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Kelly LA, Yost CK, Cooke SJ. Opportunities and challenges with transitioning to non-lethal sampling of wild fish for microbiome research. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2024; 104:912-919. [PMID: 38226503 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
The microbial communities of fish are considered an integral part of maintaining the overall health and fitness of their host. Research has shown that resident microbes reside on various mucosal surfaces, such as the gills, skin, and gastrointestinal tract, and play a key role in various host functions, including digestion, immunity, and disease resistance. A second, more transient group of microbes reside in the digesta, or feces, and are primarily influenced by environmental factors such as the host diet. The vast majority of fish microbiome research currently uses lethal sampling to analyse any one of these mucosal and/or digesta microbial communities. The present paper discusses the various opportunities that non-lethal microbiome sampling offers, as well as some inherent challenges, with the ultimate goal of creating a sound argument for future researchers to transition to non-lethal sampling of wild fish in microbiome research. Doing so will reduce animal welfare and population impacts on fish while creating novel opportunities to link host microbial communities to an individual's behavior and survival across space and time (e.g., life-stages, seasons). Current lethal sampling efforts constrain our ability to understand the mechanistic ecological consequences of variation in microbiome communities in the wild. Transitioning to non-lethal sampling will open new frontiers in ecological and microbial research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Kelly
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher K Yost
- Department of Biology, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Institute for Microbial Systems and Society, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Steven J Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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2
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Kochneva A, Efremov D, Murzina SA. Proteins journey-from marine to freshwater ecosystem: blood plasma proteomic profiles of pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha Walbaum, 1792 during spawning migration. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1216119. [PMID: 37383149 PMCID: PMC10293649 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1216119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) is a commercial anadromous fish species of the family Salmonidae. This species has a 2-year life cycle that distinguishes it from other salmonids. It includes the spawning migration from marine to freshwater environments, accompanied by significant physiological and biochemical adaptive changes in the body. This study reveals and describes variability in the blood plasma proteomes of female and male pink salmon collected from three biotopes-marine, estuarine and riverine-that the fish pass through in spawning migration. Identification and comparative analysis of blood plasma protein profiles were performed using proteomics and bioinformatic approaches. The blood proteomes of female and male spawners collected from different biotopes were qualitatively and quantitatively distinguished. Females differed primarily in proteins associated with reproductive system development (certain vitellogenin and choriogenin), lipid transport (fatty acid binding protein) and energy production (fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase), and males in proteins involved in blood coagulation (fibrinogen), immune response (lectins) and reproductive processes (vitellogenin). Differentially expressed sex-specific proteins were implicated in proteolysis (aminopeptidases), platelet activation (β- and γ-chain fibrinogen), cell growth and differentiation (a protein containing the TGF_BETA_2 domain) and lipid transport processes (vitellogenin and apolipoprotein). The results are of both fundamental and practical importance, adding to existing knowledge of the biochemical adaptations to spawning of pink salmon, a representative of economically important migratory fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albina Kochneva
- Environmental Biochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Biology of the Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Petrozavodsk, Russia
| | - Denis Efremov
- Ecology of Fishes and Water Invertebrates Laboratory, Institute of Biology of the Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Petrozavodsk, Russia
| | - Svetlana A. Murzina
- Environmental Biochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Biology of the Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Petrozavodsk, Russia
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3
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Lawrence MJ, Prystay TS, Dick M, Eliason EJ, Elvidge CK, Hinch SG, Patterson DA, Lotto AG, Cooke SJ. Metabolic constraints and individual variation shape the trade-off between physiological recovery and anti-predator responses in adult sockeye salmon. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 37102404 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic scope represents the aerobic energy budget available to an organism to perform non-maintenance activities (e.g., escape a predator, recover from a fisheries interaction, compete for a mate). Conflicting energetic requirements can give rise to ecologically relevant metabolic trade-offs when energy budgeting is constrained. The objective of this study was to investigate how aerobic energy is utilized when individual sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) are exposed to multiple acute stressors. To indirectly assess metabolic changes in free-swimming individuals, salmon were implanted with heart rate biologgers. The animals were then exercised to exhaustion or briefly handled as a control, and allowed to recover from this stressor for 48 h. During the first 2 h of the recovery period, individual salmon were exposed to 90 ml of conspecific alarm cues or water as a control. Heart rate was recorded throughout the recovery period. Recovery effort and time was higher in exercised fish, relative to control fish, whereas exposure to an alarm cue had no effect on either of these metrics. Individual routine heart rate was negatively correlated with recovery time and effort. Together, these findings suggest that metabolic energy allocation towards exercise recovery (i.e., an acute stressor; handling, chase, etc.) trumps anti-predator responses in salmon, although individual variation may mediate this effect at the population level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Lawrence
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tanya S Prystay
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Melissa Dick
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erika J Eliason
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Chris K Elvidge
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Scott G Hinch
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - David A Patterson
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andrew G Lotto
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Steven J Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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4
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Cooke SJ, Bergman JN, Twardek WM, Piczak ML, Casselberry GA, Lutek K, Dahlmo LS, Birnie-Gauvin K, Griffin LP, Brownscombe JW, Raby GD, Standen EM, Horodysky AZ, Johnsen S, Danylchuk AJ, Furey NB, Gallagher AJ, Lédée EJI, Midwood JD, Gutowsky LFG, Jacoby DMP, Matley JK, Lennox RJ. The movement ecology of fishes. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2022; 101:756-779. [PMID: 35788929 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Movement of fishes in the aquatic realm is fundamental to their ecology and survival. Movement can be driven by a variety of biological, physiological and environmental factors occurring across all spatial and temporal scales. The intrinsic capacity of movement to impact fish individually (e.g., foraging) with potential knock-on effects throughout the ecosystem (e.g., food web dynamics) has garnered considerable interest in the field of movement ecology. The advancement of technology in recent decades, in combination with ever-growing threats to freshwater and marine systems, has further spurred empirical research and theoretical considerations. Given the rapid expansion within the field of movement ecology and its significant role in informing management and conservation efforts, a contemporary and multidisciplinary review about the various components influencing movement is outstanding. Using an established conceptual framework for movement ecology as a guide (i.e., Nathan et al., 2008: 19052), we synthesized the environmental and individual factors that affect the movement of fishes. Specifically, internal (e.g., energy acquisition, endocrinology, and homeostasis) and external (biotic and abiotic) environmental elements are discussed, as well as the different processes that influence individual-level (or population) decisions, such as navigation cues, motion capacity, propagation characteristics and group behaviours. In addition to environmental drivers and individual movement factors, we also explored how associated strategies help survival by optimizing physiological and other biological states. Next, we identified how movement ecology is increasingly being incorporated into management and conservation by highlighting the inherent benefits that spatio-temporal fish behaviour imbues into policy, regulatory, and remediation planning. Finally, we considered the future of movement ecology by evaluating ongoing technological innovations and both the challenges and opportunities that these advancements create for scientists and managers. As aquatic ecosystems continue to face alarming climate (and other human-driven) issues that impact animal movements, the comprehensive and multidisciplinary assessment of movement ecology will be instrumental in developing plans to guide research and promote sustainability measures for aquatic resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and the Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jordanna N Bergman
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and the Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - William M Twardek
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and the Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Morgan L Piczak
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and the Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Grace A Casselberry
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Keegan Lutek
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lotte S Dahlmo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Laboratory for Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kim Birnie-Gauvin
- Section for Freshwater Fisheries and Ecology, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Lucas P Griffin
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jacob W Brownscombe
- Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - Graham D Raby
- Biology Department, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emily M Standen
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrij Z Horodysky
- Department of Marine and Environmental Science, Hampton University, Hampton, Virginia, USA
| | - Sönke Johnsen
- Biology Department, Duke University, Durham, North Caroline, USA
| | - Andy J Danylchuk
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nathan B Furey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, USA
| | | | - Elodie J I Lédée
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jon D Midwood
- Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lee F G Gutowsky
- Environmental & Life Sciences Program, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - David M P Jacoby
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Jordan K Matley
- Program in Aquatic Resources, St Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Robert J Lennox
- Laboratory for Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bergen, Norway
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Trondheim, Norway
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5
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Thorstensen MJ, Vandervelde CA, Bugg WS, Michaleski S, Vo L, Mackey TE, Lawrence MJ, Jeffries KM. Non-Lethal Sampling Supports Integrative Movement Research in Freshwater Fish. Front Genet 2022; 13:795355. [PMID: 35547248 PMCID: PMC9081360 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.795355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Freshwater ecosystems and fishes are enormous resources for human uses and biodiversity worldwide. However, anthropogenic climate change and factors such as dams and environmental contaminants threaten these freshwater systems. One way that researchers can address conservation issues in freshwater fishes is via integrative non-lethal movement research. We review different methods for studying movement, such as with acoustic telemetry. Methods for connecting movement and physiology are then reviewed, by using non-lethal tissue biopsies to assay environmental contaminants, isotope composition, protein metabolism, and gene expression. Methods for connecting movement and genetics are reviewed as well, such as by using population genetics or quantitative genetics and genome-wide association studies. We present further considerations for collecting molecular data, the ethical foundations of non-lethal sampling, integrative approaches to research, and management decisions. Ultimately, we argue that non-lethal sampling is effective for conducting integrative, movement-oriented research in freshwater fishes. This research has the potential for addressing critical issues in freshwater systems in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt J. Thorstensen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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6
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Kraskura K, Hardison EA, Little AG, Dressler T, Prystay TS, Hendriks B, Farrell AP, Cooke SJ, Patterson DA, Hinch SG, Eliason EJ. Sex-specific differences in swimming, aerobic metabolism and recovery from exercise in adult coho salmon ( Oncorhynchus kisutch) across ecologically relevant temperatures. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 9:coab016. [PMID: 34840800 PMCID: PMC8611523 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coab016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Adult female Pacific salmon can have higher migration mortality rates than males, particularly at warm temperatures. However, the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain a mystery. Given the importance of swimming energetics on fitness, we measured critical swim speed, swimming metabolism, cost of transport, aerobic scope (absolute and factorial) and exercise recovery in adult female and male coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) held for 2 days at 3 environmentally relevant temperatures (9°C, 14°C, 18°C) in fresh water. Critical swimming performance (U crit) was equivalent between sexes and maximal at 14°C. Absolute aerobic scope was sex- and temperature-independent, whereas factorial aerobic scope decreased with increasing temperature in both sexes. The full cost of recovery from exhaustive exercise (excess post-exercise oxygen consumption) was higher in males compared to females. Immediately following exhaustive exercise (i.e. 1 h), recovery was impaired at 18°C for both sexes. At an intermediate time scale (i.e. 5 h), recovery in males was compromised at 14°C and 18°C compared to females. Overall, swimming, aerobic metabolism, and recovery energetics do not appear to explain the phenomenon of increased mortality rates in female coho salmon. However, our results suggest that warming temperatures compromise recovery following exhaustive exercise in both male and female salmon, which may delay migration progression and could contribute to en route mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kraskura
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of
California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - E A Hardison
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of
California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - A G Little
- Department of Biology Biosciences Complex, Queens
University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - T Dressler
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of
California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - T S Prystay
- Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary
Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - B Hendriks
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and
Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver,
British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - A P Farrell
- Department of Zoology, University of British
Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British
Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - S J Cooke
- Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary
Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - D A Patterson
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Science Branch, Pacific Region, School of Resource
and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby,
British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - S G Hinch
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and
Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver,
British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - E J Eliason
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of
California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
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7
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Verhille CE, Dabruzzi TF, Cocherell DE, Mahardja B, Feyrer F, Foin TC, Baerwald MR, Fangue NA. Inter-population differences in salinity tolerance of adult wild Sacramento splittail: osmoregulatory and metabolic responses to salinity. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 8:coaa098. [PMID: 33343901 PMCID: PMC7733400 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coaa098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Sacramento splittail (Pogonichthys macrolepidotus) is composed of two genetically distinct populations endemic to the San Francisco Estuary (SFE). The allopatric upstream spawning habitat of the Central Valley (CV) population connects with the sympatric rearing grounds via relatively low salinity waters, whereas the San Pablo (SP) population must pass through the relatively high-salinity Upper SFE to reach its allopatric downstream spawning habitat. We hypothesize that if migration through SFE salinities to SP spawning grounds is more challenging for adult CV than SP splittail, then salinity tolerance, osmoregulatory capacity, and metabolic responses to salinity will differ between populations. Osmoregulatory disturbances, assessed by measuring plasma osmolality and ions, muscle moisture and Na+-K+-ATPase activity after 168 to 336 h at 11‰ salinity, showed evidence for a more robust osmoregulatory capacity in adult SP relative to CV splittail. While both resting and maximum metabolic rates were elevated in SP splittail in response to increased salinity, CV splittail metabolic rates were unaffected by salinity. Further, the calculated difference between resting and maximum metabolic values, aerobic scope, did not differ significantly between populations. Therefore, improved osmoregulation came at a metabolic cost for SP splittail but was not associated with negative impacts on scope for aerobic metabolism. These results suggest that SP splittail may be physiologically adjusted to allow for migration through higher-salinity waters. The trends in interpopulation variation in osmoregulatory and metabolic responses to salinity exposures support our hypothesis of greater salinity-related challenges to adult CV than SP splittail migration and are consistent with our previous findings for juvenile splittail populations, further supporting our recommendation of population-specific management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine E Verhille
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, University of California, 1 Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Ecology, Montana State University, 310 Lewis Hall ,Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Theresa F Dabruzzi
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, University of California, 1 Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Biology Department, Saint Anselm College, 100 Saint Anselm Drive, Manchester, NH 03102, USA
| | - Dennis E Cocherell
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, University of California, 1 Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Brian Mahardja
- United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of the Interior, Delta Juvenile Fish Monitoring Program, 850 South Guild Ave, Suite 105, Lodi, CA, USA
| | - Fred Feyrer
- California Water Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, 6000 J St., Sacramento, CA 95819-6129, USA
| | - Theodore C Foin
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, 1 Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Melinda R Baerwald
- Division of Environmental Services, California Department of Water Resources, 3500 Industrial Boulevard, West Sacramento, CA 95691, USA
| | - Nann A Fangue
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, University of California, 1 Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616, USA
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8
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Little AG, Hardison E, Kraskura K, Dressler T, Prystay TS, Hendriks B, Pruitt JN, Farrell AP, Cooke SJ, Patterson DA, Hinch SG, Eliason EJ. Reduced lactate dehydrogenase activity in the heart and suppressed sex hormone levels are associated with female-biased mortality during thermal stress in Pacific salmon. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb214841. [PMID: 32561626 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.214841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Female-biased mortality has been repeatedly reported in Pacific salmon during their upriver migration in both field studies and laboratory holding experiments, especially in the presence of multiple environmental stressors, including thermal stress. Here, we used coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) to test whether females exposed to elevated water temperatures (18°C) (i) suppress circulating sex hormones (testosterone, 11-ketotestosterone and estradiol), owing to elevated cortisol levels, (ii) have higher activities of enzymes supporting anaerobic metabolism (e.g. lactate dehydrogenase, LDH), (iii) have lower activities of enzymes driving oxidative metabolism (e.g. citrate synthase, CS) in skeletal and cardiac muscle, and (iv) have more oxidative stress damage and reduced capacity for antioxidant defense [lower catalase (CAT) activity]. We found no evidence that a higher susceptibility to oxidative stress contributes to female-biased mortality at warm temperatures. We did, however, find that females had significantly lower cardiac LDH and that 18°C significantly reduced plasma levels of testosterone and estradiol, especially in females. We also found that relative gonad size was significantly lower in the 18°C treatment regardless of sex, whereas relative liver size was significantly lower in females held at 18°C. Further, relative spleen size was significantly elevated in the 18°C treatments across both sexes, with larger warm-induced increases in females. Our results suggest that males may better tolerate bouts of cardiac hypoxia at high temperature, and that thermal stress may also disrupt testosterone- and estradiol-mediated protein catabolism, and the immune response (larger spleens), in migratory female salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Little
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - E Hardison
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - K Kraskura
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - T Dressler
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - T S Prystay
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - B Hendriks
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Cooperative Resource Management Institute, School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A 1S6
| | - J N Pruitt
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1
| | - A P Farrell
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
- Department of Zoology and Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - S J Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - D A Patterson
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Cooperative Resource Management Institute, School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A 1S6
| | - S G Hinch
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - E J Eliason
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
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9
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Fuchs NT, Caudill CC. Classifying and inferring behaviors using real-time acceleration biotelemetry in reproductive steelhead trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss). Ecol Evol 2019; 9:11329-11343. [PMID: 31641476 PMCID: PMC6802063 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Movement behaviors are central to ecology and conservation. Movement sensing technologies can monitor behaviors that are otherwise difficult to observe under field conditions and may enhance the ability to quantify behaviors at the population scale. We monitored steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) spawning behaviors in a seminatural enclosure using accelerometer telemetry tags while simultaneously observing behaviors with underwater cameras. Behavioral assignments from visual observations were compared to acceleration histories to develop assignment criteria for acceleration data, including for a key behavior (oviposition). Behavioral events independently classified using acceleration data prior to reviewing video were compared to video scoring and 97% of holding behaviors, 93% of digging behaviors, and 86% of oviposition/covering behaviors were correctly assigned using acceleration data alone. We applied the method to at-liberty steelhead in spawning tributaries. Acceleration records revealed putative spawning and oviposition in at-liberty female steelhead, and time budgets for at-liberty steelhead were similar to those monitored within enclosures. The use of similar movement sensing tags and classification approaches offers a method for monitoring movement behavior, activity budgets, and habitat use in a broad array of aquatic and terrestrial taxa, and may be especially useful when behaviors are cryptic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel T. Fuchs
- Department of Fish and Wildlife SciencesCollege of Natural ResourcesUniversity of IdahoMoscowIDUSA
- Present address:
Washington Department of Fish and WildlifeTwispWAUSA
| | - Christopher C. Caudill
- Department of Fish and Wildlife SciencesCollege of Natural ResourcesUniversity of IdahoMoscowIDUSA
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10
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Houde ALS, Akbarzadeh A, Günther OP, Li S, Patterson DA, Farrell AP, Hinch SG, Miller KM. Salmonid gene expression biomarkers indicative of physiological responses to changes in salinity and temperature, but not dissolved oxygen. J Exp Biol 2019; 222:jeb198036. [PMID: 31209112 PMCID: PMC6633282 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.198036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
An organism's ability to respond effectively to environmental change is critical to its survival. Yet, life stage and overall condition can dictate tolerance thresholds to heightened environmental stressors, such that stress may not be equally felt across individuals and at all times. Also, the transcriptional responses induced by environmental changes can reflect both generalized responses as well as others that are highly specific to the type of change being experienced. Thus, if transcriptional biomarkers specific to a stressor, even under multi-stressor conditions, can be identified, the biomarkers could then be applied in natural environments to determine when and where an individual experiences such a stressor. Here, we experimentally challenged juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) to validate candidate gill gene expression biomarkers. A sophisticated experimental design manipulated salinity (freshwater, brackish water and seawater), temperature (10, 14 and 18°C) and dissolved oxygen (normoxia and hypoxia) in all 18 possible combinations for 6 days using separate trials for three smolt statuses (pre-smolt, smolt and de-smolt). In addition, changes in juvenile behaviour, plasma variables, gill Na+/K+-ATPase activity, body size, body morphology and skin pigmentation supplemented the gene expression responses. We identified biomarkers specific to salinity and temperature that transcended the multiple stressors, smolt status and mortality (live, dead and moribund). Similar biomarkers for dissolved oxygen were not identified. This work demonstrates the unique power of gene expression biomarkers to identify a specific stressor even under multi-stressor conditions, and we discuss our next steps for hypoxia biomarkers using an RNA-seq study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee Lee S Houde
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, BC, Canada, V9T 6N7
| | - Arash Akbarzadeh
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, BC, Canada, V9T 6N7
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, PO Box 3995, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Oliver P Günther
- Günther Analytics, 402-5775 Hampton Place, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 2G6
| | - Shaorong Li
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, BC, Canada, V9T 6N7
| | - David A Patterson
- School of Resource and Environmental Management, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada, V5A 1S6
| | - Anthony P Farrell
- Department of Zoology and Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - Scott G Hinch
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - Kristina M Miller
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, BC, Canada, V9T 6N7
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11
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Cortisol predicts migration timing and success in both Atlantic salmon and sea trout kelts. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2422. [PMID: 30787384 PMCID: PMC6382858 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39153-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Kelts – individuals of anadromous fish species which have successfully spawned and may return to sea to repeat the cycle – are perhaps the least studied life stage of iteroparous fish species. To date, our understanding of what makes them successful in their return migration to sea is limited. We investigated the relationship between three physiological parameters (baseline cortisol, baseline glucose and low molecular weight antioxidants) and the timing and success of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and sea trout (Salmo trutta) kelt migration. To do so, we combined blood samples obtained within 3 minutes of capture and acoustic telemetry to track 66 salmon and 72 sea trout as they migrated out of rivers, into fjords and out at sea. We show that baseline cortisol may be a good predictor of migration success. Individuals with high baseline cortisol levels exited the river earlier but were less likely to successfully reach the sea. Similar relationships were not observed with glucose or antioxidants. We provide the first evidence to support the role of physiological status in migration success in Atlantic salmon and sea trout kelts. Our findings contribute to our understanding of the relationship between physiology and fitness in wild animals. Further, we suggest that migration timing is a trade-off between stress and readiness to migrate.
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12
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Twardek WM, Chapman JM, Miller KM, Beere MC, Li S, Kaukinen KH, Danylchuk AJ, Cooke SJ. Evidence of a hydraulically challenging reach serving as a barrier for the upstream migration of infection-burdened adult steelhead. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 7:coz023. [PMID: 31191906 PMCID: PMC6553125 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coz023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Anadromous fishes such as steelhead trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, are exposed to a suite of infectious agents and migratory challenges during their freshwater migrations. We assessed infectious agent load and richness and immune system gene expression in gill tissue of Bulkley River (British Columbia, CA) steelhead captured at and upstream of a migratory barrier to evaluate whether infectious burdens impacted migration success. We further considered the potential influences of water temperature, sex and fish size on host infectious agents and transcription profiles. There were eight infectious agents detected in steelhead gill tissue, with high prevalence of the bacteria Candidatus Branchiomonas cysticola (80%) and Flavobacterium psychrophilum (95%) and the microparasite Sphaerothecum destruens (53%). Fish sampled at the falls had significantly greater relative loads of Ca. B. cysticola and F. psychrophilum, higher infectious agent richness and differential gene expression compared to fish captured upstream. Flavobacterium psychrophilum was only associated with immune gene expression (particularly humoral immunity) of fish sampled at the falls, while water temperature was positively correlated with genes involved in the complement system, metabolic stress and oxidative stress for fish captured upstream. This work highlights interesting differences in agent-host interactions across fisheries and suggests that hydraulic barriers may reduce the passage of fish with the heaviest infectious agent burdens, emphasizing the selective role of areas of difficult passage. Further, this work expands our knowledge of infectious agent prevalence in wild salmonids and provides insight into the relationships between infectious agents and host physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Twardek
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Science, Carleton University, Colonel By Dr., Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Corresponding author: Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Science, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Dr., Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada. Tel: +613 986 3786.
| | - J M Chapman
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Science, Carleton University, Colonel By Dr., Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - K M Miller
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific Biological Station, Hammond Bay Rd, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
| | - M C Beere
- British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Lands, Natural Resource Operations and Rural Development, Fisheries Branch, Alfred Ave, Smithers, BC, Canada
| | - S Li
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific Biological Station, Hammond Bay Rd, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
| | - K H Kaukinen
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific Biological Station, Hammond Bay Rd, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
| | - A J Danylchuk
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Holdsworth Way, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - S J Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Science, Carleton University, Colonel By Dr., Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Keefer ML, Clabough TS, Jepson MA, Johnson EL, Peery CA, Caudill CC. Thermal exposure of adult Chinook salmon and steelhead: Diverse behavioral strategies in a large and warming river system. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204274. [PMID: 30240404 PMCID: PMC6150539 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Rising river temperatures in western North America have increased the energetic costs of migration and the risk of premature mortality in many Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) populations. Predicting and managing risks for these populations requires data on acute and cumulative thermal exposure, the spatio-temporal distribution of adverse conditions, and the potentially mitigating effects of cool-water refuges. In this study, we paired radiotelemetry with archival temperature loggers to construct continuous, spatially-explicit thermal histories for 212 adult Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) and 200 adult steelhead (O. mykiss). The fish amassed ~500,000 temperature records (30-min intervals) while migrating through 470 kilometers of the Columbia and Snake rivers en route to spawning sites in Idaho, Oregon, and Washington. Spring- and most summer-run Chinook salmon migrated before river temperatures reached annual highs; their body temperatures closely matched ambient temperatures and most had thermal maxima in the lower Snake River. In contrast, many individual fall-run Chinook salmon and most steelhead had maxima near thermal tolerance limits (20–22 °C) in the lower Columbia River. High temperatures elicited extensive use of thermal refuges near tributary confluences, where body temperatures were ~2–10 °C cooler than the adjacent migration corridor. Many steelhead used refuges for weeks or more whereas salmon use was typically hours to days, reflecting differences in spawn timing. Almost no refuge use was detected in a ~260-km reach where a thermal migration barrier may more frequently develop in future warmer years. Within population, cumulative thermal exposure was strongly positively correlated (0.88 ≤ r ≤ 0.98) with migration duration and inconsistently associated (-0.28 ≤ r ≤ 0.09) with migration date. All four populations have likely experienced historically high mean and maximum temperatures in recent years. Expected responses include population-specific shifts in migration phenology, increased reliance on patchily-distributed thermal refuges, and natural selection favoring temperature-tolerant phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Keefer
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Tami S Clabough
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Michael A Jepson
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Eric L Johnson
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Christopher A Peery
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Christopher C Caudill
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
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14
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Welch DW, Futia MH, Rinchard J, Teffer AK, Miller KM, Hinch SG, Honeyfield DC. Thiamine Levels in Muscle and Eggs of Adult Pacific Salmon from the Fraser River, British Columbia. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH 2018; 30:191-200. [PMID: 29799640 DOI: 10.1002/aah.10024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Multiple species and stocks of Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. have experienced large declines in the number of returning adults over a wide region of the Pacific Northwest due to poor marine survival (low smolt-to-adult survival rates). One possible explanation for reduced survival is thiamine deficiency. Thiamine (vitamin B1 ) is an essential vitamin with an integral role in many metabolic processes, and thiamine deficiency is an important cause of salmonid mortality in the Baltic Sea and in the Laurentian Great Lakes. To assess this possibility, we (1) compared muscle thiamine content over time in a holding experiment using Fraser River (British Columbia) Sockeye Salmon O. nerka to establish whether adults that died during the holding period had lower thiamine levels than survivors, (2) measured infectious loads of multiple pathogens in held fish, and (3) measured egg thiamine content from four species of Pacific salmon collected on Fraser River spawning grounds. Chinook Salmon O. tshawytscha had the lowest egg thiamine, followed by Sockeye Salmon; however, egg thiamine concentrations were above levels known to cause overt fry mortality. Thiamine vitamers in the muscle of Fraser River adult Sockeye Salmon shifted over a 13-d holding period, with a precipitous decline in thiamine pyrophosphate (the active form of thiamine used in enzyme reactions) in surviving fish. Survivors also carried lower loads of Flavobacterium psychrophilum than fish that died during in the holding period. Although there is no evidence of thiamine deficiency in the adults studied, questions remain about possible thiamine metabolism-fish pathogen relationships that influence survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Welch
- Kintama Research Services, Ltd., 4737 Vista View Crescent, Nanaimo, British Columbia, V9V 1N8, Canada
| | - Matthew H Futia
- Department of Environmental Science and Ecology, The College at Brockport-State University of New York, Brockport, New York, 14420, USA
| | - Jacques Rinchard
- Department of Environmental Science and Ecology, The College at Brockport-State University of New York, Brockport, New York, 14420, USA
| | - Amy K Teffer
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, V8P 5C2, Canada
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Kristi M Miller
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Molecular Genetics Section, Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo, British Columbia, V9T 6N7, Canada
| | - Scott G Hinch
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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15
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Sopinka NM, Donaldson MR, O’Connor CM, Suski CD, Cooke SJ. Stress Indicators in Fish. FISH PHYSIOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-802728-8.00011-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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16
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Jachowski DS, Singh NJ. Toward a mechanistic understanding of animal migration: incorporating physiological measurements in the study of animal movement. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 3:cov035. [PMID: 27293720 PMCID: PMC4778435 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cov035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Movements are a consequence of an individual's motion and navigational capacity, internal state variables and the influence of external environmental conditions. Although substantial advancements have been made in methods of measuring and quantifying variation in motion capacity, navigational capacity and external environmental parameters in recent decades, the role of internal state in animal migration (and in movement in general) is comparatively little studied. Recent studies of animal movement in the wild illustrate how direct physiological measurements can improve our understanding of the mechanisms underlying movement decisions. In this review, we synthesize and provide examples of how recent technical advances in the physiology-related fields of energetics, nutrition, endocrinology, immunology and ecotoxicology provide opportunities for direct measurements of physiological state in the study of animal movement. We then propose a framework for practitioners to enable better integration of studies of physiological state into animal movement ecology by assessing the mechanistic role played by physiology as both a driver and a modulator of movement. Finally, we highlight the current limitations and research priorities for better integration of direct measurements of animal physiological state into the study of animal movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S. Jachowski
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, Clemson University, 258 Lehotsky Hall, Clemson, SC 29634-0310, USA
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, SA
| | - Navinder J. Singh
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-90183 Umeå, Sweden
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17
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Raby GD, Donaldson MR, Hinch SG, Clark TD, Eliason EJ, Jeffries KM, Cook KV, Teffer A, Bass AL, Miller KM, Patterson DA, Farrell AP, Cooke SJ. Fishing for Effective Conservation: Context and Biotic Variation are Keys to Understanding the Survival of Pacific Salmon after Catch-and-Release. Integr Comp Biol 2015. [PMID: 26199324 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icv088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute stressors are commonly experienced by wild animals but their effects on fitness rarely are studied in the natural environment. Billions of fish are captured and released annually around the globe across all fishing sectors (e.g., recreational, commercial, subsistence). Whatever the motivation, release often occurs under the assumption of post-release survival. Yet, capture by fisheries (hereafter "fisheries-capture") is likely the most severe acute stressor experienced in the animal's lifetime, which makes the problem of physiological recovery and survival of relevance to biology and conservation. Indeed, fisheries managers require accurate estimates of mortality to better account for total mortality from fishing, while fishers desire guidance on strategies for reducing mortality and maintaining the welfare of released fish, to maximize current and future opportunities for fishing. In partnership with stakeholders, our team has extensively studied the effects of catch-and-release on Pacific salmon in both marine and freshwater environments, using biotelemetry and physiological assessments in a combined laboratory-based and field-based approach. The emergent theme is that post-release rates of mortality are consistently context-specific and can be affected by a suite of interacting biotic and abiotic factors. The fishing gear used, location of a fishery, water temperature, and handling techniques employed by fishers each can dramatically affect survival of the salmon they release. Variation among individuals, co-migrating populations, and between sexes all seem to play a role in the response of fish to capture and in their subsequent survival, potentially driven by pre-capture pathogen-load, maturation states, and inter-individual variation in responsiveness to stress. Although some of these findings are fascinating from a biological perspective, they all create unresolved challenges for managers. We summarize our findings by highlighting the patterns that have emerged most consistently, and point to areas of uncertainty that require further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham D Raby
- *Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S5B6, Canada;
| | - Michael R Donaldson
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Scott G Hinch
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Timothy D Clark
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4, Canada; Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB 3, Townsville MC, QLD 4810, Australia
| | - Erika J Eliason
- *Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S5B6, Canada; Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Kenneth M Jeffries
- Anatomy, Physiology & Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Katrina V Cook
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Amy Teffer
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4, Canada; Biology Department, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P5C2, Canada
| | - Arthur L Bass
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Kristina M Miller
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, BC V9R5K6, Canada
| | - David A Patterson
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Science Branch, Pacific Region, Cooperative Resource Management Institute, School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A1S6, Canada
| | - Anthony P Farrell
- **Department of Zoology and Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Steven J Cooke
- *Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S5B6, Canada
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18
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Cooke SJ, Donaldson MR, Hinch SG, Crossin GT, Patterson DA, Hanson KC, English KK, Shrimpton JM, Farrell AP. Is fishing selective for physiological and energetic characteristics in migratory adult sockeye salmon? Evol Appl 2015; 2:299-311. [PMID: 25567882 PMCID: PMC3352493 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2009.00076.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2008] [Accepted: 04/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
There is extensive evidence that fishing is often selective for specific phenotypic characteristics, and that selective harvest can thus result in genotypic change. To date, however, there are no studies that evaluate whether fishing is selective for certain physiological or energetic characteristics that may influence fish behaviour and thus vulnerability to capture. Here, adult sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) were used as a model to test the null hypothesis that fishing is not selective for specific physiological or energetic traits. Fish were intercepted during their spawning migrations, implanted with a gastric radio transmitter, and biopsied (i.e., non-lethally sampled for blood, gill tissue and quantification of energetic status). In both 2003 and 2006, we tagged and biopsied 301 and 770 sockeye salmon, respectively, in the marine environment en route to their natal river system to spawn. In 2006 an additional 378 individuals were tagged and biopsied in freshwater. We found that 23 (7.6%) of the marine fish tagged in 2003, 78 (10.1%) of the marine fish tagged in 2006 and 57 (15.1%) of the freshwater fish tagged in 2006 were harvested by one of three fisheries sectors that operate in the coastal marine environment and the Fraser River (i.e. commercial, recreational or First Nations fisheries between the site of release and Hell's Gate in the Fraser River, approximately 250 km upriver and 465 km from the ocean tagging site). However, fisheries were not open continually or consistently in different locations and for different fisheries sectors necessitating a paired analytical approach. As such, for statistical analyses we paired individual fish that were harvested with another fish of the same genetic stock that was released on the same date and exhibited similar migration behaviour, except that they successfully evaded capture and reached natal spawning grounds. Using two-tailed Wilcoxon matched pairs signed-rank tests, we revealed that the physiological and energetic characteristics of harvested fish did not differ from those of the successful migrants despite evaluating a number of biochemical (e.g. plasma metabolites, cortisol, plasma ions, gill Na+/K+-ATPase) and energetic (e.g. gross somatic energy density) variables (P's all >0.10). However, for some analyses we suffered low statistical power and the study design had several shortcomings that could have made detection of differences difficult. We suggest that additional research explore the concept of fishing-induced selection for physiological characteristics because physiology is closely linked to three traits where fisheries-induced selection does occur (i.e. life-history, behaviour and morphology).
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Ottawa-Carleton Institute of Biology and Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University Ottawa, ON, Canada ; Centre for Applied Conservation Research, Department of Forest Sciences, University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Michael R Donaldson
- Centre for Applied Conservation Research, Department of Forest Sciences, University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Scott G Hinch
- Centre for Applied Conservation Research, Department of Forest Sciences, University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC, Canada ; Institute for Resources, Environment and Sustainability, University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Glenn T Crossin
- Centre for Applied Conservation Research, Department of Forest Sciences, University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - David A Patterson
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Science Branch, Pacific Region, Cooperative Resource Management Institute, School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Kyle C Hanson
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Ottawa-Carleton Institute of Biology and Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - J Mark Shrimpton
- Ecosystem Science & Management Program, University of Northern British Columbia Prince George, BC, Canada
| | - Anthony P Farrell
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC, Canada
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19
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The energy allocation function of sleep: A unifying theory of sleep, torpor, and continuous wakefulness. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 47:122-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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20
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Miller KM, Teffer A, Tucker S, Li S, Schulze AD, Trudel M, Juanes F, Tabata A, Kaukinen KH, Ginther NG, Ming TJ, Cooke SJ, Hipfner JM, Patterson DA, Hinch SG. Infectious disease, shifting climates, and opportunistic predators: cumulative factors potentially impacting wild salmon declines. Evol Appl 2014; 7:812-55. [PMID: 25469162 PMCID: PMC4227861 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging diseases are impacting animals under high-density culture, yet few studies assess their importance to wild populations. Microparasites selected for enhanced virulence in culture settings should be less successful maintaining infectivity in wild populations, as once the host dies, there are limited opportunities to infect new individuals. Instead, moderately virulent microparasites persisting for long periods across multiple environments are of greatest concern. Evolved resistance to endemic microparasites may reduce susceptibilities, but as barriers to microparasite distributions are weakened, and environments become more stressful, unexposed populations may be impacted and pathogenicity enhanced. We provide an overview of the evolutionary and ecological impacts of infectious diseases in wild salmon and suggest ways in which modern technologies can elucidate the microparasites of greatest potential import. We present four case studies that resolve microparasite impacts on adult salmon migration success, impact of river warming on microparasite replication, and infection status on susceptibility to predation. Future health of wild salmon must be considered in a holistic context that includes the cumulative or synergistic impacts of multiple stressors. These approaches will identify populations at greatest risk, critically needed to manage and potentially ameliorate the shifts in current or future trajectories of wild populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina M Miller
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans CanadaNanaimo, BC, Canada
- Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Amy Teffer
- Biology Department, University of VictoriaVictoria, BC, Canada
| | - Strahan Tucker
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans CanadaNanaimo, BC, Canada
| | - Shaorong Li
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans CanadaNanaimo, BC, Canada
| | - Angela D Schulze
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans CanadaNanaimo, BC, Canada
| | - Marc Trudel
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans CanadaNanaimo, BC, Canada
- Biology Department, University of VictoriaVictoria, BC, Canada
| | - Francis Juanes
- Biology Department, University of VictoriaVictoria, BC, Canada
| | - Amy Tabata
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans CanadaNanaimo, BC, Canada
| | - Karia H Kaukinen
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans CanadaNanaimo, BC, Canada
| | - Norma G Ginther
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans CanadaNanaimo, BC, Canada
| | - Tobi J Ming
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans CanadaNanaimo, BC, Canada
| | - Steven J Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton UniverisyOttawa, ON, Canada
| | - J Mark Hipfner
- Environment Canada, Wildlife Research DivisionDelta, BC, Canada
| | - David A Patterson
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Science BranchBurnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Scott G Hinch
- Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
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Cook KV, Crossin GT, Patterson DA, Hinch SG, Gilmour KM, Cooke SJ. The stress response predicts migration failure but not migration rate in a semelparous fish. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2014; 202:44-9. [PMID: 24769043 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent findings from iteroparous species suggest that glucocorticoid secretion following acute stress can mediate behavior and survival strategies, ultimately influencing fitness. However, these correlates of the stress response may not exist in semelparous animals given the inability to maximize fitness by delaying reproduction. We measured baseline and stress-induced cortisol concentrations in semelparous sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) following exposure to an acute stressor at the mouth of the Fraser River in British Columbia. The homing fish were then radio-tagged and tracked throughout their in-river migration. Findings reveal that the stress response (i.e. change from baseline to stress-induced cortisol) was predictive of mortality; fish failing to leave the release site had a significantly greater stress response (mean±SE=1004.0±75.3ng/mL) compared to fish capable of successfully migrating beyond one of the most difficult areas of passage over 100 river kilometers upstream (mean±SE=780.7±66.7ng/mL). However, there were no associations between swimming behaviors, both immediately following release and to last point of detection, and the stress response. This study also introduced an unique method of tagging migrating salmon that allows for rapid capture and sampling and thus provides the first assessment of true baseline cortisol concentrations at river-entry for migrating Pacific salmon in the wild. Results show the stress response to be linked to survival in a semelparous species and therefore set the stage for further exploration into how the evolutionary theories underlying relationships between stress responsiveness and fitness may differ between semelparous and iteroparous species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina V Cook
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Biology Department, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.
| | - Glenn T Crossin
- Centre for Applied Conservation Research, Department of Forest Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - David A Patterson
- Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Science Branch, Pacific Region, Cooperative Resources Management Institute, School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Scott G Hinch
- Centre for Applied Conservation Research, Department of Forest Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Kathleen M Gilmour
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Steven J Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Biology Department, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada; Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
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Raby GD, Donaldson MR, Nguyen VM, Taylor MK, Sopinka NM, Cook KV, Patterson DA, Robichaud D, Hinch SG, Cooke SJ. Bycatch mortality of endangered coho salmon: impacts, solutions, and aboriginal perspectives. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2014; 24:1803-1819. [PMID: 29210239 DOI: 10.1890/13-1885.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We used biotelemetry and human dimensions surveys to explore potential solutions to migration mortality of an endangered population of coho salmon caught as bycatch in an aboriginal beach seine fishery. From 2009 to 2011, 182 wild coho salmon caught as bycatch in the lower Fraser River (Canada) were radio-tagged and tracked as they attempted to complete their migrations to natal spawning areas over 300 km upstream. Failure to survive to reach terminal radio receiving stations averaged 39% over three years. This mortality estimate is low compared to those obtained from telemetry studies on other salmon fisheries in the Fraser River. However, this value is markedly higher than the mortality estimate currently used to manage the fishery's impact. It is also in contrast to the perceptions of the majority of aboriginal fishers, who did not think survival of coho salmon is affected by capture and release from their fishery. Increased probability of survival was associated with lower reflex impairment, which is consistent with previous findings. Reflex impairment was positively correlated with entanglement time, suggesting that greater efforts by the fishers to release bycatch from their nets quickly would minimize post-release mortality. Survey responses by aboriginal fishers also suggested that they are receptive to employing new bycatch handling methods if they are shown to increase post-release survival. However, attempts to facilitate revival of a subset of captured fish using cylindrical in-river recovery bags did not improve migration success. Fisheries managers could use the new information from this study to better quantify impacts and evaluate different harvest options. Since aboriginal fishers were receptive to using alternate handling methods, efforts to improve knowledge on minimizing reflex impairment through reductions in handling time could help increase bycatch survival. Such a direct integration of social science and applied ecology is a novel approach to understanding conservation issues that can better inform meaningful actions to promote species recovery.
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Cooke SJ, Hinch SG, Donaldson MR, Clark TD, Eliason EJ, Crossin GT, Raby GD, Jeffries KM, Lapointe M, Miller K, Patterson DA, Farrell AP. Conservation physiology in practice: how physiological knowledge has improved our ability to sustainably manage Pacific salmon during up-river migration. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2012; 367:1757-69. [PMID: 22566681 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite growing interest in conservation physiology, practical examples of how physiology has helped to understand or to solve conservation problems remain scarce. Over the past decade, an interdisciplinary research team has used a conservation physiology approach to address topical conservation concerns for Pacific salmon. Here, we review how novel applications of tools such as physiological telemetry, functional genomics and laboratory experiments on cardiorespiratory physiology have shed light on the effect of fisheries capture and release, disease and individual condition, and stock-specific consequences of warming river temperatures, respectively, and discuss how these findings have or have not benefited Pacific salmon management. Overall, physiological tools have provided remarkable insights into the effects of fisheries capture and have helped to enhance techniques for facilitating recovery from fisheries capture. Stock-specific cardiorespiratory thresholds for thermal tolerances have been identified for sockeye salmon and can be used by managers to better predict migration success, representing a rare example that links a physiological scope to fitness in the wild population. Functional genomics approaches have identified physiological signatures predictive of individual migration mortality. Although fisheries managers are primarily concerned with population-level processes, understanding the causes of en route mortality provides a mechanistic explanation and can be used to refine management models. We discuss the challenges that we have overcome, as well as those that we continue to face, in making conservation physiology relevant to managers of Pacific salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Ottawa-Carleton Institute of Biology and Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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Johnson JE, Patterson DA, Martins EG, Cooke SJ, Hinch SG. Quantitative methods for analysing cumulative effects on fish migration success: a review. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2012; 81:600-631. [PMID: 22803726 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2012.03369.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
It is often recognized, but seldom addressed, that a quantitative assessment of the cumulative effects, both additive and non-additive, of multiple stressors on fish survival would provide a more realistic representation of the factors that influence fish migration. This review presents a compilation of analytical methods applied to a well-studied fish migration, a more general review of quantitative multivariable methods, and a synthesis on how to apply new analytical techniques in fish migration studies. A compilation of adult migration papers from Fraser River sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka revealed a limited number of multivariable methods being applied and the sub-optimal reliance on univariable methods for multivariable problems. The literature review of fisheries science, general biology and medicine identified a large number of alternative methods for dealing with cumulative effects, with a limited number of techniques being used in fish migration studies. An evaluation of the different methods revealed that certain classes of multivariable analyses will probably prove useful in future assessments of cumulative effects on fish migration. This overview and evaluation of quantitative methods gathered from the disparate fields should serve as a primer for anyone seeking to quantify cumulative effects on fish migration survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Johnson
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Cooperative Resource Management Institute, School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada.
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Clark TD, Donaldson MR, Pieperhoff S, Drenner SM, Lotto A, Cooke SJ, Hinch SG, Patterson DA, Farrell AP. Physiological benefits of being small in a changing world: responses of Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) to an acute thermal challenge and a simulated capture event. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39079. [PMID: 22720035 PMCID: PMC3374769 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence is building to suggest that both chronic and acute warm temperature exposure, as well as other anthropogenic perturbations, may select for small adult fish within a species. To shed light on this phenomenon, we investigated physiological and anatomical attributes associated with size-specific responses to an acute thermal challenge and a fisheries capture simulation (exercise+air exposure) in maturing male coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Full-size females were included for a sex-specific comparison. A size-specific response in haematology to an acute thermal challenge (from 7 to 20°C at 3°C h−1) was apparent only for plasma potassium, whereby full-size males exhibited a significant increase in comparison with smaller males (‘jacks’). Full-size females exhibited an elevated blood stress response in comparison with full-size males. Metabolic recovery following exhaustive exercise at 7°C was size-specific, with jacks regaining resting levels of metabolism at 9.3±0.5 h post-exercise in comparison with 12.3±0.4 h for full-size fish of both sexes. Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption scaled with body mass in male fish with an exponent of b = 1.20±0.08. Jacks appeared to regain osmoregulatory homeostasis faster than full-size males, and they had higher ventilation rates at 1 h post-exercise. Peak metabolic rate during post-exercise recovery scaled with body mass with an exponent of b∼1, suggesting that the slower metabolic recovery in large fish was not due to limitations in diffusive or convective oxygen transport, but that large fish simply accumulated a greater ‘oxygen debt’ that took longer to pay back at the size-independent peak metabolic rate of ∼6 mg min−1 kg−1. Post-exercise recovery of plasma testosterone was faster in jacks compared with full-size males, suggesting less impairment of the maturation trajectory of smaller fish. Supporting previous studies, these findings suggest that environmental change and non-lethal fisheries interactions have the potential to select for small individuals within fish populations over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Clark
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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Nisbet RM, Jusup M, Klanjscek T, Pecquerie L. Integrating dynamic energy budget (DEB) theory with traditional bioenergetic models. J Exp Biol 2012; 215:892-902. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.059675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Summary
Dynamic energy budget (DEB) theory offers a systematic, though abstract, way to describe how an organism acquires and uses energy and essential elements for physiological processes, in addition to how physiological performance is influenced by environmental variables such as food density and temperature. A ‘standard’ DEB model describes the performance (growth, development, reproduction, respiration, etc.) of all life stages of an animal (embryo to adult), and predicts both intraspecific and interspecific variation in physiological rates. This approach contrasts with a long tradition of more phenomenological and parameter-rich bioenergetic models that are used to make predictions from species-specific rate measurements. These less abstract models are widely used in fisheries studies; they are more readily interpretable than DEB models, but lack the generality of DEB models. We review the interconnections between the two approaches and present formulae relating the state variables and fluxes in the standard DEB model to measured bioenergetic rate processes. We illustrate this synthesis for two large fishes: Pacific bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis) and Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.). For each, we have a parameter-sparse, full-life-cycle DEB model that requires adding only a few species-specific features to the standard model. Both models allow powerful integration of knowledge derived from data restricted to certain life stages, processes and environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger M. Nisbet
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9610, USA
| | - Marko Jusup
- Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Department for Marine and Environmental Research, Bijenicka cesta 54, POB 180, HR-10002 Zagreb, Croatia
- Faculty of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-7, Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan
| | - Tin Klanjscek
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9610, USA
- Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Department for Marine and Environmental Research, Bijenicka cesta 54, POB 180, HR-10002 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Laure Pecquerie
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9610, USA
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Drenner SM, Clark TD, Whitney CK, Martins EG, Cooke SJ, Hinch SG. A synthesis of tagging studies examining the behaviour and survival of anadromous salmonids in marine environments. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31311. [PMID: 22431962 PMCID: PMC3303779 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper synthesizes tagging studies to highlight the current state of knowledge concerning the behaviour and survival of anadromous salmonids in the marine environment. Scientific literature was reviewed to quantify the number and type of studies that have investigated behaviour and survival of anadromous forms of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.), Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), brown trout (Salmo trutta), steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss), and cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii). We examined three categories of tags including electronic (e.g. acoustic, radio, archival), passive (e.g. external marks, Carlin, coded wire, passive integrated transponder [PIT]), and biological (e.g. otolith, genetic, scale, parasites). Based on 207 papers, survival rates and behaviour in marine environments were found to be extremely variable spatially and temporally, with some of the most influential factors being temperature, population, physiological state, and fish size. Salmonids at all life stages were consistently found to swim at an average speed of approximately one body length per second, which likely corresponds with the speed at which transport costs are minimal. We found that there is relatively little research conducted on open-ocean migrating salmonids, and some species (e.g. masu [O. masou] and amago [O. rhodurus]) are underrepresented in the literature. The most common forms of tagging used across life stages were various forms of external tags, coded wire tags, and acoustic tags, however, the majority of studies did not measure tagging/handling effects on the fish, tag loss/failure, or tag detection probabilities when estimating survival. Through the interdisciplinary application of existing and novel technologies, future research examining the behaviour and survival of anadromous salmonids could incorporate important drivers such as oceanography, tagging/handling effects, predation, and physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Matthew Drenner
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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28
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Modelling dispersal: an eco-evolutionary framework incorporating emigration, movement, settlement behaviour and the multiple costs involved. Methods Ecol Evol 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2041-210x.2012.00193.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Raby GD, Donaldson MR, Hinch SG, Patterson DA, Lotto AG, Robichaud D, English KK, Willmore WG, Farrell AP, Davis MW, Cooke SJ. Validation of reflex indicators for measuring vitality and predicting the delayed mortality of wild coho salmon bycatch released from fishing gears. J Appl Ecol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2011.02073.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Cook KV, McConnachie SH, Gilmour KM, Hinch SG, Cooke SJ. Fitness and behavioral correlates of pre-stress and stress-induced plasma cortisol titers in pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) upon arrival at spawning grounds. Horm Behav 2011; 60:489-97. [PMID: 21839080 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2011.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Revised: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Semelparous Pacific salmon (Onchorynchus spp.) serve as an excellent model for examining the relationships between life history, behavior and individual variation in glucocorticoid (GC) stress hormone levels because reproductive behaviors are highly variable between individuals and failure to reproduce results in zero fitness. Pink salmon (O. gorbuscha) were intercepted upon arrival at the spawning grounds across three time periods. Pre-stress and stress-induced plasma cortisol concentrations were assessed in relation to behavior, longevity and reproductive success. Results revealed differences between sexes and with arrival time. The study period marked a year of high reproductive success and only nine females (12% of sample) failed to spawn. Female pre-spawn mortalities were characterized by significantly elevated stress-induced cortisol concentrations and decreased longevity as well as pre-stress cortisol above the normal range in pink salmon from the study area. Interestingly, reproductive behaviors were only associated with pre-stress cortisol levels. For females, aggression and mate interaction time were reduced in individuals with elevated pre-stress cortisol concentrations. In males, a similar negative relationship between pre-stress cortisol concentration and mate interaction time was detected. The observed behavioral correlations are likely a factor of social status where dominant individuals, known to have higher reproductive success, are characterized by lower cortisol levels relative to subordinate conspecifics. Findings show both elevated pre-stress and stress-induced cortisol concentrations at arrival to the spawning grounds to be associated with reduced survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- K V Cook
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Biology Department, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1S 5B6.
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EVANS TYLERG, HAMMILL EDD, KAUKINEN KARIA, SCHULZE ANGELAD, PATTERSON DAVIDA, ENGLISH KARLK, CURTIS JANELLEMR, MILLER KRISTINAM. Transcriptomics of environmental acclimatization and survival in wild adult Pacific sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) during spawning migration. Mol Ecol 2011; 20:4472-89. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2011.05276.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Bonte D, Van Dyck H, Bullock JM, Coulon A, Delgado M, Gibbs M, Lehouck V, Matthysen E, Mustin K, Saastamoinen M, Schtickzelle N, Stevens VM, Vandewoestijne S, Baguette M, Barton K, Benton TG, Chaput-Bardy A, Clobert J, Dytham C, Hovestadt T, Meier CM, Palmer SCF, Turlure C, Travis JMJ. Costs of dispersal. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2011; 87:290-312. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.2011.00201.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 840] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Flores AM, Shrimpton JM, Patterson DA, Hills JA, Cooke SJ, Yada T, Moriyama S, Hinch SG, Farrell AP. Physiological and molecular endocrine changes in maturing wild sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka, during ocean and river migration. J Comp Physiol B 2011; 182:77-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-011-0600-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Revised: 06/12/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Kelly BC, Ikonomou MG, MacPherson N, Sampson T, Patterson DA, Dubetz C. Tissue residue concentrations of organohalogens and trace elements in adult Pacific salmon returning to the Fraser River, British Columbia, Canada. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2011; 30:367-376. [PMID: 21086554 DOI: 10.1002/etc.410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We report measured concentrations of organohalogens and trace elements in muscle and eggs of returning wild Pacific sockeye and chinook salmon during their 2007 migration through the Fraser River watershed in Canada. Chemical analyses revealed the presence of ppb to ppm levels of a wide variety of contaminants in these fish, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs); polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs); polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs); polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs); organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) such as DDTs, hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), octachlorostyrene, and cyclodienes; and Hg, As, Cd, Pb, and several other trace elements. Body weights and flesh lipid contents declined during upstream migration, resulting in significantly higher (p < 0.05) lipid-normalized concentrations of lipophilic organohalogens (PCBs, PCDD/Fs, pesticides) in those spawning salmon. Postmigration magnification factors (MFs) of organohalogens (0.1-10) were comparable to previous observations and model predictions. MFs generally increased with increasing hydrophobicity (K(OW)). For example, MFs of tetra- and pentachlorobenzenes and HCH isomers (log K(OW) range: 3.8-5) were relatively low (between 0.1 and 1.7) compared with those of more lipophilic compounds (log K(OW) > 6) such as PCBs, DDTs, and mirex (MFs between 5 and 10). Lipid-normalized muscle:egg ratios in female salmon, which varied between 0.1 and 8, also exhibited a positive relationship with chemical K(OW). The results indicate that lipophilic compounds (K(OW) > 10(6)) can be magnified in flesh lipids of Pacific salmon during spawning migration, but maternal transfer kinetics (deposition to eggs) of those chemicals are relatively slow compared with less hydrophobic compounds. 2,3,7,8-TCDD toxic equivalents (ΣTEQs) in eggs of these spawning salmon, calculated using WHO toxic equivalency factors (WHO-TEFs) for fish health, in some cases exceeded the 0.3 pg·g(-1) threshold level associated with 30% salmonid egg mortality, indicating the potential for reproductive impacts in Fraser River salmon populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry C Kelly
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Sidney, British Columbia, Canada
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35
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Thermal biology of bonefish (Albula vulpes) in Bahamian coastal waters and tidal creeks: An integrated laboratory and field study. J Therm Biol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2010.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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36
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Hruska KA, Hinch SG, Healey MC, Patterson DA, Larsson S, Farrell AP. Influences of sex and activity level on physiological changes in individual adult sockeye salmon during rapid senescence. Physiol Biochem Zool 2010; 83:663-76. [PMID: 20482369 DOI: 10.1086/652411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
A noninvasive biopsy protocol was used to sample plasma and gill tissue in individual sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) during the critical life stage associated with spawning-arrival at a spawning channel through senescence to death several days later. Our main objective was to characterize the physiological changes associated with rapid senescence in terms of the physiological stress/cortisol hypersecretion model and the energy exhaustion model. Salmon lived an average of 5 d in the spawning channel, during which time there were three major physiological trends that were independent of sexual status: a large increase in plasma indicators of stress and exercise (i.e., lactate and cortisol), a decrease in the major plasma ions (i.e., Cl(-) and Na(+)) and osmolality, and a decrease in gross somatic energy reserves. Contrary to a generalized stress response, plasma glucose decreased in approximately 2/3 of the fish after arrival, as opposed to increasing. Furthermore, plasma cortisol levels at spawning-ground arrival were not correlated with the degree of ionoregulatory changes during rapid senescence. One mechanism of mortality in some fish may involve the exhaustion of energy reserves, resulting in the inability to mobilize plasma glucose. Sex had a significant modulating effect on the degree of physiological change. Females exhibited a greater magnitude of change for gross somatic energy, osmolality, and plasma concentrations of Cl(-), Na(+), cortisol, testosterone, 11-ketotestosterone, 17,20beta-progesterone, and estradiol. The activity level of an individual on the spawning grounds appeared to influence the degree of some physiological changes during senescence. For example, males that received a greater frequency of attacks exhibited larger net decreases in plasma 11-ketotestosterone while on the spawning grounds. These results suggest that rapid senescence on spawning grounds is influenced by multiple physiological processes and perhaps behavior. This study provides some of the first data to look at sex differences in senescence in Pacific salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Hruska
- Centre for Applied Conservation Research and Department of Forest Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
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37
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Donaldson MR, Hinch SG, Patterson DA, Farrell AP, Shrimpton JM, Miller-Saunders KM, Robichaud D, Hills J, Hruska KA, Hanson KC, English KK, Van Der Kraak G, Cooke SJ. Physiological condition differentially affects the behavior and survival of two populations of sockeye salmon during their freshwater spawning migration. Physiol Biochem Zool 2010; 83:446-58. [PMID: 20367319 DOI: 10.1086/649627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Recently, a segment of the Adams-Shuswap sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) population initiated freshwater migration several weeks earlier than historically recorded, resulting in high mortality rates. The comigrating Chilko population maintained their historic river entry timing and did not experience elevated mortality. To test the hypothesis that population-specific differences in physiological condition would differentially influence behavior and survival when exposed to fisheries capture stress, we physiologically sampled individuals from both populations at the onset of the freshwater phase of their reproductive migration and tracked the remainder of their migrations using radio telemetry. Adams-Shuswap individuals had slower migration rates and were less likely to reach natal subwatersheds relative to Chilko individuals. Metabolic and osmoregulatory impairment was related to mortality for Adams-Shuswap individuals but not for Chilko individuals. Similarly, physiological condition correlated with migration rate for Adams-Shuswap but not Chilko fish. Survival to natal subwatersheds was 1.9 times higher for Chilko relative to Adams-Shuswap, a result that did not emerge until individuals approached natal subwatersheds several days after the stressor was applied. We conclude that physiological condition differentially affects the behavior and survival of these two populations, which may be a consequence of the early-entry phenomenon by a segment of the Adams-Shuswap population.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Donaldson
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Ottawa-Carleton Institute of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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Feder ME, Garland T, Marden JH, Zera AJ. Locomotion in response to shifting climate zones: not so fast. Annu Rev Physiol 2010; 72:167-90. [PMID: 20148672 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-021909-135804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Although a species' locomotor capacity is suggestive of its ability to escape global climate change, such a suggestion is not necessarily straightforward. Species vary substantially in locomotor capacity, both ontogenetically and within/among populations, and much of this variation has a genetic basis. Accordingly, locomotor capacity can and does evolve rapidly, as selection experiments demonstrate. Importantly, even though this evolution of locomotor capacity may be rapid enough to escape changing climate, genetic correlations among traits (often due to pleiotropy) are such that successful or rapid dispersers are often limited in colonization or reproductive ability, which may be viewed as a trade-off. The nuanced assessment of this variation and evolution is reviewed for well-studied models: salmon, flying versus flightless insects, rodents undergoing experimental evolution, and metapopulations of butterflies. This work reveals how integration of physiology with population biology and functional genomics can be especially informative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin E Feder
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Cooperman MS, Hinch SG, Crossin GT, Cooke SJ, Patterson DA, Olsson I, Lotto AG, Welch DW, Shrimpton JM, Van Der Kraak G, Farrell AP. Effects of Experimental Manipulations of Salinity and Maturation Status on the Physiological Condition and Mortality of Homing Adult Sockeye Salmon Held in a Laboratory. Physiol Biochem Zool 2010; 83:459-72. [PMID: 20345242 DOI: 10.1086/650473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M S Cooperman
- Centre for Applied Conservation Research, Department of Forest Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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Hanson KC, Hasler CT, Donaldson MR, Cooke SJ. Stability of swimming performance and activity hierarchies among wild largemouth bass at multiple temporal scales: evidence for context-dependent shuffling between seasons. CAN J ZOOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1139/z10-006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Laboratory-based studies of locomotory performance in many taxa have noted that individuals form stable hierarchies of organismal performance. Though laboratory studies of teleost fishes have consistently demonstrated individual repeatability of swimming performance, this phenomenon has rarely been studied in the field and never across multiple years. Using a whole-lake acoustic telemetry array with submetre accuracy, we assessed the individual repeatability of two metrics of swimming performance (daily distance traveled and mean daily swimming speed) within four seasons during a year (fall, winter, spring, and summer), among these seasons, and between winters of 2 years. Largemouth bass ( Micropterus salmoides (Lacepède, 1802)) formed stable performance hierarchies within seasons except spring and no sex-specific differences in rankings were noted. Individual swimming performance was not repeatable among seasons during 1 year or across multiple winters. Seasonal changes in environmental and intrinsic biological conditions appear to result in a reshuffling of performance hierarchies, perhaps reflecting individual differences in organismal physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. C. Hanson
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Ottawa–Carleton Institute of Biology, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - C. T. Hasler
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Ottawa–Carleton Institute of Biology, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - M. R. Donaldson
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Ottawa–Carleton Institute of Biology, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - S. J. Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Ottawa–Carleton Institute of Biology, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
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Crossin GT, Hinch SG, Cooke SJ, Cooperman MS, Patterson DA, Welch DW, Hanson KC, Olsson I, English KK, Farrell AP. Mechanisms influencing the timing and success of reproductive migration in a capital breeding semelparous fish species, the sockeye salmon. Physiol Biochem Zool 2010; 82:635-52. [PMID: 19780650 DOI: 10.1086/605878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Two populations of homing sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka; Adams and Chilko) were intercepted in the marine approaches around the northern and southern ends of Vancouver Island (British Columbia, Canada) en route to a natal river. More than 500 salmon were nonlethally biopsied for blood plasma, gill filament tips, and gross somatic energy (GSE) and were released with either acoustic or radio transmitters. At the time of capture, GSE, body length, and circulating testosterone ([T]) differed between populations, differences that reflected known life-history variations. Within-population analyses showed that in Adams sockeye salmon, plasma glucose ([glu]), lactate ([lactate]), and ion concentrations were higher in the northern approach than in the southern approach, suggesting that the former was more stressful. GSE, [T], and gill Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activities also differed between the two locales, and each varied significantly with Julian date, suggesting seasonality. Despite these relative geographic differences, the timing of river entry and the ability to reach spawning areas were strongly correlated with energetic, reproductive, and osmoregulatory state. Salmon that delayed river entry and reached spawning areas had relatively high GSE and low [T] and gill ATPase. In contrast, salmon that entered the river directly but that ultimately failed to reach spawning areas had lower GSE and higher [T] and gill ATPase, and they also swam at significantly faster rates (failed fish approximately 20.0 km d(-1) vs. successful fish approximately 15.5 km d(-1)). Physiologically, salmon that did not enter the river at all but that presumably died in the marine environment exhibited high stress (plasma [glu] and [lactate]) and ionoregulatory measures (plasma [Na(+)], [Cl(-)], osmolality).
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn T Crossin
- Centre for Applied Conservation Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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Crossin GT, Hinch SG, Cooke SJ, Patterson DA, Lotto AG, Van Der Kraak G, Zohar Y, Klenke U, Farrell AP. Testing the synergistic effects of GnRH and testosterone on the reproductive physiology of pre-adult pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2010; 76:112-128. [PMID: 20738702 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2009.02479.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
To test the hypothesis that the hypothalmic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and testosterone (T) co-treatment stimulates both the hypothalmo-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) and hypothalmo-pituitary-interrenal axes, the reproductive and osmoregulatory responses of pre-adult pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha were compared after GnRH and T administration either alone or in combination. Relative to controls, neither GnRH nor T treatment resulted in significantly greater ovarian or testicular growth, but co-treatment significantly increased ovarian growth after 5 months. Interestingly, the stimulation was undetectable after 3 months. However, once daily photoperiod began shortening after the summer solstice, c. 2 months before the natural spawning date, GnRH+T-treated females were stimulated to produce larger ovaries. Final fish body length and the size of individual eggs did not differ among treatment groups. GnRH+T eggs, however, showed signs of advanced vitellogenesis relative to GnRH-treated and control eggs, whereas T-treated eggs became atretic. Testis size increased significantly from initial values and most males were spermiating, but this growth and development were independent of hormone treatments. Final plasma ion, metabolite and cortisol concentrations did not differ among treatment groups. It is concluded that GnRH+T co-treatment was effective in stimulating female but not male maturation. GnRH and T treatment, however, presumably had little effect on the hypothalmo-pituitary-interrenal axis as observed by ionoregulatory status.
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Affiliation(s)
- G T Crossin
- Centre for Applied Conservation Research and Department of Forest Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4 Canada.
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Bonier F, Martin PR, Moore IT, Wingfield JC. Do baseline glucocorticoids predict fitness? Trends Ecol Evol 2009; 24:634-42. [PMID: 19679371 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2009.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 560] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2009] [Revised: 04/15/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Pieperhoff S, Bennett W, Farrell AP. The intercellular organization of the two muscular systems in the adult salmonid heart, the compact and the spongy myocardium. J Anat 2009; 215:536-47. [PMID: 19627390 PMCID: PMC2780571 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01129.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The ventricle of the salmonid heart consists of an outer compact layer of circumferentially arranged cardiomyocytes encasing a spongy myocardium that spans the lumen of the ventricle with a fine arrangement of muscular trabeculae. While many studies have detailed the anatomical structure of fish hearts, few have considered how these two cardiac muscle architectures are attached to form a functional working unit. The present study considers how the spindle-like cardiomyocytes, unlike the more rectangular structure of adult mammalian cardiomyocytes, form perpendicular connections between the two muscle layers that withstand the mechanical forces generated during cardiac systole and permit a simultaneous, coordinated contraction of both ventricular components. Therefore, hearts of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) were investigated in detail using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and various light microscopic techniques. In contrast to earlier suggestions, we found no evidence for a distinct connective tissue layer between the two muscle architectures that might 'glue' together the compact and the spongy myocardium. Instead, the contact layer between the compact and the spongy myocardium was characterized by a significantly higher amount of desmosome-like (D) and fascia adhaerens-like (FA) adhering junctions compared with either region alone. In addition, we observed that the trabeculae form muscular sheets of fairly uniform thickness and variable width rather than thick cylinders of variable diameter. This sheet-like trabecular anatomy would minimize diffusion distance while maximizing the area of contact between the trabecular muscle and the venous blood as well as the muscle tension generated by a single trabecular sheet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Pieperhoff
- Department of Zoology and Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Donaldson MR, Cooke SJ, Patterson DA, Hinch SG, Robichaud D, Hanson KC, Olsson I, Crossin GT, English KK, Farrell AP. Limited behavioural thermoregulation by adult upriver-migrating sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in the Lower Fraser River, British Columbia. CAN J ZOOL 2009. [DOI: 10.1139/z09-032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to combine radio telemetry with individual thermal loggers to assess the extent to which adult migrating sockeye salmon ( Oncorhynchus nerka (Walbaum in Artedi, 1792)) behaviourally thermoregulate during their migration through the Fraser River mainstem, British Columbia. The Fraser mainstem represents a region of the migration route that contains some of the highest mean temperatures encountered by sockeye salmon during their life history. We found that throughout the study area, individual sockeye salmon body temperatures occasionally deviated from ambient temperatures (ΔT), yet individuals maintained a ΔT of –1 °C or cooler for only 5% of their migration through the study region. There were moderate mean deviations of ΔT in two segments that are known to contain thermally stratified waters. In one of the study segments with the greatest ΔT, mean body temperatures decreased as river temperatures increased and ΔT became increasingly positive with higher river discharge rates, but these relationships were not observed in any of the other study segments. No relationship existed between ΔT and migration rate. While periodic associations with cool water were evident, mean body temperatures were not significantly different than mean river temperatures throughout the lower Fraser mainstem. This finding raises further conservation concerns for vulnerable Fraser River sockeye stocks that are predicted to encounter increasing peak summer river temperatures in the coming decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. R. Donaldson
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Ottawa–Carleton Institute of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Centre for Applied Conservation Research and Department of Forest Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Science Branch, Pacific Region, Cooperative Resource Management Institute, School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
- LGL Limited Environmental Research, 9768 Second Street, Sidney, BC V8L 3Y8, Canada
- Department of Zoology, and Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - S. J. Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Ottawa–Carleton Institute of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Centre for Applied Conservation Research and Department of Forest Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Science Branch, Pacific Region, Cooperative Resource Management Institute, School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
- LGL Limited Environmental Research, 9768 Second Street, Sidney, BC V8L 3Y8, Canada
- Department of Zoology, and Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - D. A. Patterson
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Ottawa–Carleton Institute of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Centre for Applied Conservation Research and Department of Forest Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Science Branch, Pacific Region, Cooperative Resource Management Institute, School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
- LGL Limited Environmental Research, 9768 Second Street, Sidney, BC V8L 3Y8, Canada
- Department of Zoology, and Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - S. G. Hinch
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Ottawa–Carleton Institute of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Centre for Applied Conservation Research and Department of Forest Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Science Branch, Pacific Region, Cooperative Resource Management Institute, School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
- LGL Limited Environmental Research, 9768 Second Street, Sidney, BC V8L 3Y8, Canada
- Department of Zoology, and Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - D. Robichaud
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Ottawa–Carleton Institute of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Centre for Applied Conservation Research and Department of Forest Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Science Branch, Pacific Region, Cooperative Resource Management Institute, School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
- LGL Limited Environmental Research, 9768 Second Street, Sidney, BC V8L 3Y8, Canada
- Department of Zoology, and Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - K. C. Hanson
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Ottawa–Carleton Institute of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Centre for Applied Conservation Research and Department of Forest Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Science Branch, Pacific Region, Cooperative Resource Management Institute, School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
- LGL Limited Environmental Research, 9768 Second Street, Sidney, BC V8L 3Y8, Canada
- Department of Zoology, and Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - I. Olsson
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Ottawa–Carleton Institute of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Centre for Applied Conservation Research and Department of Forest Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Science Branch, Pacific Region, Cooperative Resource Management Institute, School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
- LGL Limited Environmental Research, 9768 Second Street, Sidney, BC V8L 3Y8, Canada
- Department of Zoology, and Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - G. T. Crossin
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Ottawa–Carleton Institute of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Centre for Applied Conservation Research and Department of Forest Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Science Branch, Pacific Region, Cooperative Resource Management Institute, School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
- LGL Limited Environmental Research, 9768 Second Street, Sidney, BC V8L 3Y8, Canada
- Department of Zoology, and Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - K. K. English
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Ottawa–Carleton Institute of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Centre for Applied Conservation Research and Department of Forest Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Science Branch, Pacific Region, Cooperative Resource Management Institute, School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
- LGL Limited Environmental Research, 9768 Second Street, Sidney, BC V8L 3Y8, Canada
- Department of Zoology, and Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - A. P. Farrell
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Ottawa–Carleton Institute of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Centre for Applied Conservation Research and Department of Forest Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Science Branch, Pacific Region, Cooperative Resource Management Institute, School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
- LGL Limited Environmental Research, 9768 Second Street, Sidney, BC V8L 3Y8, Canada
- Department of Zoology, and Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Pon LB, Hinch SG, Cooke SJ, Patterson DA, Farrell AP. Physiological, energetic and behavioural correlates of successful fishway passage of adult sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka in the Seton River, British Columbia. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2009; 74:1323-1336. [PMID: 20735634 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2009.02213.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Electromyogram (EMG) radio telemetry was used in conjunction with physiological biopsy to relate prior physiological condition and subsequent swimming energetics and behaviours to passage success of 13 wild adult sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka at a vertical-slot fishway on the Seton River, British Columbia. At the time of capture, plasma lactate, glucose and cortisol levels indicated that fish were not exhibiting unusually high levels of physiological stress. Very few differences existed between successful and unsuccessful fish in body size, initial plasma physiology and energy state and mean swim speed and energy use during passage. Generally, fish did not employ burst swimming during successful or failed attempts at passage, indicating that failure was probably not related to metabolic acidosis. Plasma Na(+) concentration was significantly lower in unsuccessful fish (P < 0.05), which is suggestive of a depressed ionic state or a possible stress component, although values in all fish were within an expected range for migrant adult O. nerka. Nevertheless, six of 13 fish failed to reascend the fishway and remained in the tailrace of the dam for more than a day on average before moving downstream and away from the dam. During this time, fish were observed actively seeking a means of passage, suggesting that there may have been other, undetermined causes of passage failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- L B Pon
- Centre for Applied Conservation Research, Department of Forest Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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Hanson KC, Cooke SJ, Hinch SG, Crossin GT, Patterson DA, English KK, Donaldson MR, Shrimpton JM, Van Der Kraak G, Farrell AP. Individual variation in migration speed of upriver-migrating sockeye salmon in the Fraser River in relation to their physiological and energetic status at marine approach. Physiol Biochem Zool 2008; 81:255-68. [PMID: 18419519 DOI: 10.1086/529460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Little research has examined individual variation in migration speeds of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) in natural river systems or attempted to link migratory behavior with physiological and energetic status on a large spatial scale in the wild. As a model, we used three stocks of summer-run sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) from the Fraser River watershed, British Columbia, to test the hypothesis that individual variation in migration speed is determined by a combination of environmental factors (i.e., water temperature), intrinsic biological differences (sex and population), and physiological and energetic condition. Before the freshwater portion of the migration, sockeye salmon (Quesnel, Chilcotin, and Nechako stock complexes) were captured in Johnstone Strait ( approximately 215 km from river entry), gastrically implanted with radio transmitters, and sampled for blood, gill tissue, and energetic status before release. Analyses focused solely on individuals that successfully reached natal subwatersheds. Migration speeds were assessed by an extensive radiotelemetry array. Individuals from the stock complex that migrated the longest distance (Nechako) traveled at speeds slower than those of other stock complexes. Females traveled slower than males. An elevated energetic status of fish in the ocean was negatively correlated with migration speed in most river segments. During the transition from the ocean to the river, migration speed was negatively correlated with mean maximum water temperature; however, for the majority of river segments, it was positively correlated with migration speed. Physiological status measured in the ocean did not explain among-individual variability in river migration speeds. Collectively, these findings suggest that there could be extensive variation in migration behavior among individuals, sexes, and populations and that physiological condition in the ocean explained little of this variation relative to in-river environmental conditions and energetic status. Interestingly, individual fish generally retained their rank in swimming speed across different segments, except when transiting a challenging canyon midway during the migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle C Hanson
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Ottawa-Carleton Institute for Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada.
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Hanson KC, Gravel MA, Graham A, Shoji A, Cooke SJ. Sexual Variation in Fisheries Research and Management: When Does Sex Matter? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/10641260802013866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Carlson SM, Quinn TP. TEN YEARS OF VARYING LAKE LEVEL AND SELECTION ON SIZE-AT-MATURITY IN SOCKEYE SALMON. Ecology 2007; 88:2620-9. [DOI: 10.1890/06-1171.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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