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Amelogenin-Derived Peptides in Bone Regeneration: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179224. [PMID: 34502132 PMCID: PMC8431254 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Amelogenins are enamel matrix proteins currently used to treat bone defects in periodontal surgery. Recent studies have highlighted the relevance of amelogenin-derived peptides, named LRAP, TRAP, SP, and C11, in bone tissue engineering. Interestingly, these peptides seem to maintain or even improve the biological activity of the full-length protein, which has received attention in the field of bone regeneration. In this article, the authors combined a systematic and a narrative review. The former is focused on the existing scientific evidence on LRAP, TRAP, SP, and C11's ability to induce the production of mineralized extracellular matrix, while the latter is concentrated on the structure and function of amelogenin and amelogenin-derived peptides. Overall, the collected data suggest that LRAP and SP are able to induce stromal stem cell differentiation towards osteoblastic phenotypes; specifically, SP seems to be more reliable in bone regenerative approaches due to its osteoinduction and the absence of immunogenicity. However, even if some evidence is convincing, the limited number of studies and the scarcity of in vivo studies force us to wait for further investigations before drawing a solid final statement on the real potential of amelogenin-derived peptides in bone tissue engineering.
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Cold Atmospheric Plasma Promotes Regeneration-Associated Cell Functions of Murine Cementoblasts In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105280. [PMID: 34067898 PMCID: PMC8156616 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to examine the efficacy of cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) on the mineralization and cell proliferation of murine dental cementoblasts. Cells were treated with CAP and enamel matrix derivates (EMD). Gene expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bone gamma-carboxyglutamate protein (BGLAP), periostin (POSTN), osteopontin (OPN), osterix (OSX), collagen type I alpha 1 chain (COL1A1), dentin matrix acidic phosphoprotein (DMP)1, RUNX family transcription factor (RUNX)2, and marker of proliferation Ki-67 (KI67) was quantified by real-time PCR. Protein expression was analyzed by immunocytochemistry and ELISA. ALP activity was determined by ALP assay. Von Kossa and alizarin red staining were used to display mineralization. Cell viability was analyzed by XTT assay, and morphological characterization was performed by DAPI/phalloidin staining. Cell migration was quantified with an established scratch assay. CAP and EMD upregulated both mRNA and protein synthesis of ALP, POSTN, and OPN. Additionally, DMP1 and COL1A1 were upregulated at both gene and protein levels. In addition to upregulated RUNX2 mRNA levels, treated cells mineralized more intensively. Moreover, CAP treatment resulted in an upregulation of KI67, higher cell viability, and improved cell migration. Our study shows that CAP appears to have stimulatory effects on regeneration-associated cell functions in cementoblasts.
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Gil-Bona A, Bidlack FB. Tooth Enamel and its Dynamic Protein Matrix. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124458. [PMID: 32585904 PMCID: PMC7352428 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tooth enamel is the outer covering of tooth crowns, the hardest material in the mammalian body, yet fracture resistant. The extremely high content of 95 wt% calcium phosphate in healthy adult teeth is achieved through mineralization of a proteinaceous matrix that changes in abundance and composition. Enamel-specific proteins and proteases are known to be critical for proper enamel formation. Recent proteomics analyses revealed many other proteins with their roles in enamel formation yet to be unraveled. Although the exact protein composition of healthy tooth enamel is still unknown, it is apparent that compromised enamel deviates in amount and composition of its organic material. Why these differences affect both the mineralization process before tooth eruption and the properties of erupted teeth will become apparent as proteomics protocols are adjusted to the variability between species, tooth size, sample size and ephemeral organic content of forming teeth. This review summarizes the current knowledge and published proteomics data of healthy and diseased tooth enamel, including advancements in forensic applications and disease models in animals. A summary and discussion of the status quo highlights how recent proteomics findings advance our understating of the complexity and temporal changes of extracellular matrix composition during tooth enamel formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Gil-Bona
- The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Correspondence: (A.G.-B.); (F.B.B.)
| | - Felicitas B. Bidlack
- The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Correspondence: (A.G.-B.); (F.B.B.)
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Baranova J, Büchner D, Götz W, Schulze M, Tobiasch E. Tooth Formation: Are the Hardest Tissues of Human Body Hard to Regenerate? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4031. [PMID: 32512908 PMCID: PMC7312198 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
With increasing life expectancy, demands for dental tissue and whole-tooth regeneration are becoming more significant. Despite great progress in medicine, including regenerative therapies, the complex structure of dental tissues introduces several challenges to the field of regenerative dentistry. Interdisciplinary efforts from cellular biologists, material scientists, and clinical odontologists are being made to establish strategies and find the solutions for dental tissue regeneration and/or whole-tooth regeneration. In recent years, many significant discoveries were done regarding signaling pathways and factors shaping calcified tissue genesis, including those of tooth. Novel biocompatible scaffolds and polymer-based drug release systems are under development and may soon result in clinically applicable biomaterials with the potential to modulate signaling cascades involved in dental tissue genesis and regeneration. Approaches for whole-tooth regeneration utilizing adult stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, or tooth germ cells transplantation are emerging as promising alternatives to overcome existing in vitro tissue generation hurdles. In this interdisciplinary review, most recent advances in cellular signaling guiding dental tissue genesis, novel functionalized scaffolds and drug release material, various odontogenic cell sources, and methods for tooth regeneration are discussed thus providing a multi-faceted, up-to-date, and illustrative overview on the tooth regeneration matter, alongside hints for future directions in the challenging field of regenerative dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Baranova
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes 748, Vila Universitária, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil;
| | - Dominik Büchner
- Department of Natural Sciences, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, von-Liebig-Straße 20, 53359 Rheinbach, NRW, Germany; (D.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Werner Götz
- Oral Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthodontics, Dental Hospital of the University of Bonn, Welschnonnenstraße 17, 53111 Bonn, NRW, Germany;
| | - Margit Schulze
- Department of Natural Sciences, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, von-Liebig-Straße 20, 53359 Rheinbach, NRW, Germany; (D.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Edda Tobiasch
- Department of Natural Sciences, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, von-Liebig-Straße 20, 53359 Rheinbach, NRW, Germany; (D.B.); (M.S.)
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Shaikh MS, Ullah R, Lone MA, Matabdin H, Khan F, Zafar MS. Periodontal regeneration: a bibliometric analysis of the most influential studies. Regen Med 2020; 14:1121-1136. [PMID: 31957597 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2019-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim of the present study is to identify the most influential research articles and their main characteristics in the specialty of periodontal regeneration. Materials & methods: The Web of Science database advance search was performed in the subject category of 'Dentistry, Oral surgery and medicine' from January 2004 to October 2018 to retrieve citations data. Results: The majority of the articles were published in journals dedicated to the specialty of periodontology. Among the top-cited articles most emphasized study types were randomized control trials (n = 25) and reviews (n = 20). Conclusion: The present bibliometric analysis provides comprehensive information regarding the contributions made in the advancement of regenerative periodontal research. The authors from developed countries and affiliated with interdisciplinary/multicenter institutions have predominantly contributed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad S Shaikh
- Department of Oral Biology, Sindh Institute of Oral Health Sciences, Jinnah Sindh Medical University Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Rizwan Ullah
- Department of Oral Biology, Sindh Institute of Oral Health Sciences, Jinnah Sindh Medical University Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Mohid A Lone
- Department of Oral Pathology, Sindh Institute of Oral Health Sciences, Jinnah Sindh Medical University Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Hesham Matabdin
- Department of Periodontics, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Fahad Khan
- Faculty of Healthcare & Medical Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University Cambridge, UK
| | - Muhammad S Zafar
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Taibah University, Madina Munawwarra, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Dental Materials, Islamic International Dental College, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Martins L, Amorim BR, Salmon CR, Leme AFP, Kantovitz KR, Nociti FH. Novel LRAP-binding partner revealing the plasminogen activation system as a regulator of cementoblast differentiation and mineral nodule formation in vitro. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:4545-4558. [PMID: 31621902 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Amelogenin isoforms, including full-length amelogenin (AMEL) and leucine-rich amelogenin peptide (LRAP), are major components of the enamel matrix, and are considered as signaling molecules in epithelial-mesenchymal interactions regulating tooth development and periodontal regeneration. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms involved are still poorly understood. The aim of the present study was to identify novel binding partners for amelogenin isoforms in the cementoblast (OCCM-30), using an affinity purification assay (GST pull-down) followed by mass spectrometry and immunoblotting. Protein-protein interaction analysis for AMEL and LRAP evidenced the plasminogen activation system (PAS) as a potential player regulating OCCM-30 response to amelogenin isoforms. For functional assays, PAS was either activated (plasmin) or inhibited (ε-aminocaproic acid [aminocaproic]) in OCCM-30 cells and the cell morphology, mineral nodule formation, and gene expression were assessed. PAS inhibition (EACA 100 mM) dramatically decreased mineral nodule formation and expression of OCCM-30 differentiation markers, including osteocalcin (Bglap), bone sialoprotein (Ibsp), osteopontin (Spp1), tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (Alpl) and collagen type I (Col1a1), and had no effect on runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) and Osterix (Osx) mRNA levels. PAS activation (plasmin 5 µg/µl) significantly increased Col1a1 and decreased Bglap mRNA levels (p < .05). Together, our findings shed new light on the potential role of plasminogen signaling pathway in the control of the amelogenin isoform-mediated response in cementoblasts and provide new insights into the development of targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciane Martins
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Division of Periodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruna Rabelo Amorim
- Laboratory of Oral Histopathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Ribeiro Salmon
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Division of Periodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.,UNIP, Dental Research Division, School of Dentistry, Paulista University, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriana Franco Paes Leme
- LNBio, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Kamila Rosamilia Kantovitz
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.,Department of Dental Materials, São Leopoldo Mandic School of Dentistry and Research Center, São Leopoldo Mandic College, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Francisco Humberto Nociti
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Division of Periodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
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El Gezawi M, Wölfle UC, Haridy R, Fliefel R, Kaisarly D. Remineralization, Regeneration, and Repair of Natural Tooth Structure: Influences on the Future of Restorative Dentistry Practice. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:4899-4919. [PMID: 33455239 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b00591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Currently, the principal strategy for the treatment of carious defects involves cavity preparations followed by the restoration of natural tooth structure with a synthetic material of inferior biomechanical and esthetic qualities and with questionable long-term clinical reliability of the interfacial bonds. Consequently, prevention and minimally invasive dentistry are considered basic approaches for the preservation of sound tooth structure. Moreover, conventional periodontal therapies do not always ensure predictable outcomes or completely restore the integrity of the periodontal ligament complex that has been lost due to periodontitis. Much effort and comprehensive research have been undertaken to mimic the natural development and biomineralization of teeth to regenerate and repair natural hard dental tissues and restore the integrity of the periodontium. Regeneration of the dentin-pulp tissue has faced several challenges, starting with the basic concerns of clinical applicability. Recent technologies and multidisciplinary approaches in tissue engineering and nanotechnology, as well as the use of modern strategies for stem cell recruitment, synthesis of effective biodegradable scaffolds, molecular signaling, gene therapy, and 3D bioprinting, have resulted in impressive outcomes that may revolutionize the practice of restorative dentistry. This Review covers the current approaches and technologies for remineralization, regeneration, and repair of natural tooth structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moataz El Gezawi
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34221, Saudi Arabia
| | - Uta Christine Wölfle
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Rasha Haridy
- Department of Clinical Dental Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 11553, Egypt
| | - Riham Fliefel
- Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine (ExperiMed), University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21526, Egypt
| | - Dalia Kaisarly
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany.,Biomaterials Department, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 11553, Egypt
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Takahashi A, Morita T, Murata K, Minowa E, Jahan A, Saito M, Tanimura A. Effects of full-length human amelogenin on the differentiation of dental epithelial cells and osteoblastic cells. Arch Oral Biol 2019; 107:104479. [PMID: 31330473 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Amelogenins are major components of extracellular matrix proteins in developing teeth, and regulate the growth of enamel crystals. They also function as signaling molecules in cell differentiation. This study aimed to determine the biological effects of amelogenins on the differentiation of HAT-7 dental epithelial cells and MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblastic cells using full-length recombinant human amelogenin (rh-AMEL). DESIGN rh-AMEL was expressed in a mammalian cell line (Expi293F™) and was purified by DDK agarose beads. Effects of rh-AMEL on differentiation were evaluated by Mineralization and Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity using Alizarin Red S staining and colorimetric substrate p-nitrophenol, respectively. RESULTS Western blotting and silver staining confirmed the successful purification of rh-AMEL. Mineralization and ALP activity in HAT-7 cells were significantly higher after treatment with 4 μg/mL rh-AMEL, but not after treatment with Emdogain® (EMD). In MC3T3-E1 cells, on the other hand, rh-AMEL showed biphasic effects on differentiation. Treatment with low concentrations of rh-AMEL (0.001-0.1 μg/mL) and EMD (0.01-1 μg/mL) increased mineralization and ALP activity in MC3T3-E1 cells, whereas treatment with high concentrations of rh-AMEL (4 μg/mL) and EMD (100 μg/mL) had the opposite effect. CONCLUSION High concentrations of rh-AMEL and EMD decreased the differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells. By contrast, a high concentration of rh-AMEL, but not that of EMD, promoted the differentiation of HAT-7 cells. This study demonstrates that the effects of rh-AMEL on cell differentiation differ between HAT-7 and MC3T3-E1 cells, and suggests that different regions on AMEL may induce the differentiation of these cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Takahashi
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan
| | - Takao Morita
- Department of Biochemistry, Nippon Dental University, School of Life Dentistry at Niigata, Niigata, 1-8, Hamauracho, Chuo-ku, Niigata-Shi, Niigata, 951-8580, Japan
| | - Kaori Murata
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan
| | - Erika Minowa
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan
| | - Azmeree Jahan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan
| | - Masato Saito
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan
| | - Akihiko Tanimura
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan.
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Mounir MMF, Farsi JMA, Alhazzazi TY, Matar MA, El-Housseiny AA. Characterization of the apical bridge barrier formed following amelogenin apexification. BMC Oral Health 2018; 18:201. [PMID: 30514371 PMCID: PMC6280449 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-018-0641-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recombinant amelogenin protein (RAP) is reported to induce complete root apex formation in dog model when used as apexification therapy. It also induces pulp regeneration in 85% of the treated group. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the nature of the remaining regenerated calcified tissues of the RAP group that showed no pulp regeneration compared to the calcium hydroxide treated group (CH). Methods A total of 240 dogs’ open apex root canals were used, after establishment of canals contamination. Canals were cleaned, irrigated, and filled with RAP as an apexification material and compared with CH. Treated teeth were assessed by H&E, trichrome staining, and/or immunohistochemistry technique, at 1, 3, and 6 months. Results A time-dependent increase in the calcified tissue barrier was observed in the apex of the RAP-treated group compared to the CH-treated group. The newly formed dentin in this RAP group was mainly tubular dentin and was functionally attached to the bone by periodontal ligament, while the CH group showed dentin-associated mineralized tissue (DAMT) associated with the newly formed apical barrier. Conclusions Out results suggest that RAP can be used as novel apexification material, resulting in a thickening and strengthening of the canal walls, and achieving apical closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha M F Mounir
- Department of Diagnostic Oral Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Dentistry, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. .,Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Jamila M A Farsi
- Department of Oral Biology, King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Dentistry, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Turki Y Alhazzazi
- Department of Oral Biology, King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Dentistry, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moustafa A Matar
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Pharos University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Azza A El-Housseiny
- Pediatric Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Pediatric Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Wang HH, Sarmast ND, Shadmehr E, Angelov N, Shabahang S, Torabinejad M. Application of Enamel Matrix Derivative (Emdogain) in Endodontic Therapy: A Comprehensive Literature Review. J Endod 2018; 44:1066-1079. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Recombinant amelogenin regulates the bioactivity of mouse cementoblasts in vitro. Int J Oral Sci 2018; 10:15. [PMID: 29748557 PMCID: PMC5966809 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-018-0010-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2016] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Amelogenin (AMG) is a cell adhesion molecule that has an important role in the mineralization of enamel and regulates events during dental development and root formation. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of recombinant human AMG (rhAMG) on mineralized tissue-associated genes in cementoblasts. Immortalized mouse cementoblasts (OCCM-30) were treated with different concentrations (0.1, 1, 10, 100, 1000, 10,000, 100,000 ng · mL-1) of recombinant human AMG (rhAMG) and analyzed for proliferation, mineralization and mRNA expression of bone sialoprotein (BSP), osteocalcin (OCN), collagen type I (COL I), osteopontin (OPN), runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), cementum attachment protein (CAP), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) genes using quantitative RT-PCR. The dose response of rhAMG was evaluated using a real-time cell analyzer. Total RNA was isolated on day 3, and cell mineralization was assessed using von Kossa staining on day 8. COL I, OPN and lysosomal-associated membrane protein-1 (LAMP-1), which is a cell surface binding site for amelogenin, were evaluated using immunocytochemistry. F-actin bundles were imaged using confocal microscopy. rhAMG at a concentration of 100,000 ng · mL-1 increased cell proliferation after 72 h compared to the other concentrations and the untreated control group. rhAMG (100,000 ng · mL-1) upregulated BSP and OCN mRNA expression levels eightfold and fivefold, respectively. rhAMG at a concentration of 100,000 ng · mL-1 remarkably enhanced LAMP-1 staining in cementoblasts. Increased numbers of mineralized nodules were observed at concentrations of 10,000 and 100,000 ng · mL-1 rhAMG. The present data suggest that rhAMG is a potent regulator of gene expression in cementoblasts and support the potential application of rhAMG in therapies aimed at fast regeneration of damaged periodontal tissue. A protein with its roots in dental development stimulates the proliferation and gene expression of cells linked to regeneration. Amelogenin is a mediator of enamel and tooth root formation, and the main component of a recently-developed medicine for periodontal regeneration. An international research group led by Sema Hakki, of Selcuk University, Turkey, has now elucidated the effects of amelogenin on cementoblasts, a type of cell responsible for producing the vital, mineralized layer on surface of the tooth root. Hakki’s team found that the bacteria-derived amelogenin increased the rate of mouse cementoblast proliferation and mineralization in vitro, and increased the expression of genes related to bone and tissue generation. The team also demonstrated the presence of a likely amelogenin receptor on the cells used in their study. These findings support further investigation into amelogenin’s therapeutic potential.
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12
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Yamazaki H, Beniash E, Yamakoshi Y, Simmer JP, Margolis HC. Protein Phosphorylation and Mineral Binding Affect the Secondary Structure of the Leucine-Rich Amelogenin Peptide. Front Physiol 2017; 8:450. [PMID: 28706493 PMCID: PMC5489624 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we have shown that serine-16 phosphorylation in native full-length porcine amelogenin (P173) and the Leucine-Rich Amelogenin Peptide (LRAP(+P)), an alternative amelogenin splice product, affects protein assembly and mineralization in vitro. Notably, P173 and LRAP(+P) stabilize amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) and inhibit hydroxyapatite (HA) formation, while non-phosphorylated counterparts (rP172, LRAP(-P)) guide the growth of ordered bundles of HA crystals. Based on these findings, we hypothesize that the phosphorylation of full-length amelogenin and LRAP induces conformational changes that critically affect its capacity to interact with forming calcium phosphate mineral phases. To test this hypothesis, we have utilized Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to determine the secondary structure of LRAP(-P) and LRAP(+P) in the absence/presence of calcium and selected mineral phases relevant to amelogenesis; i.e., hydroxyapatite (HA: an enamel crystal prototype) and (ACP: an enamel crystal precursor phase). Aqueous solutions of LRAP(-P) or LRAP(+P) were prepared with or without 7.5 mM of CaCl2 at pH 7.4. FTIR spectra of each solution were obtained using attenuated total reflectance, and amide-I peaks were analyzed to provide secondary structure information. Secondary structures of LRAP(+P) and LRAP(-P) were similarly assessed following incubation with suspensions of HA and pyrophosphate-stabilized ACP. Amide I spectra of LRAP(-P) and LRAP(+P) were found to be distinct from each other in all cases. Spectra analyses showed that LRAP(-P) is comprised mostly of random coil and β-sheet, while LRAP(+P) exhibits more β-sheet and α-helix with little random coil. With added Ca, the random coil content increased in LRAP(-P), while LRAP(+P) exhibited a decrease in α-helix components. Incubation of LRAP(-P) with HA or ACP resulted in comparable increases in β-sheet structure. Notably, however, LRAP(+P) secondary structure was more affected by ACP, primarily showing an increase in β-sheet structure, compared to that observed with added HA. These collective findings indicate that phosphorylation induces unique secondary structural changes that may enhance the functional capacity of native phosphorylated amelogenins like LRAP to stabilize an ACP precursor phase during early stages of enamel mineral formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Yamazaki
- Center for Biomineralization, The Forsyth InstituteCambridge, MA, United States.,Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental MedicineBoston, MA, United States
| | - Elia Beniash
- Department of Oral Biology, Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of PittsburghPittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Yasuo Yamakoshi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi UniversityYokohama, Japan
| | - James P Simmer
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of DentistryAnn Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Henry C Margolis
- Center for Biomineralization, The Forsyth InstituteCambridge, MA, United States.,Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental MedicineBoston, MA, United States
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Matsuda Y, Hatakeyama Y, Nakashima K, Kamogashira N, Hatakeyama J, Tamaoki S, Sawa Y, Ishikawa H. Effects of a Chemically Synthesized Leucine-Rich Amelogenin Peptide (csLRAP) on Chondrogenic and Osteogenic Cells. J HARD TISSUE BIOL 2017. [DOI: 10.2485/jhtb.26.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Junko Hatakeyama
- Section of Operative Dentistry and Endodontology, Fukuoka Dental College
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14
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Wang L, Hu H, Cheng Y, Chen J, Bao C, Zou S, Wu G. Screening the Expression Changes in MicroRNAs and Their Target Genes in Mature Cementoblasts Stimulated with Cyclic Tensile Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17122024. [PMID: 27941605 PMCID: PMC5187824 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17122024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cementum is a thin layer of cementoblast-produced mineralized tissue covering the root surfaces of teeth. Mechanical forces, which are produced during masticatory activity, play a paramount role in stimulating cementoblastogenesis, which thereby facilitates the maintenance, remodeling and integrity of cementum. However, hitherto, the extent to which a post-transcriptional modulation mechanism is involved in this process has rarely been reported. In this study, a mature murine cementoblast cell line OCCM-30 cells (immortalized osteocalcin positive cementoblasts) was cultured and subjected to cyclic tensile stress (0.5 Hz, 2000 µstrain). We showed that the cyclic tensile stress could not only rearrange the cell alignment, but also influence the proliferation in an S-shaped manner. Furthermore, cyclic tensile stress could significantly promote cementoblastogenesis-related genes, proteins and mineralized nodules. From the miRNA array analyses, we found that 60 and 103 miRNAs were significantly altered 6 and 18 h after the stimulation using cyclic tensile stress, respectively. Based on a literature review and bioinformatics analyses, we found that miR-146b-5p and its target gene Smad4 play an important role in this procedure. The upregulation of miR-146b-5p and downregulation of Smad4 induced by the tensile stress were further confirmed by qRT-PCR. The direct binding of miR-146b-5p to the three prime untranslated region (3' UTR) of Smad4 was established using a dual-luciferase reporter assay. Taken together, these results suggest an important involvement of miR-146b-5p and its target gene Smad4 in the cementoblastogenesis of mature cementoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, 3rd Section, South Renmin Road, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Haikun Hu
- China Dental Implantology Center, West China Dental Implantology Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 75 Xiaotianzhu Street, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Ye Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, 3rd Section, South Renmin Road, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Jianwei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, 3rd Section, South Renmin Road, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Chongyun Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, 3rd Section, South Renmin Road, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Shujuan Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, 3rd Section, South Renmin Road, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Oral Implantology and Prosthetic Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), VU University Amsterdam and University of Amsterdam, MOVE Research Institute, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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15
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Martins L, Leme AFP, Kantovitz KR, de Luciane Martins EN, Sallum EA, Casati MZ, Nociti FH. Leucine-Rich Amelogenin Peptide (LRAP) Uptake by Cementoblast Requires Flotillin-1 Mediated Endocytosis. J Cell Physiol 2016; 232:556-565. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luciane Martins
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics; Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas-UNICAMP; Piracicaba, Sao Paulo Brazil
| | | | - Kamila Rosamilia Kantovitz
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School; University of Campinas-UNICAMP; Piracicaba, Sao Paulo Brazil
| | | | - Enilson Antonio Sallum
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics; Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas-UNICAMP; Piracicaba, Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Márcio Zaffalon Casati
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics; Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas-UNICAMP; Piracicaba, Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Francisco Humberto Nociti
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics; Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas-UNICAMP; Piracicaba, Sao Paulo Brazil
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16
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Kunimatsu R, Yoshimi Y, Hirose N, Awada T, Miyauchi M, Takata T, Li W, Zhu L, Denbesten P, Tanimoto K. The C-terminus of amelogenin enhances osteogenic differentiation of human cementoblast lineage cells. J Periodontal Res 2016; 52:218-224. [DOI: 10.1111/jre.12384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Kunimatsu
- Department of Orthodontics; Applied Life Sciences; Hiroshima University; Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences; Hiroshima Japan
| | - Y. Yoshimi
- Department of Orthodontics; Applied Life Sciences; Hiroshima University; Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences; Hiroshima Japan
| | - N. Hirose
- Department of Orthodontics; Applied Life Sciences; Hiroshima University; Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences; Hiroshima Japan
| | - T. Awada
- Department of Orthodontics; Applied Life Sciences; Hiroshima University; Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences; Hiroshima Japan
| | - M. Miyauchi
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial and Pathobiology; Basic Life Sciences; Hiroshima University; Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences; Hiroshima Japan
| | - T. Takata
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial and Pathobiology; Basic Life Sciences; Hiroshima University; Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences; Hiroshima Japan
| | - W. Li
- Department of Orofacial Sciences; University of California; San Francisco CA USA
| | - L. Zhu
- Department of Orofacial Sciences; University of California; San Francisco CA USA
| | - P.K. Denbesten
- Department of Orofacial Sciences; University of California; San Francisco CA USA
| | - K. Tanimoto
- Department of Orthodontics; Applied Life Sciences; Hiroshima University; Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences; Hiroshima Japan
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17
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Mounir MMF, Matar MA, Lei Y, Snead ML. Recombinant Amelogenin Protein Induces Apical Closure and Pulp Regeneration in Open-apex, Nonvital Permanent Canine Teeth. J Endod 2016; 42:402-12. [PMID: 26709200 PMCID: PMC4766029 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recombinant DNA-produced amelogenin protein was compared with calcium hydroxide in a study of immature apex closure conducted in 24 young mongrel dogs. METHODS Root canals of maxillary and mandibular right premolars (n = 240) were instrumented and left open for 14 days. Canals were cleansed, irrigated, and split equally for treatment with recombinant mouse amelogenin (n = 120) or calcium hydroxide (n = 120). RESULTS After 1, 3, and 6 months, the animals were sacrificed and the treated teeth recovered for histologic assessment and immunodetection of protein markers associated with odontogenic cells. After 1 month, amelogenin-treated canals revealed calcified tissue formed at the apical foramen and a pulp chamber containing soft connective tissue and hard tissue; amelogenin-treated canals assessed after 3- and 6-month intervals further included apical tissue functionally attached to bone by a periodontal ligament. In contrast, calcified apical tissue was poorly formed in the calcium hydroxide group, and soft connective tissue within the pulp chamber was not observed. CONCLUSIONS The findings from this experimental strategy suggest recombinant amelogenin protein can signal cells to enhance apex formation in nonvital immature teeth and promote soft connective tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha M F Mounir
- Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jamaa District, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | | | - Yaping Lei
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry of USC, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Malcolm L Snead
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry of USC, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
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18
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Wang F, Okawa H, Kamano Y, Niibe K, Kayashima H, Osathanon T, Pavasant P, Saeki M, Yatani H, Egusa H. Controlled Osteogenic Differentiation of Mouse Mesenchymal Stem Cells by Tetracycline-Controlled Transcriptional Activation of Amelogenin. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145677. [PMID: 26709694 PMCID: PMC4692545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Regenerative dental therapies for bone tissues rely on efficient targeting of endogenous and transplanted mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to guide bone formation. Amelogenin is the primary component of Emdogain, which is used to regenerate periodontal defects; however, the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects on alveolar bone remain unclear. The tetracycline (Tet)-dependent transcriptional regulatory system is a good candidate to investigate distinct roles of genes of interest during stem cell differentiation. Here, we investigated amelogenin-dependent regulation of osteogenesis in MSCs by establishing a Tet-controlled transcriptional activation system. Clonal mouse bone marrow-derived MSCs were lentivirally transduced with the Tet repressor (TetR) expression vector followed by drug selection to obtain MSCs constitutively expressing TetR (MSCs-TetR). Expression vectors that contained the Tet operator and amelogenin-coding (Amelx) cDNA fragments were constructed using the Gateway system and lentivirally introduced into MSCs-TetR to generate a Tet regulation system in MSCs (MSCs-TetR/Amelx). MSCs-TetR/Amelx significantly overexpressed the Amelx gene and protein in the presence of the tetracycline derivative doxycycline. Concomitant expression of osterix, bone sialoprotein (BSP), osteopontin, and osteocalcin was modulated by addition or removal of doxycycline under osteogenic guidance. During osteogenic induction, MSCs-TetR/Amelx treated with doxycycline showed significantly increased gene expression of osterix, type I collagen, BSP, and osteocalcin in addition to increased alkaline phosphatase activity and mineralized nodule formation. Enhanced extracellular matrix calcification was observed when forced Amelx expression commenced at the early stage but not at the intermediate or late stages of osteogenesis. These results suggest that a Tet-controlled Amelx gene regulation system for mouse MSCs was successfully established, in which transcriptional activation of Amelx was associated with enhanced osteogenic differentiation, especially in the early stage of biomineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Wang
- Department of Fixed Prosthodontics, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroko Okawa
- Department of Fixed Prosthodontics, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Division of Molecular and Regenerative Prosthodontics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yuya Kamano
- Division of Molecular and Regenerative Prosthodontics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kunimichi Niibe
- Division of Molecular and Regenerative Prosthodontics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kayashima
- Department of Fixed Prosthodontics, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Thanaphum Osathanon
- Research Unit of Mineralized Tissue, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Prasit Pavasant
- Research Unit of Mineralized Tissue, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Makio Saeki
- Division of Dental Pharmacology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Yatani
- Department of Fixed Prosthodontics, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Egusa
- Department of Fixed Prosthodontics, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Division of Molecular and Regenerative Prosthodontics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- * E-mail:
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19
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Stahl J, Nakano Y, Horst J, Zhu L, Le M, Zhang Y, Liu H, Li W, Den Besten PK. Exon4 amelogenin transcripts in enamel biomineralization. J Dent Res 2015; 94:836-42. [PMID: 25792521 PMCID: PMC4485327 DOI: 10.1177/0022034515577412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Amelogenins are proteins formed by alternative splicing of the amelogenin gene, and are essential for tooth enamel formation. However, the unique functions of various alternatively spliced amelogenins in enamel formation are not well understood. In this study, we determined the spatiotemporal location of amelogenins derived from transcripts containing exon4 (AMG+4) in the enamel matrix, and the relative binding of recombinant AMG+4 to hydroxyapatite (HAP). Immunohistochemistry and mass spectrometry analyses showed that AMG+4 proteins were secreted into the enamel matrix at the early maturation stage. A stage-specific increase in the synthesis of AMG+4 was further supported by our observation that in mice overexpressing leucine-rich amelogenin peptide (TgLRAP), in which ameloblasts differentiate earlier, AMG+4 transcripts were also upregulated earlier. In vitro binding studies, supported by in silico modeling of protein binding to calcium and phosphate, showed that more recombinant AMG+4 bound to hydroxyapatite (HAP) as compared with recombinant AMG-4. The temporal and spatial localization of amelogenins containing exon4 peptide, and their functional differences in HAP binding, suggests that the unique properties of amelogenins containing exon4 cause a specific enhancement of biomineralization related to stabilization of early-formed HAP at the maturation stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Stahl
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, USA Maxillofacial Injury and Disease Department, Naval Medical Research Unit, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Y Nakano
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - J Horst
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - L Zhu
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - M Le
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Y Zhang
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - H Liu
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences & Sandler-Moore Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - W Li
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - P K Den Besten
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, USA
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20
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Shafiei F, Hossein BG, Farajollahi MM, Fathollah M, Marjan B, Tahereh JK. Leucine-rich amelogenin peptide (LRAP) as a surface primer for biomimetic remineralization of superficial enamel defects: An in vitro study. SCANNING 2015; 37:179-185. [PMID: 25676352 DOI: 10.1002/sca.21196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study was carried out to obtain more information about the assembly of hydroxyapatite bundles formed in the presence of Leucine-Rich Amelogenin Peptide (LRAP) and to evaluate its effect on the remineralization of enamel defects through a biomimetic approach. One or 2 mg/mL LRAP solutions containing 2.5 mM of Ca(+2) and 1.5 mM phosphate were prepared (pH = 7.2) and stored at 37 °C for 24 h. The products of the reaction were studied using atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and selected area electron diffraction (SAED). Vickers surface microhardness recovery (SMR%) of acid-etched bovine enamel, with or without LRAP surface treatment, were calculated to evaluate the influence of peptide on the lesion remineralization. Distilled water and 1 or 2 mg/mL LRAP solution (pH = 7.2) were applied on the lesions and the specimens were incubated in mineralization solution (2.5mM Ca(+2) , 1.5mM PO4 (-3) , pH = 7.2) for 24 h. One-way ANOVA and Tukey's multi-comparison tests were used for statistical analysis. The pattern of enamel surface repair was studied using FE-SEM. AFM showed the formation of highly organized hierarchical structures, composed of hydroxyapatite (HA) crystals, similar to the dental enamel microstructure. ANOVA procedure showed significant effect of peptide treatment on the calculated SMR% (p < 0.001). Tukey's test revealed that peptide treated groups had significantly higher values of SMR%. In conclusion, LRAP is able to regulate the formation of HA and enhances the remineralization of acid-etched enamel as a surface treatment agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Shafiei
- Department of Dental Biomaterials, School of Dentistry/Research Center for Science and Technology in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Northern Kargar str., Hakim Highway, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bagheri G Hossein
- Department of Dental Biomaterials, School of Dentistry/Research Center for Science and Technology in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Northern Kargar str., Hakim Highway, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad M Farajollahi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medicine/Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Hemmat Highway, Tehran, Iran
| | - Moztarzadeh Fathollah
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering (Center of Excellence), Amirkabir University of Technology, Biomaterials Group, Amirkabir University of Technology, Hafez str., Tehran, Iran
| | - Behroozibakhsh Marjan
- Department of Dental Biomaterials, School of Dentistry/Research Center for Science and Technology in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Northern Kargar str., Hakim Highway, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jafarzadeh Kashi Tahereh
- Department of Dental Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, Iranian Tissue Bank & Research Center, Research Center for Science and Technology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Northern Kargar str., Hakim Highway, Tehran, Iran
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21
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Wyganowska-Świątkowska M, Urbaniak P, Nohawica MM, Kotwicka M, Jankun J. Enamel matrix proteins exhibit growth factor activity: A review of evidence at the cellular and molecular levels. Exp Ther Med 2015; 9:2025-2033. [PMID: 26161150 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Enamel matrix derivative (EMD) is a commercially available protein extract, mainly comprising amelogenins. A number of other polypeptides have been identified in EMD, mostly growth factors, which promote cementogenesis and osteogenesis during the regeneration processes through the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation and activity; however, not all of their functions are clear. Enamel extracts have been proposed to have numerous activities such as bone morphogenetic protein- and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)-like activity, and activities similar to those of insulin-like growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor and epidermal growth factor. These activities have been observed at the molecular and cellular levels and in numerous animal models. Furthermore, it has been suggested that EMD contains an unidentified biologically active factor that acts in combination with TGF-β1, and several studies have reported functional similarities between growth factors and TGF-β in cellular processes. The effects of enamel extracts on the cell cycle and biology are summarized and discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paulina Urbaniak
- Department of Cell Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań 60-806, Poland
| | | | - Małgorzata Kotwicka
- Department of Cell Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań 60-806, Poland
| | - Jerzy Jankun
- Department of Urology, Urology Research Centre, College of Medicine, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA ; Protein Research Chair, Department of Biochemistry, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia ; Department of Clinical Nutrition, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk 80-211, Poland
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22
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Tarasevich BJ, Philo JS, Maluf NK, Krueger S, Buchko GW, Lin G, Shaw WJ. The leucine-rich amelogenin protein (LRAP) is primarily monomeric and unstructured in physiological solution. J Struct Biol 2015; 190:81-91. [PMID: 25449314 PMCID: PMC4400868 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Amelogenin proteins are critical to the formation of enamel in teeth and may have roles in controlling growth and regulating microstructures of the intricately woven hydroxyapatite (HAP). Leucine-rich amelogenin protein (LRAP) is a 59-residue splice variant of amelogenin and contains the N- and C-terminal charged regions of the full-length protein thought to control crystal growth. Although the quaternary structure of full-length amelogenin in solution has been well studied and can consist of self-assemblies of monomers called nanospheres, there is limited information on the quaternary structure of LRAP. Here, sedimentation velocity analytical ultracentrifugation (SV) and small angle neutron scattering (SANS) were used to study the tertiary and quaternary structure of LRAP at various pH values, ionic strengths, and concentrations. We found that the monomer is the dominant species of phosphorylated LRAP (LRAP(+P)) over a range of solution conditions (pH 2.7-4.1, pH 4.5-8, 50 mmol/L(mM) to 200 mM NaCl, 0.065-2 mg/mL). The monomer is also the dominant species for unphosphorylated LRAP (LRAP(-P)) at pH 7.4 and for LRAP(+P) in the presence of 2.5 mM calcium at pH 7.4. LRAP aggregates in a narrow pH range near the isoelectric point of pH 4.1. SV and SANS show that the LRAP monomer has a radius of ∼2.0 nm and an asymmetric structure, and solution NMR studies indicate that the monomer is largely unstructured. This work provides new insights into the secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure of LRAP in solution and provides evidence that the monomeric species may be an important functional form of some amelogenins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John S Philo
- Alliance Protein Laboratories, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - Nasib Karl Maluf
- Alliance Protein Laboratories, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - Susan Krueger
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, United States
| | - Garry W Buchko
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, United States
| | - Genyao Lin
- WSP Chemicals & Technology, LLC, Leetsdale, PA 15056, United States
| | - Wendy J Shaw
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, United States
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23
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Arzate H, Zeichner-David M, Mercado-Celis G. Cementum proteins: role in cementogenesis, biomineralization, periodontium formation and regeneration. Periodontol 2000 2014; 67:211-33. [DOI: 10.1111/prd.12062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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24
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Olivares-Navarrete R, Hyzy SL, Almaguer-Flores A, Mauth C, Gemperli AC, Boyan BD, Schwartz Z. Amelogenin Peptide Extract Increases Differentiation and Angiogenic and Local Factor Production and Inhibits Apoptosis in Human Osteoblasts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.5402/2013/347318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Enamel matrix derivative (EMD), a decellularized porcine extracellular matrix (ECM), is used clinically in periodontal tissue regeneration. Amelogenin, EMD’s principal component, spontaneously assembles into nanospheres in vivo, forming an ECM complex that releases proteolytically cleaved peptides. However, the role of amelogenin or amelogenin peptides in mediating osteoblast response to EMD is not clear. Human MG63 osteoblast-like cells or normal human osteoblasts were treated with recombinant human amelogenin or a 5 kDa tyrosine-rich amelogenin peptide (TRAP) isolated from EMD and the effect on osteogenesis, local factor production, and apoptosis assessed. Treated MG63 cells increased alkaline phosphatase specific activity and levels of osteocalcin, osteoprotegerin, prostaglandin E2, and active/latent TGF-β1, an effect sensitive to the effector and concentration. Primary osteoblasts exhibited similar, but less robust, effects. TRAP-rich 5 kDa peptides yielded more mineralization than rhAmelogenin in osteoblasts in vitro. Both amelogenin and 5 kDa peptides protected MG63s from chelerythrine-induced apoptosis. The data suggest that the 5 kDa TRAP-rich sequence is an active amelogenin peptide that regulates osteoblast differentiation and local factor production and prevents osteoblast apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rene Olivares-Navarrete
- School of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 601 West Main Street, Suite 331, Richmond, VA 23284-3068, USA
| | - Sharon L. Hyzy
- School of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 601 West Main Street, Suite 331, Richmond, VA 23284-3068, USA
| | - Argelia Almaguer-Flores
- Facultad de Odontologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510 DF, Mexico
| | - Corinna Mauth
- Institut Straumann AG, Nauenstrasse, 4052 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Barbara D. Boyan
- School of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 601 West Main Street, Suite 331, Richmond, VA 23284-3068, USA
| | - Zvi Schwartz
- School of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 601 West Main Street, Suite 331, Richmond, VA 23284-3068, USA
- Department of Periodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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25
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Stahl J, Nakano Y, Kim SO, Gibson CW, Le T, DenBesten P. Leucine rich amelogenin peptide alters ameloblast differentiation in vivo. Matrix Biol 2013; 32:432-42. [PMID: 23747796 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Highly mineralized tooth enamel develops from an extracellular matrix chiefly comprised of amelogenins formed by splicing of 7 (human) or 9 (rodent) exons secreted from specialized epithelial cells known as ameloblasts. Here we examined the role of the 59 amino acid alternatively spliced amelogenin known as leucine rich amelogenin peptide (LRAP) on enamel formation, using transgenic murine models in which LRAP overexpression is driven by an amelogenin promoter (TgLRAP). Beginning in the secretory stage of mouse amelogenesis, we found a reduced thickness of enamel matrix and a loss of Tomes' processes, followed by upregulated amelogenin mRNA expression, inhibited amelogenin secretion and loss of cell polarity. In the presecretory stage (P0) amelogenin m180 mRNA expression was increased 58 fold along with a 203 fold increase in MMP-20 expression and 3.5 and 3.2 fold increased in respectively enamelin and ameloblastin. When LRAP was overexpressed on an amelogenin knockout mouse model, the ameloblasts were not affected. Further, expression of the global chromatin organizer and transcription factor SATB1 was reduced in secretory stage TgLRAP ameloblasts. These findings identify a cellular role for LRAP in enamel formation that is not directly related to directing enamel crystal formation as is reported to be the primary function of full length amelogenins. The effect of LRAP overexpression in upregulating amelogenins, MMP-20 and SATB1, suggests a role in protein regulation critical to ameloblast secretion and matrix processing, to form a mineralized enamel matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Stahl
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Tarasevich BJ, Perez-Salas U, Masica DL, Philo J, Kienzle P, Krueger S, Majkrzak CF, Gray JL, Shaw WJ. Neutron reflectometry studies of the adsorbed structure of the amelogenin, LRAP. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:3098-109. [PMID: 23477285 PMCID: PMC3634335 DOI: 10.1021/jp311936j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Amelogenins make up over 90% of the protein present during enamel formation and have been demonstrated to be critical in proper enamel development, but the mechanism governing this control is not well understood. Leucine-rich amelogenin peptide (LRAP) is a 59-residue splice variant of amelogenin and contains the charged regions from the full protein thought to control crystal regulation. In this work, we utilized neutron reflectivity (NR) to investigate the structure and orientation of LRAP adsorbed from solutions onto molecularly smooth COOH-terminated self-assembled monolayer (SAM) surfaces. Sedimentation velocity (SV) experiments revealed that LRAP is primarily a monomer in saturated calcium phosphate (SCP) solutions (0.15 M NaCl) at pH 7.4. LRAP adsorbed as ∼32 Å thick layers at ∼70% coverage as determined by NR. Rosetta simulations of the dimensions of LRAP in solution (37 Å diameter) indicate that the NR determined z dimension is consistent with an LRAP monomer. SV experiments and Rosetta simulations show that the LRAP monomer has an extended, asymmetric shape in solution. The NR data suggests that the protein is not completely extended on the surface, having some degree of structure away from the surface. A protein orientation with the C-terminal and inner N-terminal regions (residues ∼8-24) located near the surface is consistent with the higher scattering length density (SLD) found near the surface by NR. This work presents new information on the tertiary and quaternary structure of LRAP in solution and adsorbed onto surfaces. It also presents further evidence that the monomeric species may be an important functional form of amelogenin proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara J Tarasevich
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States.
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Takahashi K, Shimonishi M, Wang R, Watanabe H, Kikuchi M. Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions induce enamel matrix proteins and proteases in the epithelial cells of the rests of Malassez in vitro. Eur J Oral Sci 2012; 120:475-83. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2012.01002.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Takahashi
- Division of Comprehensive Dentistry; Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry; Sendai; Japan
| | - Mitsuru Shimonishi
- Division of Comprehensive Dentistry; Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry; Sendai; Japan
| | - Rui Wang
- Division of Comprehensive Dentistry; Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry; Sendai; Japan
| | - Hiroatsu Watanabe
- Division of Comprehensive Dentistry; Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry; Sendai; Japan
| | - Masahiko Kikuchi
- Division of Comprehensive Dentistry; Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry; Sendai; Japan
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Mitani K, Haruyama N, Hatakeyama J, Igarashi K. Amelogenin splice isoforms stimulate chondrogenic differentiation of ATDC5 cells. Oral Dis 2012; 19:169-79. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2012.01967.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 06/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K Mitani
- Department of Oral Dysfunction Science; Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry; Sendai Japan
| | - N Haruyama
- Department of Oral Dysfunction Science; Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry; Sendai Japan
- Global Centre of Excellence Program; International Research Centre for Molecular Science in Tooth and Bone Diseases; Tokyo Medical and Dental University; Tokyo Japan
| | - J Hatakeyama
- Functional Structure Section; Fukuoka Dental College; Fukuoka Japan
| | - K Igarashi
- Department of Oral Dysfunction Science; Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry; Sendai Japan
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Gibson CW, Li Y, Suggs C, Kuehl MA, Pugach MK, Kulkarni AB, Wright JT. Rescue of the murine amelogenin null phenotype with two amelogenin transgenes. Eur J Oral Sci 2012; 119 Suppl 1:70-4. [PMID: 22243230 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2011.00882.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The amelogenin proteins are required for normal enamel development, and the most abundant amelogenins expressed from alternatively spliced mRNAs are M180 and leucine-rich amelogenin protein (LRAP). The X-Chromosomal Amelogenin (Amelx) null [knockout (KO)] mouse has an enamel defect similar to human X-linked amelogenesis imperfecta. The disorganized enamel layer in KO mice is 10-20% of the thickness of wild-type (WT) enamel and lacks prismatic structures. When the KO mice were mated with mice that express the transgene M180-87, (TgM180-87) partial rescue of the phenotype was observed such that enamel thickness, volume, and density increased. A second transgene was introduced by mating TgM180 KO mice with TgLRAP mice, and male offspring were characterized for genotype and tooth phenotype was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. The molar enamel thickness of TgM180-LRAP KO mice was further increased, and the structure was improved, with a more defined decussation pattern compared with singly rescued mice. We conclude that TgM180 provides significant rescue of the KO phenotype. Although the effectiveness of the LRAP transgene, alone, to rescue is less obvious, the addition of the LRAP transgene to the M180 transgene in KO enamel leads to an added improvement in both amount and structure and thus these transgenes function in a complementary manner. Together, the two most abundant amelogenins lead to the formation of obvious enamel decussation patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn W Gibson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Feng J, McDaniel JS, Chuang HH, Huang O, Rakian A, Xu X, Steffensen B, Donly KJ, MacDougall M, Chen S. Binding of amelogenin to MMP-9 and their co-expression in developing mouse teeth. J Mol Histol 2012; 43:473-85. [PMID: 22648084 PMCID: PMC3460178 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-012-9423-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 04/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Amelogenin is the most abundant matrix protein in enamel. Proper amelogenin processing by proteinases is necessary for its biological functions during amelogenesis. Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) is responsible for the turnover of matrix components. The relationship between MMP-9 and amelogenin during tooth development remains unknown. We tested the hypothesis that MMP-9 binds to amelogenin and they are co-expressed in ameloblasts during amelogenesis. We evaluated the distribution of both proteins in the mouse teeth using immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy. At postnatal day 2, the spatial distribution of amelogenin and MMP-9 was co-localized in preameloblasts, secretory ameloblasts, enamel matrix and odontoblasts. At the late stages of mouse tooth development, expression patterns of amelogenin and MMP-9 were similar to that seen in postnatal day 2. Their co-expression was further confirmed by RT-PCR, Western blot and enzymatic zymography analyses in enamel organ epithelial and odontoblast-like cells. Immunoprecipitation assay revealed that MMP-9 binds to amelogenin. The MMP-9 cleavage sites in amelogenin proteins across species were found using bio-informative software program. Analyses of these data suggest that MMP-9 may be involved in controlling amelogenin processing and enamel formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junsheng Feng
- Department of Developmental Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
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Sun JX, Horst OV, Bumgarner R, Lakely B, Somerman MJ, Zhang H. Laser capture microdissection enables cellular and molecular studies of tooth root development. Int J Oral Sci 2012; 4:7-13. [PMID: 22422086 PMCID: PMC3412663 DOI: 10.1038/ijos.2012.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions (EMIs) are critical for tooth development. Molecular mechanisms mediating these interactions in root formation is not well understood. Laser capture microdissection (LCM) and subsequent microarray analyses enable large scale in situ molecular and cellular studies of root formation but to date have been hindered by technical challenges of gaining intact histological sections of non-decalcified mineralized teeth or jaws with well-preserved RNA. Here,we describe a new method to overcome this obstacle that permits LCM of dental epithelia,adjacent mesenchyme,odontoblasts and cementoblasts from mouse incisors and molars during root development. Using this method,we obtained RNA samples of high quality and successfully performed microarray analyses. Robust differences in gene expression,as well as genes not previously associated with root formation,were identified. Comparison of gene expression data from microarray with real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) supported our findings. These genes include known markers of dental epithelia,mesenchyme,cementoblasts and odontoblasts,as well as novel genes such as those in the fibulin family. In conclusion,our new approach in tissue preparation enables LCM collection of intact cells with well-preserved RNA allowing subsequent gene expression analyses using microarray and RT-PCR to define key regulators of tooth root development.
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Dentin non-collagenous proteins (dNCPs) can stimulate dental follicle cells to differentiate into cementoblast lineages. Biol Cell 2012; 100:291-302. [DOI: 10.1042/bc20070092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Grandin HM, Gemperli AC, Dard M. Enamel matrix derivative: a review of cellular effects in vitro and a model of molecular arrangement and functioning. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2011; 18:181-202. [PMID: 22070552 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2011.0365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enamel matrix derivative (EMD), the active component of Emdogain®, is a viable option in the treatment of periodontal disease owing to its ability to regenerate lost tissue. It is believed to mimic odontogenesis, though the details of its functioning remain the focus of current research. OBJECTIVE The aim of this article is to review all relevant literature reporting on the composition/characterization of EMD as well as the effects of EMD, and its components amelogenin and ameloblastin, on the behavior of various cell types in vitro. In this way, insight into the underlying mechanism of regeneration will be garnered and utilized to propose a model for the molecular arrangement and functioning of EMD. METHODS A review of in vitro studies of EMD, or components of EMD, was performed using key words "enamel matrix proteins" OR "EMD" OR "Emdogain" OR "amelogenin" OR "ameloblastin" OR "sheath proteins" AND "cells." Results of this analysis, together with current knowledge on the molecular composition of EMD and the structure and regulation of its components, are then used to present a model of EMD functioning. RESULTS Characterization of the molecular composition of EMD confirmed that amelogenin proteins, including their enzymatically cleaved and alternatively spliced fragments, dominate the protein complex (>90%). A small presence of ameloblastin has also been reported. Analysis of the effects of EMD indicated that gene expression, protein production, proliferation, and differentiation of various cell types are affected and often enhanced by EMD, particularly for periodontal ligament and osteoblastic cell types. EMD also stimulated angiogenesis. In contrast, EMD had a cytostatic effect on epithelial cells. Full-length amelogenin elicited similar effects to EMD, though to a lesser extent. Both the leucine-rich amelogenin peptide and the ameloblastin peptides demonstrated osteogenic effects. A model for molecular structure and functioning of EMD involving nanosphere formation, aggregation, and dissolution is presented. CONCLUSIONS EMD elicits a regenerative response in periodontal tissues that is only partly replicated by amelogenin or ameloblastin components. A synergistic effect among the various proteins and with the cells, as well as a temporal effect, may prove important aspects of the EMD response in vivo.
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The influence of Leucine-rich amelogenin peptide on MSC fate by inducing Wnt10b expression. Biomaterials 2011; 32:6478-86. [PMID: 21663957 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 05/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Amelogenin is the most abundant protein of the enamel organic matrix and is a structural protein indispensable for enamel formation. One of the amelogenin splicing isoforms, Leucine-rich Amelogenin Peptide (LRAP) induces osteogenesis in various cell types. Previously, we demonstrated that LRAP activates the canonical Wnt signaling pathway to induce osteogenic differentiation of mouse ES cells through the concerted regulation of Wnt agonists and antagonists. There is a reciprocal relationship between osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs). Wnt10b-mediated activation of canonical Wnt signaling has been shown to regulate mesenchymal stem cell fate. Using the bipotential bone marrow stromal cell line ST2, we have demonstrated that LRAP activates the canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. A specific Wnt inhibitor sFRP-1 abolishes the effect of LRAP on the stimulation of osteogenesis and the inhibition of adipogenesis of ST2 cells. LRAP treatment elevates the Wnt10b expression level whereas Wnt10b knockdown by siRNA abrogates the effect of LRAP. We show here that LRAP promotes osteogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells at the expense of adipogenesis through upregulating Wnt10b expression to activate Wnt signaling.
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Jingchao H, Rong S, Zhongchen S, Lan C. Human amelogenin up-regulates osteogenic gene expression in human bone marrow stroma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 408:437-41. [PMID: 21514271 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Extracts of enamel matrix proteins are used to regenerate periodontal tissues. Amelogenin, the most abundant enamel protein, plays an important role in the regeneration of these tissues. However, the molecular mechanisms by which amelogenin contributes to periodontal regeneration remain unknown. Using primary human bone marrow stroma cells (hBMSCs) transduced with lentivirus encoding human amelogenin (hAm), we performed genome-wide expression profiling to analyze the effects of hAm transduction on the regulation of genes involved in osteogenic differentiation. Our results revealed that BMP-2, BMP-6, OPN and VEGFC were up-regulated. These results suggest that hAm may be a key element in regulating hBMSCs osteogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Jingchao
- Department of Periodontology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, No. 639 Zhi Zao Ju Road, Shanghai 200011, China.
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Huang YC, Tanimoto K, Tanne Y, Kamiya T, Kunimatsu R, Michida M, Yoshioka M, Yoshimi Y, Kato Y, Tanne K. Effects of human full-length amelogenin on the proliferation of human mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow. Cell Tissue Res 2010; 342:205-12. [PMID: 20967466 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-010-1064-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Amelogenins are enamel matrix proteins that play a crucial role in enamel formation. Recent studies have revealed that amelogenins also have cell signaling properties. Although amelogenins had been described as specific products of ameloblasts, recent research has demonstrated their expression in bone marrow stromal cells. In this study, we examined the effect of recombinant human full-length amelogenin (rh174) on the proliferation of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from bone marrow and characterized the associated changes in intracellular signaling pathways. MSCs were treated with rh174 ranging in dose from 0 to 1,000 ng/ml. Cell proliferative activity was analyzed by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) immunoassay. The expression of lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1), a possible amelogenin receptor, in MSCs was analyzed. Anti-LAMP1 antibody was used to block the binding of rh174 to LAMP1. The MAPK-ERK pathway was examined by Cellular Activation of Signaling ELISA (CASE) kit and western blot analysis. A specific MAPK inhibitor, U0126, was used to block ERK activity. It was shown that rh174 increased the proliferation of MSCs and MAPK-ERK activity. The MSC proliferation and MAPK-ERK activity enhanced by rh174 were reduced by the addition of anti-LAMP1 antibody. Additionally, the increased proliferation of MSCs induced by rh174 was inhibited in the presence of U0126. In conclusion, it is demonstrated that rh174 increases the proliferation of MSCs by interaction with LAMP1 through the MAPK-ERK signaling pathway, indicating the possibility of MSC application to tissue regeneration in the orofacial region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ching Huang
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Developmental Biology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
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Molla M, Descroix V, Aïoub M, Simon S, Castañeda B, Hotton D, Bolaños A, Simon Y, Lezot F, Goubin G, Berdal A. Enamel protein regulation and dental and periodontal physiopathology in MSX2 mutant mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 177:2516-26. [PMID: 20934968 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.091224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Signaling pathways that underlie postnatal dental and periodontal physiopathology are less studied than those of early tooth development. Members of the muscle segment homeobox gene (Msx) family encode homeoproteins that show functional redundancy during development and are known to be involved in epithelial-mesenchymal interactions that lead to crown morphogenesis and ameloblast cell differentiation. This study analyzed the MSX2 protein during mouse postnatal growth as well as in the adult. The analysis focused on enamel and periodontal defects and enamel proteins in Msx2-null mutant mice. In the epithelial lifecycle, the levels of MSX2 expression and enamel protein secretion were inversely related. Msx2+/- mice showed increased amelogenin expression, enamel thickness, and rod size. Msx2-/- mice displayed compound phenotypic characteristics of enamel defects, related to both enamel-specific gene mutations (amelogenin and enamelin) in isolated amelogenesis imperfecta, and cell-cell junction elements (laminin 5 and cytokeratin 5) in other syndromes. These effects were also related to ameloblast disappearance, which differed between incisors and molars. In Msx2-/- roots, Malassez cells formed giant islands that overexpressed amelogenin and ameloblastin that grew over months. Aberrant expression of enamel proteins is proposed to underlie the regional osteopetrosis and hyperproduction of cellular cementum. These enamel and periodontal phenotypes of Msx2 mutants constitute the first case report of structural and signaling defects associated with enamel protein overexpression in a postnatal context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Molla
- Laboratoire de Physiopathologie Orale Moléculaire, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, University of Pierre and Marie Curie-Paris 6, INSERM, UMRS 872, Paris Cedex 06, France.
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Zhang H, Tompkins K, Garrigues J, Snead ML, Gibson CW, Somerman MJ. Full length amelogenin binds to cell surface LAMP-1 on tooth root/periodontium associated cells. Arch Oral Biol 2010; 55:417-25. [PMID: 20382373 PMCID: PMC2886511 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2010.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2009] [Revised: 12/30/2009] [Accepted: 03/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Lysosome-associated membrane protein-1 (LAMP-1) has been suggested to be a cell surface receptor for a specific amelogenin isoform, leucine-rich amelogenin peptide or LRAP. However, it is unclear if LAMP-1 is an amelogenin receptor for dental mesenchymal cells. The goal of this study was to determine if LAMP-1 serves as a cell surface binding site for full length amelogenin on tooth root/periodontium associated mesenchymal cells. DESIGN Murine dental follicle cells and cementoblasts (OCCM-30) were cultured for 2 days followed by addition of full length recombinant mouse amelogenin, rp(H)M180. Dose-response (0-100 microg/ml) and time course (0-120 min) assays were performed to determine the optimal conditions for live cell surface binding using immunofluorescent microscopy. A competitive binding assay was performed to determine binding specificity by adding Emdogain (1 mg/ml) to the media. An antibody against LAMP-1 was used to detect the location of LAMP-1 on the cell surface and the pattern was compared to cell surface bound amelogenin. Both amelogenin and cell surface LAMP-1 were immuno-co-localized to compare the amount and distribution pattern. RESULTS Maximum surface binding was achieved with 50 microg/ml of rp(H)M180 for 120 min. This binding was specific as demonstrated by competitive inhibition (79% lower) with the addition of Emdogain. The binding pattern for rp(H)M180 was similar to the distribution of surface LAMP-1 on dental follicle cells and cementoblasts. The high co-localization coefficient (0.92) for rp(H)M180 and LAMP-1 supports rp(H)M180 binding to cell surface LAMP-1. CONCLUSIONS The data from this study suggest that LAMP-1 can serve as a cell surface binding site for amelogenin on dental follicle cells and cementoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Zhang
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Catón J, Tucker AS. Current knowledge of tooth development: patterning and mineralization of the murine dentition. J Anat 2010; 214:502-15. [PMID: 19422427 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.01014.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The integument forms a number of different types of mineralized element, including dermal denticles, scutes, ganoid scales, elasmoid scales, fin rays and osteoderms found in certain fish, reptiles, amphibians and xenarthran mammals. To this list can be added teeth, which are far more widely represented and studied than any of the other mineralized elements mentioned above, and as such can be thought of as a model mineralized system. In recent years the focus for studies on tooth development has been the mouse, with a wealth of genetic information accrued and the availability of cutting edge techniques. It is the mouse dentition that this review will concentrate on. The development of the tooth will be followed, looking at what controls the shape of the tooth and how signals from the mesenchyme and epithelium interact to lead to formation of a molar or incisor. The number of teeth generated will then be investigated, looking at how tooth germ number can be reduced or increased by apoptosis, fusion of tooth germs, creation of new tooth germs, and the generation of additional teeth from existing tooth germs. The development of mineralized tissue will then be detailed, looking at how the asymmetrical deposition of enamel is controlled in the mouse incisor. The continued importance of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions at these later stages of tooth development will also be discussed. Tooth anomalies and human disorders have been well covered by recent reviews, therefore in this paper we wish to present a classical review of current knowledge of tooth development, fitting together data from a large number of recent research papers to draw general conclusions about tooth development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Catón
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Orthodontics, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, UK
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Buchko GW, Tarasevich BJ, Roberts J, Snead ML, Shaw WJ. A solution NMR investigation into the murine amelogenin splice-variant LRAP (Leucine-Rich Amelogenin Protein). BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2010; 1804:1768-74. [PMID: 20304108 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2010.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2009] [Revised: 03/09/2010] [Accepted: 03/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Amelogenins are the dominant proteins present in ameloblasts during the early stages of enamel biomineralization, making up >90% of the matrix protein. Along with the full-length protein there are several splice-variant isoforms of amelogenin present including LRAP (Leucine-Rich Amelogenin Protein), a protein that consists of the first 33 and the last 26 residues of full-length amelogenin. Using solution-state NMR spectroscopy we have assigned the (1)H-(15)N HSQC spectrum of murine LRAP (rp(H)LRAP) in 2% acetic acid at pH 3.0 by making extensive use of previous chemical shift assignments for full-length murine amelogenin (rp(H)M180). This correlation was possible because LRAP, like the full-length protein, is intrinsically disordered under these solution conditions. The major difference between the (1)H-(15)N HSQC spectra of rp(H)M180 and rp(H)LRAP was an additional set of amide resonances for each of the seven non-proline residues between S12 and Y12 near the N-terminus of rp(H)LRAP indicating that the N-terminal region of LRAP exists in two different conformations. Analysis of the proline carbon chemical shifts suggests that the molecular basis for the two states is not a cis-trans isomerization of one or more of the proline residues in the N-terminal region. Starting from 2% acetic acid, where rp(H)LRAP was monomeric in solution, NaCl addition effected residue specific changes in molecular dynamics manifested by the reduction in intensity and disappearance of (1)H-(15)N HSQC cross peaks. As observed for the full-length protein, these perturbations may signal early events governing supramolecular self-assembly of rp(H)LRAP into nanospheres. However, the different patterns of (1)H-(15)N HSQC cross peak perturbation between rp(H)LRAP and rp(H)M180 in high salt suggest that the termini may behave differently in their respective nanospheres, and perhaps, these differences contribute to the cell signaling properties attributable to LRAP but not to the full-length protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garry W Buchko
- Biological Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
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Tarasevich BJ, Lea S, Shaw WJ. The leucine rich amelogenin protein (LRAP) adsorbs as monomers or dimers onto surfaces. J Struct Biol 2010; 169:266-76. [PMID: 19850130 PMCID: PMC3084684 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2009.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2009] [Revised: 10/03/2009] [Accepted: 10/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Amelogenin is believed to be involved in controlling the formation of the highly anisotropic and ordered hydroxyapatite crystallites that form enamel. The adsorption behavior of amelogenin proteins onto substrates is very important because protein-surface interactions are critical to its function. We have previously used LRAP, a splice variant of amelogenin, as a model protein for the full-length amelogenin in solid-state NMR and neutron reflectivity studies at interfaces. In this work, we examined the adsorption behavior of LRAP in greater detail using model self-assembled monolayers containing COOH, CH(3), and NH(2) end groups as substrates. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) experiments indicated that LRAP in phosphate buffered saline and solutions containing low concentrations of calcium and phosphate consisted of aggregates of nanospheres. Null ellipsometry and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to study protein adsorption amounts and quaternary structures on the surfaces. Relatively high amounts of adsorption occurred onto the CH(3) and NH(2) surfaces from both buffer solutions. Adsorption was also promoted onto COOH surfaces only when calcium was present in the solutions suggesting an interaction that involves calcium bridging with the negatively charged C-terminus. The ellipsometry and AFM studies revealed that LRAP adsorbed onto the surfaces as small subnanosphere-sized structures such as monomers or dimers. We propose that the monomers/dimers were present in solution even though they were not detected by DLS or that they adsorbed onto the surfaces by disassembling or "shedding" from the nanospheres that are present in solution. This work reveals the importance of small subnanosphere-sized structures of LRAP at interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara J Tarasevich
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 908 Battelle Blvd., Richland, WA 99352, USA.
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Matsuzawa M, Sheu TJ, Lee YJ, Chen M, Li TF, Huang CT, Holz JD, Puzas JE. Putative signaling action of amelogenin utilizes the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway. J Periodontal Res 2009; 44:289-96. [PMID: 19462488 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2008.01091.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE While it has long been known that amelogenin is essential for the proper development of enamel, its role has generally been seen as structural in nature. However, our new data implicate this protein in the regulation of cell signaling pathways in periodontal ligament cells and osteoblasts. In this article we report the successful purification of a recombinant mouse amelogenin protein and demonstrate that it has signaling activity in isolated mouse calvarial cells and human periodontal ligament cells. MATERIAL AND METHODS To determine the regulatory function of canonical Wnt signaling by amelogenin, we used TOPGAL transgenic mice. These mice express a beta-galactosidase transgene under the control of a LEF/TCF and beta-catenin-inducible promoter. To investigate in greater detail the molecular mechanisms involved in the beta-catenin signaling pathway, isolated osteoblasts and periodontal ligament cells were exposed to full-length recombinant mouse amelogenin and were evaluated for phenotypic changes and beta-catenin signaling using a TOPFLASH construct and the LacZ reporter gene. RESULTS In these in vitro models, we showed that amelogenin can activate beta-catenin signaling. CONCLUSION Using the TOPGAL transgenic mouse we showed that amelogenin expression in vivo is localized mainly around the root, the periodontal ligament and the alveolar bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Matsuzawa
- Department of Orthopaedics, Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Leucine-rich amelogenin peptide induces osteogenesis by activation of the Wnt pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 387:558-63. [PMID: 19615979 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2009] [Accepted: 07/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We previously showed that one of the amelogenin splicing isoforms, Leucine-rich amelogenin peptide (LRAP), induced osteogenic differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells; however, the signaling pathway(s) activated by LRAP remained unknown. Here, we demonstrated that the canonical Wnt/beta-catenin signaling is activated upon LRAP treatment, as evidenced by elevated beta-catenin level and increased Wnt reporter gene activity. Furthermore, a specific Wnt inhibitor sFRP-1 completely blocks the LRAP-mediated Wnt signaling. However, exogenous recombinant Wnt3a alone was less effective at osteogenic induction of mouse ES cells in comparison to LRAP. Using a quantitative real-time PCR array, we discovered that LRAP treatment up-regulated the expression of Wnt agonists and down-regulated the expression of Wnt antagonists. We conclude that LRAP activates the canonical Wnt signaling pathway to induce osteogenic differentiation of mouse ES cells through the concerted regulation of Wnt agonists and antagonists.
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The effect of odontoblast conditioned media and dentin non-collagenous proteins on the differentiation and mineralization of cementoblasts in vitro. Arch Oral Biol 2009; 54:71-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2008.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2008] [Revised: 06/19/2008] [Accepted: 09/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Abstract
During tooth development, ectoderm-derived ameloblast cells create enamel by synthesizing a complex protein mixture serving to control cell to matrix interactions and the habit of hydroxyapatite crystallites. Using an in vitro cell and organ culture system, we studied the effect of artificial bioactive nanostructures on ameloblasts with the long-term goal of developing cell-based strategies for tooth regeneration. We used branched peptide amphiphile molecules containing the peptide motif Arg-Gly-Asp, or "RGD" (abbreviated BRGD-PA), known to self-assemble in physiologic environments into nanofibers that display on their surfaces high densities of this biological signal. Ameloblast-like cells (line LS8) and primary enamel organ epithelial (EOE) cells were cultured within PA hydrogels, and the PA was injected into the enamel organ epithelia of mouse embryonic incisors. The expression of amelogenin, ameloblastin, integrin alpha 5, and integrin alpha 6 was detected by quantitative real-time PCR and immunodetection techniques. We performed cell proliferation assay using BrdU labeling and a biomineralization assay using Alizarin red S staining with quantitative Ca(2+) measurements. In the cell culture model, ameloblast-like cells (LS8) and primary EOE cells responded to the BRGD-PA nanostructures with enhanced proliferation and greater amelogenin, ameloblastin, and integrin expression levels. At the site of injection of the BRGD-PA in the organ culture model, we observed EOE cell proliferation with differentiation into ameloblasts as evidenced by their expression of enamel specific proteins. Ultrastructural analysis showed the nanofibers within the forming extracellular matrix, in contact with the EOE cells engaged in enamel formation and regeneration. This study shows that BRGD-PA nanofibers present with enamel proteins participate in integrin-mediated cell binding to the matrix with delivery of instructive signals for enamel formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adele L Boskey
- Musculoskeletal Integrity Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, New York 10021, USA.
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Xu L, Harada H, Taniguchi A. The effects of LAMP1 and LAMP3 on M180 amelogenin uptake, localization and amelogenin mRNA induction by amelogenin protein. J Biochem 2008; 144:531-7. [PMID: 18676354 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvn096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that the uptake of M180 amelogenin protein in dental epithelial cells (HAT-7) results in increased levels of amelogenin mRNA through enhanced mRNA stabilization. To determine the processes involved in the uptake of extracellular M180 amelogenin by cells and in amelogenin intracellular trafficking in the amelogenin protein-mediated amelogenin mRNA expression pathway, we investigated the effects of LAMP1 and LAMP3, which are candidate M180 amelogenin receptors, on M180 amelogenin uptake, localization and amelogenin mRNA induction by amelogenin protein, using anti-LAMP-1 and anti-LAMP-3 antibodies and siRNA analysis. The results indicate that LAMP3 blocking by anti-LAMP-3 decreases M180 amelogenin uptake, but does not affect amelogenin mRNA induction by amelogenin protein, suggesting that LAMP3 is related to amelogenin degradation. Down-regulation by siRNA of LAMP1, which is the receptor for small amelogenin protein (LRAP), does not affect M180 amelogenin uptake, localization or amelogenin mRNA induction by amelogenin protein. Thus, while LAMP1 is the specific receptor for LRAP, it is not a receptor for M180 amelogenin. These findings will aid further research into the understanding of M180 amelogenin function and expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Xu
- Advanced Medical Materials Group, Biomaterials Center, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Bosshardt DD. Biological mediators and periodontal regeneration: a review of enamel matrix proteins at the cellular and molecular levels. J Clin Periodontol 2008; 35:87-105. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2008.01264.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Gibson CW, Li Y, Daly B, Suggs C, Yuan ZA, Fong H, Simmons D, Aragon M, Kulkarni AB, Wright JT. The leucine-rich amelogenin peptide alters the amelogenin null enamel phenotype. Cells Tissues Organs 2008; 189:169-74. [PMID: 18701811 DOI: 10.1159/000151384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The amelogenin proteins secreted by ameloblasts during dental enamel development are required for normal enamel structure. Amelx null (KO) mice have hypoplastic, disorganized enamel similar to that of human patients with mutations in the AMELX gene, and provide a model system for studies of the enamel defect amelogenesis imperfecta. Because many amelogenin proteins are present in developing enamel due to RNA alternative splicing and proteolytic processing, understanding the function of individual amelogenins has been challenging. PURPOSE Our objective was to better understand the role of LRAP, a 59 amino acid leucine-rich amelogenin peptide, in the development of enamel. APPROACH Teeth from transgenic mice that express LRAP under control of the Amelx regulatory regions were analyzed for mechanical properties, and transgenic males were mated with female KO mice. Male offspring with a null background that were transgene positive or transgene negative were compared to determine phenotypic differences using microcomputed tomography (microCT) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). RESULTS Nanoindentation revealed no differences between LRAP transgenic and wild-type murine enamel. Using microCT, LRAPKO enamel volume and density measurements were similar to those from KO mice. However, in etched samples examined by SEM, the organization of the enamel rod pattern was altered by the presence of the LRAP transgene. CONCLUSIONS The presence of LRAP leads to changes in enamel appearance compared to enamel from KO mice. Expression of a combination of amelogenin transgenes in KO mice may lead to rescue of the individual characteristics of normal enamel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn W Gibson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa. 19104-6030, USA.
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Kajiya M, Shiba H, Fujita T, Ouhara K, Takeda K, Mizuno N, Kawaguchi H, Kitagawa M, Takata T, Tsuji K, Kurihara H. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor stimulates bone/cementum-related protein gene expression in cementoblasts. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:16259-67. [PMID: 18390540 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m800668200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), recognized as essential in the developing nervous system, is involved in differentiation and proliferation in non-neuronal cells, such as endothelial cells, osteoblasts, and periodontal ligament cells. We have focused on the application of BDNF to the regeneration of periodontal tissue and indicated that BDNF promotes the regeneration of experimentally created periodontal defects. Cementoblasts form cementum, mineralized tissue, which is key to establishing a functional periodontium. The application of BDNF to the regeneration of periodontal tissue requires elucidation of the mechanism by which BDNF regulates the functions of cementoblasts. In this study, we examined how BDNF regulates the mRNA expression of bone/cementum-related proteins (alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteopontin (OPN), and bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2)) in cultures of immortalized human cementoblast-like (HCEM) cells. BDNF elevated the mRNA levels of ALP, OPN, and BMP-2 in HCEM cells. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) for TRKB, a high affinity receptor of BDNF, siRNA for ELK-1, which is a downstream target of ERK1/2, and PD98059, an ERK inhibitor, obviated the increase in the mRNA levels. BDNF increased the levels of phosphorylated ERK1/2 and Elk-1, and the blocking of BDNF signaling by treatment with siRNA for TRKB and PD98059 suppressed the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and Elk-1. Furthermore, BDNF increased the levels of phosphorylated c-Raf, which activates the ERK signaling pathway. These findings provide the first evidence that the TrkB-c-Raf-ERK1/2-Elk-1 signaling pathway is required for the BDNF-induced mRNA expression of ALP, OPN, and BMP-2 in HCEM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikihito Kajiya
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 34-8553, Japan
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