucial role of mutant forms of p53 in cancer makes it an attractive therapeutic target. A large number of candidates, including low MW compounds, peptides, and nucleic acids, have been identified or designed to rescue p53 mutants and reactivate their anti-tumour capacity through a variety of mechanisms. In this review, we summarize the progress made in the reactivation of mutant forms of p53, focusing on the pharmacological mechanisms of the reactivators of p53 mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhuoyi Wang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuchen Chen
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Robert B Petersen
- Foundational Sciences, Central Michigan University College of Medicine, Mt. Pleasant, Michigan, USA
| | - Ling Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Kun Huang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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23
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Gomes S, Raimundo L, Soares J, Loureiro JB, Leão M, Ramos H, Monteiro MN, Lemos A, Moreira J, Pinto M, Chlapek P, Veselska R, Sousa E, Saraiva L. New inhibitor of the TAp73 interaction with MDM2 and mutant p53 with promising antitumor activity against neuroblastoma. Cancer Lett 2019; 446:90-102. [PMID: 30664963 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
TAp73 is a key tumor suppressor protein, regulating the transcription of unique and shared p53 target genes with crucial roles in tumorigenesis and therapeutic response. As such, in tumors with impaired p53 signaling, like neuroblastoma, TAp73 activation represents an encouraging strategy, alternative to p53 activation, to suppress tumor growth and chemoresistance. In this work, we report a new TAp73-activating agent, the 1-carbaldehyde-3,4-dimethoxyxanthone (LEM2), with potent antitumor activity. Notably, LEM2 was able to release TAp73 from its interaction with both MDM2 and mutant p53, enhancing TAp73 transcriptional activity, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis in p53-null and mutant p53-expressing tumor cells. Importantly, LEM2 displayed potent antitumor activity against patient-derived neuroblastoma cells, consistent with an activation of the TAp73 pathway. Additionally, potent synergistic effects were obtained for the combination of LEM2 with doxorubicin and cisplatin in patient-derived neuroblastoma cells. Collectively, besides its relevant contribution to the advance of TAp73 pharmacology, LEM2 may pave the way to improved therapeutic alternatives against neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gomes
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n.° 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Liliana Raimundo
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n.° 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Soares
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n.° 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana B Loureiro
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n.° 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mariana Leão
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n.° 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Helena Ramos
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n.° 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Madalena N Monteiro
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n.° 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Agostinho Lemos
- CIIMAR, Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n.° 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Moreira
- CIIMAR, Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n.° 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Madalena Pinto
- CIIMAR, Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n.° 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Petr Chlapek
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 61137, Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, 65691, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Renata Veselska
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 61137, Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, 65691, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Emília Sousa
- CIIMAR, Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n.° 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Lucília Saraiva
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n.° 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
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24
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Jing K, Wang XN, Wang GW. Diastereoselective Synthesis of Oxazoloisoindolinones via Cascade Pd-Catalyzed ortho-Acylation of N-Benzoyl α-Amino Acid Derivatives and Subsequent Double Intramolecular Cyclizations. J Org Chem 2018; 84:161-172. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Jing
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Xiang-Nan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Guan-Wu Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P. R. China
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25
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Raimundo L, Espadinha M, Soares J, Loureiro JB, Alves MG, Santos MMM, Saraiva L. Improving anticancer activity towards colon cancer cells with a new p53-activating agent. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:3947-3962. [PMID: 30076608 PMCID: PMC6151341 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Impairment of the tumour suppressor p53 pathway is a major event in human cancers, making p53 activation one of the most attractive therapeutic strategies to halt cancer. Here, we have identified a new selective p53 activator and investigated its potential as an anticancer agent. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Anti-proliferative activity of the (R)-tryptophanol-derived bicyclic lactam SYNAP was evaluated in a range of human cancer cells with different p53 status. The anticancer activity and mechanism of action of SYNAP was studied in two- and three-dimensional models of human colon adenocarcinoma HCT116 cells with wild-type p53 and corresponding p53-null isogenic derivative cells, alone and in combination with known chemotherapeutic agents. KEY RESULTS SYNAP showed anti-proliferative effect in human cancer cells dependent on p53 status. In HCT116 cells, SYNAP caused p53-dependent growth inhibition, associated with cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, anti-migratory activity and regulation of the expression of p53 transcriptional targets. Data also indicated that SYNAP targeted p53, inhibiting its interaction with its endogenous inhibitors, murine double minute (MDM)2 and MDMX. Moreover, SYNAP sensitized colon cancer cells to the cytotoxic effect of known chemotherapeutic agents. SYNAP did not induce acquired or cross-resistance and re-sensitized doxorubicin-resistant colon cancer cells to chemotherapy. Additionally, SYNAP was non-genotoxic and had low cytotoxicity against normal cells. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS SYNAP revealed encouraging anticancer activity, either alone or in combination with known chemotherapeutic agents, in colon cancer cells. Apart from its promising application in cancer therapy, SYNAP may provide a starting point for improved p53 activators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Raimundo
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de FarmáciaUniversidade do PortoPortoPortugal
| | - Margarida Espadinha
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of PharmacyUniversidade de LisboaLisboaPortugal
| | - Joana Soares
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de FarmáciaUniversidade do PortoPortoPortugal
| | - Joana B Loureiro
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de FarmáciaUniversidade do PortoPortoPortugal
| | - Marco G Alves
- Department of Microscopy, Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar & UMIB, Unity for Multidisciplinary Research in BiomedicineUniversity of PortoPortoPortugal
| | - Maria M M Santos
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of PharmacyUniversidade de LisboaLisboaPortugal
| | - Lucília Saraiva
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de FarmáciaUniversidade do PortoPortoPortugal
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26
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p53 and glucose metabolism: an orchestra to be directed in cancer therapy. Pharmacol Res 2018; 131:75-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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27
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Tsai YH, Borini Etichetti CM, Di Benedetto C, Girardini JE, Martins FT, Spanevello RA, Suárez AG, Sarotti AM. Synthesis of Triazole Derivatives of Levoglucosenone As Promising Anticancer Agents: Effective Exploration of the Chemical Space through retro-aza-Michael//aza-Michael Isomerizations. J Org Chem 2018; 83:3516-3528. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b03141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-hsuan Tsai
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR, CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario 2000, Argentina
| | - Carla M. Borini Etichetti
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR, CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Ocampo y Esmeralda, Rosario 2000, Argentina
| | - Carolina Di Benedetto
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR, CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Ocampo y Esmeralda, Rosario 2000, Argentina
| | - Javier E. Girardini
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR, CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Ocampo y Esmeralda, Rosario 2000, Argentina
| | - Felipe Terra Martins
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO CP 131, 74001-970, Brazil
| | - Rolando A. Spanevello
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR, CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario 2000, Argentina
| | - Alejandra G. Suárez
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR, CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario 2000, Argentina
| | - Ariel M. Sarotti
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR, CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario 2000, Argentina
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28
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Bessa C, Soares J, Raimundo L, Loureiro JB, Gomes C, Reis F, Soares ML, Santos D, Dureja C, Chaudhuri SR, Lopez-Haber C, Kazanietz MG, Gonçalves J, Simões MF, Rijo P, Saraiva L. Discovery of a small-molecule protein kinase Cδ-selective activator with promising application in colon cancer therapy. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:23. [PMID: 29348560 PMCID: PMC5833815 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0154-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes play major roles in human diseases, including cancer. Yet, the poor understanding of isozymes-specific functions and the limited availability of selective pharmacological modulators of PKC isozymes have limited the clinical translation of PKC-targeting agents. Here, we report the first small-molecule PKCδ-selective activator, the 7α-acetoxy-6β-benzoyloxy-12-O-benzoylroyleanone (Roy-Bz), which binds to the PKCδ-C1-domain. Roy-Bz potently inhibited the proliferation of colon cancer cells by inducing a PKCδ-dependent mitochondrial apoptotic pathway involving caspase-3 activation. In HCT116 colon cancer cells, Roy-Bz specifically triggered the translocation of PKCδ but not other phorbol ester responsive PKCs. Roy-Bz caused a marked inhibition in migration of HCT116 cells in a PKCδ-dependent manner. Additionally, the impairment of colonosphere growth and formation, associated with depletion of stemness markers, indicate that Roy-Bz also targets drug-resistant cancer stem cells, preventing tumor dissemination and recurrence. Notably, in xenograft mouse models, Roy-Bz showed a PKCδ-dependent antitumor effect, through anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic, and anti-angiogenic activities. Besides, Roy-Bz was non-genotoxic, and in vivo it had no apparent toxic side effects. Collectively, our findings reveal a novel promising anticancer drug candidate. Most importantly, Roy-Bz opens the way to a new era on PKC biology and pharmacology, contributing to the potential redefinition of the structural requirements of isozyme-selective agents, and to the re-establishment of PKC isozymes as feasible therapeutic targets in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Bessa
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Soares
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Liliana Raimundo
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana B Loureiro
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Célia Gomes
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, & CNC.IBILI Research Consortium, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Flávio Reis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, & CNC.IBILI Research Consortium, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Miguel L Soares
- Laboratório de Apoio à Investigação em Medicina Molecular, Departamento de Biomedicina, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Daniel Santos
- REQUIMTE, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Chetna Dureja
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39A, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Cynthia Lopez-Haber
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Marcelo G Kazanietz
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Jorge Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Farmacologia, Departamento de Ciências do Medicamento, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria F Simões
- CBIOS-Centro de Investigação em Biociências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Universidade Lusófona, Lisboa, Portugal.,iMed.ULisboa, Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Rijo
- CBIOS-Centro de Investigação em Biociências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Universidade Lusófona, Lisboa, Portugal. .,iMed.ULisboa, Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Lucília Saraiva
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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29
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Agostini M, Annicchiarico-Petruzzelli M, Melino G, Rufini A. Metabolic pathways regulated by TAp73 in response to oxidative stress. Oncotarget 2017; 7:29881-900. [PMID: 27119504 PMCID: PMC5058650 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species are involved in both physiological and pathological processes including neurodegeneration and cancer. Therefore, cells have developed scavenging mechanisms to maintain redox homeostasis under control. Tumor suppressor genes play a critical role in the regulation of antioxidant genes. Here, we investigated whether the tumor suppressor gene TAp73 is involved in the regulation of metabolic adaptations triggered in response to oxidative stress. H2O2 treatment resulted in numerous biochemical changes in both control and TAp73 knockout (TAp73−/−) mouse embryonic fibroblasts, however the extent of these changes was more pronounced in TAp73−/− cells when compared to control cells. In particular, loss of TAp73 led to alterations in glucose, nucleotide and amino acid metabolism. In addition, H2O2 treatment resulted in increased pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) activity in null mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Overall, our results suggest that in the absence of TAp73, H2O2 treatment results in an enhanced oxidative environment, and at the same time in an increased pro-anabolic phenotype. In conclusion, the metabolic profile observed reinforces the role of TAp73 as tumor suppressor and indicates that TAp73 exerts this function, at least partially, by regulation of cellular metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Agostini
- Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Leicester, UK.,Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | | | - Gerry Melino
- Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Leicester, UK.,Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Rufini
- Department of Cancer Studies, CRUK Leicester Cancer Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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30
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Ribeiro CJ, Nunes RC, Amaral JD, Gonçalves LM, Rodrigues CM, Moreira R, Santos MM. Spirotriazoline oxindoles: A novel chemical scaffold with in vitro anticancer properties. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 140:494-509. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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31
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Abstract
Since its discovery in 1979, p53 has been on the forefront of cancer research. It is considered a master gene of cancer suppression and is found mutated in around 50% of all human tumors. In addition, the progressive identification of p53-related transcription factors p63 and p73 as well as their multiple isoforms have added further layers of complexity to an already dense network. Among the numerous models used to unravel the p53 family mysteries, S. cerevisiae has been particularly useful. This seemingly naive model allows the expression of a functional human p53 and thus the assessment of p53 intrinsic transcriptional activity. The aim of this article is to review the various contributions that the budding yeast has made to the understanding of p53, p63 and p73 biology and to envision new possible directions for yeast-based assays in the field of cancer as well as other p53-family-related diseases.
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32
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Soares J, Espadinha M, Raimundo L, Ramos H, Gomes AS, Gomes S, Loureiro JB, Inga A, Reis F, Gomes C, Santos MMM, Saraiva L. DIMP53-1: a novel small-molecule dual inhibitor of p53-MDM2/X interactions with multifunctional p53-dependent anticancer properties. Mol Oncol 2017; 11:612-627. [PMID: 28296148 PMCID: PMC5467495 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor p53 plays a crucial role in cancer development and dissemination, and thus, p53‐targeted therapies are among the most encouraging anticancer strategies. In human cancers with wild‐type (wt) p53, its inactivation by interaction with murine double minute (MDM)2 and MDMX is a common event. Simultaneous inhibition of the p53 interaction with both MDMs is crucial to restore the tumor suppressor activity of p53. Here, we describe the synthesis of the new tryptophanol‐derived oxazoloisoindolinone DIMP53‐1 and identify its activity as a dual inhibitor of the p53–MDM2/X interactions using a yeast‐based assay. DIMP53‐1 caused growth inhibition, mediated by p53 stabilization and upregulation of p53 transcriptional targets involved in cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, in wt p53‐expressing tumor cells, including MDM2‐ or MDMX‐overexpressing cells. Importantly, DIMP53‐1 inhibits the p53–MDM2/X interactions by potentially binding to p53, in human colon adenocarcinoma HCT116 cells. DIMP53‐1 also inhibited the migration and invasion of HCT116 cells, and the migration and tube formation of HMVEC‐D endothelial cells. Notably, in human tumor xenograft mice models, DIMP53‐1 showed a p53‐dependent antitumor activity through induction of apoptosis and inhibition of proliferation and angiogenesis. Finally, no genotoxicity or undesirable toxic effects were observed with DIMP53‐1. In conclusion, DIMP53‐1 is a novel p53 activator, which potentially binds to p53 inhibiting its interaction with MDM2 and MDMX. Although target‐directed, DIMP53‐1 has a multifunctional activity, targeting major hallmarks of cancer through its antiproliferative, proapoptotic, antiangiogenic, anti‐invasive, and antimigratory properties. DIMP53‐1 is a promising anticancer drug candidate and an encouraging starting point to develop improved derivatives for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Soares
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,Laboratório de Microbiologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Margarida Espadinha
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Liliana Raimundo
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,Laboratório de Microbiologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Helena Ramos
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,Laboratório de Microbiologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Sara Gomes
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,Laboratório de Microbiologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara Gomes
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,Laboratório de Microbiologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana B Loureiro
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,Laboratório de Microbiologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Alberto Inga
- CIBIO, Centre for Integrative Biology, Laboratory of Transcriptional Networks, University of Trento, Italy
| | - Flávio Reis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal.,Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology - Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (CNC.IBILI) Research Consortium, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Célia Gomes
- Laboratory of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal.,Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology - Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (CNC.IBILI) Research Consortium, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria M M Santos
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Lucília Saraiva
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,Laboratório de Microbiologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
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Pereira NAL, Sureda FX, Pérez M, Amat M, Santos MMM. Enantiopure Indolo[2,3-a]quinolizidines: Synthesis and Evaluation as NMDA Receptor Antagonists. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21081027. [PMID: 27509489 PMCID: PMC6272859 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21081027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Enantiopure tryptophanol is easily obtained from the reduction of its parent natural amino acid trypthophan (available from the chiral pool), and can be used as chiral auxiliary/inductor to control the stereochemical course of a diastereoselective reaction. Furthermore, enantiopure tryptophanol is useful for the syntheses of natural products or biological active molecules containing the aminoalcohol functionality. In this communication, we report the development of a small library of indolo[2,3-a]quinolizidines and evaluation of their activity as N-Methyl d-Aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists. The indolo[2,3-a]quinolizidine scaffold was obtained using the following key steps: (i) a stereoselective cyclocondensation of (S)- or (R)-tryptophanol with appropriate racemic δ-oxoesters; (ii) a stereocontrolled cyclization on the indole nucleus. The synthesized enantiopure indolo[2,3-a]quinolizidines were evaluated as NMDA receptor antagonists and one compound was identified to be 2.9-fold more potent as NMDA receptor blocker than amantadine (used in the clinic for Parkinson’s disease). This compound represents a hit compound for the development of novel NMDA receptor antagonists with potential applications in neurodegenerative disorders associated with overactivation of NMDA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno A L Pereira
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Francesc X Sureda
- Pharmacology Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C./St. Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus (Tarragona), Spain.
| | - Maria Pérez
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Mercedes Amat
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Maria M M Santos
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.
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Chemical Variations on the p53 Reactivation Theme. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2016; 9:ph9020025. [PMID: 27187415 PMCID: PMC4932543 DOI: 10.3390/ph9020025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the tumor suppressor genes, p53 is one of the most studied. It is widely regarded as the "guardian of the genome", playing a major role in carcinogenesis. In fact, direct inactivation of the TP53 gene occurs in more than 50% of malignancies, and in tumors that retain wild-type p53 status, its function is usually inactivated by overexpression of negative regulators (e.g., MDM2 and MDMX). Hence, restoring p53 function in cancer cells represents a valuable anticancer approach. In this review, we will present an updated overview of the most relevant small molecules developed to restore p53 function in cancer cells through inhibition of the p53-MDMs interaction, or direct targeting of wild-type p53 or mutated p53. In addition, optimization approaches used for the development of small molecules that have entered clinical trials will be presented.
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