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Lyons VH, Myers MG, Cunningham RM, Zimmerman MA, Carter PM, Walton MA, Goldstick J. Experiencing violence and other predictors of within-person same-day use of multiple substances in youth: a longitudinal study in emergency settings. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 2024; 50:218-228. [PMID: 38563511 DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2024.2307546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Background: Although experiencing violence is a risk factor for substance use among youth, its association with same-day use of multiple substances (a form of polysubstance use) and mitigating factors is less well understood.Objectives: To identify whether prosocial factors modified the effect of experiencing violence on the frequency of same-day use, and examine gender-specific risk/protective factors for same-day use.Methods: We analyzed longitudinal data from a cohort of youth who use drugs aged 14-24 (n = 599; 58% male) presenting to an urban emergency department between 2009-2011 and assessed biannually for two years. Using Poisson-generalized linear models with person-level fixed effects, we estimated within-person associations between self-reported experiencing violence and same-day use and analyzed gender and peer/parent support as effect modifiers. We adjusted for negative peer influence, parental drug and alcohol use, family conflict, anxiety and depression, and age.Results: Overall, positive parental support corresponded to lower rates of same-day use (rate ratio [RR]:0.93, 95% CI:0.87-0.99) and experiencing violence was associated with higher rates of same-day use (RR:1.25, 95% CI:1.10-1.41). Violence exposure was a risk factor among males (RR:1.42, 95% CI:1.21-1.66), while negative peer influences and parental substance use were risk factors among females (RR:1.63, 95% CI:1.36-1.97 and RR:1.58, 95% CI:1.35-1.83, respectively). Positive peer support reduced the association between violence exposure and same-day use among males (RR:0.69, 95% CI:0.57-0.84, p < .05).Conclusions: Tailored interventions may address gender differences in coping with experiencing violence - including interventions that promote parental support among males and reduce influence from parental substance use among females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian H Lyons
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Firearm Injury & Policy Research Program, Harborview Injury Prevention & Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Social Development Research Group, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Matthew G Myers
- Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rebecca M Cunningham
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Youth Violence Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Marc A Zimmerman
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Youth Violence Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Prevention Research Center of Michigan, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Patrick M Carter
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Youth Violence Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Maureen A Walton
- Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Addiction Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jason Goldstick
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Lee DB, Simmons M, Sokol RL, Crimmins H, LaRose J, Zimmerman MA, Carter PM. Firearm suicide risk beliefs and prevention: The role of fear of community violence and firearm ownership for protection. J Psychiatr Res 2024; 171:340-345. [PMID: 38350311 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Household firearm availability is a risk factor for firearm suicide when a household member at-risk for suicide. Firearm ownership for protection and perceptions of community violence may reduce the likelihood of limiting access to firearms as a way to prevent suicide. The association between a firearm suicide risk belief and the intention to reduce firearm access as a means of preventing suicide, with fear of community violence and firearm ownership for protection as moderators, was examined. MATERIALS AND METHODS The analytic sample consisted of 388 Missouri firearm owners from a cross-sectional, statewide survey of Missouri adults. Logistic regression models were estimated. RESULTS Among Missouri firearm owners, firearm suicide risk belief was positively associated with the intention of reducing firearm access for firearm owners who were not afraid of community violence and owned a firearm for non-protection reasons (e.g., hunting). DISCUSSION Findings suggest that firearm suicide prevention efforts must be tailored to address the underlying beliefs about their violence risk among firearm owners who indicate they principally own for protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Lee
- University of Michigan Institute for Firearm Injury Prevention, USA.
| | | | - Rebeccah L Sokol
- University of Michigan Institute for Firearm Injury Prevention, USA; University of Michigan School of Social Work, USA
| | - Haley Crimmins
- University of Michigan Institute for Firearm Injury Prevention, USA
| | | | - Marc A Zimmerman
- University of Michigan Institute for Firearm Injury Prevention, USA; University of Michigan School of Public Health, USA
| | - Patrick M Carter
- University of Michigan Institute for Firearm Injury Prevention, USA; University of Michigan School of Public Health, USA; University of Michigan, Michigan Medicine Department of Emergency Medicine, USA
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Bushman G, Kondo MC, Rupp LA, Hohl BC, Gong CH, Zimmerman MA. Associations between land bank ownership and stewardship of vacant properties and crime, violence, and youth victimization in Flint, MI. Am J Community Psychol 2023; 72:428-442. [PMID: 37846198 DOI: 10.1002/ajcp.12706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Land banks across the United States are managing expanding vacant property inventories. By maintaining vacant properties and engaging residents in the process, land banks facilitate processes integral to building safe neighborhoods and may play a role in violence prevention. Using generalized additive mixed model regression, adjusted for spatial and temporal dependencies, we examined whether land bank ownership and stewardship of vacant properties in Flint, Michigan were associated with trends in serious, violent, and firearm-involved crime, between 2015 and 2018. We tested for differences in trends in crime density between properties owned by the Genesee County Land Bank Authority (GCLBA; n = 7151) and comparison properties not owned by the land bank (n = 6,245). In addition, we tested for differences in crime density trends between vacant properties that received different levels of land bank stewardship, including biannual mowing, GCLBA standard stewardship, and GCLBA-sponsored community-engaged stewardship. We found that GCLBA ownership was associated with net declines in densities of all types of crime and violence, over time, relative to properties not owned by the GCLBA. When we distinguished between levels of stewardship, we found that GCLBA stewardship, both with and without community engagement, was associated with net declines in serious and violent crime relative to comparison properties. Only community-engaged GCLBA stewardship was associated with declines in firearm-involved crime and firearm-involved crime with a youth victim over time, relative to comparison properties. Land bank stewardship of vacant properties may be protective against crime, violence, and youth victimization in legacy cities like Flint, MI that experience high rates of vacant properties and violent crime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Bushman
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Michelle C Kondo
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Philadelphia Field Station, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Laney A Rupp
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Bernadette C Hohl
- Penn Injury Science Center, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Catherine H Gong
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Marc A Zimmerman
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Hohl BC, Kondo MC, Rupp LA, Sadler RC, Gong CH, Le K, Hertlein M, Kelly C, Zimmerman MA. Community identified characteristics related to illegal dumping; a mixed methods study to inform prevention. J Environ Manage 2023; 346:118930. [PMID: 37729835 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Illegal dumping is a public health burden for communities suffering from historical disinvestment. We conducted a mixed methods study to answer: 1) What are stakeholder perspectives on social/environmental determinants of illegal dumping? and 2) Do these or other characteristics predict known locations of illegal dumping? We employed an exploratory sequential design in which we collected and analyzed in-depth interviews (n=12) with service providers and residents and subsequently collected and analyzed data from multiple secondary sources. Stakeholders endorsed nine determinants of illegal dumping: Economic Decline, Scale of Vacancy, Lack of Monitoring, Poor Visibility, Physical Disorder, Illegal Activity, Norms, Accessibility, and Seclusion. Results demonstrate important community-identified, modifiable, social, and environmental characteristics related to illegal dumping with the potential to inform effective prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette C Hohl
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Penn Injury Science Center, University of Pennsylvania, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Michelle C Kondo
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Philadelphia Field Station, 100 N. 20th St, Ste 205, Philadelphia, PA, 19103, USA.
| | - Laney A Rupp
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Richard C Sadler
- Department of Public Health, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, 200 East 1st St., Flint, MI, 48502, USA.
| | - Catherine H Gong
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Kai Le
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Melissa Hertlein
- Genesee County Land Bank Authority, 452 S. Saginaw Street, 2nd Floor, Flint, Michigan, 48502, USA.
| | - Christina Kelly
- Genesee County Land Bank Authority, 452 S. Saginaw Street, 2nd Floor, Flint, Michigan, 48502, USA.
| | - Marc A Zimmerman
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Rauk L, Rupp L, Hohl BC, Kondo MC, Ornelas L, Carter PM, Zimmerman MA. Lessons learned from local vacant land management organizations for engaging youth in greening. Am J Community Psychol 2023; 72:187-202. [PMID: 37327062 DOI: 10.1002/ajcp.12688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Youth living in areas with high concentrations of vacant properties may be at particular risk for poor health outcomes given the associations between deteriorated vacant properties, poor mental health, and community violence. Vacant lot greening has emerged as a key strategy to mitigate the harms of deteriorated properties. Youth engagement in greening has documented benefits for youth, yet few organizations responsible for managing vacant properties currently engage youth. Further, few researchers have examined the best practices that organizations can employ to effectively engage youth in greening programs. The purpose of this study was to understand how high functioning vacant land management organizations with robust youth engagement capabilities engage youth in their greening work. Based on in-depth interviews with staff from vacant land management organizations, we explored three research questions: (1) what are their identified best practices for youth engagement?; (2) what are the major challenges that impede their youth engagement work?; (3) what solutions are these organizations employing to address these challenges? Findings from this study emphasize the important themes of engaging youth in vacant lot greening in areas of planning, leadership, and decision-making. Youth engagement in vacant lot greening may be a key mechanism for preventing violence through cultivating youth empowerment and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh Rauk
- UM Institute for Firearm Injury Prevention, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Laney Rupp
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Bernadette C Hohl
- Perelman School of Medicine, Penn Injury Science Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michelle C Kondo
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lexie Ornelas
- Department of Social, Behavioral and Population Sciences, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Patrick M Carter
- UM Institute for Firearm Injury Prevention, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Marc A Zimmerman
- UM Institute for Firearm Injury Prevention, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Skolarus LE, Bailey S, Corches CL, Sales AE, Lin CC, Bi R, Springer MV, Oliver A, Robles MC, Brooks T, Tupper M, Jaggi M, Al-Qasmi M, Trevithick BA, Barber K, Majjhoo A, Zimmerman MA, Meurer WJ, Brown DL, Morgenstern LB, Burke JF. Association of the Stroke Ready Community-Based Participatory Research Intervention With Incidence of Acute Stroke Thrombolysis in Flint, Michigan. JAMA Netw Open 2023; 6:e2321558. [PMID: 37399011 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.21558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance Acute stroke treatment rates in the US lag behind those in other high-income nations. Objective To assess whether a hospital emergency department (ED) and community intervention was associated with an increased proportion of patients with stroke receiving thrombolysis. Design, Setting, and Participants This nonrandomized controlled trial of the Stroke Ready intervention took place in Flint, Michigan, from October 2017 to March 2020. Participants included adults living in the community. Data analysis was completed from July 2022 to May 2023. Intervention Stroke Ready combined implementation science and community-based participatory research approaches. Acute stroke care was optimized in a safety-net ED, and then a community-wide, theory-based health behavior intervention, including peer-led workshops, mailers, and social media, was conducted. Main Outcomes and Measures The prespecified primary outcome was the proportion of patients hospitalized with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack from Flint who received thrombolysis before and after the intervention. The association between thrombolysis and the Stroke Ready combined intervention, including the ED and community components, was estimated using logistic regression models, clustering at the hospital level and adjusting for time and stroke type. In prespecified secondary analyses, the ED and community intervention were explored separately, adjusting for hospital, time, and stroke type. Results In total, 5970 people received in-person stroke preparedness workshops, corresponding to 9.7% of the adult population in Flint. There were 3327 ischemic stroke and TIA visits (1848 women [55.6%]; 1747 Black individuals [52.5%]; mean [SD] age, 67.8 [14.5] years) among patients from Flint seen in the relevant EDs, including 2305 in the preintervention period from July 2010 to September 2017 and 1022 in the postintervention period from October 2017 to March 2020. The proportion of thrombolysis usage increased from 4% in 2010 to 14% in 2020. The combined Stroke Ready intervention was not associated with thrombolysis use (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 1.13; 95% CI, 0.74-1.70; P = .58). The ED component was associated with an increase in thrombolysis use (adjusted OR, 1.63; 95% CI, 1.04-2.56; P = .03), but the community component was not (adjusted OR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.96-1.01; P = .30). Conclusions and Relevance This nonrandomized controlled trial found that a multilevel ED and community stroke preparedness intervention was not associated with increased thrombolysis treatments. The ED intervention was associated with increased thrombolysis usage, suggesting that implementation strategies in partnership with safety-net hospitals may increase thrombolysis usage. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT036455900.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesli E Skolarus
- Davee Department of Neurology, Stroke and Vascular Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | | | | | - Anne E Sales
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Sinclair School of Nursing, University of Missouri, Columbia
- VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Chun Chieh Lin
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
- Department of Neurology, Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Ran Bi
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | | | | | | | - Tia Brooks
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Michael Tupper
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hurley Medical Center, Flint, Michigan
| | - Michael Jaggi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hurley Medical Center, Flint, Michigan
| | - Mohammed Al-Qasmi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hurley Medical Center, Flint, Michigan
| | | | - Kimberly Barber
- Department of Clinical & Academic Research, Genesys Regional Medical Center, Grand Blanc, Michigan
| | - Aniel Majjhoo
- Department of Neurology, McLaren Flint Hospital, Flint, Michigan
| | | | - William J Meurer
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Devin L Brown
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Lewis B Morgenstern
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - James F Burke
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
- Department of Neurology, Ohio State University, Columbus
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Haasz M, Myers MG, Rowhani-Rahbar A, Zimmerman MA, Seewald L, Sokol RL, Cunningham RM, Carter PM. Firearms Availability Among High-School Age Youth With Recent Depression or Suicidality. Pediatrics 2023:191303. [PMID: 37212021 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2022-059532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Limiting firearm access is essential to decreasing teen suicide. Previous efforts have focused on household firearms; however, less is known about firearm access and possession among teens at increased suicide risk. Our objective was to estimate prevalence of firearm possession and access among high school-aged teens with recent depression and/or lifetime history of suicidality (DLHS). METHODS We conducted a probability-based, cross-sectional Web survey of 1914 parent-teen dyads between June 24, 2020, and July 22, 2020, with data weighted to generate a nationally representative sample of US teenagers (aged 14-18). Logistic regression analyses examined the difference between teens with and without DLHS for: (1) personal firearm possession, (2) perceived firearm access, and (3) method of firearm attainment. RESULTS Among high school-aged teens, 22.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 19.4-25.8) reported DLHS, 11.5% (95% CI, 8.7-14.3) reported personal firearm possession, and 44.2% (95% CI, 40.2-48.2) endorsed firearm access. Teens experiencing DLHS had increased perceived access (adjusted odds ratio, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.07-2.28) compared with non-DLHS peers. There was no association between DLHS and personal firearm possession (adjusted odds ratio, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.47-2.00). Among teens reporting firearm possession, those with DLHS were more likely to have acquired it by buying/trading for it (odds ratio, 5.66; 95% CI, 1.17-27.37) and less likely receiving it as a gift (odds ratio, 0.06; 95% CI, 0.01-0.36). CONCLUSIONS High school-aged teens experiencing DLHS have higher perceived firearm access compared with lower-risk peers. Providers should speak directly to high school-aged teens at increased suicide risk about firearm access, in addition to counseling parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Haasz
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
- Firearm Safety Among Children and Teens (FACTS) Consortium, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Matthew G Myers
- University of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, School of Medicine
| | - Ali Rowhani-Rahbar
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and
- Firearm Injury & Policy Research Program, Seattle, Washington
| | - Marc A Zimmerman
- Firearm Safety Among Children and Teens (FACTS) Consortium, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- University of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, School of Medicine
- Michigan Youth Violence Prevention Center
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health
- Institute for Firearm Injury Prevention
| | - Laura Seewald
- Firearm Safety Among Children and Teens (FACTS) Consortium, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- University of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, School of Medicine
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine
| | - Rebeccah L Sokol
- Institute for Firearm Injury Prevention
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Rebecca M Cunningham
- Firearm Safety Among Children and Teens (FACTS) Consortium, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine
| | - Patrick M Carter
- Firearm Safety Among Children and Teens (FACTS) Consortium, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- University of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, School of Medicine
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health
- Institute for Firearm Injury Prevention
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine
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Sokol RL, Haasz M, Zimmerman MA, Cunningham RM, Carter PM. The association between witnessing firearm violence and firearm carriage: Results from a national study of teens. Prev Med 2023; 171:107516. [PMID: 37086861 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2023.107516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
The association between witnessing firearm-involved violence and firearm carriage among teens, independent of non-firearm involved violence, has yet to be identified. The present analyses estimate associations of witnessing firearm-involved violence and non-firearm involved violence with firearm carriage in a nationally representative sample of teens. Data are from the FACTS National Survey-a cross-sectional web-based survey of 2140 US teenagers (ages 14-18) fielded in June-July 2020. The team first estimated the correlation between witnessing firearm-involved and non-firearm involved violence. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression then assessed the associations of witnessing firearm-involved and non-firearm involved violence with firearm carriage. The team pooled results over fifteen imputed datasets to account for missing data, and analyses incorporated survey weights to create nationally representative estimates. The correlation between witnessing firearm-involved and non-firearm involved violence was low (ϕ = 0.19[0.15, 0.23]). Witnessing firearm-involved violence and witnessing non-firearm involved violence were both associated with teen firearm carriage in bivariate models (OR: 3.55[1.86, 6.79]; 4.51[1.75, 11.6]). These associations persisted in the multivariable model that adjusted for violence victimization, demographic characteristics, and both witnessing firearm-involved and non-firearm involved violence (aOR for witnessing firearm-involved violence = 3.67[1.77, 7.59]; aOR for witnessing non-firearm involved violence = 4.30[1.56, 11.9]). We found no difference in the strength of these associations (Wald χ2(df = 1) = 0.25, p = 0.80). Results suggest that witnessing firearm-involved and non-firearm involved violence are uniquely associated with teens' firearm carriage. Identifying means to reduce both exposures, in addition to recognizing factors that may weaken the associations between witnessing different types of violence and firearm carriage, may disrupt cycles of violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeccah L Sokol
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, 1080 S University, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America; Institute for Firearm Injury Prevention, University of Michigan, 503 Thompson St, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America.
| | - Maya Haasz
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 13123 East 16th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America
| | - Marc A Zimmerman
- Institute for Firearm Injury Prevention, University of Michigan, 503 Thompson St, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America; Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, United States of America; University of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC 10-G080, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America; Michigan Youth Violence Prevention Center, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, United States of America
| | - Rebecca M Cunningham
- Institute for Firearm Injury Prevention, University of Michigan, 503 Thompson St, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America; Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, United States of America; University of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC 10-G080, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America
| | - Patrick M Carter
- Institute for Firearm Injury Prevention, University of Michigan, 503 Thompson St, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America; Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, United States of America; University of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC 10-G080, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America
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Gong CH, Bushman G, Hohl BC, Kondo MC, Carter PM, Cunningham RM, Rupp LA, Grodzinski A, Branas CC, Vagi KJ, Zimmerman MA. Community engagement, greening, and violent crime: A test of the greening hypothesis and Busy Streets. Am J Community Psychol 2023; 71:198-210. [PMID: 36214281 PMCID: PMC10893845 DOI: 10.1002/ajcp.12622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Researchers have documented that vacant lot greening can reduce community-level crime and violence. Busy Streets Theory (BST) suggests that residents who are involved in the greening process can help to improve physical environments and build social connections that deter crime and violence. Yet few researchers have explored how community engagement in the greening process may affect crime and violence outcomes. We applied BST to test the effects of community-engaged vacant lot greening compared to vacant lots that received either professional mowing or no treatment, on the density of violent crime around study lots. Using mixed effects regression models, we analyzed trends in violent crime density over the summer months from 2016 to 2018 at 2102 street segments in Youngstown, OH. These street segments fell within 150 meters of an intervention parcel that was classified as one of three conditions: community-engaged maintenance, professional mowing, or no treatment (control). We found that street segments in areas receiving community-engaged maintenance or professional mowing experienced greater declines in violent crime density than street segments in areas receiving no treatment, and more decline occurred in the community-engaged condition compared to the professional mow condition. Our findings support BST and suggest that community-engaged greening of vacant lots in postindustrial cities with a concentrated vacancy can reduce crime and violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine H. Gong
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Gregory Bushman
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Bernadette C. Hohl
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Michelle C. Kondo
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Patrick M. Carter
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Rebecca M. Cunningham
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Laney A. Rupp
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Alison Grodzinski
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Charles C. Branas
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kevin J. Vagi
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Marc A. Zimmerman
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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10
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Florimbio AR, Coughlin LN, Bauermeister JA, Young SD, Zimmerman MA, Walton MA, Bonar EE. Risky Drinking in Adolescents and Emerging Adults: Differences between Individuals Using Alcohol Only versus Polysubstances. Subst Use Misuse 2022; 58:211-220. [PMID: 36537360 PMCID: PMC9877190 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2022.2152192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Factors related to risky drinking (e.g., motives, protective behavioral strategies [PBS]) may vary between youth who engage in polysubstance use compared to those who consume alcohol only. We examined differences in factors among youth who consume alcohol only compared to alcohol with other substances (i.e., polysubstance use), and correlates associated with risky drinking between the groups. METHODS Participants (N = 955; ages 16-24; 54.5% female) who reported recent risky drinking completed measures of alcohol/substance use, alcohol-related consequences, drinking motives, alcohol PBS, mental health symptoms, and emotion dysregulation. Participants were in the polysubstance group if they reported using at least one other substance (e.g., cannabis, stimulants) in addition to alcohol in the past three months. Chi-square and t-tests examined differences between the two groups and multiple regression analyses examined correlates of risky drinking. RESULTS Most participants (70.4%, n = 672) reported polysubstance use; these individuals engaged in riskier patterns of drinking, experienced more alcohol-related consequences, used fewer PBS, had stronger drinking motives (enhancement, social, coping), endorsed more mental health symptoms, and reported more emotion dysregulation. Regression models showed that emotion dysregulation significantly associated with risky drinking in the alcohol-only group; conformity and coping motives, alcohol PBS, and anxiety symptoms significantly associated with risky drinking in the polysubstance group. CONCLUSIONS Among risky drinking youth, results indicated youth engaging in polysubstance use have greater comorbidities and individual-level factors associated with risky drinking than youth who consume alcohol only. These findings may inform the tailoring of interventions for individuals who engage in risky drinking and polysubstance use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Autumn Rae Florimbio
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Addiction Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lara N. Coughlin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Addiction Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - José A. Bauermeister
- Department of Family and Community Health, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sean D. Young
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Informatics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Marc A. Zimmerman
- Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Maureen A. Walton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Addiction Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Erin E. Bonar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Addiction Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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11
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Seewald LA, Myers M, Zimmerman MA, Walton MA, Cunningham RM, Rupp LA, Haasz M, Carter PM. Firearm safety counseling among caregivers of high-school age teens: Results from a National Survey. Prev Med 2022; 165:107285. [PMID: 36183798 PMCID: PMC9900740 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2022.107285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Firearms are the leading cause of death for high-school age teens. To inform prevention efforts, we characterize the prevalence of healthcare provider (HCP) counseling of caregivers of teens around firearm safety, safety conversation elements, and caregiver receptivity towards counseling. A cross-sectional web survey (6/24/2020-7/22/2020) was conducted among caregivers (n = 2924) of teens (age:14-18). Weights were applied to generate nationally representative estimates. Bivariate analyses and multivariate regressions were examined. Among respondents, 56.0% were women, 75.1% were non-Hispanic White, and mean (SD) age was 47.4. Firearm safety was the least discussed topic among caregivers reporting their teen received HCP preventative counseling (14.9%). For caregivers receiving counseling, the most common issues discussed were household firearms screening (75.7%); storing firearms locked (66.8%); and storing firearms unloaded (53.0%). Only 24.6% of caregivers indicated firearm safety was an important issue for teen HCPs to discuss and only 21.9% trusted teen HCPs to counsel about firearm safety. Female caregivers (aOR = 1.86;95%CI = 1.25-2.78), those trusting their teen's HCP to counsel on firearm safety (aOR = 9.63;95%CI = 6.37-14.56), and those who received teen HCP firearm safety counseling (aOR = 5.14;95%CI = 3.02-8.72) were more likely to favor firearm safety counseling. Caregivers of teens with prior firearm safety training (aOR = 0.50;95%CI = 0.31-0.80) were less likely to agree that firearm safety was an important preventative health topic. In conclusion, few caregivers receive preventive counseling on firearm safety from their teen's HCP, with trust a key barrier to effective intervention delivery. Future research, in addition to understanding barriers and establishing effective strategies to increase safety practices, should focus on increasing provider counseling competency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Seewald
- Injury Prevention Center, Univ of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC 10-G080, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America; Institute for Firearm Injury Prevention, Univ of Michigan, 540 E. Liberty Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, United States of America; Firearm Safety among Children and Teens Consortium, Univ of Michigan Medical School, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, United States of America; Dept of Emergency Medicine, Univ of Michigan Medical School, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, United States of America; Dept of Emergency Medicine, Hurley Medical Center, 1 Hurley Plaza, Flint, MI 48503, United States of America.
| | - Matthew Myers
- Injury Prevention Center, Univ of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC 10-G080, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America; Firearm Safety among Children and Teens Consortium, Univ of Michigan Medical School, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, United States of America
| | - Marc A Zimmerman
- Injury Prevention Center, Univ of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC 10-G080, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America; Institute for Firearm Injury Prevention, Univ of Michigan, 540 E. Liberty Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, United States of America; Firearm Safety among Children and Teens Consortium, Univ of Michigan Medical School, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, United States of America; Dept of Health Behavior/Health Education, Univ of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights 3790A, SPH I, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America
| | - Maureen A Walton
- Injury Prevention Center, Univ of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC 10-G080, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America; Institute for Firearm Injury Prevention, Univ of Michigan, 540 E. Liberty Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, United States of America; Firearm Safety among Children and Teens Consortium, Univ of Michigan Medical School, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, United States of America; Addiction Center, Dept of Psychiatry, Univ of Michigan Medical School, 4250 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America
| | - Rebecca M Cunningham
- Injury Prevention Center, Univ of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC 10-G080, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America; Institute for Firearm Injury Prevention, Univ of Michigan, 540 E. Liberty Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, United States of America; Firearm Safety among Children and Teens Consortium, Univ of Michigan Medical School, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, United States of America; Dept of Emergency Medicine, Univ of Michigan Medical School, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, United States of America
| | - Laney A Rupp
- Injury Prevention Center, Univ of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC 10-G080, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America; Institute for Firearm Injury Prevention, Univ of Michigan, 540 E. Liberty Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, United States of America; Firearm Safety among Children and Teens Consortium, Univ of Michigan Medical School, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, United States of America; Dept of Health Behavior/Health Education, Univ of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights 3790A, SPH I, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America
| | - Maya Haasz
- Firearm Safety among Children and Teens Consortium, Univ of Michigan Medical School, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, United States of America; Dept of Pediatrics, Section of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 13123 East 16th Ave B251, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America
| | - Patrick M Carter
- Injury Prevention Center, Univ of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC 10-G080, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America; Institute for Firearm Injury Prevention, Univ of Michigan, 540 E. Liberty Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, United States of America; Firearm Safety among Children and Teens Consortium, Univ of Michigan Medical School, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, United States of America; Dept of Emergency Medicine, Univ of Michigan Medical School, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, United States of America
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12
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Hsieh HF, Wu WC, Córdova D, Heinze JE, Pomerantz N, Buu A, Zimmerman MA. The Intergenerational Transmission of Family Conflict on Children's Aggression: The Compensatory Effect of Positive Parenting. J Interpers Violence 2022; 37:NP20769-NP20792. [PMID: 34851221 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211056025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hsing-Fang Hsieh
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1259University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Wen-Chi Wu
- Department of Health Promotion and Health Education, College of Education, 215176National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - David Córdova
- School of Social Work, 1259University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Justin E Heinze
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1259University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Anne Buu
- Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, 12340University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Marc A Zimmerman
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1259University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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13
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Thulin EJ, Heinze JE, Zimmerman MA. Evaluating Community Factors Associated With Individually Held Intimate Partner Violence Beliefs Across 51 Countries. J Interpers Violence 2022; 37:NP20065-NP20091. [PMID: 34779296 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211050104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Globally, one in three women will experience intimate partner violence (IPV) within her lifetime. IPV attitudes are highly predictive of IPV. While a wealth of literature on risk factors related to IPV exist, an overarching critique in the field is the lack of studies examining risk factors across the socioecological framework. Using data from multiple administrative and individual surveys, this study fills a gap in the literature by evaluating the effect of meso-influences on physical IPV attitudes (i.e., permissibility of a man beating his wife) while accounting for known micro- and macro-risk factors in 64,466 individuals across 51 low-, middle- and high-income countries. Mixed-effects modeling was used to evaluate factors and identify comparative contributions of each factor representing the socio-ecological levels. We tested five multivariate logistic models. The final model indicated that greater perceived neighborhood disorder and less perceived neighborhood security were associated with physical IPV attitudes, while individual endorsement of interpersonal violence, belief in corporal punishment of children, holding greater patriarchal beliefs, being male, being separated from a significant partner, reporting greater household hunger and nationally lower levels of female literacy were associated with beliefs that IPV is acceptable. Overall, the findings of this study support that IPV is a complex behavior, influenced by factors across socio-ecological domains. However, data on neighborhood structural factors (i.e., exosystem) would help unpack the mechanisms between macro-, meso- and micro-level factors and may be important for protecting women from violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elyse J Thulin
- Department of Health Behavior & Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Justin E Heinze
- Department of Health Behavior & Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Marc A Zimmerman
- Department of Health Behavior & Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Combined Program in Education and Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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14
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Thulin EJ, Lee DB, Eisman AB, Reischl TM, Hutchison P, Franzen S, Zimmerman MA. Longitudinal effects of Youth Empowerment Solutions: Preventing youth aggression and increasing prosocial behavior. Am J Community Psychol 2022; 70:75-88. [PMID: 35050518 PMCID: PMC9296703 DOI: 10.1002/ajcp.12577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Youth violence remains a significant public health problem despite efforts to address it. We describe the evaluation results of Youth Empowerment Solutions (YES), an after-school active learning program implemented by trained local teachers and designed to engage middle school youth in multi-systematic promotive behaviors at the individual-, interpersonal-, and community-level to make lasting positive changes within the context of institutional disadvantages, such as racism. First, we used a modified randomized controlled trial design to examine the direct and indirect influence of YES on prosocial and delinquent behaviors 12 months after the conclusion of the program, through youth empowerment. Next, we evaluated these models by race, to determine if the intervention equitably promotes prosocial outcomes and decreases aggressive behaviors. Among 329 middle school students, YES participation enhanced prosocial behaviors through empowerment, and directly reduced aggressive behaviors a year after the conclusion of the program. This trend was particularly pronounced for African American youth. These effects were found after controlling for age, sex, and behavioral outcomes at baseline, and across different schools and teachers, suggesting that YES can also be sustainable and readily implemented by communities. The implications of the results for youth violence prevention, empowerment theory and intervention development and practice for ethnic minority youth who face structural disenfranchisement are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elyse J. Thulin
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Dan B. Lee
- Minnesota Research Institute, Children’s Minnesota Hospitals and Clinics, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Andria B. Eisman
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Currently at the Division of Kinesiology, Health and Sport Studies, College of Education, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Tom M. Reischl
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Pete Hutchison
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Susan Franzen
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Marc A. Zimmerman
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Carter
- Institute for Firearm Injury Prevention, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
- Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
- Youth Violence Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor
- Department of Health Behavior & Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor
| | - Marc A Zimmerman
- Institute for Firearm Injury Prevention, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
- Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
- Youth Violence Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor
- Department of Health Behavior & Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor
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16
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Hsieh HF, Heinze JE, Caruso E, Scott BA, West BT, Mistry R, Eisman AB, Assari S, Buu A, Zimmerman MA. The Protective Effects of Social Support on Hypertension Among African American Adolescents Exposed to Violence. J Interpers Violence 2022; 37:NP7202-NP7224. [PMID: 33107367 PMCID: PMC10834025 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520969390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
African Americans develop hypertension earlier in life than Whites and the racial/ethnic disparities in blood pressure level can appear as early as adolescence. Violence victimization, a prevalent environmental stressor among inner-city youth, may play a role in such disparities. In a sample of inner-city youth in the United States, the current study examines the relationship between violence victimization and hypertension while investigating the role of social support in moderating that relationship. We analyzed eight waves of data from a longitudinal study of African American youth (n = 353, 56.7% female) from mid-adolescence (9th grade, mean age = 14.9 years old) to emerging adulthood (mean age = 23.1 years old) using probit regression. Higher levels of self-reported violence victimization during ages 14-18 was associated with more reports of hypertension during ages 20-23, after adjusting for sex, socioeconomic status, substance use, and mental distress. The relationship of violence victimization with hypertension was moderated by friends' support, but not parental support. The association between victimization and hypertension was weaker and non-significant among individuals with more peer support compared to those with less support. Researchers have reported many instances of associations of early violence exposure to later risk for hypertension; however, most have focused on childhood maltreatment or intimate partner violence. We extend these findings to violence victimization in an African American sample of youth from adolescence to early adulthood, while examining social support modifiers. The disparity in African American hypertension rates relative to Whites may partly be explained by differential exposure to violence. Our findings also suggest that having supportive friends when faced with violence can be beneficial for young adulthood health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Shervin Assari
- Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anne Buu
- University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, USA
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17
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Lee DB, Schmidt CJ, Heinze JE, Carter PM, Cunningham RM, Walton MA, Zimmerman MA. Retaliatory attitudes as mediator of exposure to violence and firearm aggression among youth: The protective role of organized activity involvement. Dev Psychol 2022; 58:990-1002. [PMID: 35377700 PMCID: PMC9716642 DOI: 10.1037/dev0001339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Firearm injury is a significant public health concern among youth living in the United States. Youth with exposure to violence (ETV) are more susceptible to carrying and using a firearm. Few researchers, however, have examined psychological mechanisms undergirding the association between ETV and firearm aggression. Retaliatory attitudes have been discussed as a potential mediator linking ETV with firearm aggression. Moreover, organized activity participation may disrupt direct and indirect pathways connecting ETV to firearm aggression. We tested: (a) the mediating role of retaliatory attitudes in the ETV-firearm aggression link, and (b) the moderating role of organized activity participation among 570 youth with past year illicit drug use and seeking emerging department care in an urban emergency department (ages 14-24; 58.8% males). Using multigroup path analysis, ETV indirectly influenced firearm aggression through retaliatory attitudes for youth not involved organized activities. Organized activities also buffered the association between retaliatory attitudes (mediator) and firearm aggression (outcome). Organized activities may, therefore, prevent firearm aggression by reducing retaliatory attitudes among youth contending with ETV. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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18
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Burt CJ, Kondo MC, Hohl BC, Gong CH, Bushman G, Wixom C, South EC, Cunningham RM, Carter PM, Branas CC, Zimmerman MA. Community Greening, Fear of Crime, and Mental Health Outcomes. Am J Community Psychol 2022; 69:46-58. [PMID: 34333789 PMCID: PMC8803989 DOI: 10.1002/ajcp.12544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Unmaintained vacant land in urban areas is associated with a number of negative outcomes for residents of urban areas, including mental and physical health, safety, and quality of life. Community programs which promote land parcel maintenance in urban neighborhoods have been found to reverse some of the effects that unmaintained land has on nearby residents. We explored how land parcel maintenance is associated with mental health outcomes using data collected in Flint, MI in 2017-2018. Trained observers assessed the maintenance of approximately 7200 land parcels and surveyed 691 residents (57% Female, 53% Black, M age = 51). We aggregated resident and parcel rating data to 463 street segments and compared three structural equation models (SEM) to estimate the mediating effects of fear of crime on the association of parcel qualities on mental distress for residents. We found that fear of crime mediated the association between parcel maintenance values and mental distress indicating that poor maintenance predicted more fear of crime which was associated with mental distress. Our findings add to our understanding about the mechanism by which vacant lot improvements may operate to enhance psychological well-being of residents who live on streets with vacant and unkept lots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassidy J. Burt
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Michelle C. Kondo
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Philadelphia Field Station, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bernadette C. Hohl
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | | | - Gregory Bushman
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Caroline Wixom
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Eugenia C. South
- Urban Health Lab, Department of Emergency Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rebecca M. Cunningham
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Patrick M. Carter
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Charles C. Branas
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
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19
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Sokol RL, Kumodzi T, Cunningham RM, Resnicow K, Steiger M, Walton M, Zimmerman MA, Carter PM. The association between perceived community violence, police bias, race, and firearm carriage among urban adolescents and young adults. Prev Med 2022; 154:106897. [PMID: 34863814 PMCID: PMC8724395 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Firearms are a leading cause of death among youth and young adults. Given community violence is an important correlate of youth firearm carriage, we evaluated: 1) If the association between perceived community violence and firearm carriage is stronger when perceived police bias is greater; and 2) If this moderated association differs by race. Cross-sectional data came from screening data for a longitudinal study of firearm behaviors among young adults seeking urban emergency department treatment between July 2017-June 2018 (N = 1264). We estimated Poisson regressions with robust error variance to evaluate associations between perceived community violence, police bias, race, and firearm carriage. Community violence was positively associated with firearm carriage (average marginal effect [AME]: 0.05; 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 0.03, 0.07). We also found that the positive association between community violence and firearm carriage increased with higher perceptions of police bias (interaction p < 0.05). We did not find evidence of a three-way interaction by which the moderated association between violence exposure and firearm carriage by perceived police bias varied by race of the respondents. Our findings suggest that community-level strategies to reduce violence and police bias may be beneficial to decrease youth firearm carriage in socio-economically disadvantaged urban settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeccah L Sokol
- School of Social Work, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, United States of America.
| | - Trina Kumodzi
- University of Maryland School of Nursing, 655 W. Lombard St., Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America
| | - Rebecca M Cunningham
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America; University of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC 10-G080, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America; Institute for Firearm Injury, University of Michigan, 503 Thompson St, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America
| | - Kenneth Resnicow
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America
| | - Madeleine Steiger
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America
| | - Maureen Walton
- University of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC 10-G080, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America; University of Michigan Addiction Center, University of Michigan, 4250 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America
| | - Marc A Zimmerman
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America; Michigan Youth Violence Prevention Center, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America; Institute for Firearm Injury, University of Michigan, 503 Thompson St, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America
| | - Patrick M Carter
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America; University of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC 10-G080, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America; Michigan Youth Violence Prevention Center, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America; Institute for Firearm Injury, University of Michigan, 503 Thompson St, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America
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Thulin EJ, Zimmerman MA, Kusunoki Y, Kernsmith P, Smith-Darden J, Heinze JE. Electronic Teen Dating Violence Curves by Age. J Youth Adolesc 2022; 51:45-61. [PMID: 34647192 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-021-01517-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Electronic dating violence is a form of violence perpetrated through electronics between dating partners and is associated with worse mental health, greater risk of substance use, and increased risk of in-person forms of dating violence. Though prevalent and seeming to increase in occurrence across adolescence, little is known about trajectories of electronic dating violence throughout adolescence and both risk and protective factors predicting a given trajectory. Latent growth models were used to evaluate change over time in three specific domains of electronic dating violence: harassment, coercion, and monitoring. Data are drawn from two cohorts who were surveyed annually for four years (2013-2017) from age 12 to 15 (n = 543; 48.3% female) and 15 to 18 (n = 597, 46.6% female), respectively. For all three domains of electronic dating violence, a quadratic model fit best. In general, electronic dating violence increased from early adolescence until a peak around age 16 or 17, and then leveled off. Threat-based adverse childhood experiences (i.e., exposure to physical child abuse, parental intimate partner violence, etc.) and earlier engagement in dating behaviors increased long-term risk for both age cohorts. Protective factors such as parental monitoring decreased risk but seemed to only have protective influence at developmentally-specific periods (i.e., during the developmental period of early adolescence). A better understanding of the risk and protective factors that affect the increase of electronic dating violence during adolescence is necessary to develop effective age-appropriate prevention and intervention strategies for youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elyse J Thulin
- University of Michigan School of Public Health, Department of Health Behavior & Health Education, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Marc A Zimmerman
- University of Michigan, School of Public Health, 3702 SPH I, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Yasamin Kusunoki
- University of Michigan, School of Nursing, 400 North Ingalls Building, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Poco Kernsmith
- Wayne State University, School of Social Work, 5447 Woodward Ave., Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Joanne Smith-Darden
- Michigan State University, School of Social Work, 655 Auditorium Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Justin E Heinze
- University of Michigan School of Public Health, Department of Health Behavior & Health Education, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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21
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Busby DR, Hope MO, Lee DB, Heinze JE, Zimmerman MA. Racial Discrimination and Trajectories of Problematic Alcohol Use Among African American Emerging Adults: The Role of Organizational Religious Involvement. Health Educ Behav 2021; 49:242-255. [PMID: 34965768 DOI: 10.1177/10901981211051650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Racial discrimination jeopardizes a wide range of health behaviors for African Americans. Numerous studies demonstrate significant negative associations between racial discrimination and problematic alcohol use among African Americans. Culturally specific contexts (e.g., organized religious involvement) often function protectively against racial discrimination's adverse effects for many African Americans. Yet organized religious involvement may affect the degree to which racial discrimination increases problematic alcohol use resulting in various alcohol use trajectories. These links remain understudied in emerging adulthood marked by when individuals transition from adolescence to early adult roles and responsibilities. We use data from 496 African American emerging adults from the Flint Adolescent Study (FAS) to (a) identify multiple and distinct alcohol use trajectories and (b) examine organizational religious involvement's protective role. Three trajectory classes were identified: the high/stable, (20.76% of sample; n = 103); moderate/stable, (39.52% of sample; n = 196); and low/rising, (39.72% of the sample; n = 197). After controlling for sex, educational attainment, and general stress, the interaction between racial discrimination and organized religious involvement did not influence the likelihood of classifying into the moderate/stable class or the low/rising class, compared with the high/stable class. These results suggest organized religious involvement counteracts, but does not buffer racial discrimination's effects on problematic alcohol use. Findings emphasize the critical need for culturally sensitive prevention efforts incorporating organized religious involvement for African American emerging adults exposed to racial discrimination. These prevention efforts may lessen the role of racial discrimination on health disparities related to alcohol use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle R Busby
- Baylor College of Medicine/Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.,University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Meredith O Hope
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,The College of Wooster, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Daniel B Lee
- Children's Minnesota Research Institute, Saint Paul, MN, USA
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22
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Thulin EJ, Heinze JE, Kusunoki Y, Hsieh HF, Zimmerman MA. Perceived Neighborhood Characteristics and Experiences of Intimate Partner Violence: A Multilevel Analysis. J Interpers Violence 2021; 36:NP13162-NP13184. [PMID: 32054385 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520906183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Within a lifetime, one in four women and more than one in 10 men will experience intimate partner violence (IPV). Researchers have begun to examine physical and social neighborhood risk factors of IPV, often using cross-sectional data. Most studies focus on risk or promotive factors. Often, neighborhood factors are studied through the lens of social disorganization theory, which focuses on how a neighborhood slips into a violent and crime-ridden place. Busy streets theory provides an alternative perspective, focusing on how building up community assets and resources may help create a safe and vibrant neighborhood. A conceptual approach that utilizes risk and promotive neighborhood variables may help develop new conceptual frameworks for understanding how context may decrease risk for, or moderate, the negative consequences of IPV. Using five waves of data from a 24-year longitudinal study, we employ multilevel linear regression models to examine the trajectory of IPV experiences in relation to positive perceptions of neighborhood, neighborhood cohesion, and informal social control in individuals aged 28 to 33 years. We control for the neighborhood and individual-level risk factors of alcohol consumption, drug use, observed neighborhood violence, and demographic factors of age, race, sex, and socioeconomic status. We found that positive perceptions of neighborhood, alcohol consumption, drug use, economic need, and observed neighborhood violence are associated with IPV. Levels of IPV risk were relatively constant within individuals across waves, but varied significantly between individuals. The measure of positive perceptions of neighborhood is derived from busy streets theory, which may be a useful conceptual framework for understanding how neighborhoods may contribute to positive social contexts that can protect residents from IPV experiences, and potentially other violent behavior. Additional research examining promotive social neighborhood features derived from busy streets theory may help expand our understanding of contextual factors that affect IPV.
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Sokol RL, Zimmerman MA, Rupp L, Heinze JE, Cunningham RM, Carter PM. Firearm purchasing during the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in households with teens: a national study. J Behav Med 2021; 44:874-882. [PMID: 34241756 PMCID: PMC8269400 DOI: 10.1007/s10865-021-00242-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
To describe and identify the correlates of firearm purchasing at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic among US families with teenagers. In June-July 2020, we conducted a national survey of 2924 parents and their teenagers in the US. We report results from this survey to describe firearm purchasing behaviors following the start of the COVID-19 pandemic and investigate correlates of purchasing. Between the beginning of the pandemic and July 2020, 10% of households with teenagers purchased a firearm, and 3% became first-time firearm-owning households. Among firearm-owning households, firearm storage was associated with purchasing such that households that stored at least one firearm loaded and unlocked were more likely to purchase a firearm (OR: 2.02[1.07-3.79]) compared to households that stored all firearms unloaded and/or locked. Firearms purchased at the beginning of the pandemic were more likely to go to homes where at least one firearm was stored loaded and unlocked, which may contribute to increased risk for teen firearm injury and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeccah L Sokol
- School of Social Work, Wayne State University, 5447 Woodward Ave, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.
| | - Marc A Zimmerman
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2029, USA
- University of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC 10-G080, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Laney Rupp
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2029, USA
- University of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC 10-G080, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Justin E Heinze
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2029, USA
| | - Rebecca M Cunningham
- University of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC 10-G080, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Patrick M Carter
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2029, USA
- University of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC 10-G080, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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Clark DA, Arterberry BJ, Walton MA, Cunningham RM, Goldstick JE, Zimmerman MA, Davis AK, Bonar EE. Examining Same-Day Associations Between Cannabis Use Motives and Condom Use in Urban Emerging Adults: A Brief Report. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2021. [DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2021.82.516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D. Angus Clark
- University of Michigan Addiction Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Brooke J. Arterberry
- University of Michigan Addiction Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Psychology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Maureen A. Walton
- University of Michigan Addiction Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- University of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Rebecca M. Cunningham
- University of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Hurley Medical Center, Flint, Michigan
| | - Jason E. Goldstick
- University of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Marc A. Zimmerman
- University of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Alan K. Davis
- College of Social Work, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Erin E. Bonar
- University of Michigan Addiction Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- University of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Center for Sexuality and Health Disparities, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Hsieh HF, Mistry R, Lee DB, Scott BA, Eisman AB, Heinze JE, Zimmerman MA. The Longitudinal Association Between Exposure to Violence and Patterns of Health Risk Behaviors Among African American Youth. Am J Health Promot 2021; 35:794-802. [PMID: 33657868 DOI: 10.1177/0890117121995776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigate whether exposure to violence (ETV) during adolescence and emerging adulthood predicts engagement in chronic disease-related health risk behaviors years later among African Americans. DESIGN A longitudinal study following youth from mid-adolescence (mean age = 14.8 years) to young adulthood (mean age = 32.0 years). SETTING Flint, Michigan. SAMPLE Four hundred forty-two African American (96.2%) and mixed African American and White (3.8%) participants. MEASURES Outcomes were diet, smoking, drinking, and physical inactivity. Covariates were ETV, sex, mother's educational attainment, and substance use by siblings, peers, and parents. ANALYSIS Latent profile analysis was conducted to identify distinct patterns of adult health risk behaviors and assess the association of youth ETV and identified patterns. RESULTS Four latent profiles were identified: high substance use (n = 46; 10.41%), high overall risk (n = 71; 16.06%), low overall risk (n = 140; 31.67%) and inactive (n = 185, 41.86%). Relative to the low overall risk profile, ETV was associated with being in the high overall risk profile (b = 0.37, p = 0.04), but not other profiles. Female gender and higher maternal education were associated with being in the inactive profile compared to the low overall risk profile. Peer alcohol and tobacco use were associated with being in the high substance use profile. CONCLUSION ETV during adolescence and emerging adulthood increased the risk of engagement in multiple health risk behaviors later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsing-Fang Hsieh
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1259University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ritesh Mistry
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1259University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Daniel B Lee
- Children's Minnesota Hospitals and Clinics, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Briana A Scott
- Combined Program in Education and Psychology, 1259University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Andria B Eisman
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1259University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Justin E Heinze
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1259University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Marc A Zimmerman
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1259University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Zimmerman MA, Astor RA. Racism Obstructs the Path to School Safety and Educational Equity: The Need for an Anti-Racism Focus in School Violence Prevention. J Sch Health 2021; 91:443-446. [PMID: 33843066 DOI: 10.1111/josh.13018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc A Zimmerman
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2029
| | - Ron A Astor
- University of California-Los Angeles, Luskin School of Public Affairs, 3250 Public Affairs Building - Box 951656, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1656
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Assari S, Boyce S, Bazargan M, Thomas A, Cobb RJ, Hudson D, Curry TJ, Nicholson HL, Cuevas AG, Mistry R, Chavous TM, Caldwell CH, Zimmerman MA. Parental Educational Attainment, the Superior Temporal Cortical Surface Area, and Reading Ability among American Children: A Test of Marginalization-Related Diminished Returns. Children (Basel) 2021; 8:children8050412. [PMID: 34070118 PMCID: PMC8158386 DOI: 10.3390/children8050412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have shown that parental educational attainment is associated with a larger superior temporal cortical surface area associated with higher reading ability in children. Simultaneously, the marginalization-related diminished returns (MDRs) framework suggests that, due to structural racism and social stratification, returns of parental education are smaller for black and other racial/ethnic minority children compared to their white counterparts. PURPOSE This study used a large national sample of 9-10-year-old American children to investigate associations between parental educational attainment, the right and left superior temporal cortical surface area, and reading ability across diverse racial/ethnic groups. METHODS This was a cross-sectional analysis that included 10,817 9-10-year-old children from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. Parental educational attainment was treated as a five-level categorical variable. Children's right and left superior temporal cortical surface area and reading ability were continuous variables. Race/ethnicity was the moderator. To adjust for the nested nature of the ABCD data, mixed-effects regression models were used to test the associations between parental education, superior temporal cortical surface area, and reading ability overall and by race/ethnicity. RESULTS Overall, high parental educational attainment was associated with greater superior temporal cortical surface area and reading ability in children. In the pooled sample, we found statistically significant interactions between race/ethnicity and parental educational attainment on children's right and left superior temporal cortical surface area, suggesting that high parental educational attainment has a smaller boosting effect on children's superior temporal cortical surface area for black than white children. We also found a significant interaction between race and the left superior temporal surface area on reading ability, indicating weaker associations for Alaskan Natives, Native Hawaiians, and Pacific Islanders (AIAN/NHPI) than white children. We also found interactions between race and parental educational attainment on reading ability, indicating more potent effects for black children than white children. CONCLUSION While parental educational attainment may improve children's superior temporal cortical surface area, promoting reading ability, this effect may be unequal across racial/ethnic groups. To minimize the racial/ethnic gap in children's brain development and school achievement, we need to address societal barriers that diminish parental educational attainment's marginal returns for middle-class minority families. Social and public policies need to go beyond equal access and address structural and societal barriers that hinder middle-class families of color and their children. Future research should test how racism, social stratification, segregation, and discrimination, which shape the daily lives of non-white individuals, take a toll on children's brains and academic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shervin Assari
- Minorities’ Diminished Returns (MDRs) Center, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA; (S.B.); (M.B.)
- Department of Urban Public Health, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
- Department of Family Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Shanika Boyce
- Minorities’ Diminished Returns (MDRs) Center, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA; (S.B.); (M.B.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
| | - Mohsen Bazargan
- Minorities’ Diminished Returns (MDRs) Center, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA; (S.B.); (M.B.)
- Department of Family Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
- Department of Family Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Alvin Thomas
- Human Development and Family Studies Department, School of Human Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
| | - Ryon J. Cobb
- Department of Sociology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
| | - Darrell Hudson
- Brown School, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA;
| | - Tommy J. Curry
- Department of Philosophy, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JS, UK;
| | - Harvey L. Nicholson
- Department of Sociology and Criminology & Law, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7330, USA;
| | - Adolfo G. Cuevas
- Psychosocial Determinants of Health (PSDH) Lab, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02155, USA;
- Department of Community Health, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02155, USA
| | - Ritesh Mistry
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA; (R.M.); (C.H.C.); (M.A.Z.)
| | - Tabbye M. Chavous
- School of Education, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA;
- National Center for Institutional Diversity, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA
| | - Cleopatra H. Caldwell
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA; (R.M.); (C.H.C.); (M.A.Z.)
- Center for Research on Ethnicity, Culture, and Health (CRECH), University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA
| | - Marc A. Zimmerman
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA; (R.M.); (C.H.C.); (M.A.Z.)
- Prevention Research Center, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA
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Gorman-Smith D, Bechhoefer D, Cosey-Gay FN, Kingston BE, Nation MA, Vagi KJ, Villamar JA, Zimmerman MA. A Model for Effective Community-Academic Partnerships for Youth Violence Prevention. Am J Public Health 2021; 111:S25-S27. [PMID: 34038152 PMCID: PMC8157804 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2021.306280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Gorman-Smith
- Deborah Gorman-Smith and Franklin N. Cosey-Gay are with the Crown Family School of Social Work, Policy, and Practice, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL. Dave Bechhoefer and Beverly E. Kingston are with the Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence, University of Colorado Boulder. Maury A. Nation is with the Department of Human and Organizational Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN. Kevin J. Vagi is with the Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA. Juan A. Villamar is with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL. Marc A. Zimmerman is with the Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor
| | - Dave Bechhoefer
- Deborah Gorman-Smith and Franklin N. Cosey-Gay are with the Crown Family School of Social Work, Policy, and Practice, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL. Dave Bechhoefer and Beverly E. Kingston are with the Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence, University of Colorado Boulder. Maury A. Nation is with the Department of Human and Organizational Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN. Kevin J. Vagi is with the Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA. Juan A. Villamar is with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL. Marc A. Zimmerman is with the Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor
| | - Franklin N Cosey-Gay
- Deborah Gorman-Smith and Franklin N. Cosey-Gay are with the Crown Family School of Social Work, Policy, and Practice, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL. Dave Bechhoefer and Beverly E. Kingston are with the Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence, University of Colorado Boulder. Maury A. Nation is with the Department of Human and Organizational Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN. Kevin J. Vagi is with the Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA. Juan A. Villamar is with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL. Marc A. Zimmerman is with the Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor
| | - Beverly E Kingston
- Deborah Gorman-Smith and Franklin N. Cosey-Gay are with the Crown Family School of Social Work, Policy, and Practice, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL. Dave Bechhoefer and Beverly E. Kingston are with the Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence, University of Colorado Boulder. Maury A. Nation is with the Department of Human and Organizational Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN. Kevin J. Vagi is with the Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA. Juan A. Villamar is with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL. Marc A. Zimmerman is with the Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor
| | - Maury A Nation
- Deborah Gorman-Smith and Franklin N. Cosey-Gay are with the Crown Family School of Social Work, Policy, and Practice, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL. Dave Bechhoefer and Beverly E. Kingston are with the Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence, University of Colorado Boulder. Maury A. Nation is with the Department of Human and Organizational Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN. Kevin J. Vagi is with the Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA. Juan A. Villamar is with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL. Marc A. Zimmerman is with the Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor
| | - Kevin J Vagi
- Deborah Gorman-Smith and Franklin N. Cosey-Gay are with the Crown Family School of Social Work, Policy, and Practice, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL. Dave Bechhoefer and Beverly E. Kingston are with the Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence, University of Colorado Boulder. Maury A. Nation is with the Department of Human and Organizational Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN. Kevin J. Vagi is with the Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA. Juan A. Villamar is with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL. Marc A. Zimmerman is with the Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor
| | - Juan A Villamar
- Deborah Gorman-Smith and Franklin N. Cosey-Gay are with the Crown Family School of Social Work, Policy, and Practice, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL. Dave Bechhoefer and Beverly E. Kingston are with the Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence, University of Colorado Boulder. Maury A. Nation is with the Department of Human and Organizational Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN. Kevin J. Vagi is with the Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA. Juan A. Villamar is with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL. Marc A. Zimmerman is with the Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor
| | - Marc A Zimmerman
- Deborah Gorman-Smith and Franklin N. Cosey-Gay are with the Crown Family School of Social Work, Policy, and Practice, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL. Dave Bechhoefer and Beverly E. Kingston are with the Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence, University of Colorado Boulder. Maury A. Nation is with the Department of Human and Organizational Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN. Kevin J. Vagi is with the Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA. Juan A. Villamar is with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL. Marc A. Zimmerman is with the Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor
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Zimmerman MA, Bartholow BN, Carter PM, Cunningham RM, Gorman-Smith D, Heinze JE, Hohl B, Kingston BE, Sigel EJ, Sullivan TN, Vagi KJ, Bowen DA, Wendel ML. Youth Firearm Injury Prevention: Applications from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-Funded Youth Violence Prevention Centers. Am J Public Health 2021; 111:S32-S34. [PMID: 34038154 PMCID: PMC8157802 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2021.306311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc A Zimmerman
- Marc A. Zimmerman and Justin E. Heinze are with the Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI. Bradford N. Bartholow, Kevin J. Vagi, and Daniel A. Bowen are with the Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA. Patrick M. Carter and Rebecca M. Cunningham are with the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor. Deborah Gorman-Smith is with the Crown Family School of Social Work, Policy, and Practice, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL. Bernadette Hohl is with the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers University School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ. Beverly E. Kingston is with the Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence, University of Colorado Boulder. Eric J. Sigel is with the Section of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora. Terri N. Sullivan is with the Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond. Monica L. Wendel is with the Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Bradford N Bartholow
- Marc A. Zimmerman and Justin E. Heinze are with the Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI. Bradford N. Bartholow, Kevin J. Vagi, and Daniel A. Bowen are with the Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA. Patrick M. Carter and Rebecca M. Cunningham are with the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor. Deborah Gorman-Smith is with the Crown Family School of Social Work, Policy, and Practice, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL. Bernadette Hohl is with the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers University School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ. Beverly E. Kingston is with the Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence, University of Colorado Boulder. Eric J. Sigel is with the Section of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora. Terri N. Sullivan is with the Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond. Monica L. Wendel is with the Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Patrick M Carter
- Marc A. Zimmerman and Justin E. Heinze are with the Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI. Bradford N. Bartholow, Kevin J. Vagi, and Daniel A. Bowen are with the Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA. Patrick M. Carter and Rebecca M. Cunningham are with the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor. Deborah Gorman-Smith is with the Crown Family School of Social Work, Policy, and Practice, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL. Bernadette Hohl is with the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers University School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ. Beverly E. Kingston is with the Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence, University of Colorado Boulder. Eric J. Sigel is with the Section of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora. Terri N. Sullivan is with the Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond. Monica L. Wendel is with the Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Rebecca M Cunningham
- Marc A. Zimmerman and Justin E. Heinze are with the Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI. Bradford N. Bartholow, Kevin J. Vagi, and Daniel A. Bowen are with the Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA. Patrick M. Carter and Rebecca M. Cunningham are with the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor. Deborah Gorman-Smith is with the Crown Family School of Social Work, Policy, and Practice, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL. Bernadette Hohl is with the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers University School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ. Beverly E. Kingston is with the Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence, University of Colorado Boulder. Eric J. Sigel is with the Section of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora. Terri N. Sullivan is with the Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond. Monica L. Wendel is with the Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Deborah Gorman-Smith
- Marc A. Zimmerman and Justin E. Heinze are with the Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI. Bradford N. Bartholow, Kevin J. Vagi, and Daniel A. Bowen are with the Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA. Patrick M. Carter and Rebecca M. Cunningham are with the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor. Deborah Gorman-Smith is with the Crown Family School of Social Work, Policy, and Practice, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL. Bernadette Hohl is with the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers University School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ. Beverly E. Kingston is with the Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence, University of Colorado Boulder. Eric J. Sigel is with the Section of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora. Terri N. Sullivan is with the Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond. Monica L. Wendel is with the Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Justin E Heinze
- Marc A. Zimmerman and Justin E. Heinze are with the Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI. Bradford N. Bartholow, Kevin J. Vagi, and Daniel A. Bowen are with the Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA. Patrick M. Carter and Rebecca M. Cunningham are with the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor. Deborah Gorman-Smith is with the Crown Family School of Social Work, Policy, and Practice, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL. Bernadette Hohl is with the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers University School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ. Beverly E. Kingston is with the Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence, University of Colorado Boulder. Eric J. Sigel is with the Section of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora. Terri N. Sullivan is with the Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond. Monica L. Wendel is with the Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Bernadette Hohl
- Marc A. Zimmerman and Justin E. Heinze are with the Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI. Bradford N. Bartholow, Kevin J. Vagi, and Daniel A. Bowen are with the Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA. Patrick M. Carter and Rebecca M. Cunningham are with the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor. Deborah Gorman-Smith is with the Crown Family School of Social Work, Policy, and Practice, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL. Bernadette Hohl is with the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers University School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ. Beverly E. Kingston is with the Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence, University of Colorado Boulder. Eric J. Sigel is with the Section of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora. Terri N. Sullivan is with the Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond. Monica L. Wendel is with the Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Beverly E Kingston
- Marc A. Zimmerman and Justin E. Heinze are with the Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI. Bradford N. Bartholow, Kevin J. Vagi, and Daniel A. Bowen are with the Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA. Patrick M. Carter and Rebecca M. Cunningham are with the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor. Deborah Gorman-Smith is with the Crown Family School of Social Work, Policy, and Practice, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL. Bernadette Hohl is with the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers University School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ. Beverly E. Kingston is with the Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence, University of Colorado Boulder. Eric J. Sigel is with the Section of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora. Terri N. Sullivan is with the Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond. Monica L. Wendel is with the Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Eric J Sigel
- Marc A. Zimmerman and Justin E. Heinze are with the Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI. Bradford N. Bartholow, Kevin J. Vagi, and Daniel A. Bowen are with the Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA. Patrick M. Carter and Rebecca M. Cunningham are with the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor. Deborah Gorman-Smith is with the Crown Family School of Social Work, Policy, and Practice, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL. Bernadette Hohl is with the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers University School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ. Beverly E. Kingston is with the Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence, University of Colorado Boulder. Eric J. Sigel is with the Section of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora. Terri N. Sullivan is with the Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond. Monica L. Wendel is with the Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Terri N Sullivan
- Marc A. Zimmerman and Justin E. Heinze are with the Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI. Bradford N. Bartholow, Kevin J. Vagi, and Daniel A. Bowen are with the Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA. Patrick M. Carter and Rebecca M. Cunningham are with the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor. Deborah Gorman-Smith is with the Crown Family School of Social Work, Policy, and Practice, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL. Bernadette Hohl is with the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers University School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ. Beverly E. Kingston is with the Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence, University of Colorado Boulder. Eric J. Sigel is with the Section of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora. Terri N. Sullivan is with the Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond. Monica L. Wendel is with the Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Kevin J Vagi
- Marc A. Zimmerman and Justin E. Heinze are with the Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI. Bradford N. Bartholow, Kevin J. Vagi, and Daniel A. Bowen are with the Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA. Patrick M. Carter and Rebecca M. Cunningham are with the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor. Deborah Gorman-Smith is with the Crown Family School of Social Work, Policy, and Practice, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL. Bernadette Hohl is with the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers University School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ. Beverly E. Kingston is with the Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence, University of Colorado Boulder. Eric J. Sigel is with the Section of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora. Terri N. Sullivan is with the Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond. Monica L. Wendel is with the Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Daniel A Bowen
- Marc A. Zimmerman and Justin E. Heinze are with the Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI. Bradford N. Bartholow, Kevin J. Vagi, and Daniel A. Bowen are with the Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA. Patrick M. Carter and Rebecca M. Cunningham are with the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor. Deborah Gorman-Smith is with the Crown Family School of Social Work, Policy, and Practice, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL. Bernadette Hohl is with the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers University School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ. Beverly E. Kingston is with the Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence, University of Colorado Boulder. Eric J. Sigel is with the Section of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora. Terri N. Sullivan is with the Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond. Monica L. Wendel is with the Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Monica L Wendel
- Marc A. Zimmerman and Justin E. Heinze are with the Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI. Bradford N. Bartholow, Kevin J. Vagi, and Daniel A. Bowen are with the Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA. Patrick M. Carter and Rebecca M. Cunningham are with the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor. Deborah Gorman-Smith is with the Crown Family School of Social Work, Policy, and Practice, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL. Bernadette Hohl is with the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers University School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ. Beverly E. Kingston is with the Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence, University of Colorado Boulder. Eric J. Sigel is with the Section of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora. Terri N. Sullivan is with the Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond. Monica L. Wendel is with the Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
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Varela JJ, Zimmerman MA, Ryan AM, Stoddard SA, Heinze JE. School Attachment and Violent Attitudes Preventing Future Violent Behavior Among Youth. J Interpers Violence 2021; 36:NP5407-NP5426. [PMID: 30239267 PMCID: PMC6597319 DOI: 10.1177/0886260518800314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Evidence derived from social information theories support the existence of different underlying cognitive mechanisms guiding violent behavior through life. However, a few studies have examined the contribution of school variables to those cognitive mechanisms, which may help explain violent behavior later in life. The present study examines the relationship between school attachment, violent attitudes, and violent behavior over time in a sample of urban adolescents from the U.S. Midwest. We evaluated the influence of school attachment on violent attitudes and subsequent violent behavior. We used structural equation modeling to test our hypothesis in a sample of 579 participants (54.9% female, 81.3% African American). After controlling for gender and race, our results indicated that the relationship between school attachment and violent behavior over time is mediated by violent attitudes. The instrumentalization of the school context as a learning environment aiming to prevent future violent behavior is also discussed.
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Kingston BE, Zimmerman MA, Wendel ML, Gorman-Smith D, Wright-Kelly E, Mattson SA, Trudeau ART. Developing and Implementing Community-Level Strategies for Preventing Youth Violence in the United States. Am J Public Health 2021; 111:S20-S24. [PMID: 34038148 PMCID: PMC8157803 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2021.306281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Beverly E Kingston
- Beverly E. Kingston, Erin Wright-Kelly, and Sabrina Arredondo Mattson are with the Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence, University of Colorado Boulder. Marc A. Zimmerman is with the Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Monica L. Wendel is with the Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY. Deborah Gorman-Smith is with the Crown Family School of Social Work, Policy, and Practice, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL. Aimée-Rika T. Trudeau is with the Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Atlanta, GA
| | - Marc A Zimmerman
- Beverly E. Kingston, Erin Wright-Kelly, and Sabrina Arredondo Mattson are with the Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence, University of Colorado Boulder. Marc A. Zimmerman is with the Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Monica L. Wendel is with the Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY. Deborah Gorman-Smith is with the Crown Family School of Social Work, Policy, and Practice, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL. Aimée-Rika T. Trudeau is with the Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Atlanta, GA
| | - Monica L Wendel
- Beverly E. Kingston, Erin Wright-Kelly, and Sabrina Arredondo Mattson are with the Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence, University of Colorado Boulder. Marc A. Zimmerman is with the Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Monica L. Wendel is with the Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY. Deborah Gorman-Smith is with the Crown Family School of Social Work, Policy, and Practice, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL. Aimée-Rika T. Trudeau is with the Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Atlanta, GA
| | - Deborah Gorman-Smith
- Beverly E. Kingston, Erin Wright-Kelly, and Sabrina Arredondo Mattson are with the Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence, University of Colorado Boulder. Marc A. Zimmerman is with the Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Monica L. Wendel is with the Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY. Deborah Gorman-Smith is with the Crown Family School of Social Work, Policy, and Practice, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL. Aimée-Rika T. Trudeau is with the Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Atlanta, GA
| | - Erin Wright-Kelly
- Beverly E. Kingston, Erin Wright-Kelly, and Sabrina Arredondo Mattson are with the Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence, University of Colorado Boulder. Marc A. Zimmerman is with the Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Monica L. Wendel is with the Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY. Deborah Gorman-Smith is with the Crown Family School of Social Work, Policy, and Practice, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL. Aimée-Rika T. Trudeau is with the Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Atlanta, GA
| | - Sabrina Arredondo Mattson
- Beverly E. Kingston, Erin Wright-Kelly, and Sabrina Arredondo Mattson are with the Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence, University of Colorado Boulder. Marc A. Zimmerman is with the Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Monica L. Wendel is with the Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY. Deborah Gorman-Smith is with the Crown Family School of Social Work, Policy, and Practice, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL. Aimée-Rika T. Trudeau is with the Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Atlanta, GA
| | - Aimée-Rika T Trudeau
- Beverly E. Kingston, Erin Wright-Kelly, and Sabrina Arredondo Mattson are with the Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence, University of Colorado Boulder. Marc A. Zimmerman is with the Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Monica L. Wendel is with the Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY. Deborah Gorman-Smith is with the Crown Family School of Social Work, Policy, and Practice, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL. Aimée-Rika T. Trudeau is with the Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Atlanta, GA
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Carter PM, Zimmerman MA, Cunningham RM. Addressing Key Gaps in Existing Longitudinal Research and Establishing a Pathway Forward for Firearm Violence Prevention Research. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 2021; 50:367-384. [PMID: 34086512 PMCID: PMC8186821 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2021.1913741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The main purpose of this article and this special section is to encourage greater attention to the key gaps that exist in our understanding of the epidemiology of adolescent firearm violence and to provide a pathway forward for future longitudinal research that will inform prevention efforts. This increased attention is especially salient given: (a) firearms are the leading cause of death for adolescents and emerging adults in the United States, with the majority of these deaths due to interpersonal violence; (b) significant health and social disparities with regards to the populations that are most affected by interpersonal firearm violence have been documented; and, (c) limitations in federal research funding during the past 30 years have created a deficit of knowledge about key risk and protective factors necessary to inform evidence-based prevention efforts. We discuss the implications of the articles in this special edition for existing and novel prevention programs. We also identify key considerations for future epidemiological research, including the need for a greater focus on collecting longitudinal data among nationally representative samples enriched with subgroups of at-risk youth, the need to examine the role of protective factors and mediating variables within existing and novel theoretical models of firearm risk behaviors, the need to examine key factors across all levels of the socio-ecological model, and the need to incorporate novel and innovative research designs, methods and analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Carter
- Firearm Safety among Children and Teens Consortium, University of Michigan School of Medicine
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine
- Department of Health Behavior/Health Education, University of Michigan School Public Health
- Youth Violence Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Public Health
- University of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine
| | - Marc A Zimmerman
- Firearm Safety among Children and Teens Consortium, University of Michigan School of Medicine
- Department of Health Behavior/Health Education, University of Michigan School Public Health
- Youth Violence Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Public Health
- University of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine
| | - Rebecca M Cunningham
- Firearm Safety among Children and Teens Consortium, University of Michigan School of Medicine
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine
- Department of Health Behavior/Health Education, University of Michigan School Public Health
- Youth Violence Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Public Health
- University of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine
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Lee DB, Peckins MK, Miller AL, Hope MO, Neblett EW, Assari S, Muñoz-Velázquez J, Zimmerman MA. Pathways from racial discrimination to cortisol/DHEA imbalance: protective role of religious involvement. Ethn Health 2021; 26:413-430. [PMID: 30198761 PMCID: PMC6409100 DOI: 10.1080/13557858.2018.1520815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Racial discrimination (RD) is hypothesized to dysregulate the production of stress reactive hormones among African Americans. Psychological processes that may mediate the association between RD and such dysregulation (e.g. cortisol/DHEA ratio) are not well articulated. Organizational religious involvement (ORI) has been discussed as a psychological protective factor within the context of RD, but our understanding of ORI as a physiological protective factor remains limited. We evaluated whether RD was directly and indirectly (through depressive symptoms) associated with an imbalance of cortisol and DHEA hormones, and whether ORI buffered these direct and/or indirect pathways.Design: Data were drawn from the Flint Adolescent Study, an ongoing interview study of youth that began in 1994. Participants were 188 African American emerging adults (47.3% Female, ages 20-22). We used mediation and moderated-mediation analyses, as outlined by Hayes [2012. PROCESS SPSS Macro. [Computer Software and Manual]. http://www.afhayes.com/public/process.pdf], to evaluate the study aims.Results: We found that depressive symptoms mediated the association between RD and the cortisol/DHEA ratio. We also found that depressive symptoms mediated the association between RD and the cortisol/DHEA ratio for individuals reporting low and moderate levels of ORI, but not at high levels.Conclusions: Our findings support the socio-psychobiological model of racism and health [Chae et al. 2011. "Conceptualizing Racial Disparities in Health: Advancement of a Socio-Psychobiological Approach." Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 8 (1): 63-77. doi:10.1017/S1742058X11000166] and suggest that the psychological toll of RD can confer physiological consequences. Moreover, ORI may disrupt pathways from RD to cortisol/DHEA ratio by buffering the psychological toll of RD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B. Lee
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Alison L. Miller
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann
Arbor, Michigan
| | - Meredith O. Hope
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann
Arbor, Michigan
| | - Enrique W. Neblett
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Shervin Assari
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann
Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Marc A. Zimmerman
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann
Arbor, Michigan
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Sokol RL, Marineau L, Zimmerman MA, Rupp LA, Cunningham RM, Carter PM. Why some parents made firearms more accessible during the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic: results from a national study. J Behav Med 2021; 44:867-873. [PMID: 34297258 PMCID: PMC8299178 DOI: 10.1007/s10865-021-00243-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess parents' firearm storage behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic and characterize reasons why some parents made their firearms more accessible during this time. In June-July 2020, the study team conducted the FACTS National Survey-a cross-sectional, web-based, survey of 2,924 parents and their teens (ages14-18) regarding firearm-related practices. We weighted descriptive analyses to be nationally representative of parents of teens in the United States. We utilized qualitative thematic analysis to identify parents' reasons for making firearms more accessible. Five percent of firearm-owning parents of teens reported making their firearms more accessible during the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. Reasons why parents increased the ease of firearm access included: (1) Increased civil unrest and riots; (2) Threat of home invasion and/or crime victimization; (3) Fear of panic and the unknown; and (4) Easier access and greater protection, threat unspecified. Some parents-largely motivated by fear-chose to store firearms in a more accessible manner during the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic to protect their family against possible external threats. Understanding the fear that motivates parents' decisions regarding storage practices might aid interventions focused on harm reduction and safer storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeccah L. Sokol
- School of Social Work, Wayne State University, 5447 Woodward Ave, Detroit, MI 48202 USA
| | - Lea Marineau
- School of Nursing, Johns Hopkins University, 525 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Marc A. Zimmerman
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029 USA ,University of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC 10-G080, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA ,Michigan Youth Violence Prevention Center, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029 USA
| | - Laney A. Rupp
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029 USA ,Michigan Youth Violence Prevention Center, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029 USA
| | - Rebecca M. Cunningham
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029 USA ,University of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC 10-G080, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA ,Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Patrick M. Carter
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029 USA ,University of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC 10-G080, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA ,Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
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Thulin EJ, Heinze JE, Zimmerman MA. Adolescent Adverse Childhood Experiences and Risk of Adult Intimate Partner Violence. Am J Prev Med 2021; 60:80-86. [PMID: 33223361 PMCID: PMC7771514 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2020.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Exposure to adverse experiences during adolescence may have significant implications for intimate partner violence during adulthood because it is during this developmental stage that many youth begin to have romantic relationships. Yet, few prospective longitudinal analyses on this topic exist. This study aims to fill a gap in the literature by examining the adverse childhood experiences during adolescence and intimate partner violence 15 years later during adulthood. METHODS Multilevel negative-binomial regression was used to examine the relationship between adolescent adverse childhood experiences (age 13-19 years) and adult intimate partner violence (age 28-34 years) in 499 participants over 5 waves of data from a 24-year longitudinal study (Wave 1: 1994) based in Flint, Michigan. Adolescent adverse childhood experiences included being a victim of violence, observed family conflict, parental intoxication, parental divorce, and observed community violence. Data analysis was conducted between 2019 and 2020. RESULTS First, investigators modeled the adverse childhood experience variables as a summary score to predict intimate partner violence during adulthood while controlling for known risk factors and individual random effects. Secondly, this study examined individual adverse childhood experiences iteratively to understand which adverse experiences predicted intimate partner violence in adulthood and found that observed community violence remained significant when accounting for all other adverse childhood experiences (β=0.276, p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS These findings support the negative effects of community violence in adolescence on later risk of intimate partner violence. Prevention interventions that focus on community health and violence prevention with a focus on healthy adolescent development may be pertinent in lowering intimate partner violence victimization in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elyse J Thulin
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
| | - Justin E Heinze
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Marc A Zimmerman
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Combined Program in Education and Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Heinze JE, Hsieh HF, Thulin E, Howe K, Miller AL, Zimmerman MA. Adolescent Exposure to Violence and Intimate-Partner Violence Mediated by Mental Distress. J Appl Dev Psychol 2021; 72:101215. [PMID: 33384463 PMCID: PMC7771647 DOI: 10.1016/j.appdev.2020.101215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adolescent exposure to violence (ETV) is associated with multiple negative health outcomes. Despite evidence linking adolescent ETV with later experiences of physical, sexual and psychological intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization, more longitudinal evidence is needed, and potential explanatory mechanisms should be tested. We examine data collected over 17 years to analyze the mediating effects of mental distress and substance use on the association between cumulative ETV in adolescence and IPV in adulthood. Adolescent (M ages=15-18 years) ETV was associated with IPV outcomes in adulthood (M age=32 years). In parallel mediation models, mental distress in emerging adulthood (M ages=20-23 years) fully mediated the effect of adolescent ETV on later IPV outcomes. Although substance use predicted experience of IPV, it did not mediate the association between ETV and IPV. These findings have implications for understanding trajectories of risk following violence exposure and inform intervention work through identifying developmental periods where ETV contributes to later IPV victimization.
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Trickett E, Zimmerman MA, Romer D. James G. Kelly (1929-2020). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 75:1181. [PMID: 33252957 DOI: 10.1037/amp0000725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Memorializes James G. Kelly (1929-2020), one of the founders of the field of Community Psychology in the United States. Jim was one of the last surviving attendees of the 1965 Swampscott Conference, an event sponsored by the National Institute of Mental Health that is considered the origin of community psychology in the United States. He was a founding member of the Division of Community Psychology of the American Psychological Association in 1967 (now The Society for Community Research and Action, SRCA). Jim mentored doctoral students and postdoctoral scholars with an extraordinary level of commitment to their development. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Sokol RL, Goldstick J, Zimmerman MA, Muzik M, Rosenblum KL, Miller AL. Transitions into and out of post-traumatic stress among children involved in the child welfare system. Child Youth Serv Rev 2020; 118:105384. [PMID: 32921859 PMCID: PMC7485932 DOI: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the transition patterns into and out of post-traumatic stress (PTS) for youth and identify social supports preceding these transitions. METHODS We used inhomogeneous, continuous-time, 1Markov Chain models to model transitions in and out of PTS using data from Waves 1, 3, 4, and 5 of the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Wellbeing (NSCAW I)-a longitudinal study of children who first had contact with the child welfare system between 1999 and 2000. Our analytic sample contained 915 individuals aged 11-17 years. We analyzed data in 2020. RESULTS Youth with stronger peer relationships were less likely to transition into PTS (HR: 0.82; 95% CI [0.70-0.96]), and these individuals were also more likely to transition out of PTS (HR: 1.21; 95% CI [1.04, 1.42]). Youth with adult support were less likely to transition into PTS at any given time interval (HR: 0.37; 95% CI [0.17-0.78]), but adult support was not associated with the transition out of PTS. CONCLUSIONS Strengthening peer relationships may help at-risk children both avoid PTS altogether and recover from PTS after its onset. Promoting adult support, however, may only be most effective when attempting to prevent PTS-onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeccah L. Sokol
- School of Social Work, Wayne State University, 5447 Woodward Ave, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Jason Goldstick
- University of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC 10-G080, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Michigan Youth Violence Prevention Center, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Marc A. Zimmerman
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA
- University of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC 10-G080, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Michigan Youth Violence Prevention Center, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Maria Muzik
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Katherine L. Rosenblum
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Alison L. Miller
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA
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Sokol RL, Carter PM, Goldstick J, Miller AL, Walton MA, Zimmerman MA, Cunningham RM. Within-Person Variability in Firearm Carriage Among High-Risk Youth. Am J Prev Med 2020; 59:386-393. [PMID: 32430221 PMCID: PMC7483893 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2020.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Youth who carry firearms-and peers that surround them-are at increased risk for violent injuries. Because firearm carriage behaviors can change over time within an individual, it is important to identify individual and social-contextual determinants that explain this within-person variability in carriage. METHODS The authors identified individual and social-contextual determinants of firearm carriage in the past 6 months using multilevel logistic models on 5 waves of panel data from the Flint Youth Injury Study (n=597; ages 14-24 years), collected in 2009-2011 and analyzed in 2019. RESULTS Regarding within-person effects, when an individual had more positive peer affiliations than their average, their odds of carrying a firearm decreased (OR=0.88; 95% CI=0.81, 0.96). Conversely, an individual's odds of carrying a firearm increased when they had more negative peer affiliations (OR=1.08, 95% CI=1.02, 1.14), experienced more victimization (OR=1.03, 95% CI=1.01, 1.05), perceived greater community violence (OR=1.12, 95% CI=1.05, 1.21), or exhibited greater retaliatory attitudes (OR=1.10, 95% CI=1.01, 1.19) than their average. CONCLUSIONS Peer affiliations, victimization, community violence perceptions, and retaliatory attitudes explain within-person variability in firearm carriage. Strategies for reducing carriage among youth should consider individual- and environmental-level interventions to address these individual and social-contextual determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeccah L Sokol
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
| | - Patrick M Carter
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; University of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Michigan Youth Violence Prevention Center, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jason Goldstick
- University of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Michigan Youth Violence Prevention Center, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Alison L Miller
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Maureen A Walton
- University of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Addiction Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Marc A Zimmerman
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; University of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Michigan Youth Violence Prevention Center, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Rebecca M Cunningham
- University of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Michigan Youth Violence Prevention Center, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Addiction Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Emergency Medicine, Hurley Medical Center, Flint, Michigan
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Schmidt CJ, Stoddard SA, Heinze JE, Caldwell CH, Zimmerman MA. Examining contextual and relational factors influencing perceptions of societal and interpersonal mattering among rural youth. J Community Psychol 2020; 48:2013-2032. [PMID: 32579724 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.22401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Researchers have shown that interpersonal and societal mattering have important implications for adolescent development. Yet, few researchers have focused on what predicts mattering, particularly societal mattering, and even fewer have studied mattering among rural youth. Thus, the purpose of this study is to explore how perceived contextual and relationship factors affect rural youths' perceptions of societal and interpersonal mattering. Participants for this study were 381 middle school youth from two rural school districts in Michigan. Using structural equation modeling, we found that more positive perceptions regarding opportunities for youth involvement, availability of community resources, student input in decision-making at school, and support for autonomy at school were associated with greater perceptions of societal mattering. In addition, greater support from friends, higher quality parent-child communication, and more parental involvement were associated with a greater sense of interpersonal mattering. This study identifies important relational and contextual factors that can be enhanced in an effort to foster greater perceptions of interpersonal and societal mattering among rural youth, and ultimately help us to promote positive youth development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carissa J Schmidt
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Sarah A Stoddard
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Systems, Populations and Leadership, University of Michigan School of Nursing, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Justin E Heinze
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Cleopatra H Caldwell
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Marc A Zimmerman
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Lee DB, Hope MO, Heinze JE, Cunningham M, Caldwell CH, Zimmerman MA. Psychological pathway from racial discrimination to the physical consequences of alcohol consumption: Religious coping as a protective factor. J Ethn Subst Abuse 2020; 19:453-475. [PMID: 30589400 PMCID: PMC6597340 DOI: 10.1080/15332640.2018.1540956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
While racial discrimination (RD) is associated with increased alcohol-related problems among African Americans (AAs), researchers have not examined how RD contributes to the physical consequences of alcohol consumption over time. In addition, the protective role of religious coping has been discussed but not formally tested in pathways connecting RD to the physical consequences of alcohol consumption. To address this gap, we estimated latent growth mediation models in a sample of 465 AA emerging adults. We found that RD increased physical consequences of alcohol consumption over time through psychological distress. After identifying two profiles of religious coping (i.e., low and high religious coping), RD indirectly influenced the physical consequences of alcohol consumption through psychological distress among AAs in the low religious coping group. Our results signal the importance of developing alcohol-misuse prevention programs that address the psychological consequences of RD. Integrating culturally tailored coping strategies (e.g., religious coping) may bolster the efficacy of these prevention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B. Lee
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Meredith O. Hope
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School
of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Justin E. Heinze
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School
of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Mary Cunningham
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School
of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Cleopatra H. Caldwell
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School
of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Marc A. Zimmerman
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School
of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Stoddard SA, Meier-Austic E, Epstein-Ngo Q, Walton M, Carter PM, Heinze JE, Zimmerman MA, Cunningham R. Substance use and mental health predictors of patterns of non-partner youth violence among high-risk urban youth. Drug Alcohol Depend 2020; 213:108117. [PMID: 32585420 PMCID: PMC7736059 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined the association between baseline substance use and mental health, and non-partner violence trajectories among youth presenting to an urban emergency department who screened positive for drug use. Non-partner violence is physically violent victimization or aggression involving someone other than a dating partner. METHODS Group-based trajectory modeling was used to identify longitudinal trajectories of non-partner violence in N = 599 youth (14-24 years old) at baseline, 6, 12, 18 and 24 month follow-ups. Multinomial logistic regression analyses were used to examine associations between baseline substance use and mental health conditions (i.e., anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder [PTSD]), and non-partner violence trajectories. RESULTS Six trajectory groups were identified for non-partner violence. Binge drinking and cannabis, illicit drug, nonmedical prescription stimulant, and polysubstance use in the 30 days leading up to their initial ED visit were associated with the likelihood of medium to high non-partner violence group membership during the two years following their ED visit. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression/anxiety at baseline were also associated with greater risk of belonging to medium to high non-partner violence trajectory groups. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight distinct trajectories of violent behavior, with roughly 60 % of young adults belonging to one of the non-partner violence groups. Although general trajectory trends were of decreasing violent behavior, the constellation of baseline risk factors differentially predicted group membership. These findings indicate that violence does not operate in a vacuum; interventions to reduce violence should also address previous trauma, substance use, and mental health issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Stoddard
- School of Nursing, University of Michigan, 400 N Ingalls Room 4341, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109,University of Michigan Injury Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC 10-G080, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109,Department of Health Behavior & Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights 3790A SPH I, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109
| | - Elizabeth Meier-Austic
- University of Michigan Injury Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC 10-G080, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109
| | - Quyen Epstein-Ngo
- University of Michigan Injury Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC 10-G080, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109,Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48105
| | - Maureen Walton
- University of Michigan Injury Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC 10-G080, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109,Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48105,University of Michigan Addiction Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 4250 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109
| | - Patrick M. Carter
- University of Michigan Injury Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC 10-G080, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109,Michigan Youth Violence Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109,Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48105,Hurley Medical Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, 1 Hurley Plaza, Flint, Michigan, 48503
| | - Justin E, Heinze
- Department of Health Behavior & Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights 3790A SPH I, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109,Michigan Youth Violence Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109
| | - Marc A. Zimmerman
- University of Michigan Injury Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC 10-G080, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109,Department of Health Behavior & Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights 3790A SPH I, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109,Michigan Youth Violence Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109
| | - Rebecca Cunningham
- University of Michigan Injury Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC 10-G080, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109,Michigan Youth Violence Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109,Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48105,Hurley Medical Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, 1 Hurley Plaza, Flint, Michigan, 48503
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Lee DB, Hsieh HF, Stoddard SA, Heinze JE, Carter PM, Goldstick JE, Cunningham MC, Cunningham RM, Zimmerman MA. Longitudinal pathway from violence exposure to firearm carriage among adolescents: The role of future expectation. J Adolesc 2020; 81:101-113. [PMID: 32408115 PMCID: PMC7325611 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2020.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Exposure to violence is a risk factor for firearm carriage. Youth exposed to violence also have difficulty envisioning positive future outcomes (e.g., educational outcomes), which can increase the likelihood of firearm carriage over time. Researchers, however, have not yet examined whether changes in exposure to violence over time can influence the developmental trajectories of firearm carriage. To address this gap, we (1) examined the longitudinal association between exposure to violence and firearm carriage (grades 9 to 12) and then (2) examined whether changes in future expectations mediated this longitudinal association. METHOD The longitudinal association between exposure to violence and firearm carriage through future expectations was examined among 850 adolescents from the Flint Adolescent Study. Participants were recruited from four high schools in a midwestern city in the United States. Parallel latent growth models and latent growth mediation models were estimated. RESULTS A positive association was observed between the rate of change in exposure to violence and firearm carriage. Exposure to violence also indirectly increased the risk for firearm carriage over time by decreasing future expectation in the 9th grade. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the idea that helping youth develop positive attitude about educational success may help reduce firearm carriage. Increasing positive expectations about future may help prevent firearm carriage within the context of violence exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Lee
- Children's Minnesota Research Institute, Children's Minnesota Hospitals and Clinics, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Hsing-Fang Hsieh
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sarah A Stoddard
- Department of Systems, Populations, and Leadership, University of Michigan School of Nursing, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Justin E Heinze
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Patrick M Carter
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jason E Goldstick
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mary C Cunningham
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Marc A Zimmerman
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Eisman AB, Kilbourne AM, Ngo Q, Fridline J, Zimmerman MA, Greene D, Cunningham RM. Implementing a State-Adopted High School Health Curriculum: A Case Study. J Sch Health 2020; 90:447-456. [PMID: 32227345 PMCID: PMC7202958 DOI: 10.1111/josh.12892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Michigan Model for Health™ (MMH) is the official health curriculum for the State of Michigan and prevailing policy and practice has encouraged its adoption. Delivering evidence-based programs such as MMH with fidelity is essential to program effectiveness. Yet, most schools do meet state-designated fidelity requirements for implementation (delivering 80% or more of the curriculum). METHODS We collected online survey (N = 20) and in-person interview (N = 5) data investigating fidelity and factors related to implementation of the MMH curriculum from high school health teachers across high schools in one socioeconomically challenged Michigan county and key stakeholders. RESULTS We found that 68% of teachers did not meet state-identified standards of fidelity for curriculum delivery. Our results indicate that factors related to the context and implementation processes (eg, trainings) may be associated with fidelity. Teachers reported barriers to program delivery, including challenges with adapting the curriculum to suit their context, competing priorities, and meeting students' needs on key issues such as substance use and mental health issues. CONCLUSIONS Multiple factors influence the fidelity of health curriculum delivery in schools serving low-income students. Investigating these factors guided by implementation science frameworks can inform use of implementation strategies to support and enhance curriculum delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andria B Eisman
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109
| | - Amy M Kilbourne
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109
| | - Quyen Ngo
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105
| | - Judy Fridline
- Genesee Intermediate School District, Center for Countywide Programs, 5075 Pilgrim Road, Flint, MI, 48507
| | - Marc A Zimmerman
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109
| | - Dana Greene
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109
| | - Rebecca M Cunningham
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105
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Anderson RE, Lee DB, Hope MO, Nisbeth K, Bess K, Zimmerman MA. Disrupting the Behavioral Health Consequences of Racial Discrimination: A Longitudinal Investigation of Racial Identity Profiles and Alcohol-Related Problems. Health Educ Behav 2020; 47:706-717. [PMID: 32456566 DOI: 10.1177/1090198120923268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Researchers have documented the negative associations between racial discrimination and alcohol use for young Black people, yet fewer researchers have examined these associations longitudinally and with racial identity as a protective factor. We use data from the Flint Adolescent Study (465 Black/African Americans) to investigate the relationship between discrimination and alcohol-related problems over time, and how that relationship differs with varying trajectories of racial identity (i.e., private and public regard). Among those reporting persistently moderate levels of private regard and high levels of public regard in late adolescence through emerging adulthood, increases in racial discrimination were associated with increases in alcohol-related problems over time. Findings suggest that regard for one's racial group may function protectively in the health strategies employed in response to discriminatory events. More longitudinal research is needed to delineate how varying racial pride operates with regard to long-term discrimination and behavioral health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel B Lee
- Children's Minnesota Hospitals and Clinics, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Meredith O Hope
- University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kyle Nisbeth
- University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kiana Bess
- University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Marc A Zimmerman
- University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Lee DB, Anderson RE, Hope MO, Zimmerman MA. Racial discrimination trajectories predicting psychological well-being: From emerging adulthood to adulthood. Dev Psychol 2020; 56:1413-1423. [PMID: 32406704 DOI: 10.1037/dev0000938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Perceived racial discrimination (PRD) has been documented as a risk factor for worse psychological well-being among African Americans. Yet, most researchers have not examined how trajectories of PRD during emerging adulthood shape psychological well-being in adulthood. Moreover, less is known about whether demographic factors and components of racial identity shape PRD over time. We identified trajectories of PRD among 605 African American emerging adults and examined whether PRD trajectories were associated with depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and perceived lack of control in adulthood. Four trajectories of PRD were identified (i.e., high-stable, moderate-declining, low-rising, and low-stable), and demographic factors and racial identity indicators influenced the likelihood of trajectory classification. In addition, members of the moderate-declining trajectory exhibited higher levels of depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and perceived lack of control than members in the low-stable trajectory. Our findings suggest that changes in PRD in emerging adulthood can extend our understanding of psychological well-being in adulthood. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Bonar EE, Schneeberger DM, Bourque C, Bauermeister JA, Young SD, Blow FC, Cunningham RM, Bohnert AS, Zimmerman MA, Walton MA. Social Media Interventions for Risky Drinking Among Adolescents and Emerging Adults: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Res Protoc 2020; 9:e16688. [PMID: 32401225 PMCID: PMC7254293 DOI: 10.2196/16688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite intervention efforts to date, the prevalence of risky drinking among adolescents and emerging adults remains high, increasing the risk for health consequences and the development of alcohol use disorders. Peer influences are particularly salient among this age group, including via social media. Thus, the development of efficacious early interventions for youth, delivered with a broad reach via trained peers on social media, could have an important role in addressing risky drinking and concomitant drug use. OBJECTIVE This paper describes the protocol of a randomized controlled trial (RCT) testing the efficacy of a social media intervention among adolescents and emerging adults who meet the criteria for risky drinking (using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-Consumption [AUDIT-C]), delivered with and without financial incentives for participation, compared with an attention placebo control condition (ie, entertaining social media content), on alcohol consumption and consequences. METHODS This RCT involved recruiting 955 youths (aged 16-24 years) via advertisements on Facebook and Instagram to self-administer a brief web-based screening survey. Those screening positive for past 3-month risky drinking (AUDIT-C positive: ages 16-17 years: ≥3 females and ≥4 males; and ages 18-24 years: ≥4 females and ≥5 males) were eligible for the RCT. After providing consent (a waiver of parental consent was obtained for minors), participants completed a web-based baseline survey and several verification procedures, including a selfie photo matched to Facebook profile photos. Participants were then randomized to join invitation-only secret Facebook groups, which were not searchable or viewable by parents, friends, or anyone not recruited by the study. The 3 conditions were social media intervention with incentives, social media intervention without incentives (SMI), and attention placebo control. Each condition lasted 8 weeks and consisted of bachelor's-level and master's-level therapist electronic coaches posting relevant content and responding to participants' posts in a manner consistent with Motivational Interviewing. Participants in the control condition and SMI condition did not receive payments but were blind to condition assignment between these 2 conditions. Follow-ups are ongoing and occur at 3, 6, and 12 months poststart of the groups. RESULTS We enrolled 955 participants over 10 waves of recruitment who screened positive for risky drinking into the RCT. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study will provide the critical next step in delivering early alcohol interventions to the youth, capitalizing on social media platforms, which could have significant public health impact by altering alcohol use trajectories of adolescents and emerging adults engaged in risky drinking. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02809586; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02809586. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/16688.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Bonar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Addiction Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Diane M Schneeberger
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Addiction Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Carrie Bourque
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Addiction Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Jose A Bauermeister
- Department of Family and Community Health, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sean D Young
- Department of Informatics, Donald Bren School of Information and Computer Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Frederic C Blow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Addiction Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Center for Clinical Management Research, Veterans Health Administration, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Rebecca M Cunningham
- Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Health Behavior & Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Amy Sb Bohnert
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Center for Clinical Management Research, Veterans Health Administration, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Marc A Zimmerman
- Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Health Behavior & Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Maureen A Walton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Addiction Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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Boyce S, Bazargan M, Caldwell CH, Zimmerman MA, Assari S. Parental Educational Attainment and Social Environmental of Urban Public Schools in the U.S.: Blacks' Diminished Returns. Children (Basel) 2020; 7:children7050044. [PMID: 32397657 PMCID: PMC7278682 DOI: 10.3390/children7050044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: Recent research has documented marginalization-related diminished returns (MDRs) of socioeconomic status (SES), defined as weaker effects of SES indicators, such as parental educational attainment, on securing tangible outcomes for the members of socially marginalized (e.g., racial and ethnic minority) groups, compared to privileged social groups (e.g., non-Hispanic Whites). Aims: To explore race/ethnic differences between non-Hispanic Blacks vs. non-Hispanic Whites who attend urban public schools on the effect of parental education on lower school environmental risk among American high schoolers. Methods: For this cross-sectional study, we borrowed the Education Longitudinal Study (ELS-2002) baseline data, a nationally representative study that enrolled 1706 10th grade youths who were attending urban public schools. From this number, 805 (47.2%) were non-Hispanic Black and 901 (52.8%) were non-Hispanic White youths. The dependent variable was the level of school social environmental risk measured using 18 items as self-reported, and was treated as a continuous variable. The independent variable was parental educational attainment, treated as a continuous measure. Gender, region, and parental marital status were the covariates. Race/ethnicity was the moderating variable. Linear regressions were applied to perform our data analysis. Results: Black students were found to attend schools with higher levels of social environmental risk. Youths with parents with a higher educational attainment were found to attend schools with a lower social environmental risk. We found a significant interaction between race (non-Hispanic Black vs. non-Hispanic White) and parental educational attainment on the level of school social environmental risk, suggesting that the protective effect of high parental education on reducing the school social environmental risk was smaller for non-Hispanic Black than for non-Hispanic White youths. Conclusions: Although high parental educational attainment is protective against social environmental risk for American youths, this protective effect is weaker for non-Hispanic Black than non-Hispanic White youths. The diminished returns of parental education in reducing school social environmental risk may explain why the effects of parental education on educational outcomes are smaller for non-Hispanic Black than non-Hispanic White youths (i.e., MDRs). The social environment indirectly generates racial youth educational disparities through deteriorating non-Hispanic Black youth educational outcomes across all SES levels. To prevent the confounding effects of private, suburban, rural, and Catholic schools, we limited this analysis to public urban schools. More research is needed on other settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanika Boyce
- Departments of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA; (S.B.); (M.B.)
| | - Mohsen Bazargan
- Departments of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA; (S.B.); (M.B.)
- Departments of Family Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Cleopatra H. Caldwell
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (C.H.C.); (M.A.Z.)
- Center for Research on Ethnicity, Culture, and Health (CRECH), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Marc A. Zimmerman
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (C.H.C.); (M.A.Z.)
| | - Shervin Assari
- Departments of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
- Correspondence:
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Sokol RL, Zimmerman MA, Perron BE, Rosenblum KL, Muzik M, Miller AL. Developmental Differences in the Association of Peer Relationships with Traumatic Stress Symptoms. Prev Sci 2020; 21:841-849. [PMID: 32328960 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-020-01125-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Although childhood trauma exposure has a high incidence, traumatic stress often goes untreated in children and youth. We investigated peer relationship quality as a prevention strategy for reducing traumatic stress across different developmental periods. We analyzed longitudinal data from the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Wellbeing (NSCAW I) using a time-varying effect model (TVEM) to investigate the association between peer relationship quality and traumatic stress symptoms across ages 8-17 years. We controlled for a robust set of confounders identified through a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG). The unique association between peer relationship quality and traumatic stress symptoms was negative and significant from ages 8 to 8.5 years, and again from ages 9.4 to 10.9 years and at age 16.4 to 16.8 years, with maximum associations of - 1.45 T score points at age 8.5 years (95% CI = [- 2.87, - 0.40]), - 1.57 at age 9.4 years (95% CI = [- 3.13,- 0.01]), and - 1.89 at 16.7 years (95% CI = [- 3.70, - 0.09]). Peer relationship quality protected against traumatic stress during specific times during adolescent development. Our results suggest that helping youth establish and maintain positive peer relationships may be a useful prevention approach for helping them cope with trauma experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeccah L Sokol
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2029, USA.
| | - Marc A Zimmerman
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2029, USA
| | - Brian E Perron
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, 1080 S University, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | | | - Maria Muzik
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Alison L Miller
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2029, USA
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Assari S, Boyce S, Bazargan M, Caldwell CH, Zimmerman MA. Place-Based Diminished Returns of Parental Educational Attainment on School Performance of Non-Hispanic White Youth. Front Educ (Lausanne) 2020; 5:30. [PMID: 32596626 DOI: 10.3389/feduc.2020.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Youth educational outcomes are a function of a wide range of factors including parental education level. This effect, however, is shown to be smaller for African American, Hispanic, and Asian American youth, a pattern called Marginalization-related Diminished Returns (MDRs). It is, however, unknown if it is race/ethnicity or other conditions associated with race/ethnicity (e.g., poor neighborhood quality) which reduces the marginal returns of parental education for youth. AIM To explore whether MDRs are only due to race/ethnicity or if they also remain for non-Hispanic Whites in poor neighborhoods, we compared the association between parental education level and adolescents' school performance based on neighborhood quality in a nationally representative sample of non-Hispanic Whites in the United States. METHODS This cross-sectional study used wave 1 of the Add Health study, an ongoing nationally representative cohort, 1994-2019. Participants included 849 non-Hispanic White adolescents between the ages of 12 and 21 years and their parents. The independent variable was parental education level, which was treated as a continuous measure. Age, grade, gender, and parental marital status were the covariates. The dependent variable was school performance (sum of school grades in Math, English, History, and Science). Linear regression models were used for data analysis. RESULTS Overall, worse neighborhood quality was associated with worse school performance. Parental education level, however, was not directly associated with youth school performance. We found a statistically significant interaction between parental education level and neighborhood quality suggesting that the strength of the association between parental education and youth school performance weakens as neighborhood quality declines. CONCLUSION Parental education level is a more salient determinant of youth educational outcomes in better neighborhoods. The result suggests that MDRs may not be solely due to race/ethnicity but contextual factors that commonly covary with marginalization and poverty. These contextual factors may include segregation, concentration of poverty, and social and physical neighborhood disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shervin Assari
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Shanika Boyce
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Mohsen Bazargan
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Cleopatra H Caldwell
- Department of Family Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Marc A Zimmerman
- Department of Family Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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