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Patil S, Yadalam PK, Hosmani J, Khan ZA, Shankar VG, Shaukat L, Khan SS, Awan KH. Modulation of oral cancer and periodontitis using chemotherapeutic agents - A narrative review. Dis Mon 2023; 69:101348. [PMID: 35341589 DOI: 10.1016/j.disamonth.2022.101348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Periodontitis, an inflammatory condition, is linked to a higher risk of developing oral cancer. Periodontitis may be a precipitating factor for tumorigenesis and the aggressiveness of specific cancer variants. Although genetics is considered the primary etiologic factor for the development of most cancers, many factors have come to be recognized in the initiation and progression of oral cancer. Consecutively, it is suggestive that periodontitis and oral cancer are distinct disease entities but share common pathogenic mechanisms. Oxidative stress and epigenetic mechanisms are among the most researched mechanisms responsible for initiating apoptotic mechanisms implicated in periodontitis and oral cancer. Current research aims to formulate therapeutic agents to intercede in these mechanisms via host modulation therapy and epigenetic therapy. These advances can revolutionize the treatment of periodontitis and oral cancer. This review aims to shed light on the common pathogenic mechanisms of these diseases and the various host modulation agents that could be beneficial in their treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shankargouda Patil
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Division of Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pradeep Kumar Yadalam
- Department of Periodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai 600 077, India
| | - Jagadish Hosmani
- Oral Pathology Division, Department of Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zafar Ali Khan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Lubna Shaukat
- Dow International Dental College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Samar Saeed Khan
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery & Diagnostic Sciences, Division of Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kamran Habib Awan
- College of Dental Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, Utah, United States.
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Zak KM, Bostock MJ, Waligorska I, Thøgersen IB, Enghild JJ, Popowicz GM, Grudnik P, Potempa J, Ksiazek M. Latency, thermal stability, and identification of an inhibitory compound of mirolysin, a secretory protease of the human periodontopathogen Tannerella forsythia. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 36:1267-1281. [PMID: 34210221 PMCID: PMC8259862 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2021.1937619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mirolysin is a secretory protease of Tannerella forsythia, a member of the dysbiotic oral microbiota responsible for periodontitis. In this study, we show that mirolysin latency is achieved by a “cysteine-switch” mechanism exerted by Cys23 in the N-terminal profragment. Mutation of Cys23 shortened the time needed for activation of the zymogen from several days to 5 min. The mutation also decreased the thermal stability and autoproteolysis resistance of promirolysin. Mature mirolysin is a thermophilic enzyme and shows optimal activity at 65 °C. Through NMR-based fragment screening, we identified a small molecule (compound (cpd) 9) that blocks promirolysin maturation and functions as a competitive inhibitor (Ki = 3.2 µM), binding to the S1′ subsite of the substrate-binding pocket. Cpd 9 shows superior specificity and does not interact with other T. forsythia proteases or Lys/Arg-specific proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof M Zak
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Structural Biology, Neuherberg, Germany.,Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Mark J Bostock
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Structural Biology, Neuherberg, Germany.,Biomolecular NMR and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich at Department Chemie, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Irena Waligorska
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ida B Thøgersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jan J Enghild
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Grzegorz M Popowicz
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Structural Biology, Neuherberg, Germany.,Biomolecular NMR and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich at Department Chemie, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Przemyslaw Grudnik
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jan Potempa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.,Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Miroslaw Ksiazek
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.,Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, USA
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Radaic A, Kapila YL. The oralome and its dysbiosis: New insights into oral microbiome-host interactions. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:1335-1360. [PMID: 33777334 PMCID: PMC7960681 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The oralome is the summary of the dynamic interactions orchestrated between the ecological community of oral microorganisms (comprised of up to approximately 1000 species of bacteria, fungi, viruses, archaea and protozoa - the oral microbiome) that live in the oral cavity and the host. These microorganisms form a complex ecosystem that thrive in the dynamic oral environment in a symbiotic relationship with the human host. However, the microbial composition is significantly affected by interspecies and host-microbial interactions, which in turn, can impact the health and disease status of the host. In this review, we discuss the composition of the oralome and inter-species and host-microbial interactions that take place in the oral cavity and examine how these interactions change from healthy (eubiotic) to disease (dysbiotic) states. We further discuss the dysbiotic signatures associated with periodontitis and caries and their sequalae, (e.g., tooth/bone loss and pulpitis), and the systemic diseases associated with these oral diseases, such as infective endocarditis, atherosclerosis, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease and head and neck/oral cancer. We then discuss current computational techniques to assess dysbiotic oral microbiome changes. Lastly, we discuss current and novel techniques for modulation of the dysbiotic oral microbiome that may help in disease prevention and treatment, including standard hygiene methods, prebiotics, probiotics, use of nano-sized drug delivery systems (nano-DDS), extracellular polymeric matrix (EPM) disruption, and host response modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Radaic
- Kapila Laboratory, Orofacial Sciences Department, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yvonne L. Kapila
- Kapila Laboratory, Orofacial Sciences Department, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
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I. Ibraheem W, S. Preethanath R. Host Modulation. Oral Dis 2020. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.91615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Olsen I, Potempa J. Strategies for the inhibition of gingipains for the potential treatment of periodontitis and associated systemic diseases. J Oral Microbiol 2014; 6:24800. [PMID: 25206939 PMCID: PMC4138498 DOI: 10.3402/jom.v6.24800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gingipains are the major virulence factors of Porphyromonas gingivalis, the main periodontopathogen. It is expected that inhibition of gingipain activity in vivo could prevent or slow down the progression of adult periodontitis. To date, several classes of gingipain inhibitors have been recognized. These include gingipain N-terminal prodomains, synthetic compounds, inhibitors from natural sources, antibiotics, antiseptics, antibodies, and bacteria. Several synthetic compounds are potent gingipain inhibitors but inhibit a broad spectrum of host proteases and have undesirable side effects. Synthetic compounds with high specificity for gingipains have unknown toxicity effects, making natural inhibitors more promising as therapeutic gingipain blockers. Cranberry and rice extracts interfere with gingipain activity and prevent the growth and biofilm formation of periodontopathogens. Although the ideal gingipain inhibitor has yet to be discovered, gingipain inhibition represents a novel approach to treat and prevent periodontitis. Gingipain inhibitors may also help treat systemic disorders that are associated with periodontitis, including cardiovascular disease, rheumatoid arthritis, aspiration pneumonia, pre-term birth, and low birth weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingar Olsen
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Potempa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland ; Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Disease, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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Marttila E, Järvensivu A, Sorsa T, Grenier D, Richardson M, Kari K, Tervahartiala T, Rautemaa R. Intracellular localization of Treponema denticola chymotrypsin-like proteinase in chronic periodontitis. J Oral Microbiol 2014; 6:24349. [PMID: 25006362 PMCID: PMC4083148 DOI: 10.3402/jom.v6.24349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Treponema denticola is an important periodontal pathogen capable of tissue invasion. Its chymotrypsin-like proteinase (CTLP) can degrade a number of basement membrane components in vitro, thus suggesting a contribution to tissue invasion by the spirochete. The aim of this study was to analyze the localization of CTLP in chronic periodontitis tissues ex vivo. A polyclonal antibody specific to T. denticola cell-bound CTLP was used to detect the spirochetes in the gingival tissues of patients with moderate to severe chronic periodontitis (n=25) by immunohistochemistry and periodic acid-Schiff staining (PAS). The presence of T. denticola in the periodontal tissue samples was analyzed by PCR. Periodontal tissue samples of 12 of the 25 patients were found to be positive for T. denticola by PCR. Moreover, CTLP could be detected in the periodontal tissues of all these patients by immunohistochemistry. In the epithelium, the CTLP was mostly intracellular. Typically, the positive staining could be seen throughout the whole depth of the epithelium. When detected extracellularly, CTLP was localized mainly as granular deposits. The connective tissue stained diffusely positive in four cases. The positive staining co-localized with the PAS stain in nine cases. T. denticola and its CTLP could be detected in diseased human periodontium both intra- and extracellularly. The granular staining pattern was suggestive of the presence of T. denticola bacteria, whereas the more diffused staining pattern was indicative of the recent presence of the bacterium and shedding of the cell-bound proteinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Marttila
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anne Järvensivu
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo Sorsa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland ; Institute of Dentistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland ; Division of Periodontology, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Daniel Grenier
- Faculte de Medecine Dentaire, Groupe de Recherche en Ecologie Buccale, Universite Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Malcolm Richardson
- Mycology Reference Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, School of Translational Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Kirsti Kari
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Riina Rautemaa
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, NIHR Translational Research Facility, Translational Research Facility, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester and University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Agarwal A. Pleiotropy of chemically modified tetracycline in periodontitis. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2013; 5:242-3. [PMID: 24082703 PMCID: PMC3778596 DOI: 10.4103/0975-7406.116831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Agarwal
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Dental Sciences, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India E-mail:
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Abstract
Biological functions of antibiotics are not limited to killing. The most likely function of antibiotics in natural microbial ecosystems is signaling. Does this signaling function of antibiotics also extend to the eukaryotic – in particular mammalian – cells? In this review, the host modulating properties of three classes of antibiotics (macrolides, tetracyclines, and β-lactams) will be briefly discussed. Antibiotics can be effective in treatment of a broad spectrum of diseases and pathological conditions other than those of infectious etiology and, in this capacity, may find widespread applications beyond the intended antimicrobial use. This use, however, should not compromise the primary function antibiotics are used for. The biological background for this inter-kingdom signaling is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rustam I Aminov
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies Kingston, Jamaica
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Araújo AA, Lopes de Souza G, Souza TO, de Castro Brito GA, Sabóia Aragão K, Xavier de Medeiros CA, Lourenço Y, do Socorro Costa Feitosa Alves M, Fernandes de Araújo R. Olmesartan decreases IL-1β and TNF-α levels; downregulates MMP-2, MMP-9, COX-2, and RANKL; and upregulates OPG in experimental periodontitis. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2013; 386:875-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-013-0886-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Kaur K, Sikri P. Evaluation of the effect of allograft with doxycycline versus the allograft alone in the treatment of infrabony defects: A controlled clinical and radiographical study. Dent Res J (Isfahan) 2013; 10:238-46. [PMID: 23946743 PMCID: PMC3731967 DOI: 10.4103/1735-3327.113359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Successful prevention and treatment of periodontal disease are contingent on effective control of periodontopathic microbiota based on the premise of periodontal disease being infectious disorders. An anti-microbial agent, i.e., doxycycline has been incorporated into the allograft to control infection and facilitate healing during and after periodontal therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using a split-mouth design, 15 patients showing clinical evidence of almost identical bilateral infrabony defects requiring bone grafting procedures were randomly selected. In each patient, infrabony defects on one side were designated as Group A (control group) and infrabony defects of the contralateral side of the same arch were designated as Group B (test group). Clinical assessment of probing pocket depth and attachment level and radiographic evaluation of the defect depth was done pre-operatively and at 12-week and 24-week post-operatively. The relative efficacy of the two treatment modalities was evaluated using paired Student's t-test and the comparative evaluation between the two groups over the 3 time intervals was done using independent Student's t-test. RESULTS Both the groups exhibited a highly significant reduction in probing depth and gain in clinical attachment level (CAL) and a linear bone fill at the end of 12 and 24 weeks. Comparative evaluation showed a statistically significant gain in bone fill in Group B as compared to Group A, whereas a non-significant reduction in probing depth and gain in CALs between the two groups at the end of 24 weeks (whereas mean reduction in probing depth and gain in CAL were also greater in Group B but the difference was statistically non-significant). CONCLUSION The increase in linear bone fill in Group B signifies the role of doxycycline in augmenting regenerative potential of allograft by combating residual infection and through host modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kulmeet Kaur
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, B.J.S. Dental College, Ludhiana, India
| | - Poonam Sikri
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, Desh Bhagat Dental College and Research Institute, Mukatsar, Punjab, India
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Skottrup PD, Sørensen G, Ksiazek M, Potempa J, Riise E. A phage display selected 7-mer peptide inhibitor of the Tannerella forsythia metalloprotease-like enzyme Karilysin can be truncated to Ser-Trp-Phe-Pro. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48537. [PMID: 23119051 PMCID: PMC3485312 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Tannerella forsythia is a gram-negative bacteria, which is strongly associated with the development of periodontal disease. Karilysin is a newly identified metalloprotease-like enzyme, that is secreted from T. forsythia. Karilysin modulates the host immune response and is therefore considered a likely drug target. In this study peptides were selected towards the catalytic domain from Karilysin (Kly18) by phage display. The peptides were linear with low micromolar binding affinities. The two best binders (peptide14 and peptide15), shared the consensus sequence XWFPXXXGGG. A peptide15 fusion with Maltose Binding protein (MBP) was produced with peptide15 fused to the N-terminus of MBP. The peptide15-MBP was expressed in E. coli and the purified fusion-protein was used to verify Kly18 specific binding. Chemically synthesised peptide15 (SWFPLRSGGG) could inhibit the enzymatic activity of both Kly18 and intact Karilysin (Kly48). Furthermore, peptide15 could slow down the autoprocessing of intact Kly48 to Kly18. The WFP motif was important for inhibition and a truncation study further demonstrated that the N-terminal serine was also essential for Kly18 inhibition. The SWFP peptide had a Ki value in the low micromolar range, which was similar to the intact peptide15. In conclusion SWFP is the first reported inhibitor of Karilysin and can be used as a valuable tool in structure-function studies of Karilysin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Durand Skottrup
- Biomolecular Interaction Group, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Elavarasu S, Sekar S, Murugan T. Host modulation by therapeutic agents. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2012; 4:S256-9. [PMID: 23066265 PMCID: PMC3467936 DOI: 10.4103/0975-7406.100244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 01/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease susceptible group present advanced periodontal breakdown even though they achieve a high standard of oral hygiene. Various destructive enzymes and inflammatory mediators are involved in destruction. These are elevated in case of periodontal destruction. Host modulation aims at bringing these enzymes and mediators to normal level. Doxycycline, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), bisphosphonates, nitrous oxide (NO) synthase inhibitors, recombinant human interleukin-11 (rhIL-11), omega-3 fatty acid, mouse anti-human interleukin-6 receptor antibody (MRA), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitors, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kb) inhibitors, osteoprotegerin, and tumor necrosis factor antagonist (TNF-α) are some of the therapeutic agents that have host modulation properties.
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Agnihotri R, Gaur S. Chemically modified tetracyclines: Novel therapeutic agents in the management of chronic periodontitis. Indian J Pharmacol 2012; 44:161-7. [PMID: 22529468 PMCID: PMC3326905 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.93841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic periodontitis is a complex infection initiated by gram-negative bacteria which destroy the supporting structures of the tooth. Recently, it has been recognized that it is the host response to bacterial infection which causes greater destruction of the connective tissue elements, periodontal ligament and alveolar bone in periodontitis. This has led to the development of various host modulating approaches to target cells and their destructive mediators involved in tissue degradation. Chemically modified tetracyclines (CMTs) are derivatives of tetracycline group of drugs which lack antimicrobial action but have potent host modulating affects. They inhibit pathologically elevated matrix metal loproteinases, pro-inflammtory cytokines and other destructive mediators. Bone resorption is also suppressed due to their combined anti-proteinase and apoptotic affects on osteoblasts and osteoclasts, respectively. Development of resistant bacteria and gastrointestinal toxicity seen with parent tetracyclines is not produced by CMTs. Hence, CMTs are viewed as potential therapeutic agents in the management of chronic diseases like periodontitis that involve destruction of connective tissue and bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupali Agnihotri
- Department of Periodontics, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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Santos J, La VD, Bergeron C, Grenier D. Inhibition of host- and bacteria-derived proteinases by natural anthocyanins. J Periodontal Res 2011; 46:550-7. [PMID: 21517858 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2011.01372.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Host- and bacteria-derived proteinases are considered to play critical roles in periodontitis progression. This study investigated the ability of a blackcurrant extract and its major anthocyanins (cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside and delphinidin-3-O-rutinoside) to inhibit the activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), neutrophil elastase and periodontopathogen (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia and Treponema denticola) proteinases. MATERIAL AND METHODS Enzyme inhibition was detected using fluorometric and colorimetric assays after incubating blackcurrant extract and its major anthocyanins (at concentrations of 6.25, 12.5, 25 and 50 μg/mL) with MMPs, elastase or bacterial proteinases, along with their specific substrates. Substrate degradation was recorded every hour for up to 4 h. RESULTS The blackcurrant extract (50 μg/mL) inhibited all proteinases tested. MMP-1 and MMP-9 were significantly inhibited by pure anthocyanins at concentrations ranging from 6.25 to 50 μg/mL. Elastase activity was inhibited by cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside in the range of 6.25-50 μg/mL and by delphinidin-3-O-rutinoside at 50 μg/mL. P. gingivalis, T. forsythia and T. denticola proteinases were also significantly inhibited by pure anthocyanins. In all cases, enzyme inhibition was time-dependent. CONCLUSION Our study showed that a blackcurrant extract and its major anthocyanins were able to inhibit the activity of host- and bacteria-derived proteinases. This suggests that such natural compounds may represent promising agents for use in adjunctive treatments for periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Santos
- Groupe de Recherche en Ecologie Buccale, Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
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Nakajima T, Hishikari K, Ogawa M, Watanabe R, Suzuki JI, Nagashima A, Masumura M, Takayama K, Hirata Y, Nagai R, Isobe M. Clarithromycin attenuates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2010; 14:881-93. [PMID: 20662614 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2010.502890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MMP activity is upregulated in the heart after myocardial ischemia reperfusion, and its activation contributes to the changes in left ventricular (LV) dysfunction. A major macrolide antibiotic, clarithromycin has many biological functions including MMP regulation. However, little is known about the effect of clarithromycin in myocardial reperfusion injury via MMPs. Our objective was to clarify the role of MMPs regulated by clarithromycin in the progression of myocardial reperfusion injury. METHODS We administered clarithromycin to rats with ischemia-reperfusion injury twice a day for 7 days before and 14 days after reperfusion. RESULTS Clarithromycin resulted in a significant reduction of the infarction area:area at risk ratio and preserved fractional shortening ratio after 14 days of reperfusion. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that macrophages were the primary cellular source of MMPs. Fewer macrophages were detected in the ischemic area of the hearts following ischemia reperfusion in the clarithromycin-treated group compared with the vehicle-treated group. Although ischemia-reperfusion injury resulted in LV fibrosis with increasing MMP activities, clarithromycin significantly reduced these changes. CONCLUSION Clarithromycin is effective for attenuating myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury by suppressing MMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Nakajima
- Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Japan
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Abstract
Tetracyclines were developed as a result of the screening of soil samples for antibiotics. The firstt of these compounds, chlortetracycline, was introduced in 1947. Tetracyclines were found to be highly effective against various pathogens including rickettsiae, as well as both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, thus becoming the first class of broad-spectrum antibiotics. Many other interesting properties, unrelated to their antibiotic activity, have been identified for tetracyclines which have led to widely divergent experimental and clinical uses. For example, tetracyclines are also an effective anti-malarial drug. Minocycline, which can readily cross cell membranes, is known to be a potent anti-apoptotic agent. Another tetracycline, doxycycline is known to exert anti-protease activities. Doxycycline can inhibit matrix metalloproteinases which contribute to tissue destruction activities in diseases such as periodontitis. A large body of literature has provided additional evidence for the “beneficial” actions of tetracyclines, including their ability to act as reactive oxygen species scavengers and anti-inflammatory agents. This review provides a summary of tetracycline's multiple mechanisms of action as a means to understand their beneficial effects.
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Basegmez C, Berber L, Yalcin F. Clinical and biochemical efficacy of minocycline in nonsurgical periodontal therapy: a randomized controlled pilot study. J Clin Pharmacol 2010; 51:915-22. [PMID: 20663998 DOI: 10.1177/0091270010373929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the effects of systemic minocycline on clinical and biochemical parameters of chronic periodontitis, which is a common inflammatory disorder of the periodontium initiated by the presence of bacteria in the gingival sulcus. Besides nonsurgical periodontal therapy, 20 individuals received minocycline systemically while another 20 subjects received placebo capsules for 2 weeks. Plaque index (PI), sulcus bleeding index (SBI), probing depth (PD), and relative attachment level (RAL) were measured and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples were obtained at baseline and first, third, and sixth months. Matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) and prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) levels were analyzed by enzyme immunoassay method. Significant improvements in all parameters in both groups were recorded. In the minocycline group, changes in PI and SBI were significantly greater only at first month, whereas reductions in PD, RAL, MMP-8, and PGE₂ levels were greater at all times. MMP-8 and PGE₂ exhibited positive correlations with SBI, PD, and each other. Minocycline demonstrated clinical benefit for periodontal therapy and provided further improvements on inflammatory mediators promising a host-modulating capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cansu Basegmez
- Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Implantology, Capa 34390, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Griffin MO, Fricovsky E, Ceballos G, Villarreal F. Tetracyclines: a pleitropic family of compounds with promising therapeutic properties. Review of the literature. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2010; 299:C539-48. [PMID: 20592239 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00047.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There must be something unique about a class of drugs (discovered and developed in the mid-1940s) where there are more than 130 ongoing clinical trials currently listed. Tetracyclines were developed as a result of the screening of soil samples for antibiotic organisms. The first of these compounds chlortetracycline was introduced in 1948. Soon after their development tetracyclines were found to be highly effective against various pathogens including rickettsiae, Gram-positive, and Gram-negative bacteria, thus, becoming a class of broad-spectrum antibiotics. The mechanism of action of tetracyclines is thought to be related to the inhibition of protein synthesis by binding to the 30S bacterial ribosome. Tetracyclines are also an effective anti-malarial drug. Over time, many other "protective" actions have been described for tetracyclines. Minocycline, which can readily cross cell membranes, is known to be a potent anti-apoptotic agent. Its mechanism of action appears to relate to specific effects exerted on apoptosis signaling pathways. Another tetracycline, doxycycline is known to exert antiprotease activities. Doxycycline can inhibit matrix metalloproteinases, which contribute to tissue destruction activities in diseases such as gingivitis. A large body of literature has provided additional evidence for the "beneficial" actions of tetracyclines, including their ability to act as oxygen radical scavengers and anti-inflammatory agents. This increasing volume of published work and ongoing clinical trials supports the notion that a more systematic examination of their possible therapeutic uses is warranted. This review provides a summary of tetracycline's multiple mechanisms of action and while using the effects on the heart as an example, this review also notes their potential to benefit patients suffering from various pathologies such as cancer, Rosacea, and Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael O Griffin
- 1Transitional Year Residency Program, Wheaton Franciscan Healthcare-St. Joseph, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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Gu Y, Lee HM, Sorsa T, Simon SR, Golub LM. Doxycycline [corrected] inhibits mononuclear cell-mediated connective tissue breakdown. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 58:218-25. [PMID: 19909341 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2009.00625.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Chronic periodontitis is the most common chronic inflammatory disease and has been associated with an increased risk for serious medical conditions including cardiovascular disease (CVD). Endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide), derived from periodontopathogens, can induce the local accumulation of mononuclear cells in the inflammatory lesion, increasing proinflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), resulting in the destruction of periodontal connective tissues including bone. In this study, we show that doxycycline, originally developed as a broad-spectrum tetracycline antibiotic (and, more recently, as a nonantimicrobial therapy for chronic inflammatory periodontal and skin diseases), can inhibit extracellular matrix degradation in cell culture mediated by human peripheral blood-derived monocytes/macrophages. The mechanisms include downregulation of cytokines and MMP-9 protein levels and the inhibition of the activities of both collagenase and MMP-9. These pleiotropic, but nonantibiotic, effects of doxycycline explain, at least in part, its therapeutic potential for various chronic inflammatory diseases including periodontitis, and may reduce the risks of systemic diseases (e.g. CVDs, less manageable diabetes) associated with this and other local diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Gu
- Department of General Dentistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
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Chen X, Xia S, Li R, Liu H, Huang Y, Qian X, Xiao X, Xu X, Lin X, Tian Y, Zong Y, He D, Chen W, Zhang Y, Shao Q. Doxycycline enhances the Ras-MAPK signaling and proliferation of mouse thymic epithelial cells. J Cell Biochem 2009; 107:494-503. [PMID: 19330805 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Depletion of T-cell-dependent immunity is a major consideration for patients suffering from infections of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), those undergoing organ transplantation, and those receiving anti-cancer chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. In general, T-cell regeneration occurs in the thymus through thymopoiesis. We have found that doxycycline (Dox), a tetracycline derivative, enhances the proliferation of mouse thymic epithelial cells, which are unique in their capacity to support positive selection and are essential throughout the development of thymocytes. Cell cycle analysis indicates that the increased cell proliferation is due to a shortened G(0)/G(1) phase. To reveal the underlying mechanisms, we examined the expression of an array of molecules that regulate the cell cycle. The results show that in mouse thymic medullary-type epithelial cell line 1 (MTEC1) Dox leads to elevated levels of H-Ras, phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (p-ERK1/2), cyclin E, cyclin dependent kinase 4/2 (CDK4/CDK2), E2F3, and c-myc. These data, and the observation that the proliferation-enhancing effect is largely abolished following treatment with an ERK inhibitor support an active role of the Ras-ERK/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. In conclusion, the present study reveals a new activity of an old family of antibiotics. The in vivo effect of Dox on immune reconstitution warrants further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Chen
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, PR China
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Leyden JJ, Del Rosso JQ, Webster GF. Clinical considerations in the treatment of acne vulgaris and other inflammatory skin disorders: a status report. Dermatol Clin 2009; 27:1-15. [PMID: 18984363 DOI: 10.1016/j.det.2008.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the anti-inflammatory and nonantimicrobial effects of antibiotics in acne and other diseases and examines issues relating to the emergence of decreased bacterial sensitivity to antibiotics and how these issues relate to clinical practice. It includes an overview of the inflammatory activities of some antibiotic agents and their potential for use in various dermatologic and nondermatologic diseases. It demonstrates that P. acnes-resistant organisms may be associated with therapeutic failure in some patients with acne, and that the prudent use of antibiotics is necessary to ensure that we can continue to use these drugs to combat disease effectively. It concludes that there are treatment strategies that can effectively minimize the potential for development of resistant P. acnes organisms.
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Bodet C, Grenier D, Chandad F, Ofek I, Steinberg D, Weiss EI. Potential Oral Health Benefits of Cranberry. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2008; 48:672-80. [DOI: 10.1080/10408390701636211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Errami M, Galindo CL, Tassa AT, Dimaio JM, Hill JA, Garner HR. Doxycycline attenuates isoproterenol- and transverse aortic banding-induced cardiac hypertrophy in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007; 324:1196-203. [PMID: 18089841 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.107.133975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The United States Food and Drug Administration-approved antibiotic doxycycline (DOX) inhibits matrix metalloproteases, which contribute to the development of cardiac hypertrophy (CH). We hypothesized that DOX might serve as a treatment for CH. The efficacy of DOX was tested in two mouse models of CH: induced by the beta-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol (ISO) and induced by transverse aortic banding. DOX significantly attenuated CH in these models, causing a profound reduction of the hypertrophic phenotype and a lower heart/body weight ratio (p < 0.05, n >/= 6). As expected, ISO increased matrix metalloprotease (MMP) 2 and 9 activities, and administration of DOX reversed this effect. Transcriptional profiles of normal, ISO-, and ISO + DOX-treated mice were examined using microarrays, and the results were confirmed by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Genes (206) were differentially expressed between normal and ISO mice that were reversibly altered between ISO- and ISO + DOX-treated mice, indicating their potential role in CH development and DOX-induced improvement. These genes included those involved in the regulation of cell proliferation and fate, stress, and immune responses, cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix organization, and cardiac-specific signal transduction. The overall gene expression profile suggested that MMP2/9 inactivation was not the only mechanism whereby DOX exerts its beneficial effects. Western blot analysis identified potential signaling events associated with CH, including up-regulation of endothelial differentiation sphingolipid G-protein-coupled receptor 1 receptor and activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase, p38, and the transcription factor activating transcription factor-2, which were reduced after administration of DOX. These results suggest that DOX might be evaluated as a potential CH therapeutic and also provide potential signaling mechanisms to investigate in the context of CH phenotype development and regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mounir Errami
- Division of Translational Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 2201 Inwood Rd., Dallas, TX 75390-9185, USA.
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Burggraf D, Trinkl A, Dichgans M, Hamann GF. Doxycycline inhibits MMPs via modulation of plasminogen activators in focal cerebral ischemia. Neurobiol Dis 2007; 25:506-13. [PMID: 17166729 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2006.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2006] [Revised: 10/20/2006] [Accepted: 10/29/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetracyclines inhibit matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and reduce infarction volume following cerebral ischemia. In this thesis an involvement of urokinase could be proven. Cerebral ischemia in rats was induced for 3 h followed by 24 h reperfusion (suture model). Each 6 animals received orally either doxycycline or water. Doxycycline treatment began 10 days before ischemia. MMP-2 and MMP-9 were substantially decreased. The possibility of involvement of the endogenous MMP inhibitors in the MMP inhibiting mechanisms was excluded. The plasminogen activator uPA was significantly decreased by doxycycline indicating an MMP inhibiting mechanism including the plasminogen/plasmin system. In the doxycycline group, this resulted in a decreased damage to the cerebral microvessels and less loss of the basal lamina antigen collagen type IV. Hemoglobin extravasation was also significantly reduced. Our results suggest that doxycycline may have a potential use as an anti-ischemic compound since it provides microvascular protection by inhibiting the plasminogen system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothe Burggraf
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Klinikum Grosshadern, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
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Hebling J, Pashley DH, Tjäderhane L, Tay FR. Chlorhexidine arrests subclinical degradation of dentin hybrid layers in vivo. J Dent Res 2006; 84:741-6. [PMID: 16040733 DOI: 10.1177/154405910508400811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent paradigm that endogenous collagenolytic and gelatinolytic activities derived from acid-etched dentin result in degradation of hybrid layers requires in vivo validation. This study tested the null hypothesis that there is no difference between the degradation of dentin bonded with an etch-and-rinse adhesive and that in conjunction with chlorhexidine, an MMP inhibitor, applied after phosphoric-acid-etching. Contralateral pairs of bonded Class I restorations in primary molars of clinical subjects were retrieved after a six-month period of intra-oral functioning and processed for transmission electron microscopy. Hybrid layers from the chlorhexidine-treated teeth exhibited normal structural integrity of the collagen network. Conversely, abnormal hybrid layers were seen in the control teeth, with progressive disintegration of the fibrillar network, to the extent that it was beyond detection by collagen staining. Self-destruction of collagen matrices occurs rapidly in resin-infiltrated dentin in vivo and may be arrested with the use of chlorhexidine as an MMP inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hebling
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Araraquara Dental School, University of São Paulo State,São Paulo, Brazil
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Fujita M, Harada E, Ikegame S, Ye Q, Ouchi H, Inoshima I, Nakanishi Y. Doxycycline attenuated lung injury by its biological effect apart from its antimicrobial function. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2006; 20:669-75. [PMID: 17045828 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2006.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2006] [Revised: 08/08/2006] [Accepted: 08/09/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotics can have a biological effect apart from their anti-bacterial effect. We hypothesized that doxycycline could attenuate acute lung injury through its biological effect. Lipopolysaccharide or doxycycline-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae was administered intratracheally into mice with the co-administration of doxycycline. Thereafter, the lung pathology, intraalveolar inflammatory cells, bacterial number, and matrix metalloproteinases were investigated. Matrix metalloproteinases, neutrophil migration, and alveolar destruction were induced by lipopolysaccharide. Doxycycline was thus found to improve all of these symptoms. In addition, an inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases, CGS27023A, attenuated lipopolysaccharide-induced lung injury. Doxycycline also attenuated the lung injury induced by doxycycline-resistant S. pneumoniae and improved the mortality rate although the bacterial number in the lung did not change. Our data indicated that doxycycline could attenuate acute lung injury through a biological effect that was different from its antibiotic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Fujita
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashiku, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Xu Y, Wei W. A comparative study of systemic subantimicrobial and topical treatment of minocycline in experimental periodontitis of rats. Arch Oral Biol 2006; 51:794-803. [PMID: 16712777 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2006.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2005] [Revised: 03/12/2006] [Accepted: 03/27/2006] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of minocycline on treating experimentally induced periodontitis in rats when administered either as a systemic subantimicrobial dose or as a topical ointment. DESIGN Thirty-two adult male Sprague-Dawley rats in four experimental groups-(1) model group; (2) systemic subantimicrobial dose of minocycline (5mg/kg/day) treatment group; (3) topical subgingival dose of minocycline (2mg/animal/week) treatment group; (4) control group. Experimentally induced periodontitis-silk ligatures were placed around the crevices of the second molar teeth and the animals fed a 10% sucrose drink. Assessment was carried out at days 28 and 56 using a number of different visual, histological and ultrastructure approaches. (1) Visual assessment-tooth mobility, gingival index and alveolar bone loss. (2) Histological examination-monocyte infiltration and resorption lacunae with osteoclasts. (3) Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)-morphological transformation of fibroblasts and osteoclasts. The collected data were analysed for statistical significance using the analysis of variance statistical test. RESULTS Minocycline significantly reduced tooth mobility, gingival index and alveolar bone loss when administered either systemically or as a topical ointment compared to the model group (P<0.01). However, the alveolar bone loss was significantly less (P<0.01 in the systemic treatment group compared to the local treatment group. Monocyte infiltration and resorption lacunae with osteoclasts were significantly less in the both treatment groups compared to the model group (P<0.01). The osteoclasts failed to form a ruffled border in the systemic treatment group. CONCLUSION Topical treatment significantly reduces gingivitis while systemic treatment is beneficial in terms of inhibiting alveolar bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Antiinflammatory-Immunopharmacology in Anhui Province, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, PR China
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Sapadin AN, Fleischmajer R. Tetracyclines: nonantibiotic properties and their clinical implications. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006; 54:258-65. [PMID: 16443056 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2005.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 472] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2004] [Revised: 08/16/2005] [Accepted: 10/05/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Tetracyclines are broad-spectrum antibiotics that act as such at the ribosomal level where they interfere with protein synthesis. They were first widely prescribed by dermatologists in the early 1950s when it was discovered that they were effective as a treatment for acne. More recently, biologic actions affecting inflammation, proteolysis, angiogenesis, apoptosis, metal chelation, ionophoresis, and bone metabolism have been researched. The therapeutic effects of tetracycline and its analogues in various diseases have also been investigated. These include rosacea, bullous dermatoses, neutrophilic diseases, pyoderma gangrenosum, sarcoidosis, aortic aneurysms, cancer metastasis, periodontitis, and autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and scleroderma. We review the nonantibiotic properties of tetracycline and its analogues and their potential for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen N Sapadin
- Department of Dermatology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029-6574, USA.
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Kantarci A, Hasturk H, Van Dyke TE. Host-mediated resolution of inflammation in periodontal diseases. Periodontol 2000 2006; 40:144-63. [PMID: 16398691 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2005.00145.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alpdogan Kantarci
- Department of Peridontics and Oral Biology, Boston University, Massachusetts, USA
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Bodet C, Piché M, Chandad F, Grenier D. Inhibition of periodontopathogen-derived proteolytic enzymes by a high-molecular-weight fraction isolated from cranberry. J Antimicrob Chemother 2006; 57:685-90. [PMID: 16473919 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkl031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia and Treponema denticola are three major aetiological agents of chronic periodontitis. The strong proteolytic activities of these bacteria are critical to their survival since their energy source is obtained from peptides and amino acids derived from proteins. In addition, proteases are important factors contributing to periodontal tissue destruction by a variety of mechanisms, including direct tissue degradation and modulation of host inflammatory responses. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of non-dialysable material (NDM) prepared from cranberry juice concentrate on the proteolytic activities of P. gingivalis, T. forsythia and T. denticola. METHODS The effect of NDM on gingipain and dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV) activities of P. gingivalis, trypsin-like activity of T. forsythia and chymotrypsin-like activity of T. denticola was evaluated using synthetic chromogenic peptides. In addition, the capacity of P. gingivalis to degrade fluorescein-labelled type I collagen and fluorescein-labelled transferrin in the presence of NDM was evaluated by fluorometry. RESULTS NDM dose-dependently inhibited the proteinases of P. gingivalis, T. forsythia and T. denticola as well as type I collagen and transferrin degradation by P. gingivalis. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that NDM has the potential to reduce either the proliferation of P. gingivalis, T. forsythia and T. denticola in periodontal pockets or their proteinase-mediated destructive process occurring in periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Bodet
- Groupe de Recherche en Ecologie Buccale, Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
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Griffin MO, Jinno M, Miles LA, Villarreal FJ. Reduction of myocardial infarct size by doxycycline: a role for plasmin inhibition. Mol Cell Biochem 2005; 270:1-11. [PMID: 15792348 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-005-2540-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) is associated with the activation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and serine proteases. We hypothesized that activation of MMPs and the serine protease plasmin contribute to early cardiac myocyte death following I/R and that broad-spectrum protease inhibition with doxycycline (DOX) preserves myocyte viability. Rats treated daily with or without DOX beginning 48 h prior to experimentation were subjected to 30 min of coronary occlusion and 2 days of reperfusion. DOX pre-treatment reduced infarct size by 37%. DOX attenuated increases in MMP-9 and plasmin levels as determined by gelatin zymography and immunoblot, respectively. Neutrophil extravasation was unaltered by DOX as assessed by myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. To examine the contribution of MMP-9 and plasmin to myocyte injury, cultures of neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVMs) were treated for 48 h with 83 kDa MMP-9 or plasminogen in the presence or absence of DOX. MMP-9 treatment did not affect myocyte viability. Plasminogen treatment led to increased plasmin activity, resulting in loss of beta1-integrin, NRVM detachment and apoptosis. DOX co-treatment inhibited plasmin activity and preserved NRVM attachment, whereas co-treatment with the broad-spectrum MMP inhibitor GM6001 had no effect. These results indicate that plasmin causes disruption of myocyte attachment and viability independently of MMP activation in vitro and that inhibition of plasmin by DOX may reduce I/R-induced myocyte death in vivo through the inhibition of plasmin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael O Griffin
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 2103-8412, USA
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Shah PK, Wilkin DJ, Doherty TM, Uzui H, Rajavashisth TB, Asotra K, Pei D. Therapeutic developments in matrix metalloproteinase inhibition. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.12.5.665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Tomasi C, Wennström JL. Locally delivered doxycycline improves the healing following non-surgical periodontal therapy in smokers. J Clin Periodontol 2004; 31:589-95. [PMID: 15257733 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2004.00524.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The outcome of non-surgical periodontal therapy is known to be inferior in smokers compared to non-smokers. In the present study, the question was asked whether such a difference in healing response may be less evident following adjunctive use of locally delivered controlled-release doxycycline. METHODS One hundred and three patients (42 smokers, 61 non-smokers), each having at least eight periodontal sites with PPD (probing pocket depth) > or =5 mm, were following stratification for smoking randomly assigned to two different treatment protocols; non-surgical scaling/root planing (Control) or ultrasonic instrumentation+application of a 8.5% w/w doxycycline gel (Atridox trade mark ) (Test). Instructions in oral hygiene were given to all patients. Clinical examinations of plaque, PPD, clinical attachment level (CAL) and bleeding following pocket probing were performed at baseline and after 3 months. Primary efficacy endpoints were changes in PPD and CAL. Patient mean values were calculated as basis for statistical analysis (multiple regression analyses). RESULTS The baseline examination revealed no significant difference in mean PPD between treatment groups or between smokers and non-smokers (mean PPD 5.7-5.9 mm). The mean PPD reduction in the control group at 3-month was 1.1 mm (SD=0.45) for smokers and 1.5 mm (0.67) for non-smokers. In the test group the PPD reduction was 1.4 mm (0.60) and 1.6 mm (0.45) for smokers and non-smokers, respectively. The mean CAL gain for smokers and non-smokers amounted to 0.5 mm (0.56) and 0.8 mm (0.71), respectively, in the control group, and to 0.8 mm (0.72) and 0.9 mm (0.82), respectively, in the test group. Multiple regression analysis revealed that smoking and initial PPD negatively influenced the treatment outcome in terms of PPD reduction and CAL gain, while the use of doxycycline had a significant positive effect. CONCLUSION Locally applied controlled-release doxycycline gel may partly counteract the negative effect of smoking on periodontal healing following non-surgical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano Tomasi
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Odontology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, Sweden
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Camp TM, Tyagi SC, Aru GM, Hayden MR, Mehta JL, Tyagi SC. Doxycycline ameliorates ischemic and border-zone remodeling and endothelial dysfunction after myocardial infarction in rats. J Heart Lung Transplant 2004; 23:729-36. [PMID: 15366434 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2003.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity increases, endothelial function decreases after myocardial infarction (MI). The antibiotic doxycycline inhibits MMP activity in vitro. The role of doxycycline-mediated MMP inhibition in endothelial function is unclear. HYPOTHESIS Doxycycline ameliorates endothelial dysfunction, in part, by inhibiting MMP activity. METHODS We subjected Sprague-Dawley male rats to MI by ligating the left anterior descending arteries. We subjected another group of rats to sham surgery. We administered doxycycline in drinking water (0.67 mg/ml) to both groups 2 days before surgery: the sham group underwent sham surgery and received doxycycline therapy, and the MI group underwent MI and received doxycycline therapy (n = 6 in each group). After 4 weeks, we anesthetized rats and prepared left ventricular rings from infarcted-ischemic (I), non-infarcted near-infarcted (NI), and sham surgery hearts with and without doxycycline treatment. RESULTS The MMP-2 activity increased significantly in I and NI hearts, and we observed a selective increase in MMP-9 activity only in I hearts, when compared with other groups (p < 0.05), measured by zymography. Cardiac inhibitor of metalloproteinase decreased only in I hearts (p < 0.05 vs other groups), measured by Western analysis, and doxycycline treatment reversed this decrease. Contractile response of rings to acetylcholine was attenuated in the I group, suggesting nitric oxide-mediated dysfunction, and was reversed by doxycycline. The response to nitroprusside was attenuated in I hearts and ameliorated by doxycycline, suggesting cardiomyocyte dysfunction. Bradykinin induced relaxation in rings from sham surgery hearts and from NI hearts, but induced paradoxic contraction in rings from I hearts. Treatment with doxycycline reversed the paradoxic contraction. CONCLUSION Results suggest a protective action of doxycycline in the ischemic heart, possibly because of additional pharmacologic actions such as metalloproteinase inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa M Camp
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
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O'Brien-Simpson NM, Veith PD, Dashper SG, Reynolds EC. Antigens of bacteria associated with periodontitis. Periodontol 2000 2004; 35:101-34. [PMID: 15107060 DOI: 10.1111/j.0906-6713.2004.003559.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Neil M O'Brien-Simpson
- Centre for Oral Health Science, School of Dental Science, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Okamoto M, Sugimoto A, Leung KP, Nakayama K, Kamaguchi A, Maeda N. Inhibitory effect of green tea catechins on cysteine proteinases in Porphyromonas gingivalis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 19:118-20. [PMID: 14871352 DOI: 10.1046/j.0902-0055.2003.00112.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of catechins and their derivatives on the activities of Arg-gingipain (Rgp) and Lys-gingipain (Kgp) in Porphyromonas gingivalis. Catechin derivatives, which included (-)-epigallocatechin gallate, (-)-epicatechin gallate, (-)-gallocatechin gallate, and (-)-catechin gallate, significantly inhibited the Rgp activity. The 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) of these catechin derivatives for Rgp ranged from 3 to 5 microm. While (-)-epigallocatechin and (-)-gallocatechin moderately inhibited Rgp activity (IC50s, 20 microm), (-) -epicatechin, (+)-catechin, and gallic acid were not effective, with IC50s greater than 300 microm. Further, some of the catechin derivatives tested also inhibited the Kgp activity, though to a lesser extent than inhibition of the Rgp activity. These findings suggest that green tea catechins may have the potential to reduce periodontal breakdown resulting from the potent proteinase activity of P. gingivalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Okamoto
- Department of Oral Bacteriology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan.
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Villarreal FJ, Griffin M, Omens J, Dillmann W, Nguyen J, Covell J. Early short-term treatment with doxycycline modulates postinfarction left ventricular remodeling. Circulation 2003; 108:1487-92. [PMID: 12952845 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000089090.05757.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myocardial infarction (MI) is associated with early metalloproteinase (MMP) activation and extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation. We hypothesized that preserving the original ECM of the infarcted left ventricle (LV) by use of early short-term doxycycline (DOX) treatment preserves cardiac structure and function. METHODS AND RESULTS LV morphometry and function were measured in 3 groups of rats (sham, MI, and MI+DOX). DOX (30 mg/kg per day) was given orally 48 hours before and 48 hours after MI. Rats were examined at 2 and 4 weeks after MI. By 4 weeks, DOX significantly decreased (P<0.05 versus MI) the heart weight to body weight ratio, myocyte cross-sectional area, and internal LV diameter, whereas it preserved anterior wall thickness within the infarct. Collagen/muscle area fraction did not change in the region of the infarct/scar. Parallel left shifts (versus MI) were observed in pressure-volume relationships of DOX MI rats at all pressures. DOX treatment also shifted passive epicardial strains within the scar area toward normal values. No differences were observed in LV end-diastolic or peak systolic pressures, peak positive or negative LV dP/dt, or isovolumic relaxation rates. Assessment of LV global MMP and MMP-2/9 activities 1 hour after MI using fluorescent probes yielded significant differences with DOX. CONCLUSIONS Brief, early MMP inhibition after MI yields preservation of LV structure and global as well as scar area passive function, supporting the concept that preserving the original ECM early after coronary occlusion lessens ventricular remodeling.
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Grenier D, Roy E, Mayrand D. Modulation ofPorphyromonas GingivalisProteinase Activity by Suboptimal Doses of Antimicrobial Agents. J Periodontol 2003; 74:1316-9. [PMID: 14584864 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2003.74.9.1316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial agents are sometimes used as adjuncts for the treatment of aggressive and refractory forms of periodontitis. In this study, we used a culture plate assay to investigate the effect of suboptimal doses of antimicrobial agents on proteinase activity of Porphyromonas gingivalis. METHODS A culture plate assay using gelatin as the substrate, which allows a semiquantitative determination of proteinase activity, was developed. Suboptimal inhibitory concentrations of tetracycline, minocycline, doxycycline, metronidazole, penicillin G, or chlorhexidine were added to the medium, and proteolysis zones were determined following the growth of three strains of P. gingivalis. The effect of antimicrobials on outer membrane vesicle-associated gingipains also was determined. RESULTS The gelatin plate assay was a convenient, simple procedure for investigating the effect of suboptimal inhibitory concentrations of antimicrobial agents on proteinases produced by P. gingivalis. The largest reduction (> 75%) in the proteolysis zones produced by three strains of P. gingivalis was obtained with minocycline. Tetracycline and doxycycline also reduced the proteolysis zones. A suboptimal inhibitory concentration of chlorhexidine increased the proteolysis zones by up to 70%. Metronidazole and penicillin G produced no noticeable effect. The suboptimal inhibitory concentrations of minocycline, tetracycline, and doxycyline did not reduce the activity of outer membrane vesicle-associated Arg- and Lys-gingipains. CONCLUSION Results from this study suggest that sublethal concentrations of some antimicrobial agents in subgingival sites have the potential to affect the physiology of P. gingivalis, notably by increasing or decreasing the proteolytic activity of the bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Grenier
- Oral Ecology Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada.
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Oggioni MR, Memmi G, Maggi T, Chiavolini D, Iannelli F, Pozzi G. Pneumococcal zinc metalloproteinase ZmpC cleaves human matrix metalloproteinase 9 and is a virulence factor in experimental pneumonia. Mol Microbiol 2003; 49:795-805. [PMID: 12864860 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03596.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The ZmpC zinc metalloproteinase of Streptococcus pneumoniae, annotated in the type 4 genome as SP0071, was found to cleave human matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9). The previously described IgA protease activity was confirmed to be specifically linked to the IgA1-protease/SP1154 zinc metalloproteinase. MMP-9 is a protease cleaving extracellular matrix gelatin and collagen and is activated by proteolytic cleavage like most proteases. MMP-9 is a human protease and is involved in a variety of physiological and pathological matrix degrading processes, including tissue invasion of metastases and opening of the blood-brain barrier. While TIGR4 (serotype 4) and G54 (serotype 19) pneumococcal genome strains have a highly conserved copy of zmpC, the genome of R6 (a derivative of serotype 2 D39 strain) lacks zmpC. Both the analysis for zmpC presence and MMP-9 cleavage activity in various pneumococcal strains showed correlation of ZmpC with MMP-9 cleavage activity. When assaying clinical isolates of S. pneumoniae, the zmpC gene was not found in any of the nasal and conjunctival swab isolates, but it was present in 1 out of 13 meningitis isolates and in 6 out of 11 pneumonia isolates. In a murine pneumonia model, infection with a zmpC-mutant reduced mortality at 3-4 days post-infection by 75%, when compared with infection with wild-type strains. These data indicate that the ZmpC pneumococcal protease may play a role in pneumococcal virulence and pathogenicity in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco R Oggioni
- Dipartimento di Biologia Molecolare, Laboratorio di Microbiologia Molecolare e Biotecnologia, Università di Siena, Siena, Italy.
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Houle MA, Grenier D, Plamondon P, Nakayama K. The collagenase activity of Porphyromonas gingivalis is due to Arg-gingipain. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2003; 221:181-5. [PMID: 12725924 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1097(03)00178-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Degradation of type I collagen by Porphyromonas gingivalis was monitored by fluorogenic, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and growth assays. All three assays showed that inactivation of both the rgpA and rgpB genes was necessary to completely eliminate the capacity of P. gingivalis to cleave type I collagen. Leupeptin, an Arg-gingipain-specific protease inhibitor, almost completely inhibited collagen degradation by P. gingivalis cells whereas cathepsin B inhibitor II, a Lys-gingipain inhibitor, did not. A purified preparation of Arg-gingipains A and B hydrolyzed gelatin but did not cleave type I collagen, suggesting that the enzymes must be attached to the cell surface to exert collagenase activity. A number of substances used as adjuncts in periodontal therapy were also tested for their capacity to inhibit collagenase activity of P. gingivalis. Tetracycline, doxycycline, and chlorhexidine strongly inhibited collagenase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Andrée Houle
- Groupe de Recherche en Ecologie Buccale, Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, Cité universitaire, Québec, QC, Canada
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