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Gause EL, McLone SG, Cunningham M, Jay J. Community-Academic Partnership to Assess the Role of Physical Disinvestment on Firearm Violence in Toledo, OH. J Urban Health 2024:10.1007/s11524-024-00870-y. [PMID: 38771432 DOI: 10.1007/s11524-024-00870-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Reversing physical disinvestment, e.g., by remediating abandoned buildings and vacant lots, is an evidence-based strategy to reduce urban firearm violence. However, adoption of this strategy has been inconsistent across US cities. Our community-academic partnership sought to support adoption in Toledo, OH, USA, by generating locally relevant analyses on physical disinvestment and firearm violence. We used a spatial case-control design with matching. Physical disinvestment measures were derived from a citywide parcel foot audit conducted by the Lucas County Land Bank in summer 2021. Firearm violence outcomes were incident-level shootings data from the Toledo Police Department from October 2021 through February 2023. Shooting locations were matched to controls 1:4 on poverty rate, roadway characteristics, and zoning type. Exposures were calculated by aggregating parcels within 5-min walking buffers of each case and control point. We tested multiple disinvestment measures, including a composite index. Models were logistic regressions that adjusted for the matching variables and for potential spatial autocorrelation. Our sample included N = 281 shooting locations and N = 1124 matched controls. A 1-unit increase in the disinvestment score, equal to approximately 1 additional disrepair condition for the average parcel within the walking buffer, was associated with 1.68 times (95% CI: 1.36, 2.07) higher odds of shooting incidence. Across all other measures, greater disinvestment was associated with higher odds of shooting incidence. Our finding of a strong association between physical disinvestment and firearm violence in Toledo can inform local action. Community-academic partnership could help increase adoption of violence prevention strategies focused on reversing physical disinvestment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Gause
- Center for Climate and Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
- Firearm Injury and Policy Research Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Suzanne G McLone
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Malcolm Cunningham
- Mayor's Office of Neighborhood Safety and Engagement, City of Toledo, OH, USA
- Bloomberg American Health Initiative, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan Jay
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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2
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Ashcraft LE, Cabrera KI, Lane-Fall MB, South EC. Leveraging Implementation Science to Advance Environmental Justice Research and Achieve Health Equity through Neighborhood and Policy Interventions. Annu Rev Public Health 2024; 45:89-108. [PMID: 38166499 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-060222-033003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Environmental justice research is increasingly focused on community-engaged, participatory investigations that test interventions to improve health. Such research is primed for the use of implementation science-informed approaches to optimize the uptake and use of interventions proven to be effective. This review identifies synergies between implementation science and environmental justice with the goal of advancing both disciplines. Specifically, the article synthesizes the literature on neighborhood-, community-, and policy-level interventions in environmental health that address underlying structural determinants (e.g., structural racism) and social determinants of health. Opportunities to facilitate and scale the equitable implementation of evidence-based environmental health interventions are highlighted, using urban greening as an illustrative example. An environmental justice-focused version of the implementation science subway is provided, which highlights these principles: Remember and Reflect, Restore and Reclaim, and Reinvest. The review concludes with existing gaps and future directions to advance the science of implementation to promote environmental justice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ellen Ashcraft
- Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA;
| | - Keven I Cabrera
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Urban Health Lab, Department of Emergency Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Meghan B Lane-Fall
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA;
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Penn Implementation Science Center (PISCE), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Eugenia C South
- Urban Health Lab, Department of Emergency Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Nguemeni Tiako MJ, South EC. Lessons From an Urban Community Park Renovation Initiative. JAMA Netw Open 2024; 7:e241405. [PMID: 38598243 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.1405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Max Jordan Nguemeni Tiako
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Eugenia C South
- Penn Medicine Center for Health Justice, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
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Walter RJ, Acolin A, Tillyer MS. Association between property investments and crime on commercial and residential streets: Implications for maximizing public safety benefits. SSM Popul Health 2024; 25:101537. [PMID: 38162225 PMCID: PMC10757037 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2023.101537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Physical property investments enhance public safety in communities while alleviating the need for criminal justice system responses. Policy makers and local government officials must allocate scare resources for community and economic development activities. Understanding where physical property investments have the greatest crime reducing benefits can inform decision making to maximize economic, safety, and health outcomes. This study uses Spatial Durbin models with street segment and census tract by year fixed effects to examine the impact of physical property investments on changes in property and violent crime over an 11-year period (2008-2018) in six large U.S. cities. The units of analysis are commercial and residential street segments. Street segments are classified into low, medium, and high crime terciles defined by initial crime levels (2008-2010). Difference of coefficients tests identify significant differences in building permit effects across crime terciles. The findings reveal there is a significant negative relationship between physical property investments and changes in property and violent crime on commercial and residential street segments in all cities. Investments have the greatest public safety benefit where initial crime levels are the highest. The decrease in violent crime is larger on commercial street segments, while the decrease in property crime is larger on residential street segments. Targeting the highest crime street segments (i.e., 90th percentile) for property improvements will maximize public safety benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J. Walter
- Runstad Department of Real Estate, College of Built Environments at the University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Harborview Injury and Prevention & Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Arthur Acolin
- Runstad Department of Real Estate, College of Built Environments at the University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Marie Skubak Tillyer
- Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, USA
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Zhu R, Newman G, Li D. The spatial relationship between long-term vacant housing and non-communicable diseases in U.S. shrinking and growing metropolitan areas. CITIES (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024; 145:104718. [PMID: 38283871 PMCID: PMC10810343 DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2023.104718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
The rising prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) has led to increased attention on understanding how built environments affect NCD risks. However, there's a significant gap in the literature regarding the relationship between housing vacancy duration and NCDs in metropolitan areas with varying development rates. Our research addresses this gap by examining the association between housing vacancy duration and NCDs across all U.S. metropolitan areas, considering growing, shrinking, and fluctuating counties. We used a Multiscale Geographically Weighted Regression (MGWR) model to analyze this relationship, finding that longer-term vacant housing (over 3 years) is more positively associated with NCDs compared to short-term vacancies. We also discovered that this association is non-uniform across metropolitan counties, except for cancer and stroke outcomes. Shrinking counties in the Northeast are particularly affected, emphasizing the need for targeted public health interventions in these areas. This study underscores the importance of revitalizing vacant homes, especially those vacant for over 3 years, in both shrinking and growing regions to improve public health. Policymakers should adopt tailored strategies, engage public health experts, and invest in healthcare infrastructure to effectively address the health risks linked to vacant housing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhu
- Department of Landscape Architecture and Urban Planning, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3137, United States of America
| | - Galen Newman
- Department of Landscape Architecture and Urban Planning, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3137, United States of America
| | - Dongying Li
- Department of Landscape Architecture and Urban Planning, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3137, United States of America
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Rosser JI, Lavery OX, Christofferson RC, Nasoro J, Mutuku FM, LaBeaud AD. Top 5 Things Health Professions Students Should Know About Ecology and Waste Management. AMA J Ethics 2024; 26:E132-141. [PMID: 38306203 PMCID: PMC10894046 DOI: 10.1001/amajethics.2024.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
The environments in which we live affect individual and community risk for disease transmission and illness severity. Communities' and neighborhoods' waste stream management designs and health care organizations' spatial and structural architecture also influence individuals' and communities' pathogenic vulnerabilities and how well health sector industrial hygiene practices support them. This article describes a One Health approach to planetary environmental health and suggests strategies for implementing a One Health or Planetary Health approach in the context of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joelle I Rosser
- Infectious disease physician-researcher and epidemiologist at Stanford University in Stanford, California
| | - Orion X Lavery
- Aspiring architect interested in the impact of the built environment and housing construction on human health
| | - Rebecca C Christofferson
- Associate professor of infectious diseases and epidemiology at the School of Veterinary Medicine at Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge
| | - Juma Nasoro
- Program manager of the Health and Environmental Research Institute
| | - Francis M Mutuku
- Public health entomologist, field epidemiologist, and senior lecturer in the Department of Environment and Health Sciences at the Technical University of Mombasa in Kenya
| | - A Desiree LaBeaud
- Professor in the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases at the Stanford University School of Medicine in Stanford, California
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Bushman G, Kondo MC, Rupp LA, Hohl BC, Gong CH, Zimmerman MA. Associations between land bank ownership and stewardship of vacant properties and crime, violence, and youth victimization in Flint, MI. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 72:428-442. [PMID: 37846198 DOI: 10.1002/ajcp.12706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Land banks across the United States are managing expanding vacant property inventories. By maintaining vacant properties and engaging residents in the process, land banks facilitate processes integral to building safe neighborhoods and may play a role in violence prevention. Using generalized additive mixed model regression, adjusted for spatial and temporal dependencies, we examined whether land bank ownership and stewardship of vacant properties in Flint, Michigan were associated with trends in serious, violent, and firearm-involved crime, between 2015 and 2018. We tested for differences in trends in crime density between properties owned by the Genesee County Land Bank Authority (GCLBA; n = 7151) and comparison properties not owned by the land bank (n = 6,245). In addition, we tested for differences in crime density trends between vacant properties that received different levels of land bank stewardship, including biannual mowing, GCLBA standard stewardship, and GCLBA-sponsored community-engaged stewardship. We found that GCLBA ownership was associated with net declines in densities of all types of crime and violence, over time, relative to properties not owned by the GCLBA. When we distinguished between levels of stewardship, we found that GCLBA stewardship, both with and without community engagement, was associated with net declines in serious and violent crime relative to comparison properties. Only community-engaged GCLBA stewardship was associated with declines in firearm-involved crime and firearm-involved crime with a youth victim over time, relative to comparison properties. Land bank stewardship of vacant properties may be protective against crime, violence, and youth victimization in legacy cities like Flint, MI that experience high rates of vacant properties and violent crime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Bushman
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Michelle C Kondo
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Philadelphia Field Station, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Laney A Rupp
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Bernadette C Hohl
- Penn Injury Science Center, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Catherine H Gong
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Marc A Zimmerman
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Zhu R, Newman G, Li D, Song Y, Zou L. Associations between vacant urban lands and public health outcomes in growing and shrinking cities. URBAN FORESTRY & URBAN GREENING 2023; 89:128127. [PMID: 38274945 PMCID: PMC10810287 DOI: 10.1016/j.ufug.2023.128127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Vacant urban land, although not officially designated as a green space, often exhibits a semi-wild natural state due to being left open to colonization by nature. Attention to the effects of vacant urban land on human health has increased due to both rising urban vacancy rates and non-communicable diseases (NCDs). However, relationships between many vacant land characteristics (such as vegetation coverage, size, duration, and location) and NCDs have not been comprehensively examined, especially comparing shrinking (depopulating) and growing (populating) cities. This study evaluates St. Louis, MO (shrinking), and Los Angeles, CA (growing) to explore these relationships using ordinary least squares (OLS) interaction analysis with a moderator approach. Results show that associations between vacancy rate, duration, location, and NCDs differ significantly between city types. Vegetation coverage and size are associated with specific NCDs, but there are no differences between city types. Unlike the largely dilapidated vacant lands in the shrinking city, which tend to harm public health, vacant lots in the growing city were more functional green spaces that can, in some cases, even mitigate NCDs. Interestingly, In St. Louis, the shorter the average duration of the vacant land, the greater the risk of NCDs in a shrinking city. This is because vacant land can be contagious to nearby lots if not treated, leading to more newly emerged vacant lands and reducing the average duration of vacant land. In such cases, census tracts with the lower duration of vacant lands in St. Louis tend to be areas facing persistent environmental degradation and high public health threats. Regarding location, vacant lands near industrial areas were linked to negative health outcomes in the Los Angeles (growing), while those near single-family and commercial areas posed higher risks of NCDs in the St Louis (shrinking). The findings aid decision-making for land supply regulation and regeneration as well as urban green space management to promote human health and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhu
- Department of Landscape Architecture and Urban Planning, Texas A&M University, 2403 longmire Dr. Apt 16, College Station, TX, 77840, USA
| | - Galen Newman
- Department of Landscape Architecture and Urban Planning, Texas A&M University, 3137 TAMU, Langford A, Office 310, College Station, TX 77843-3137, USA
| | - Dongying Li
- Department of Landscape Architecture and Urban Planning, Texas A&M University, 3137 TAMU, Langford A, Office 337, College Station, TX 77843-3137, USA
| | - Yang Song
- Department of Landscape Architecture and Urban Planning, Texas A&M University, 3137 TAMU, Langford A, Office 332, College Station, TX 77843-3137, USA
| | - Lei Zou
- Department of Gepgraphy, Texas A&M University, 3137 TAMU, Computing Services Annex, Office 205D, College Station, TX 77843-3137, USA
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Woodward A, Hinwood A, Bennett D, Grear B, Vardoulakis S, Lalchandani N, Lyne K, Williams C. Trees, Climate Change, and Health: An Urban Planning, Greening and Implementation Perspective. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6798. [PMID: 37754657 PMCID: PMC10530629 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20186798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
The In Conversation: Boundary, Spanners, Thinkers and Policy Actors Round Table Series provides a platform for researchers, policy actors, and implementation experts to elevate discussion on emerging issues, present new and upcoming research, and facilitate conversations around impacts and possible solutions. This brief report, on trees, climate change, and health, reflects a conversation between the authors of this paper, along with supporting literature. It explores the potential of green spaces and trees as a viable strategy to address climate change challenges and simultaneously improve population health, well-being, and health equity. In particular, it highlights the public health benefits of trees and green space, the challenges faced in urban areas, and opportunities for the protection, maintenance and regeneration of urban green space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair Woodward
- School of Population Health, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Andrea Hinwood
- United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Daniel Bennett
- Australian Institute of Landscape Architects, Adelaide 5001, Australia
| | - Brenton Grear
- Green Adelaide, Department for Environment and Water, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Sotiris Vardoulakis
- Healthy Environments and Lives (HEAL) Network, Australian National University, Canberra 0200, Australia
| | - Neha Lalchandani
- School of Public Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - Katrina Lyne
- Centre for Health in All Policies Research Translation, Health Translation SA, SAHMRI, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Carmel Williams
- School of Public Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
- Centre for Health in All Policies Research Translation, Health Translation SA, SAHMRI, Adelaide 5000, Australia
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Rauk L, Rupp L, Hohl BC, Kondo MC, Ornelas L, Carter PM, Zimmerman MA. Lessons learned from local vacant land management organizations for engaging youth in greening. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 72:187-202. [PMID: 37327062 DOI: 10.1002/ajcp.12688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Youth living in areas with high concentrations of vacant properties may be at particular risk for poor health outcomes given the associations between deteriorated vacant properties, poor mental health, and community violence. Vacant lot greening has emerged as a key strategy to mitigate the harms of deteriorated properties. Youth engagement in greening has documented benefits for youth, yet few organizations responsible for managing vacant properties currently engage youth. Further, few researchers have examined the best practices that organizations can employ to effectively engage youth in greening programs. The purpose of this study was to understand how high functioning vacant land management organizations with robust youth engagement capabilities engage youth in their greening work. Based on in-depth interviews with staff from vacant land management organizations, we explored three research questions: (1) what are their identified best practices for youth engagement?; (2) what are the major challenges that impede their youth engagement work?; (3) what solutions are these organizations employing to address these challenges? Findings from this study emphasize the important themes of engaging youth in vacant lot greening in areas of planning, leadership, and decision-making. Youth engagement in vacant lot greening may be a key mechanism for preventing violence through cultivating youth empowerment and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh Rauk
- UM Institute for Firearm Injury Prevention, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Laney Rupp
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Bernadette C Hohl
- Perelman School of Medicine, Penn Injury Science Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michelle C Kondo
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lexie Ornelas
- Department of Social, Behavioral and Population Sciences, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Patrick M Carter
- UM Institute for Firearm Injury Prevention, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Marc A Zimmerman
- UM Institute for Firearm Injury Prevention, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Wang W, Dack S, Mudway I, Walder H, Davies B, Kamanyire R, Fecht D. Brownfield land and health: A systematic review of the literature. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289470. [PMID: 37540700 PMCID: PMC10403084 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brownfield land is vacant or derelict land that was previously used for industrial or commercial purposes. Brownfield land is increasingly being targeted for housing development, however, depending on the previous use and remediation activity, it might pose potential risks to the health of residents on or in the vicinity of redeveloped sites. This systematic review of the literature synthesises the empirical evidence on the associations between brownfield land and health. METHODS We systematically searched EMBASE, MEDLINE, Global Health, Web of Science, Scopus and GreenFile using a study protocol registered on PROSPERO (CRD42022286826). The search strategy combined the keywords "brownfield" and its interchangeable terms such as "previously developed land", and any health outcomes such as "respiratory diseases" and "mortality". Publications identified from the search were screened for eligibility by two authors, and data were extracted from the selected articles. Study quality was assessed based on the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. RESULTS Of the 1,987 records retrieved, 6 studies met the inclusion criteria; 3 ecological studies, 2 cross-sectional studies, and 1 longitudinal study. There was considerable heterogeneity in the exposure metrics and health outcomes assessed. All studies found significant positive associations between brownfield land proximity or density with at least one health relevant outcome, including poorer self-reported general health, increased mortality rates, increased birth defects, increased serum metal levels, and accelerated immune ageing. CONCLUSIONS Brownfield land may negatively affect the health of nearby residents. The epidemiological evidence on health effects associated with brownfield land in local communities, however, remains inconclusive and limited. Further studies are required to build the evidence base to inform future housing policies and urban planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyi Wang
- UK Small Area Health Statistics Unit, MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health and Care Research Health Protection Research Unit in Chemical and Radiation Threats and Hazards, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Dack
- National Institute for Health and Care Research Health Protection Research Unit in Chemical and Radiation Threats and Hazards, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- UK Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Mudway
- National Institute for Health and Care Research Health Protection Research Unit in Chemical and Radiation Threats and Hazards, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Holly Walder
- National Institute for Health and Care Research Health Protection Research Unit in Chemical and Radiation Threats and Hazards, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bethan Davies
- UK Small Area Health Statistics Unit, MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health and Care Research Health Protection Research Unit in Chemical and Radiation Threats and Hazards, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robie Kamanyire
- National Institute for Health and Care Research Health Protection Research Unit in Chemical and Radiation Threats and Hazards, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- UK Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniela Fecht
- UK Small Area Health Statistics Unit, MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health and Care Research Health Protection Research Unit in Chemical and Radiation Threats and Hazards, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Smith LB, O'Brien C, Kenney GM, Tabb LP, Verdeflor A, Wei K, Lynch V, Waidmann T. Racialized economic segregation and potentially preventable hospitalizations among Medicaid/CHIP-enrolled children. Health Serv Res 2023; 58:599-611. [PMID: 36527452 PMCID: PMC10154153 DOI: 10.1111/1475-6773.14120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine geographic variation in preventable hospitalizations among Medicaid/CHIP-enrolled children and to test the association between preventable hospitalizations and a novel measure of racialized economic segregation, which captures residential segregation within ZIP codes based on race and income simultaneously. DATA SOURCES We supplement claims and enrollment data from the Transformed Medicaid Statistical Information System (T-MSIS) representing over 12 million Medicaid/CHIP enrollees in 24 states with data from the Public Health Disparities Geocoding Project measuring racialized economic segregation. STUDY DESIGN We measure preventable hospitalizations by ZIP code among children. We use logistic regression to estimate the association between ZIP code-level measures of racialized economic segregation and preventable hospitalizations, controlling for sex, age, rurality, eligibility group, managed care plan type, and state. DATA EXTRACTION METHODS We include children ages 0-17 continuously enrolled in Medicaid/CHIP throughout 2018. We use validated algorithms to identify preventable hospitalizations, which account for characteristics of the pediatric population and exclude children with certain underlying conditions. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Preventable hospitalizations vary substantially across ZIP codes, and a quarter of ZIP codes have rates exceeding 150 hospitalizations per 100,000 Medicaid-enrolled children per year. Preventable hospitalization rates vary significantly by level of racialized economic segregation: children living in the ZIP codes that have the highest concentration of low-income, non-Hispanic Black residents have adjusted rates of 181 per 100,000 children, compared to 110 per 100,000 for children in ZIP codes that have the highest concentration of high-income, non-Hispanic white residents (p < 0.01). This pattern is driven by asthma-related preventable hospitalizations. CONCLUSIONS Medicaid-enrolled children's risk of preventable hospitalizations depends on where they live, and children in economically and racially segregated neighborhoods-specifically those with higher concentrations of low-income, non-Hispanic Black residents-are at particularly high risk. It will be important to identify and implement Medicaid/CHIP and other policies that increase access to high-quality preventive care and that address structural drivers of children's health inequities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Loni Philip Tabb
- Drexel UniversityDornsife School of Public HealthPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | | | - Keqin Wei
- Health Policy CenterUrban InstituteWashingtonDCUSA
- Urban InstituteOffice of Technology and Data ScienceWashingtonDCUSA
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Gong CH, Bushman G, Hohl BC, Kondo MC, Carter PM, Cunningham RM, Rupp LA, Grodzinski A, Branas CC, Vagi KJ, Zimmerman MA. Community engagement, greening, and violent crime: A test of the greening hypothesis and Busy Streets. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 71:198-210. [PMID: 36214281 PMCID: PMC10893845 DOI: 10.1002/ajcp.12622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Researchers have documented that vacant lot greening can reduce community-level crime and violence. Busy Streets Theory (BST) suggests that residents who are involved in the greening process can help to improve physical environments and build social connections that deter crime and violence. Yet few researchers have explored how community engagement in the greening process may affect crime and violence outcomes. We applied BST to test the effects of community-engaged vacant lot greening compared to vacant lots that received either professional mowing or no treatment, on the density of violent crime around study lots. Using mixed effects regression models, we analyzed trends in violent crime density over the summer months from 2016 to 2018 at 2102 street segments in Youngstown, OH. These street segments fell within 150 meters of an intervention parcel that was classified as one of three conditions: community-engaged maintenance, professional mowing, or no treatment (control). We found that street segments in areas receiving community-engaged maintenance or professional mowing experienced greater declines in violent crime density than street segments in areas receiving no treatment, and more decline occurred in the community-engaged condition compared to the professional mow condition. Our findings support BST and suggest that community-engaged greening of vacant lots in postindustrial cities with a concentrated vacancy can reduce crime and violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine H. Gong
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Gregory Bushman
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Bernadette C. Hohl
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Michelle C. Kondo
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Patrick M. Carter
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Rebecca M. Cunningham
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Laney A. Rupp
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Alison Grodzinski
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Charles C. Branas
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kevin J. Vagi
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Marc A. Zimmerman
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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MacDonald J, Jacobowitz A, Gravel J, Smith M, Stokes R, Tam V, South E, Branas C. Lessons Learned from a Citywide Abandoned Housing Experiment. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN PLANNING ASSOCIATION. AMERICAN PLANNING ASSOCIATION 2023; 90:159-172. [PMID: 38405027 PMCID: PMC10883667 DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2128855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Problem research strategy and findings The negative impact of vacant and abandoned housing in city neighborhoods is extreme, affecting health and quality of life, promoting violence, and leading to further abandonment. One approach to addressing abandoned housing is to intervene with low-cost interventions that provide a visual sense of ownership. We tested whether a low-cost remediation of abandoned and vacant houses or a trash cleanup intervention would make a noticeable difference in the levels of nearby disrepair, disorder, and public safety. The abandoned housing remediation and trash cleanup interventions were a test of compliance with municipal ordinances. We used an experimental design to test the causal effects of the ordinances, and because the scale of abandonment was too large to provide treatment to all abandoned houses in the city. We used systematic social observation methods to rate changes in disrepair, disorder, and litter at housing sites and on the city blocks they were located, and police reported data on gun violence and illegal substance uses. Our experimental design allowed us to see if observed disrepair, disorder, and public safety improved after working windows and doors were installed on abandoned houses compared with a trash cleanup around properties or a no-intervention control condition. Our results showed significant changes in observed disrepair, disorder, and gun violence and illustrate the benefits of experimental evaluations of place-based changes to the built environment. Takeaway for practice Improving compliance with ordinances to remediate abandoned housing can make a noticeable difference in disrepair in neighborhoods and contribute improved public safety. We illustrate how planners can use field experiments in partnership with city agencies, nonprofit community groups, and local universities to discover novel approaches to advance place-based changes to the built environment that can help economically disadvantaged communities abate problems of physical disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- John MacDonald
- Departments of Criminology and Sociology at the University of Pennsylvania
| | | | - Jason Gravel
- Department of Criminal Justice at Temple University
| | - Mitchell Smith
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice at Arizona State University
| | - Robert Stokes
- Department of Public Administration at California State University, San Bernardino
| | - Vicky Tam
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
| | - Eugenia South
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania
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Burt SA, Thaler D, Shewark EA, Pearson AL, Anaya C, Tomlinson RC, Neiderhiser JM, Klump KL, Lonstein JS. Illuminating Associations between Parenting and Deleterious Neighborhood Characteristics via an Exhaustive Modeling Approach. JOURNAL OF MARRIAGE AND THE FAMILY 2023; 85:153-172. [PMID: 36776571 PMCID: PMC9916660 DOI: 10.1111/jomf.12871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our goal was to illuminate associations between specific characteristics of under-resourced neighborhoods (i.e., socioeconomic deprivation, danger) and specific aspects of parenting (e.g., parental praise, parental nurturance, harsh parenting, parental control). BACKGROUND Prior work has highlighted associations between level of neighborhood disadvantage and the parenting of its residents. However, this work has yet to clarify the specific characteristics of the neighborhood or the types of parenting involved. METHOD Exhaustive modelling analyses were conducted in a sample of 1,030 families of twins (average age 8 years; 51% male, 49% female; the racial composition was 82% White, 10% Black, 1% Asian, 1% Indigenous, 6% multiracial) from the Twin Study of Behavioral and Emotional Development in Children. Neighborhood and parenting were assessed using multiple informants and assessment strategies (neighborhood informants, family informants, administrative data, videotaped parent-child interactions). RESULTS Neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation (i.e., limited institutional and economic structural resources) demonstrated small but consistent associations with positive parenting behaviors and maternal control, but not with negative parenting behaviors. Neighborhood danger (i.e., recorded crime, fear of crime, exposure to community violence), by contrast, demonstrated weaker associations with parenting that dissipated once we controlled for overlap with socioeconomic deprivation. CONCLUSION Danger and socioeconomic deprivation do not function as interchangeable characteristics of under-resourced neighborhoods, at least in terms of their association with positive parenting. Future studies should identify the specific mechanisms through which neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation is associated with supportive parenting.
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South EC, MacDonald JM, Tam VW, Ridgeway G, Branas CC. Effect of Abandoned Housing Interventions on Gun Violence, Perceptions of Safety, and Substance Use in Black Neighborhoods: A Citywide Cluster Randomized Trial. JAMA Intern Med 2023; 183:31-39. [PMID: 36469329 PMCID: PMC9857286 DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2022.5460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Importance Structural racism has resulted in long-standing disinvestment and dilapidated environmental conditions in Black neighborhoods. Abandoned houses signal neglect and foster stress and fear for residents, weakening social ties and potentially contributing to poor health and safety. Objective To determine whether abandoned house remediation reduces gun violence and substance-related outcomes and increases perceptions of safety and use of outdoor space. Design, Setting, and Participants This cluster randomized trial was conducted from January 2017 to August 2020, with interventions occurring between August 2018 and March 2019. The study included abandoned houses across Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and surveys completed by participants living nearby preintervention and postintervention. Data analysis was performed from March 2021 to September 2022. Interventions The study consisted of 3 arms: (1) full remediation (installing working windows and doors, cleaning trash, weeding); (2) trash cleanup and weeding only; and (3) a no-intervention control. Main Outcomes and Measures Difference-in-differences mixed-effects regression models were used to estimate the effect of the interventions on multiple primary outcomes: gun violence (weapons violations, gun assaults, and shootings), illegal substance trafficking and use, public drunkenness, and perceptions of safety and time outside for nearby residents. Results A master list of 3265 abandoned houses was randomly sorted. From the top of this randomly sorted list, a total of 63 clusters containing 258 abandoned houses were formed and then randomly allocated to 3 study arms. Of the 301 participants interviewed during the preintervention period, 172 (57.1%) were interviewed during the postintervention period and were included in this analysis; participants were predominantly Black, and most were employed. Study neighborhoods were predominantly Black with high percentages of low-income households. Gun violence outcomes increased in all study arms, but increased the least in the full remediation arm. The full housing remediation arm, compared with the control condition, showed reduced weapons violations by -8.43% (95% CI, -14.68% to -1.19%), reduced gun assaults by -13.12% (95% CI, -21.32% to -3.01%), and reduced shootings by a nonsignificant -6.96% (95% CI, -15.32% to 3.03%). The trash cleanup arm was not associated with a significant differential change in any gun violence outcome. Instances of illegal substance trafficking and use and public drunkenness outcomes were not significantly affected by the housing remediation or trash cleanup treatment. Perceptions of neighborhood safety and time spent outside were unaffected by the intervention. The study arms did differ in a baseline characteristic and some preintervention trends, which raises questions regarding other potential nonmeasured differences between study arms that could have influenced estimates. No evidence of displacement of gun violence outcomes was found. Conclusions and Relevance In this cluster randomized controlled trial among low-income, predominantly Black neighborhoods, inexpensive, straightforward abandoned housing remediation was directly linked to significant relative reductions in weapons violations and gun assaults, and suggestive reductions in shootings. Trial Registration isrctn.org Identifier: ISRCTN14973997.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia C. South
- Urban Health Lab, Department of Emergency Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - John M. MacDonald
- Department of Criminology and Sociology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Vicky W. Tam
- Data Science and Biostatistics Unit, Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Greg Ridgeway
- Department of Criminology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Department of Statistics and Data Science, Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Charles C. Branas
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Injury Science and Prevention, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
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Pearson AL, Shewark EA, Burt SA. Associations between neighborhood built, social, or toxicant conditions and child externalizing behaviors in the Detroit metro area: a cross-sectional study of the neighborhood ‘exposome’. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:1064. [PMID: 35643553 PMCID: PMC9145391 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-13442-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The specific ‘active ingredients’ through which neighborhood disadvantage increases risk for child psychopathology remains unclear, in large part because research to date has nearly always focused on poverty to the exclusion of other neighborhood domains. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether currently assessed neighborhood built, social, or toxicant conditions were associated with child externalizing psychopathology outcomes separately, and in a combined model, using data from the Detroit-metro county area. Methods We conducted principal components analyses for built, social, or toxicant conditions. Next, we fitted separate multiple regression models for each of the child externalizing psychopathology measures (oppositional defiant and conduct problems) as a function of built, social, or toxicant components. Results We found that built features (more non-profits, churches, and alcohol outlets, and less agriculture and vacant properties) were associated with conduct problems, while toxicant conditions (high percent industrial, toxins released and number of pre-1978 structures) were associated with oppositional defiance problems. There was no significant association between greenspace or social conditions and child externalizing outcomes. When examined simultaneously, only the significant independent association between built conditions and conduct problems remained. Conclusions Built, social, and toxicant neighborhood conditions are not interchangeable aspects of a given neighborhood. What’s more, built features are uniquely associated with child externalizing outcomes independently of other neighborhood characteristics. Future research should consider how changes in the built conditions of the neighborhood (e.g., development, decay) serve to shape child externalizing behaviors, with a focus on identifying potentially actionable elements. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-022-13442-z.
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18
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Ortiz R, Joseph JJ, Branas CC, MacDonald JM, Nguemeni Tiako MJ, Oyekanmi K, South EC. Advancing health equity through integrated biology and population health research: A community-based sample cortisol feasibility and exploratory study. COMPREHENSIVE PSYCHONEUROENDOCRINOLOGY 2022; 11:100145. [PMID: 35757172 PMCID: PMC9228000 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpnec.2022.100145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Community-based research inclusive of self-assessment and objective environmental metrics can be enhanced by the collection of biomarker data in unity toward assessing the health impacts of the totality of environmental stress driven by structural racism. Cortisol dynamic range (CDR), a measure of chronic stress burden, may underpin place-based connections to health, but a gap remains in elucidating community-based CDR methodology. Purpose To 1) assess the feasibility of cortisol collection and CDR measurement in a community-based study with home-based, participant-directed specimen collection, and 2) explore the association between CDR and other individual and environmental measures in a sample of predominantly Black participants. Methods: In this cross-sectional, observational study in predominantly Black urban neighborhoods, participants (n = 73) completed health assessments and in-home, self-collected salivary cortisol. For feasibility, CDR (peak-nadir) was compared to cortisol awakening response (CAR) slope over time. Comparisons of CDR quartile by person and place variables were explored (ANOVA). Results The cohort (77% Black, 39.7% <$15 k/year income, high perceived stress) completed 98.6% of cortisol collection timepoints. CDR was calculated in all participants without interruptions to sleep-wake cycle as seen with CAR collection. Participants in the lowest quartile of CDR were the oldest (p = 0.03) with lowest reported mental health (p = 0.048) with no associations seen for CAR. Conclusion Participant-collected 10.13039/501100011622CDR is more feasible than cortisol measures dependent on slopes over time in a community-based, predominately Black cohort with exploratory findings supporting relevance to outcomes of interest to future work. Future community-based studies should integrate CDR with environment and psychosocial measures. Biological and social metrics can enhance community studies of structural racism. Cortisol dynamic range (CDR) may reflect the burden of chronic stress in a community. In-home, participant-collected salivary cortisol is feasible with in-field guidance. CDR may be more feasible in community-based study than measures dependent on time. Greatest CDR is seen with youngest age and best self-reported mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Ortiz
- Departments of Pediatrics and Population Health, New York University, Grossman School of Medicine, 180 Madison Ave, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- Institute for Excellence in Health Equity, New York University Langone Health, New York, Grossman School of Medicine, 180 Madison Ave, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- National Clinician Scholars Program, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 1300 Blockley Hall, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Corresponding author. Departments of Pediatrics and Population Health, New York University, Grossman School of Medicine, 180 Madison Ave, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Joshua J. Joseph
- The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, 579 McCampbell Hall, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Charlie C. Branas
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th Street, Rm 1508, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - John M. MacDonald
- Department of Criminology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, 558 McNeil Building, Locus Walk, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | | | - Kehinde Oyekanmi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Urban Health Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Eugenia C. South
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Urban Health Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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Evaluation of the Health Promotion Capabilities of Greenway Trails: A Case Study in Hangzhou, China. LAND 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/land11040547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
As a type of green infrastructure, greenways are beneficial for walking and cycling and promote urban health and well-being. Taking the Qingshan Lake Greenway Phase One (QLG-I) Trail in the Lin’an District of Hangzhou city as an example and based on the accessibility of points of interest (POI) near the QLG-I Trail, a questionnaire investigation, and an importance performance analysis (IPA), in this paper, we construct a methodological framework to evaluate the health-promotion capabilities of the QLG-I Trail, including three aspects: promoting the coverage of healthy travel, user attribute analysis, and user perceptions of the greenway for health promotion. The results show that the healthy travel range of the QLG-I Trail is small and that the users are mainly residents of nearby communities. Additionally, the main factors affecting users’ health-promoting behaviour are safety, cleanliness, and infrastructure services. Although the overall satisfaction with service quality was good (3.93), we found that the trail facilities did not meet the needs of the users. This study confirms that the QLG-I Trail provides community residents with a place for sports activities and supports health-promoting behaviour. Greenway facilities and the natural environment enhance this utility; however, promoting the coverage of healthy travel is limited by accessibility. Finally, we propose a traffic-organization optimization and improvement plan for the QLG-I Trail. The research results may help promote healthy activities on this type of greenway.
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Pinto BMB, Ferreira FAF, Spahr RW, Sunderman MA, Pereira LF. Analyzing causes of urban blight using cognitive mapping and DEMATEL. ANNALS OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH 2022; 325:1083-1110. [PMID: 35370336 PMCID: PMC8960110 DOI: 10.1007/s10479-022-04614-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Blight is a concept not commonly discussed. However, blight is a problem that exists in the lives of many people, especially if they reside in urban areas. Blight originates whenever properties are neglected, contributing to both a functional and social depreciation process and ultimately leading to uninhabitable dwellings. Despite being blighted, these properties and surrounding neighborhoods often are occupied by families who fail to have sufficient income to afford residences that meet minimum standards or to live in neighborhoods free from drug trafficking and prostitution or other forms of crime. Blight may spread rapidly, thus, experts must, in a timely manner, analyze its causes, which are essential to preventing and mitigating blight problems. The purpose of this study is to seek an understanding of blight and identify its causal factors. The generic methods commonly applied in previous blight research present limitations that this study aims to overcome by using cognitive mapping and the decision making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) technique. This dual methodology provides a more transparent and less restrictive approach for analyzing and complying with the dynamics of cause-and-effect relationships among variables. Group debate involving a panel of specialists in this field identified six causation clusters based on the experts' experience and knowledge. The resulting framework and its application were validated both by these specialists and the head of the Territorial and Environmental Assessment and Monitoring Division of Cascais City Council Strategic Planning Department, Portugal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno M. B. Pinto
- ISCTE Business School, University Institute of Lisbon, Avenida das Forças Armadas, 1649-026 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Fernando A. F. Ferreira
- BRU-IUL, ISCTE Business School, University Institute of Lisbon, Avenida das Forças Armadas, 1649-026 Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Finance, Insurance and Real Estate, Fogelman College of Business and Economics, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152-3120 USA
| | - Ronald W. Spahr
- Department of Finance, Insurance and Real Estate, Fogelman College of Business and Economics, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152-3120 USA
| | - Mark A. Sunderman
- Department of Finance, Insurance and Real Estate, Fogelman College of Business and Economics, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152-3120 USA
| | - Leandro F. Pereira
- ISCTE Business School, University Institute of Lisbon, Avenida das Forças Armadas, 1649-026 Lisbon, Portugal
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Slawsky ED, Weaver AM, Luben TJ, Rappazzo KM. A cross-sectional study of brownfields and birth defects. Birth Defects Res 2022; 114:197-207. [PMID: 35182113 PMCID: PMC10867712 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brownfields are a multitude of abandoned and disused sites, spanning many former purposes. Brownfields represent a heterogenous yet ubiquitous exposure for many Americans, which may contain hazardous wastes and represent urban blight. Neonates and pregnant individuals are often sensitive to subtle environmental exposures. We evaluate whether residential brownfield exposure is associated with birth defects. METHODS Using North Carolina birth records from 2003 to 2015, we sampled 753,195 births with 39,495 defects identified. We examined defect groups and 30 distinct phenotypes. Number of brownfields within 2,000 m of the residential address at birth was summed. We utilized mixed effects multivariable logistic regression models adjusted for demographic and environmental covariates available from birth records, 2010 Census, and EPA's Environmental Quality Index to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS We observed positive associations between cardiovascular and external defect groups (OR [95% CI]: 1.07 [1.02-1.13] and 1.17 [1.01-1.35], respectively) and any brownfield exposure. We also observed positive associations with atrial septal and ventricular septal defects (1.08 [1.01-1.16] and 1.15 [1.03-1.28], respectively), congenital cataracts (1.38 [0.98-1.96]), and an inverse association with gastroschisis (0.74 [0.58-0.94]). Effect estimates for several additional defects were positive, though we observed null associations for most group and individual defects. Additional analyses indicated an exposure-response relationship for several defects across levels of brownfield exposure. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that residential proximity to brownfields is associated with birth defects, especially cardiovascular and external defects. In-depth analyses of individual defects and specific contaminants or brownfield sites may reveal additional novel associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik D. Slawsky
- Oak Ridge Associated Universities at the US Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Anne M. Weaver
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, RTP, North Carolina, USA
| | - Thomas J. Luben
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, RTP, North Carolina, USA
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22
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Choi HY, Graetz I, Shaban-Nejad A, Schwartzberg L, Vidal G, Davis RL, Shin EK. Social Disparities of Pain and Pain Intensity Among Women Diagnosed With Early Stage Breast Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:759272. [PMID: 35211396 PMCID: PMC8861323 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.759272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Breast cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers among women in the United States and pain is the most common side effect of breast cancer and its treatment. Yet, the relationships between social determinants of pain and pain experience/intensity remain under-investigated. We examined the associations between social determinants of pain both at the individual level and the neighborhood level to understand how social conditions are associated with pain perception among early stage breast cancer patients. Methods We conducted integrated statistical analysis of 1,191 women with early stage breast cancer treated at a large cancer center in Memphis, Tennessee. Combining electronic health records, patient-reported data and census data regarding residential address at the time of first diagnosis, we evaluated the relationships between social determinants and pain perception. Pain responses were self-reported by a patient as a numerical rating scale score at the patient’s initial diagnosis and follow-up clinical visits. We implemented two sets of statistical analyses of the zero-inflated Poisson model and estimated the associations between neighborhood poverty prevalence and breast cancer pain intensity. After adjustment for demographic characteristics, cancer stage, and chemotherapy, pain perception was significantly associated with poverty and blight level of the neighborhood. Results Among women living in the highest-poverty areas, the odds of reporting pain were 2.48 times higher than those in the lowest-poverty area. Women living in the highest-blight area had 5.43 times higher odds of reporting pain than those in the lowest-blight area. Neighborhood-level social determinants were significantly associated with pain intensity among women diagnosed with early-stage breast cancer. Conclusions Distressed neighborhood conditions are significantly associated with higher pain perception. Breast cancer patients living in socio-economically disadvantaged neighborhoods and in poor environmental conditions reported higher pain severity compared to patients from less distressed neighborhoods. Therefore, post-diagnosis pain treatment design needs to be tailored to the social determinants of the breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Young Choi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Ilana Graetz
- Department of Health Policy & Management, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Arash Shaban-Nejad
- UTHSC-Oak Ridge National Lab (ORNL) Center for Biomedical Informatics, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Lee Schwartzberg
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States.,West Cancer Center, Memphis, TN, United States.,Department of Hematology/Oncology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | | | - Robert Lowell Davis
- UTHSC-Oak Ridge National Lab (ORNL) Center for Biomedical Informatics, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Eun Kyong Shin
- Department of Sociology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
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Gan DRY, Wister AV, Best JR. Environmental Influences on Life Satisfaction and Depressive Symptoms Among Older Adults With Multimorbidity: Path Analysis Through Loneliness in the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging. THE GERONTOLOGIST 2022; 62:855-864. [PMID: 35034124 PMCID: PMC9290896 DOI: 10.1093/geront/gnac004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES More older adults with multimorbidity are aging in place than ever before. Knowing how the environment affects their mental well-being could enhance the efficacy of age-friendly interventions for multimorbidity resilience. With reference to the Transdisciplinary Neighborhood Health Framework, we construct and examine a priori models of environmental influences on life satisfaction and depressive symptoms. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Baseline and follow-up data (after 3 years) were drawn from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging to identify a subsample (n = 14,301) of participants aged at least 65 years with at least 2 chronic diseases. Path analysis examined sociobehavioral attributes (i.e., social support, social participation, walking) and loneliness as primary and secondary mediators, controlling for age, sex, education, and outcomes during baseline. RESULTS Good model fit was found (TFI = 1.00; CFI = 1.00; RMSEA < 0.001; SRMR < 0.001). The total effects of housing quality (rtotal = 0.08, -0.07) and neighborhood cohesion (rtotal = 0.03, -0.06) were weak but statistically significant in the expected direction. The mediators explained 21%-31% of the total effects of housing quality and 67%-100% of the total effects of neighborhood cohesion. Loneliness mediated 27%-29% of these environmental influences on mental well-being, whereas walking mediated a mere 0.4%-0.9% of the total effects. Walking did not explain the relationship between housing quality and mental well-being. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS Data supported a priori pathways from environment to mental well-being through sociobehavioral attributes and loneliness. If these pathways from neighborhood cohesion to life satisfaction reflect causal effects, community-based age-friendly interventions should focus on enhancing neighborhood cohesion to mitigate loneliness among multimorbid older adults for their mental well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Y Gan
- Address correspondence to: Daniel R. Y. Gan, PhD, Gerontology Research Centre, Simon Fraser University, #2800-515 West Hastings Street, Vancouver, BC V6B 5K3, Canada. E-mail:
| | - Andrew V Wister
- Gerontology Research Centre, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - John R Best
- Gerontology Research Centre, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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24
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Savin KL, Roesch SC, Oren E, Carlson JA, Allison MA, Sotres-Alvarez D, Sallis JF, Jankowska MM, Talavera GA, Rodriguez TM, Chambers EC, Daviglus M, Perreira KM, Llabre MM, Gallo LC. Social and built neighborhood environments and blood pressure 6 years later: Results from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos and the SOL CASAS ancillary study. Soc Sci Med 2022; 292:114496. [PMID: 34774366 PMCID: PMC8748411 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Neighborhood-level socioeconomic deprivation can increase risk for higher blood pressure or hypertension, while greater neighborhood safety and walkability may protect against hypertension. Large-scale prospective research, particularly among Hispanics/Latinos, is lacking. We examined cross-sectional and prospective associations between neighborhood environments and blood pressure and hypertension among 3851 Hispanic/Latinos enrolled in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos San Diego, CA cohort. Addresses from Visit 1 (2008-2011) were geocoded and neighborhood characteristics were determined as part of the SOL CASAS ancillary study. Home addresses were geocoded and home areas created using 800 m circular radial buffers. Neighborhood indices socioeconomic deprivation, residential stability, and social disorder were created using Census and other publicly available data. Walkability was computed as density of intersections, retail spaces, and residences. Greenness was measured via satellite imagery using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index. Visit 1 and Visit 2 (2014-2017) clinical outcomes included systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure, as well as prevalent and 6-year incident hypertension, defined as SBP/DBP ≥140/90 mmHg or antihypertensive medication use. Complex survey regression models adjusted for covariates revealed cross-sectional associations between greater walkability and lower SBP (B = -0.05; 95% CI: -0.09, -0.003). In prospective analyses, greater neighborhood social disorder was related to increasing SBP (B = 0.05; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.09) and DBP (B = 0.07; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.12) over time. Greater socioeconomic deprivation (OR = 1.47; 95% CI: 1.06, 2.04) and greater social disorder (OR = 1.25; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.54) were associated with higher odds of incident hypertension. All other associations were not significant. Beyond individual-level characteristics, greater neighborhood social disorder and socioeconomic deprivation were related to adverse changes in blood pressure over 6 years among Hispanics/Latinos. Neighborhood social environment may help identify, or be an area for future intervention for, cardiovascular risk among Hispanics/Latinos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly L Savin
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego, Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, 6363 Alvarado Court, San Diego, CA, 92120, USA.
| | - Scott C Roesch
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, 6363 Alvarado Court, San Diego, CA, 92120, USA.
| | - Eyal Oren
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA.
| | - Jordan A Carlson
- Center for Children's Healthy Lifestyles & Nutrition, Children's Mercy Kansas City Postal Address: 2401 Gillham Rd, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City and University of Missouri Kansas City, 2401 Gillham Rd, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA.
| | - Matthew A Allison
- Department of Family Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Daniela Sotres-Alvarez
- Collaborative Studies Coordinating Center, Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 123 W. Franklin Street, Suite 450, CB #8030, Chapel Hill, NC, 27516, USA.
| | - James F Sallis
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA; Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, 5/215 Spring St, Melbourne VIC, 3000, Australia.
| | - Marta M Jankowska
- Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, 1500 E Duarte Rd, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA.
| | - Gregory A Talavera
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, 6363 Alvarado Court, San Diego, CA, 92120, USA.
| | - Tasi M Rodriguez
- South Bay Latino Research Center, San Diego State University, 780 Bay Boulevard, Suite 200, Chula Vista, CA, 91910, USA.
| | - Earle C Chambers
- Department of Family and Social Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
| | - Martha Daviglus
- Institute for Minority Health Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 S Wolcott Ave (Bldg 935), Mailbox #23 (M/C 769), Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| | - Krista M Perreira
- Department of Social Medicine, University of North Carolina, 333 South Columbia Street, MacNider Hall, Room #348 / CB #7240, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7240, USA.
| | - Maria M Llabre
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, P.O. Box 248185, Coral Gables, FL, 33124, USA.
| | - Linda C Gallo
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, 6363 Alvarado Court, San Diego, CA, 92120, USA.
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25
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South EC, Lee K, Oyekanmi K, Buckler DG, Tiako MJN, Martin T, Kornfield SL, Srinivas S. Nurtured in Nature: a Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial to Increase Time in Greenspace among Urban-Dwelling Postpartum Women. J Urban Health 2021; 98:822-831. [PMID: 34014451 PMCID: PMC8688635 DOI: 10.1007/s11524-021-00544-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Spending time in nature is associated with numerous mental health benefits, including reduced depression and improved well-being. However, few studies examine the most effective ways to nudge people to spend more time outside. Furthermore, the impact of spending time in nature has not been previously studied as a postpartum depression (PPD) prevention strategy. To fill these gaps, we developed and pilot tested Nurtured in Nature, a 4-week intervention leveraging a behavioral economics framework, and included a Nature Coach, digital nudges, and personalized goal feedback. We conducted a randomized controlled trial among postpartum women (n = 36) in Philadelphia, PA between 9/9/2019 and 3/27/2020. Nature visit frequency and duration was determined using GPS data. PPD was measured using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Participants were from low-income, majority Black neighborhoods. Compared to control, the intervention arm had a strong trend toward longer duration and higher frequency of nature visits (IRR 2.6, 95%CI 0.96-2.75, p = 0.059). When analyzing women who completed the intervention (13 of 17 subjects), the intervention was associated with three times higher nature visits compared to control (IRR 3.1, 95%CI 1.16-3.14, p = 0.025). No significant differences were found in the EPDS scores, although we may have been limited by the study's sample size. Nurture in Nature increased the amount of time postpartum women spent in nature, and may be a useful population health tool to leverage the health benefits of nature in majority Black, low-resourced communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia C South
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Blockley Hall, Room 408, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. .,Urban Health Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Kathleen Lee
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Blockley Hall, Room 408, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Kehinde Oyekanmi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Blockley Hall, Room 408, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Urban Health Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David G Buckler
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Blockley Hall, Room 408, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Urban Health Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Max Jordan Nguemeni Tiako
- Urban Health Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Tyler Martin
- Center for Healthcare Innovation, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sara L Kornfield
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sindhu Srinivas
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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26
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Tung EL, Peek ME, Rivas MA, Yang JP, Volerman A. Association Of Neighborhood Disadvantage With Racial Disparities In COVID-19 Positivity In Chicago. Health Aff (Millwood) 2021; 40:1784-1791. [PMID: 34724418 DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.2021.00695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Racial health inequities exemplified during the COVID-19 crisis have awakened a sense of urgency among public health and policy experts to examine contributing factors. One potential factor includes the socioeconomic disadvantage of racially segregated neighborhoods. This study quantified associations of neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage in Chicago, Illinois, as measured by the Area Deprivation Index (ADI), with racial disparities in COVID-19 positivity. A retrospective cohort included 16,684 patients tested for COVID-19 at an academic medical center and five community-based testing sites during Chicago's "first wave" (March 12, 2020-June 25, 2020). Patients living in Black majority neighborhoods had two times higher odds of COVID-19 positivity relative to those in White majority neighborhoods. The ADI accounted for 20 percent of the racial disparity; however, COVID-19 positivity remained substantially higher at every decile of the ADI in Black relative to White neighborhoods. The remaining disparities (80 percent) suggest a large, cumulative effect of other structural disadvantages in urban communities of color.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth L Tung
- Elizabeth L. Tung is an associate professor in the Sections of General Internal Medicine and Academic Pediatrics, University of Chicago, in Chicago, Illinois
| | - Monica E Peek
- Monica E. Peek is a professor in the Section of General Internal Medicine, University of Chicago
| | - Marco A Rivas
- Marco A. Rivas is a medical student in the Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago
| | - Joyce P Yang
- Joyce P. Yang is an assistant professor in the Department of Psychology, University of San Francisco, in San Francisco, California
| | - Anna Volerman
- Anna Volerman is an associate professor in the Sections of General Internal Medicine and Academic Pediatrics, University of Chicago
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27
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Tiako MJN, McCarthy C, Meisel ZF, Elovitz MA, Burris HH, South E. Association between Low Urban Neighborhood Greenness and Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy. Am J Perinatol 2021:10.1055/s-0041-1733786. [PMID: 34450673 PMCID: PMC8882207 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1733786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Urban neighborhood greenness is associated with greater cardiovascular health in the general population, and with better pregnancy and neonatal outcomes. Hypertension in pregnancy is a leading cause of maternal mortality and long-term cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in women. We sought to examine the association between greenness and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. STUDY DESIGN This study is a secondary analysis of a prospective cohort study of 1,943 women who received prenatal care from December 2013 to December 2016 at a single, urban, and tertiary academic medical center in Philadelphia, PA. Greenness measure was quantified via residential tree canopy cover within circumferential buffers of 100- and 500-meter radii around participants' homes. Associations between greenness and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (defined as gestational hypertension or preeclampsia) were estimated by using multilevel logistic regression accounting for maternal sociodemographic information (race-ethnicity, insurance status, and age) medical history (diabetes, body mass index, smoking history, and parity), neighborhood deprivation index, and including 1,225 Philadelphia residents for whom key exposure and outcome data were available. RESULTS At baseline, the participants' mean (SD) age was 27.5 (5.9) years, (range: 14-44 years). The majority of participants were non-Hispanic Black (857, 70.2%). Participants with less residential tree canopy cover were significantly more likely to have hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. The multivariable-adjusted odds ratio of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy among participants with less than 10% compared with those with greater than 30% tree canopy cover was 2.14 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.11-4.15) within 100-meter buffer. CONCLUSION In our cohort, greenness was associated with lower hypertensive disorders of pregnancy odds. Our findings add to evidence that greenness may confer health benefits and warrant further investigations in identifying whether there is a causal pathway through which greenness may be protective against hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. KEY POINTS · Low residential tree canopy is associated with increased risk of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. · 100-meter buffers are most sensitive in identifying associations between tree canopy and HDP risk. · The role of greenness against hypertensive disorders of pregnancy should be further studied experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Jordan Nguemeni Tiako
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Center for Emergency Care and Policy Research, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA,Urban Health Lab, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia PA,Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Clare McCarthy
- Maternal and Child Health Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Zachary F. Meisel
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Center for Emergency Care and Policy Research, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA,Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, PA
| | - Michal A. Elovitz
- Maternal and Child Health Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Heather H. Burris
- Maternal and Child Health Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA,Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Eugenia South
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Center for Emergency Care and Policy Research, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA,Urban Health Lab, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia PA,Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, PA
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28
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Prescott SL. A world of inflammation: the need for ecological solutions that co-benefit people, place and planet. Vet Dermatol 2021; 32:539-e149. [PMID: 34415086 DOI: 10.1111/vde.13013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The ecology of the early environment - including microbial diversity, nutrition, nature, social interactions and the totality of exposures in the wider "exposome" - have life-long implications for all aspects of health and resilience. In particular, the emergence of "microbiome science" provides new evidence for vital relationships between biodiversity and health at every level. New perspectives of ecological interdependence connect personal and planetary health; the human health crisis cannot be separated from the social, political and economic "ecosystems" otherwise driving dysbiosis (from its etymological root, "life in distress") at every level. Adverse changes in macroscale ecology - of food systems, lifestyle behaviours, socioeconomic disadvantage and environmental degradation - all impact the microbial systems sitting at the foundations of all ecosystems. In particular, changes in the function and composition of the human-associated microbiome have been implicated in the mounting global burden of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), exacerbating inflammation and metabolic dysregulation through multiple pathways across the lifespan. This "dysbiotic drift" (adverse shifts in ecology at all scales) underscores the need for ecological approaches aimed at restoring symbiosis, balance and mutualism. While there is promise with supplement-based strategies (e.g. probiotics, prebiotics), it is essential to focus on upstream factors implicated in dysbiosis, including the health of wider environments, lifestyle, nature relatedness, and the social policies and practices which can facilitate or inhibit dysbiotic drift. This also calls for ambitious integrative approaches which not only define these interconnections, but also capitalize on them to create novel, collaborative and mutualistic solutions to our vast interdependent global challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L Prescott
- The ORIGINS Project, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia.,InVIVO Planetary Health of the Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), West New York, NJ, 10704, USA.,The NOVA Institute, 1407 Fleet Street, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA.,Center for Integrative Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
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29
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Reeves JP, John CHD, Wood KA, Maund PR. A Qualitative Analysis of UK Wetland Visitor Centres as a Health Resource. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18168629. [PMID: 34444378 PMCID: PMC8392124 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The health benefits associated with spending time in natural environments have been highlighted during the COVID-19 pandemic. Lockdowns and restrictions to safeguard public health have exacerbated the pre-existing mental health crisis and rise of non-communicable diseases. Thus, the importance of nature as a health resource has been elevated, hastening calls for a better understanding of how health benefits might differ across user groups and nature provisions. In this regard, urban green spaces have become the greatest research focus; however, blue spaces, especially inland freshwater (e.g., wetlands), remain less studied. First-hand user experiences are also under-represented. This exploratory study examines the motivations and benefits of active wetland centre users in the UK, both during and after visits. Responses to three open-ended questions were collated online from 385 participants, and a qualitative content analysis was conducted based on an existing taxonomy from users of urban green spaces. The results showed strong motivations to visit due to the biodiversity at the site (mainly the birdlife), while less tangible nature (e.g., fresh air) and amenities were also important. In contrast to other studies on natural environments, physical activity was a less influential motivation. Salient derived effects included positive and intensely positive emotions, relaxation and mental restoration. After visits to wetland centres, feelings of vitality and satisfaction were the most prominent effects that emerged. For decision-makers looking to leverage inland blue spaces for public health benefit, our results highlight the broad range and relative prominence of the reasons for use and the associated perceived health benefits derived by users of UK wetland centres. They highlight how biodiversity, abiotic nature and good amenities are important qualities to consider when planning, managing and encouraging people to use natural environments for health benefit, qualities that may also provide important environmental co-benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P. Reeves
- Ecosystem Health & Social Dimensions Unit, Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust (WWT), Slimbridge, Glos GL2 7BT, UK; (K.A.W.); (P.R.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Conor H. D. John
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, 70 Park Pl, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK; or
| | - Kevin A. Wood
- Ecosystem Health & Social Dimensions Unit, Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust (WWT), Slimbridge, Glos GL2 7BT, UK; (K.A.W.); (P.R.M.)
| | - Phoebe R. Maund
- Ecosystem Health & Social Dimensions Unit, Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust (WWT), Slimbridge, Glos GL2 7BT, UK; (K.A.W.); (P.R.M.)
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30
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South EC, MacDonald J, Reina V. Association Between Structural Housing Repairs for Low-Income Homeowners and Neighborhood Crime. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4:e2117067. [PMID: 34287632 PMCID: PMC9435958 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.17067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The root causes of violent crime in Black urban neighborhoods are structural, including residential racial segregation and concentrated poverty. Previous work suggests that simple and scalable place-based environmental interventions can overcome the legacies of neighborhood disinvestment and have implications for health broadly and crime specifically. OBJECTIVE To assess whether structural repairs to the homes of low-income owners are associated with a reduction in nearby crime. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cross-sectional study using difference-in-differences analysis included data from the City of Philadelphia Basic Systems Repair Program (BSRP) from January 1, 2006, through April 30, 2013. The unit of analysis was block faces (single street segments between 2 consecutive intersecting streets) with or without homes that received the BSRP intervention. The blocks of homes that received BSRP services were compared with the blocks of eligible homes that were still on the waiting list. Data were analyzed from December 1, 2019, to February 28, 2021. EXPOSURES The BSRP intervention includes a grant of up to $20 000 provided to low-income owners for structural repairs to electrical, plumbing, heating, and roofing damage. Eligible homeowners must meet income guidelines, which are set by the US Department of Housing and Urban Development and vary yearly. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The main outcome was police-reported crime across 7 major categories of violent and nonviolent crimes (homicide, assault, burglary, theft, robbery, disorderly conduct, and public drunkenness). RESULTS A total of 13 632 houses on 6732 block faces received the BSRP intervention. Owners of these homes had a mean (range) age of 56.5 (18-98) years, were predominantly Black (10 952 [78.6%]) or Latino (1658 [11.9%]) individuals, and had a mean monthly income of $993. These census tracts compared with those without BSRP intervention had a substantially larger Black population (49.5% vs 12.2%; |D| = 0.406) and higher unemployment rate (17.3% vs 9.3%; |D| = 0.357). The main regression analysis demonstrated that the addition to a block face of a property that received a BSRP intervention was associated with a 21.9% decrease in the expected count of total crime (incidence rate ratio [IRR], 0.78; 95% CI, 0.76-0.80; P < .001), 19.0% decrease in assault (IRR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.79-0.84; P < .001), 22.6% decrease in robbery (IRR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.75-0.80; P < .001), and 21.9% decrease in homicide (IRR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.71-0.86; P < .001). When restricting the analysis to blocks with properties that had ever received a BSRP intervention, a total crime reduction of 25.4% was observed for each additional property (IRR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.73-0.77; P < .001). A significant dose-dependent decrease in total crime was found such that the magnitude of association increased with higher numbers of homes participating in the BSRP on a block. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This study found that the BSRP intervention was associated with a modest but significant reduction in crime. These findings suggest that intentional and targeted financial investment in structural, scalable, and sustainable place-based interventions in neighborhoods that are still experiencing the lasting consequences of structural racism and segregation is a vital step toward achieving health equity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia C. South
- Urban Health Lab, Department of Emergency
Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia
- Leonard Davis Institute, University of
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - John MacDonald
- Leonard Davis Institute, University of
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Department of Criminology, School of Arts and
Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Vincent Reina
- Department of City and Regional Planning,
Weitzman School of Design, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
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31
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Pearson AL, Clevenger KA, Horton TH, Gardiner JC, Asana V, Dougherty BV, Pfeiffer KA. Feelings of safety during daytime walking: associations with mental health, physical activity and cardiometabolic health in high vacancy, low-income neighborhoods in Detroit, Michigan. Int J Health Geogr 2021; 20:19. [PMID: 33941196 PMCID: PMC8091672 DOI: 10.1186/s12942-021-00271-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Individuals living in low-income neighborhoods have disproportionately high rates of obesity, Type-2 diabetes, and cardiometabolic conditions. Perceived safety in one's neighborhood may influence stress and physical activity, with cascading effects on cardiometabolic health. METHODS In this study, we examined relationships among feelings of safety while walking during the day and mental health [perceived stress (PSS), depression score], moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (PA), Body Mass Index (BMI), and hemoglobin A1C (A1C) in low-income, high-vacancy neighborhoods in Detroit, Michigan. We recruited 69 adults who wore accelerometers for one week and completed a survey on demographics, mental health, and neighborhood perceptions. Anthropometrics were collected and A1C was measured using A1CNow test strips. We compiled spatial data on vacant buildings and lots across the city. We fitted conventional and multilevel regression models to predict each outcome, using perceived safety during daytime walking as the independent variable of interest and individual or both individual and neighborhood-level covariates (e.g., number of vacant lots). Last, we examined trends in neighborhood features according to perceived safety. RESULTS In this predominantly African American sample (91%), 47% felt unsafe during daytime walking. Feelings of perceived safety significantly predicted PSS (β = - 2.34, p = 0.017), depression scores (β = - 4.22, p = 0.006), and BMI (β = - 2.87, p = 0.01), after full adjustment. For PA, we detected a significant association for sex only. For A1C we detected significant associations with blighted lots near the home. Those feeling unsafe lived in neighborhoods with higher park area and number of blighted lots. CONCLUSION Future research is needed to assess a critical pathway through which neighborhood features, including vacant or poor-quality green spaces, may affect obesity-via stress reduction and concomitant effects on cardiometabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber L Pearson
- Department of Geography, Environment & Spatial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | - Teresa H Horton
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Joseph C Gardiner
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | | | - Benjamin V Dougherty
- Department of Geography, Environment & Spatial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Karin A Pfeiffer
- Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
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32
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Crist K, Benmarhnia T, Zamora S, Yang JA, Sears DD, Natarajan L, Dillon L, Sallis JF, Jankowska MM. Device-Measured and Self-Reported Active Travel Associations with Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in an Ethnically Diverse Sample of Adults. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:3909. [PMID: 33917841 PMCID: PMC8068223 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18083909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Active travel (AT) provides an opportunity to alleviate the physical inactivity and climate crises contributing to the global chronic disease burden, including cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Though AT shows promising links to reduced CVD risk, prior studies relied on self-reported AT assessment. In the present study, device-measured and self-reported AT were compared across population subgroups and relationships with CVD risk biomarkers were evaluated for both measures. The study recruited an ethnically diverse sample (N = 602, mean age 59 years, 42% Hispanic/Latino ethnicity) from neighborhoods that varied by walkability and food access. AT was assessed using concurrently collected accelerometer and GPS data and self-report data from a validated survey. Relationships with body mass index (BMI), triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, blood pressure (BP), and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) were modeled using multivariable linear regression. Devices captured more AT than did self-report. We found differences in AT measures by population subgroups, including race, ethnicity, education, income, vehicle access, and walkability. Men had more accelerometer-measured MVPA, though women self-reported more daily minutes. Both device and survey AT measures were positively associated with total accelerometer-measured MVPA, though the relationship was stronger with device-measured AT. Device-measured AT was associated with lower BMI. No other CVD risk biomarker was associated with either AT measure. No effect modification by Hispanic/Latino ethnicity was detected. Further studies with device-based measures are warranted to better understand the relationship between AT and cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Crist
- Department of Family Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA;
| | - Tarik Benmarhnia
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (T.B.); (L.N.); (L.D.); (J.F.S.)
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Steven Zamora
- Qualcomm Institute/Calit2, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (S.Z.); (J.-A.Y.)
| | - Jiue-An Yang
- Qualcomm Institute/Calit2, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (S.Z.); (J.-A.Y.)
| | - Dorothy D. Sears
- Department of Family Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA;
- Department of Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, 550 N 3rd Street, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Loki Natarajan
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (T.B.); (L.N.); (L.D.); (J.F.S.)
| | - Lindsay Dillon
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (T.B.); (L.N.); (L.D.); (J.F.S.)
| | - James F. Sallis
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (T.B.); (L.N.); (L.D.); (J.F.S.)
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Marta M. Jankowska
- Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, 1500 E Duarte Rd, Duarte, CA 91010, USA;
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Relative 'greenness' and not availability of public open space buffers stressful life events and longitudinal trajectories of psychological distress. Health Place 2021; 68:102501. [PMID: 33535155 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2020.102501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Despite evidence of associations between urban green space exposure and mental health, explanatory mechanisms and the role of green space qualities remain unclear. This prospective cohort study (n = 929) examined the distinct relationships of residential public open space (POS) availability and 'greenness' with four-year trajectories of psychological distress in Montreal, Canada. Stress-buffering and main effect mechanisms were tested under the respective hypotheses that POS exposures 1) attenuate the impact of stressful events on psychological distress and 2) protect against psychological distress independently of exposure to stressful events. Results from growth mixture models indicate that residing among 'greener' POS protects against rising distress through both mechanisms. Conversely, POS availability was not associated with trajectories of distress when holding greenness constant. Findings reinforce the need to consider the quality as well as quantity of public open space in urban environments.
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York Cornwell E, Goldman AW. Neighborhood Disorder and Distress in Real Time: Evidence from a Smartphone-Based Study of Older Adults. JOURNAL OF HEALTH AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2020; 61:523-541. [PMID: 33210544 DOI: 10.1177/0022146520967660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Socioeconomic disadvantage and disorder in the residential neighborhood have been linked to multiple health risks, but less is known about the relevance of other spaces of daily life. This article considers whether disadvantage and disorder in the immediate context-within or outside of the residential neighborhood-is associated with physiological symptoms indicative of stress and strain. We use data from a study of 61 older adults in four New York City neighborhoods. Participants carried smartphones to capture GPS locations and ecological momentary assessments during the study week. We find that instantaneous exposure to disorder is associated with momentary spikes in pain and fatigue. This is not explained by cumulative exposure to disorder or concurrent stress or fear. Rather, disordered spaces may be physically and cognitively taxing for older adults in real time. We urge further research on short- and long-term health consequences of activity spaces.
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Min J, Griffis HM, Tam V, Meyers KE, Natarajan SS. Association of neighborhood-level social determinants and food environments with pediatric hypertension care. Health Place 2020; 65:102383. [PMID: 32823141 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2020.102383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Despite the apparent relationship between neighborhood characteristics and health, few studies of child health address neighborhood-level barriers, which may contribute to clinic no-show rates and difficulties following treatment plans in children and youth. We used longitudinal data from an outpatient hypertension clinic to examine neighborhood social disorganization, built environments, and their associations with patients' clinic attendance and the risk of obesity/hypertension using mixed-effects regression models. Patients from disorganized neighborhoods were less likely to attend a baseline visit, and more likely to develop overweight/obesity and hypertension during follow-up. High-level fast-food expenditures in the neighborhood were associated with higher BMI percentiles and SBP during follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungwon Min
- Data Science and Biostatistics Unit, Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, USA.
| | - Heather M Griffis
- Data Science and Biostatistics Unit, Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, USA
| | - Vicky Tam
- Data Science and Biostatistics Unit, Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, USA
| | - Kevin E Meyers
- Division of Nephrology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shobha S Natarajan
- Division of Cardiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Bezold C, Bauer SJ, Buckley JP, Batterman S, Haroon H, Fink L. Demolition Activity and Elevated Blood Lead Levels among Children in Detroit, Michigan, 2014-2018. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E6018. [PMID: 32824913 PMCID: PMC7503460 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17176018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Older buildings in the United States often contain lead paint, and their demolition poses the risk of community lead exposure. We investigated associations between demolitions and elevated blood lead levels (EBLLs) among Detroit children aged <6 years, 2014-2018, and evaluated yearly variation given health and safety controls implemented during this time. Case-control analysis included incident EBLL cases (≥5 µg/dL) and non-EBLL controls from test results reported to the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services. Exposure was defined as the number of demolitions (0, 1, 2+) within 400 feet of the child's residence 45 days before the blood test. We used logistic regression to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and test effect modification by year. Associations between demolition and EBLL differed yearly (p = 0.07): 2+ demolitions were associated with increased odds of EBLLs in 2014 (OR: 1.75; 95% CI: (1.17, 2.55), 2016 (2.36; 1.53, 3.55) and 2017 (2.16; 1.24, 3.60), but not in 2018 (0.94; 0.41, 1.86). This pattern remained consistent in sensitivity analyses. The null association in 2018 may be related to increased health and safety controls. Maintenance of controls and monitoring are essential, along with other interventions to minimize lead exposure, especially for susceptible populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Bezold
- Detroit Health Department, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (S.J.B.); (H.H.); (L.F.)
| | - Samantha J. Bauer
- Detroit Health Department, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (S.J.B.); (H.H.); (L.F.)
| | - Jessie P. Buckley
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;
| | - Stuart Batterman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
| | - Haifa Haroon
- Detroit Health Department, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (S.J.B.); (H.H.); (L.F.)
| | - Lauren Fink
- Detroit Health Department, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (S.J.B.); (H.H.); (L.F.)
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Athens J, Mehta S, Wheelock S, Chaudhury N, Zezza M. Using 311 data to develop an algorithm to identify urban blight for public health improvement. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235227. [PMID: 32645013 PMCID: PMC7347128 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth of administrative data made available publicly, often in near-real time, offers new opportunities for monitoring conditions that impact community health. Urban blight—manifestations of adverse social processes in the urban environment, including physical disorder, decay, and loss of anchor institutions—comprises many conditions considered to negatively affect the health of communities. However, measurement strategies for urban blight have been complicated by lack of uniform data, often requiring expensive street audits or the use of proxy measures that cannot represent the multifaceted nature of blight. This paper evaluates how publicly available data from New York City’s 311-call system can be used in a natural language processing approach to represent urban blight across the city with greater geographic and temporal precision. We found that our urban blight algorithm, which includes counts of keywords (‘tokens’), resulted in sensitivity ~90% and specificity between 55% and 76%, depending on other covariates in the model. The percent of 311 calls that were ‘blight related’ at the census tract level were correlated with the most common proxy measure for blight: short, medium, and long-term vacancy rates for commercial and residential buildings. We found the strongest association with long-term (>1 year) commercial vacancies (Pearson’s correlation coefficient = 0.16, p < 0.001). Our findings indicate the need of further validation, as well as testing algorithms that disambiguate the different facets of urban blight. These facets include physical disorder (e.g., litter, overgrown lawns, or graffiti) and decay (e.g., vacant or abandoned lots or sidewalks in disrepair) that are manifestations of social processes such as (loss of) neighborhood cohesion, social control, collective efficacy, and anchor institutions. More refined measures of urban blight would allow for better targeted remediation efforts and improved community health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Athens
- New York State Health Foundation, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Setu Mehta
- Harvard College, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sophie Wheelock
- New York State Health Foundation, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Nupur Chaudhury
- New York State Health Foundation, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Mark Zezza
- New York State Health Foundation, New York, New York, United States of America
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Dong B, White CM, Weisburd DL. Poor Health and Violent Crime Hot Spots: Mitigating the Undesirable Co-Occurrence Through Focused Place-Based Interventions. Am J Prev Med 2020; 58:799-806. [PMID: 32059990 PMCID: PMC7246177 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2019.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The geographic overlap of violence and poor health is a major public health concern. To understand whether and how place-based interventions targeting micro-geographic places can reduce this undesirable co-occurrence, the study addresses 2 important questions. First, to what extent are deteriorated health conditions associated with living at violent crime hot spots? Second, through what mechanisms can focused place-based interventions break the association between living with violence and deteriorated health? METHODS This study used survey data from 2,724 respondents living on 328 street segments that were categorized as violent crime hot spots (181 segments with 1,532 respondents) versus non-hot spots (147 segments with 1,192 respondents) in 2013-2014 in Baltimore, Maryland. Propensity score analysis assessed whether individuals living at violent crime hot spots had lower general health perceptions than people living at non-hot spots. Marginal structural models estimated the proportion of total effects mediated by 3 theoretically informed intervening mechanisms. Analyses were conducted in 2019. RESULTS Respondents living at violent crime hot spots had a lower level of self-rated general health (b= -0.096, 95% CI= -0.176, -0.015) and higher levels of health limitations (b=0.068, 95% CI=0.027, 0.109) and problems (OR=2.026, 95% CI=1.225, 3.349) than those living at non-hot spots. Enhanced perceptions of safety, collective efficacy, and police legitimacy may break the association between living in places with extremely high levels of violence and deteriorated health. CONCLUSIONS Indicated or selective strategies are urgently needed to target micro-geographic locations with known increased risks, supplementing universal strategies applied to a broader community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beidi Dong
- Department of Criminology, Law and Society, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia.
| | - Clair M White
- Department of Criminal Justice and Sociology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming
| | - David L Weisburd
- Department of Criminology, Law and Society, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia; Institute of Criminology, Faculty of Law, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel
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Zhan Y, Liu J, Lu Z, Yue H, Zhang J, Jiang Y. Influence of residential greenness on adverse pregnancy outcomes: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 718:137420. [PMID: 32325616 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the development of urbanization, there is a decreasing tendency for people contact with natural greenness. Whether maternal exposure to greenness has an impact on pregnancy complications and pregnancy outcomes remains to be confirmed. OBJECTIVES To estimate the association and dose-response relationship between residential greenness and pregnancy outcomes. DATA SOURCES PubMed, Embase, Ovid, Scopus and Web of Science from inception to 1st December 2019 were searched. SYNTHESIS METHODS The summary regression coefficient (β) and odds ratio (OR) with corresponding 95% confidence interval (95%CI) were calculated. The linear dose-response relationship between greenness and adverse pregnancy outcomes was also investigated. RESULTS Overall, 36 studies with a total of 11,983,089 participants were included. Birth weight was significantly higher in highest level of greenness exposure group compared to lowest level group (e.g. β:20.22, 95%CI:13.50-26.93 at 100 m buffer). The odds of low birth weight (LBW) decreased in the highest level of group compared to lowest level group (e.g. OR:0.86, 95%CI:0.75-0.99 at 100 m buffer). The odds of small for gestational age (SGA) also decreased in the highest group (OR:0.93, 95%CI:0.88-1.00 at 100 m buffer). In addition, maternal exposure to greenness was associated with increased head circumference and decreased mental disorders. The dose-response models showed a 2% decrease risk of LBW per 0.1 normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) increase within 300 m buffer (OR:0.98, 95%CI:0.97-0.99, P < 0.001) and a 1% decrease risk of SGA per 0.1 NDVI increase within 300 m buffer (OR:0.99, 95%CI:0.98-1.00, P = 0.037). No significant associations were found on preterm birth, gestational age, gestational diabetes mellitus, gestational hypertension or preeclampsia. CONCLUSIONS This review confirms an inverse association between residential greenness and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Findings of our study provide evidences for pregnant women to increase greenness exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongle Zhan
- School of Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China.
| | - Jintao Liu
- Department of Urban Planning, School of Architecture & Fine Art, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Zhiming Lu
- National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Hexin Yue
- School of Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jingwen Zhang
- School of Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- School of Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China.
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Duncan DT, Sutton MY, Park SH, Callander D, Kim B, Jeffries WL, Henny KD, Harry-Hernández S, Barber S, Hickson DA. Associations Between Neighborhood Problems and Sexual Behaviors Among Black Men Who Have Sex with Men in the Deep South: The MARI Study. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2020; 49:185-193. [PMID: 31950381 PMCID: PMC7410008 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-019-01619-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
There is a disproportionately high HIV incidence among Black men who have sex with men (MSM) despite equal or lower levels of HIV risk behaviors compared to White MSM. Due to high levels of racial segregation in the U.S., Black MSM have an elevated likelihood of living in neighborhoods that contain psychosocial stressors, which, in turn, may increase behaviors promoting HIV infection. We examined associations between perceived neighborhood problems and sexual behaviors among Black MSM in the Deep South, a population at highest risk of HIV. Data came from the MARI Study, which included Black MSM ages 18-66 years recruited from the Jackson, MS, and Atlanta, GA, metropolitan areas (n = 377). Participants completed questions about neighborhood problems (e.g., excessive noise, heavy traffic/speeding cars and trash/litter) and sexual behaviors (e.g., condomless sex and drug use before or during sex). We used Poisson's regression model with robust standard errors to estimate the adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR; 95% confidence intervals [CI]) of neighborhood problems (coded as tertiles [tertile 1 = low neighborhood problems, tertile 2 = medium neighborhood problems, tertile 3 = high neighborhood problems] as well as continuously) with sexual behaviors, after adjustment for sociodemographic characteristics and other variables. About one-fourth of the sample reported at least one neighborhood problem, with the most common (31.6%) being no/poorly maintained sidewalks, which indicates an infrastructural problem. In multivariable models, compared to those in the lowest tertile, those reporting more neighborhood problems (tertile 2: aPR = 1.49, 95% CI = 1.04, 2.14 and tertile 3: aPR = 1.53, 95% CI = 1.05, 2.24) reported more drug use before or during sex (p for trend = .027). Neighborhood problems may promote behaviors (e.g., drug use before or during sex) conducive to HIV infection. Structural interventions could improve community infrastructure to reduce neighborhood problems (e.g., no/poorly maintained sidewalks and litter). These interventions may help to reduce HIV incidence among Black MSM in the Deep South.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin T Duncan
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, 722 West 168th Street, Room 715, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Madeline Y Sutton
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Su Hyun Park
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, 722 West 168th Street, Room 715, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Denton Callander
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, 722 West 168th Street, Room 715, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Byoungjun Kim
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, 722 West 168th Street, Room 715, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - William L Jeffries
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kirk D Henny
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Salem Harry-Hernández
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, 722 West 168th Street, Room 715, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Sharrelle Barber
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel University Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - DeMarc A Hickson
- Center for Research, Evaluation and Environmental and Policy Change, My Brother's Keeper, Inc, Jackson, MS, USA
- Us Helping Us, People Into Living, Inc, Washington, DC, USA
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Glick JL, Lopez A, Pollock M, Theall KP. "Housing Insecurity Seems to Almost Go Hand in Hand with Being Trans": Housing Stress among Transgender and Gender Non-conforming Individuals in New Orleans. J Urban Health 2019; 96:751-759. [PMID: 31529193 PMCID: PMC6814659 DOI: 10.1007/s11524-019-00384-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Housing is an important social determinant of physical and mental health. Transgender and gender non-conforming individuals (T/GNCI) face a unique constellation of discrimination and compromised social services, putting them at risk for housing insecurity, homelessness, and its associated public health concerns. This study explores housing insecurity among T/GNCI in New Orleans, LA, where the infrastructural landscape is marked by an underinvestment in housing stock and disaster capitalism. In-depth interviews were conducted with T/GNCI (n = 17) living in New Orleans, identified through purposive sampling. Semi-structured guides were used to elicit personal stories and peer accounts of insecure housing experiences and coping strategies. Interviews were audio recorded and transcribed. Data was coded, sorted, and analyzed for key themes using NVIVO 11. Respondents discussed an array of circumstances that contribute to housing insecurity, including intersectional stigma and discrimination coupled with gentrification and a changing housing landscape in the city. Housing was intricately intertwined with employment and other structural issues; vulnerability in one realm was closely tied to insecurity in the others. Social support and queer family structures emerged as a key source of resilience, coping, and survival. The study supports an increase of resources for T/GNC housing access and interventions that address the cyclical discrimination, housing, and employment issues this population faces with a consideration of the historical and current structural barriers impeding their access to safe, stable, long-term housing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Glick
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Alex Lopez
- Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Miranda Pollock
- School of Medicine, Section of Community and Population Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center - New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Katherine P Theall
- Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences and LSUHSC Comprehensive Alcohol and HIV Research Center (CARC), Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
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Hohl BC, Kondo MC, Kajeepeta S, MacDonald JM, Theall KP, Zimmerman MA, Branas CC. Creating Safe And Healthy Neighborhoods With Place-Based Violence Interventions. Health Aff (Millwood) 2019; 38:1687-1694. [PMID: 31589538 PMCID: PMC7336498 DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.2019.00707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Violence is a leading cause of death and disability in the United States and abroad, with far-reaching consequences for individuals and communities. Interventions that address environmental and social contexts have the potential for greater populationwide effects, yet research has been slow to identify and rigorously evaluate these types of interventions to reduce violence. Several urban communities across the US are conducting experimental and quasi-experimental community-based research to examine the effect of place-based interventions on violence. Using examples from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Flint, Michigan; Youngstown, Ohio; and New Orleans, Louisiana, we describe how place-based interventions that remediate vacant land and abandoned buildings work to reduce violence. These examples support the potential for place-based interventions to create far-reaching and sustainable improvements in the health and safety of communities that experience significant disadvantage. These interventions warrant the attention of community stakeholders, funders, and policy makers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette C Hohl
- Bernadette C. Hohl ( bernadette. hohl@rutgers. edu ) is an assistant professor in the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, in Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Michelle C Kondo
- Michelle C. Kondo is a research social scientist at the Northern Research Station, Forest Service, Department of Agriculture, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sandhya Kajeepeta
- Sandhya Kajeepeta is a doctoral student in epidemiology at the Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, in New York City
| | - John M MacDonald
- John M. MacDonald is a professor in the Department of Criminology and Sociology, University of Pennsylvania, in Philadelphia
| | - Katherine P Theall
- Katherine P. Theall is a professor of epidemiology in the Department of Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, in New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Marc A Zimmerman
- Marc A. Zimmerman is the Marshall H. Becker Collegiate Professor of Public Health and a professor of health behavior and health education and of psychology in the School of Public Health, University of Michigan, in Ann Arbor
| | - Charles C Branas
- Charles C. Branas is the Gelman Professor in and chair of the Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University
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Hunter RF, Cleland C, Cleary A, Droomers M, Wheeler BW, Sinnett D, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Braubach M. Environmental, health, wellbeing, social and equity effects of urban green space interventions: A meta-narrative evidence synthesis. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 130:104923. [PMID: 31228780 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.104923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As populations become increasingly urbanised, the preservation of urban green space (UGS) becomes paramount. UGS is not just dedicated recreational space such as public parks, but other types of informal green space are important, for example, street trees and roof gardens. Despite the potential from cross-sectional evidence, we know little about how to design new, or improve or promote existing UGS for health, wellbeing, social and environmental benefits, or known influencing factors such as physical activity. OBJECTIVES To perform a meta-narrative review of the evidence regarding the health, wellbeing, social, environmental and equity effects, or known influencing factors of these outcomes, of UGS interventions. DATA SOURCES Eight electronic databases were searched ((Medline, PsycINFO, Web of Science (Science and Social Science Citation Indices), PADDI (Planning Architecture Design Database Ireland), Zetoc, Scopus, Greenfiles, SIGLE (System for Information on Grey Literature in Europe)), and reference lists of included studies and relevant reviews were hand searched for further relevant studies. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA, PARTICIPANTS, AND INTERVENTIONS Eligibility criteria included: (i) evaluation of an UGS intervention; and (ii) health, wellbeing, social or environmental outcome(s), or known influencing factors of these outcomes, measured. Interventions involving any age group were included. Interventions must have involved: (a) physical change to green space in an urban-context including improvements to existing UGS or development of new UGS, or (b) combination of physical change to UGS supplemented by a specific UGS awareness, marketing or promotion programme to encourage use of UGS. STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS METHODS Following a meta-narrative approach, evidence was synthesised by main intervention approach, including: (i) park-based; (ii) greenways/trails; (iii) urban greening; (iv) large green built projects for environmental purposes. Outcomes such as economic (e.g. cost effectiveness and cost-benefit analyses), adverse effects and unintended consequences were also extracted. Evidence was synthesised following the RAMESES guidelines and publication standards, the PROGRESS-plus tool was used to explore equity impact, and risk of bias/study quality was assessed. The findings from the evidence review were presented at an expert panel representing various disciplines in a workshop and these discussions framed the findings of the review and provide recommendations that are relevant to policy, practice and research. RESULTS Of the 6997 studies identified, 38 were included. There was strong evidence to support park-based (7/7 studies) and greenway/trail (3/3 studies) interventions employing a dual-approach (i.e. a physical change to the UGS and promotion/marketing programmes) particularly for park use and physical activity; strong evidence for the greening of vacant lots (4/4 studies) for health, wellbeing (e.g. reduction in stress) and social (e.g. reduction in crime, increased perceptions of safety) outcomes; strong evidence for the provision of urban street trees (3/4 studies) and green built interventions for storm water management (6/7 studies) for environmental outcomes (e.g. increased biodiversity, reduction in illegal dumping). Park-based or greenway/trail interventions that did not employ a dual-approach were largely ineffective (7/12 studies showed no significant intervention effect). Overall, the included studies have inherent biases owing to the largely non-randomized study designs employed. There was too little evidence to draw firm conclusions regarding the impact of UGS interventions on a range of equity indicators. LIMITATIONS; CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS OF KEY FINDINGS: UGS has an important role to play in creating a culture of health and wellbeing. Results from this study provide supportive evidence regarding the use of certain UGS interventions for health, social and environmental benefits. These findings should be interpreted in light of the heterogeneous nature of the evidence base, including diverging methods, target populations, settings and outcomes. We could draw little conclusions regarding the equity impact of UGS interventions. However, the true potential of UGS has not been realised as studies have typically under-evaluated UGS interventions by not taking account of the multifunctional nature of UGS. The findings have implications for policymakers, practitioners and researchers. For example, for policymakers the trajectory of evidence is generally towards a positive association between UGS and health, wellbeing, social and environmental outcomes, but any intervention must ensure that negative consequences of gentrification and unequal access are minimised.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Hunter
- UKCRC Centre of Excellence for Public Health/Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
| | - C Cleland
- UKCRC Centre of Excellence for Public Health/Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
| | - A Cleary
- School of Medicine, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia.
| | - M Droomers
- University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - B W Wheeler
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, England, United Kingdom.
| | - D Sinnett
- University of the West of England, Bristol, England, United Kingdom.
| | - M J Nieuwenhuijsen
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.
| | - M Braubach
- WHO Regional Office for Europe, European Centre for Environment and Health, Bonn, Germany.
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Reeves JP, Knight AT, Strong EA, Heng V, Neale C, Cromie R, Vercammen A. The Application of Wearable Technology to Quantify Health and Wellbeing Co-benefits From Urban Wetlands. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1840. [PMID: 31456718 PMCID: PMC6700336 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Improved nature provision in urban environments offers great potential for achieving both biodiversity conservation and public health objectives. Yet there are few experimental studies that address links between specific natural environments and physiological and/or psychological changes that could contribute to the health and wellbeing co-benefits of urban nature. In addition, relative to green space, the salutogenic impact of aquatic environments are understudied. Here, we present a feasibility study examining the use of low-cost wearable technology to quantify the psychophysiological effects of short-term exposure to urban wetlands. The study took place at the WWT London Wetland Centre, which is characterized by its contrasting biodiverse wetland habitat and surrounding urban setting. Thirty-six healthy participants experienced counterbalanced exposures to an indoor space, a wetland, an urban site. We continuously recorded electroencephalographic (EEG) data and real-time physiological stress responses; with additional monitoring of post-exposure self-reported mood states. We found a significant effect of site on mean resting heart rate (HR), with increased HR in the urban setting, although this was only observed in participants with pre-existing high stress. We found no significant differences in other measures of physiological stress responses (heart rate variability and electrodermal activity). The EEG data showed modulation of high beta band activity only in the wetland setting, potentially related to changes in attention. However, the EEG findings were confounded by low quality signals and artifacts caused by movement and environmental interference. Assessments of self-reported mood states demonstrated an increase in positive feelings in the wetland setting. A pronounced decrease in negative feelings in the wetland setting was observed in stressed individuals only. Our results suggest that pre-existing stress levels may be an important modulator of the salutogenic effect of blue-green space. We provide partial support for the hypothesis that exposure to blue-green space promotes stress recovery and for the use of low-cost psychophysiological measurements to quantify the potential stress-reducing effects of blue–green space exposure in urban dwellers. Further technological refinement is required for this approach to become a viable tool to support evidence-based decision-making for public health and green/blue space provision.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew T Knight
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot, United Kingdom.,Department of Botany, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa.,The Silwood Group, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emily A Strong
- Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust (WWT), Slimbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Victor Heng
- Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust (WWT), Slimbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Neale
- Frank Batten School of Leadership and Public Policy, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Ruth Cromie
- Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust (WWT), Slimbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ans Vercammen
- Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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45
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Gibbons J, Malouf R, Spitzberg B, Martinez L, Appleyard B, Thompson C, Nara A, Tsou MH. Twitter-based measures of neighborhood sentiment as predictors of residential population health. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219550. [PMID: 31295294 PMCID: PMC6622529 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have recently applied sentiment-based lexicons to Twitter to gauge local sentiment to understand health behaviors and outcomes for local areas. While this research has demonstrated the vast potential of this approach, lingering questions remain regarding the validity of Twitter mining and surveillance in local health research. First, how well does this approach predict health outcomes at very local scales, such as neighborhoods? Second, how robust are the findings garnered from sentiment signals when accounting for spatial effects? To evaluate these questions, we link 2,076,025 tweets from 66,219 distinct users in the city of San Diego over the period of 2014-12-06 to 2017-05-24 to the 500 Cities Project data and 2010-2014 American Community Survey data. We determine how well sentiment predicts self-rated mental health, sleep quality, and heart disease at a census tract level, controlling for neighborhood characteristics and spatial autocorrelation. We find that sentiment is related to some outcomes on its own, but these relationships are not present when controlling for other neighborhood factors. Evaluating our encoding strategy more closely, we discuss the limitations of existing measures of neighborhood sentiment, calling for more attention to how race/ethnicity and socio-economic status play into inferences drawn from such measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Gibbons
- Department of Sociology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Robert Malouf
- Department of Linguistics and Asian/Middle Eastern Languages, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Brian Spitzberg
- School of Communication, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Lourdes Martinez
- School of Communication, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Bruce Appleyard
- School of Public Affairs and Fine Arts, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Caroline Thompson
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Atsushi Nara
- Department of Geography, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Ming-Hsiang Tsou
- Department of Geography, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America
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46
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Wendelboe-Nelson C, Kelly S, Kennedy M, Cherrie JW. A Scoping Review Mapping Research on Green Space and Associated Mental Health Benefits. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E2081. [PMID: 31212860 PMCID: PMC6616579 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16122081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a growing interest in research investigating the association between green space (GS) and mental health and wellbeing (HWB), in order to understand the underlying mechanisms. Accordingly, there is a need to map the literature and create an overview of the research. METHODS A scoping review approach was used to map literature on GS, including context and co-exposures (the GS exposome), and their associations with mental HWB. The review considers mental HWB definitions and measurements and how GS is characterized. Furthermore, the review aims to identify knowledge gaps and make recommendations for future research. RESULTS We identified a great diversity in study designs, definitions, outcome measures, consideration of the totality of the GS exposome, and reporting of results. Around 70% of the 263 reviewed studies reported a positive association between some aspect of GS and HWB. However, there is a limited amount of research using randomized controlled crossover trails (RCTs) and mixed methods and an abundance of qualitative subjective research. CONCLUSIONS The discords between study designs, definitions, and the reporting of results makes it difficult to aggregate the evidence and identify any potential causal mechanisms. We propose key points to consider when defining and quantifying GS and make recommendations for reporting on research investigating GS and mental HWB. This review highlights a need for large well-designed RCTs that reliably measure the GS exposome in relation to mental HWB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Wendelboe-Nelson
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK.
| | - Sarah Kelly
- Information Services, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK.
| | - Marion Kennedy
- Information Services, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK.
| | - John W Cherrie
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK.
- Centre for Human Exposure Science, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Research Avenue North, Edinburgh EH14 4AP, UK.
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Abstract
Despite mounting evidence that urban greenspace protects against mortality in adults, few studies have explored the relationship between greenspace and death among infants. Here, we describe results from an analysis of associations between greenness and infant mortality in Philadelphia, PA. We used images of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), derived from processed satellite data, to estimate greenness density in each census tract. We linked these data with census tract level counts of total infant mortality cases (n = 963) and births (n = 113,610) in years 2010-2014, and used Bayesian spatial areal unit, conditional autoregressive models to estimate associations between greenness and infant mortality. The models included a set of random effects to account for spatial autocorrelation between neighboring census tracts. Infant mortality counts were modeled using a Poisson distribution, and the logarithm of total births in each census tract was specified as the offset term. The following variables were included as potential confounders and effect modifiers: percentage non-Hispanic black, percentage living below the poverty line, an indicator of housing quality, and population density. In adjusted models, the rate of infant mortality was 27% higher in less green compared to more green tracts (95% CI 1.02-1.59). These results contribute further evidence that greenspace may be a health promoting environmental asset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah H Schinasi
- Dornsife School of Public Health, Urban Health Collaborative, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Dornsife School of Public Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Harrison Quick
- Dornsife School of Public Health, Urban Health Collaborative, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Dornsife School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jane E Clougherty
- Dornsife School of Public Health, Urban Health Collaborative, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Dornsife School of Public Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Anneclaire J De Roos
- Dornsife School of Public Health, Urban Health Collaborative, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Dornsife School of Public Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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48
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Kuo M, Browning MHEM, Sachdeva S, Lee K, Westphal L. Might School Performance Grow on Trees? Examining the Link Between "Greenness" and Academic Achievement in Urban, High-Poverty Schools. Front Psychol 2018; 9:1669. [PMID: 30319478 PMCID: PMC6168033 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the United States, schools serving urban, low-income students are among the lowest-performing academically. Previous research in relatively well-off populations has linked vegetation in schoolyards and surrounding neighborhoods to better school performance even after controlling for important confounding factors, raising the tantalizing possibility that greening might boost academic achievement. This study extended previous cross-sectional research on the "greenness"-academic achievement link to a public school district in which nine out of ten children were eligible for free lunch. In generalized linear mixed models, Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR)-based measurements of green cover for 318 Chicago public schools predicted statistically significantly better school performance on standardized tests of math, with marginally statistically significant results for reading-even after controlling for disadvantage, an index combining poverty and minority status. Pupil/teacher ratio %bilingual, school size, and %female could not account for the greenness-performance link. Interactions between greenness and Disadvantage suggest that the greenness-academic achievement link is different for student bodies with different levels of disadvantage. To determine what forms of green cover were most strongly tied to academic achievement, tree cover was examined separately from grass and shrub cover; only tree cover predicted school performance. Further analyses examined the unique contributions of "school tree cover" (tree cover for the schoolyard and a 25 m buffer) and "neighborhood tree cover" (tree cover for the remainder of a school's attendance catchment area). School greenness predicted math achievement when neighborhood greenness was controlled for, but neighborhood greenness did not significantly predict either reading or math achievement when school greenness was taken into account. Future research should assess whether greening schoolyards boost school performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Kuo
- Landscape and Human Health Laboratory, Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Matthew H. E. M. Browning
- Virtual Reality and Nature Lab, Department of Recreation, Sport and Tourism, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
- Illinois Informatics Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Sonya Sachdeva
- United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Kangjae Lee
- Illinois Informatics Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Lynne Westphal
- United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Evanston, IL, United States
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49
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Heinze JE, Krusky-Morey A, Vagi KJ, Reischl TM, Franzen S, Pruett NK, Cunningham RM, Zimmerman MA. Busy Streets Theory: The Effects of Community-engaged Greening on Violence. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 62:101-109. [PMID: 30216464 PMCID: PMC6373470 DOI: 10.1002/ajcp.12270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Lack of maintenance on vacant neighborhood lots is associated with higher levels of depression, anxiety, and stress for nearby residents. Overgrown grasses and dense brush provide hiding spots for criminals and space to conduct illicit activities. This study builds upon previous research by investigating greening programs that engage community members to conduct routine maintenance on vacant lots within their neighborhoods. The Clean & Green program is a community-based solution that facilitates resident-driven routine maintenance of vacant lots in a midsized, Midwestern city. We use mixed effects regression to compare assault and violent crime counts on streets where vacant lot(s) are maintained by community members (N = 216) versus streets where vacant lots were left alone (N = 446) over a 5-year timeframe (2009-2013). Street segments with vacant lots maintained through the Clean & Green program had nearly 40% fewer assaults and violent crimes than street segments with vacant, abandoned lots, which held across 4 years with a large sample and efforts to test counterfactual explanations. Community-engaged greening programs may not only provide a solution to vacant lot maintenance, but also work as a crime prevention or reduction strategy. Engaging the community to maintain vacant lots in their neighborhood reduces costs and may increase the sustainability of the program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin E Heinze
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Kevin J Vagi
- Division of Violence Prevention, NCIPC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Thomas M Reischl
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Susan Franzen
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | | | - Marc A Zimmerman
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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50
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South EC, Hohl BC, Kondo MC, MacDonald JM, Branas CC. Effect of Greening Vacant Land on Mental Health of Community-Dwelling Adults: A Cluster Randomized Trial. JAMA Netw Open 2018; 1:e180298. [PMID: 30646029 PMCID: PMC6324526 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.0298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Neighborhood physical conditions have been associated with mental illness and may partially explain persistent socioeconomic disparities in the prevalence of poor mental health. OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether interventions to green vacant urban land can improve self-reported mental health. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This citywide cluster randomized trial examined 442 community-dwelling sampled adults living in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, within 110 vacant lot clusters randomly assigned to 3 study groups. Participants were followed up for 18 months preintervention and postintervention. This trial was conducted from October 1, 2011, to November 30, 2014. Data were analyzed from July 1, 2015, to April 16, 2017. INTERVENTIONS The greening intervention involved removing trash, grading the land, planting new grass and a small number of trees, installing a low wooden perimeter fence, and performing regular monthly maintenance. The trash cleanup intervention involved removal of trash, limited grass mowing where possible, and regular monthly maintenance. The control group received no intervention. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Self-reported mental health measured by the Kessler-6 Psychological Distress Scale and the components of this scale. RESULTS A total of 110 clusters containing 541 vacant lots were enrolled in the trial and randomly allocated to the following 1 of 3 study groups: the greening intervention (37 clusters [33.6%]), the trash cleanup intervention (36 clusters [32.7%]), or no intervention (37 clusters [33.6%]). Of the 442 participants, the mean (SD) age was 44.6 (15.1) years, 264 (59.7%) were female, and 194 (43.9%) had a family income less than $25 000. A total of 342 participants (77.4%) had follow-up data and were included in the analysis. Of these, 117 (34.2%) received the greening intervention, 107 (31.3%) the trash cleanup intervention, and 118 (34.5%) no intervention. Intention-to-treat analysis of the greening intervention compared with no intervention demonstrated a significant decrease in participants who were feeling depressed (-41.5%; 95% CI, -63.6% to -5.9%; P = .03) and worthless (-50.9%; 95% CI, -74.7% to -4.7%; P = .04), as well as a nonsignificant reduction in overall self-reported poor mental health (-62.8%; 95% CI, -86.2% to 0.4%; P = .051). For participants living in neighborhoods below the poverty line, the greening intervention demonstrated a significant decrease in feeling depressed (-68.7%; 95% CI, -86.5% to -27.5%; P = .007). Intention-to-treat analysis of those living near the trash cleanup intervention compared with no intervention showed no significant changes in self-reported poor mental health. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Among community-dwelling adults, self-reported feelings of depression and worthlessness were significantly decreased, and self-reported poor mental health was nonsignificantly reduced for those living near greened vacant land. The treatment of blighted physical environments, particularly in resource-limited urban settings, can be an important treatment for mental health problems alongside other patient-level treatments. TRIAL REGISTRATION isrctn.org Identifier: ISRCTN92582209.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia C. South
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Perelman School of
Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Center for Emergency Care Policy and Research,
Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Bernadette C. Hohl
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health,
School of Criminal Justice, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Michelle C. Kondo
- Northern Research Station, Forest Service, US
Department of Agriculture, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - John M. MacDonald
- Department of Criminology, School of Arts and
Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Charles C. Branas
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public
Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman
School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
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