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Maguire T, Young M, Najda M, Jackson H, Ryan J, Furness T, McKenna B. Developing Safewards Secure for Mental Health Prison Units Using a Nominal Group Technique. Int J Ment Health Nurs 2025; 34:e70036. [PMID: 40346032 PMCID: PMC12064482 DOI: 10.1111/inm.70036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2024] [Revised: 02/02/2025] [Accepted: 03/23/2025] [Indexed: 05/11/2025]
Abstract
The introduction of Safewards has resulted in the reduction of conflict and containment in general mental health units, and an adaptation has been developed for secure hospitals in forensic mental health services. Forensic mental health nurses working in bed-based prison mental health units could benefit from having a model to assist conflict and containment reduction in their unique context. The aim of this study was to develop a version of Safewards for bed-based prison mental health nurses. A literature review was conducted to identify relevant features of bed-based prison mental health units including flashpoints, and staff and consumer modifiers. A summary of the review was presented to participants prior to a Nominal Group Technique (NGT) with nurses and other disciplines (working in bed-based prison mental health units) (n = 12). The NGT was used to elicit feedback about the proposed model and achieve agreement on several questions related to the proposed version. Data collected were analysed thematically. Two themes were interpreted: (1) 'Square peg, round hole': the stark difference between custodial and Forensic Mental Health staff values and aims; and (2) nothing can happen without custodial staff support. Consensus was reached on all suggested changes/additions to the model. Findings support the need for an adapted version of Safewards (Safewards Secure-Custodial Mental Health) to assist nurses working in this setting. However, modifiers for custodial staff require development and collaboration with Correctional services will also be essential for successful implementation in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Maguire
- Centre for Forensic Behavioural ScienceSwinburne University of TechnologyMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- The Victorian Institute of Forensic Mental Health (Forensicare)MelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Institute Health and WellbeingFederation University AustraliaMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Maicee Young
- Centre for Forensic Behavioural ScienceSwinburne University of TechnologyMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- The Victorian Institute of Forensic Mental Health (Forensicare)MelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Monica Najda
- The Victorian Institute of Forensic Mental Health (Forensicare)MelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Hannah Jackson
- The Victorian Institute of Forensic Mental Health (Forensicare)MelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Jo Ryan
- The Victorian Institute of Forensic Mental Health (Forensicare)MelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Trentham Furness
- Centre for Forensic Behavioural ScienceSwinburne University of TechnologyMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- The Victorian Institute of Forensic Mental Health (Forensicare)MelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Brian McKenna
- Centre for Forensic Behavioural ScienceSwinburne University of TechnologyMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Auckland University of TechnologyAucklandNew Zealand
- Auckland Regional Forensic Psychiatry ServicesAucklandNew Zealand
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Bakić M, Stevanović J, Milić M, Galić I, Bakić M, Martinović A, Bakić N, Štrbac M, Bakić B, Balaban R, Vujnić M, Joksimović B. Factors associated with the prevalence of viral hepatitis B and C among prisoners: Results of two consecutive national surveys in Montenegro. PLoS One 2025; 20:e0321464. [PMID: 40215247 PMCID: PMC11990790 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0321464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2025] [Indexed: 04/14/2025] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prisoners are at a higher risk of communicable diseases (such as HIV and hepatitis) than the general population. Therefore, medical screening is crucial for early diagnosis, treatment, identifying those at higher risk of infection, and prevention of infection spread. OBJECTIVE The main objective of this study was to analyze the factors associated with hepatitis B and C seropositivity in the prison population in Montenegro in two consecutive study years. METHOD Prisoners of Prison for Short and Long prison terms in Spuž, Montenegro, were included in two cross-sectional studies during 2012 and 2021. Data on socio-demographic factors, risky behavior, and preventive measures related to blood-borne viruses were collected. The data were statistically processed by statistical testing of differences and applying regression models in SPSS Windows, version 19. RESULTS A total of 506 prisoners (2012-298; 2021-208) were included in this study. One fifth of prisoners were seropositive for viral hepatitis B (2012-0.7%; 2021-3.4%) or C (2012-21.8%; 2021-20.7%) or both (2012-0.33%; 2021-0.0%). Factors associated with viral hepatitis B and C seropositivity in both years were shorter prison terms served and injection drug use. Additionally, factors associated with prisoners seropositivity in 2012 were ever drug use and lack of free hygiene kits in prison, and in 2021 were condom use with a permanent partner, non-condom use with non-permanent partner, and availability of free syringes and needles distribution. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION Prevalent risky behaviors and the lack of harm reduction interventions are more common among seropositive prisoners. Establishing a prison hospital, improving the surveillance system, introducing new or improving old harm reduction interventions is imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijan Bakić
- Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Public Health of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - Jasmina Stevanović
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pristina temporarily settled in Kosovska Mitrovica, Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia
| | - Marija Milić
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pristina temporarily settled in Kosovska Mitrovica, Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia
| | - Igor Galić
- Department of Epidemiology, Community Health Center Bar, Bar, Montenegro
| | - Marija Bakić
- Department of Dermatovenerology, Clinical Center Berane, Berane, Montenegro
| | - Adis Martinović
- Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Public Health of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - Nikola Bakić
- Department of Information Technology and Systems, Institute of Public Health of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - Mirjana Štrbac
- Department of Epidemiology, Insitute of Public Health of Vojvodina, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Boško Bakić
- Boško Bakić, Clinic “Moj doktor”, Nikšić, Montenegro
| | - Radmila Balaban
- Department of preclinical subjects, Faculty of Medicine Foča, University of East Sarajevo, Republic of Srpska, Foča, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Milorad Vujnić
- Department of pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine Banjaluka, University of Banjaluka, Republic of Srpska, Foča, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Bojan Joksimović
- Department of preclinical subjects, Faculty of Medicine Foča, University of East Sarajevo, Republic of Srpska, Foča, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Brinkley-Rubinstein L, Berk J, Williams BA. Carceral Health Care. N Engl J Med 2025; 392:892-901. [PMID: 40009808 PMCID: PMC11995879 DOI: 10.1056/nejmra2212149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2025]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Justin Berk
- Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Brie A Williams
- Division of Health Equity and Society, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Franscisco
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Nguyen NV, Riggan KA, Eber GB, Williams BA, DeMartino ES. A Primer on Carceral Health for Clinicians: Care Delivery, Regulatory Oversight, Legal and Ethical Considerations, and Clinician Responsibilities. Mayo Clin Proc 2025; 100:292-303. [PMID: 39797865 PMCID: PMC11950980 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2024.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2024] [Accepted: 09/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2025]
Abstract
The United States has one of the highest incarceration rates in the world, with approximately 1.7 million individuals detained in jails or federal or state prisons. Chronic medical conditions are more prevalent among adults in custody than among their nonincarcerated counterparts, resulting in needs that often surpass the on-site medical treatment capabilities of carceral facilities. For this reason, many community-based health care professionals will encounter incarcerated patients in an ambulatory or inpatient setting. Yet, although carceral status engenders pragmatic and ethical complexities in patient care, health care professionals in academic and community settings receive little or no education about correctional health. This special article seeks to address this knowledge gap by providing demographic and patient characteristics of this population, describing health care delivery in the criminal legal system, summarizing incarcerated patients' health care rights, conveying the current state of oversight and regulation for correctional health care, and presenting the role of health care professionals in advocating for the ethical care of incarcerated patients. By equipping themselves with this knowledge, clinicians may provide holistic and ethical care for persons involved in the criminal legal system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gabriel B Eber
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Brie A Williams
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Erin S DeMartino
- Biomedical Ethics Research Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
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Prosen M, Lukić A. Understanding health and illness among incarcerated persons in the Slovenian correctional system: A qualitative study. Soc Sci Med 2024; 362:117467. [PMID: 39522196 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.117467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 10/25/2024] [Accepted: 10/28/2024] [Indexed: 11/16/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the perspectives of incarcerated persons on health and illness, as well as the social contexts influencing these perspectives, is important for developing healthcare interventions that effectively address their specific needs and improve overall well-being. The aim of this study was to explore and understand the complex, multi-dimensional experiences of health and illness among incarcerated persons within the Slovenian correctional system. This study employed an interpretative descriptive design. Using purposive sampling, ten incarcerated persons-five females and five males-were invited to individual, face-to-face, semi-structured interviews. Thematic analysis was conducted in accordance with the interpretative description analytical process. Four major themes were identified: (1) Perspectives on health and illness during incarceration, (2) Healthcare access and self-care during incarceration, (3) Social contacts and their impact on health, and (4) Programmes and activities to enhance well-being. The findings highlighted a shift in perception among participants from a traditional view of health as merely the absence of illness to a more dynamic and holistic understanding, encompassing physical, mental, and social determinants of health. The structured environments within prisons can sometimes paradoxically improve physical health by promoting positive health behaviours, yet they often exacerbate mental health challenges due to restricted freedom and social isolation. The study's implications are significant for policy-making, suggesting that integrated health strategies can significantly improve health outcomes for incarcerated populations, aligning with public health objectives and ensuring better community reintegration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Prosen
- University of Primorska, Faculty of Health Sciences, Polje 42, 6310, Izola, Slovenia.
| | - Aleksandra Lukić
- Community Health Centre Koper, Dellavallejeva 3, 6000, Koper, Slovenia
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McLeod KE, Buxton JA, Martin RE. "A different sense of what we do here, who we are and what we deliver": Provider perspectives on the effects of a change in governance of healthcare services in correctional facilities in British Columbia. Health Serv Manage Res 2024; 37:219-226. [PMID: 38018489 PMCID: PMC11545118 DOI: 10.1177/09514848231218626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
In 2017, British Columbia (BC) transferred responsibility for healthcare services in provincial correctional facilities from the Ministry of Public Safety and Solicitor General to the Ministry of Health. This study explored how healthcare leadership perceived the impact of the transfer on services, work-life, and job satisfaction. We conducted one-on-one interviews (n = 8) with healthcare managers and medical and administrative leadership within Correctional Health Services. Using the Two-Factor theory of job satisfaction as a framework, we applied Interpretive Description methodology to analyse interview data. Participants identified changes to four areas of the working environment: (1) staffing, equipment, and resources (2) systems of supervision and support (3) standards, policies, and quality improvement and (4) culture and orientation. These changes predominantly affected motivational factors of job satisfaction and were described as enriching the roles of managers and staff. Participants described improved autonomy and recognition of providers, increased quality of services delivered, and a shift toward patient-centred care. The perspectives of healthcare leaders provide new insight into the potential impact of transferring healthcare services in custody to a public healthcare system. Discussion of changes and their affects also provide practical learning for jurisdictions seeking to improve healthcare under a variety of governance and service-delivery models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E McLeod
- School of Population and Public Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jane A Buxton
- School of Population and Public Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- BC Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ruth Elwood Martin
- School of Population and Public Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Schaefer I, Panozzo S, DiGiacomo M, Heneka N, Phillips JL. Perceptions and experiences of clinicians and correctional officers facilitating palliative care for people in prison: A systematic review and meta-synthesis. Palliat Med 2024; 38:951-967. [PMID: 39069672 PMCID: PMC11490060 DOI: 10.1177/02692163241262614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the number of people ageing in prison with complex healthcare needs continues to increase, so does the need for palliative care in the restrictive prison context. Palliative care for people in prison is facilitated by correctional officers, and prison- and hospital-based clinicians. A collective analysis of existing research to identify common experiences of these stakeholders globally has not been completed. AIM To explore the perceptions and experiences of correctional officers and prison- and hospital-based clinicians who facilitate palliative care for people in prison. DESIGN A systematic review and meta-synthesis. DATA SOURCES Keywords and subject headings related to palliative care and prisons were used to search seven databases with no time limitations. Peer-reviewed research in English, containing qualitative data from stakeholders facilitating palliative care for people in prison were included, and appraised using the CASP tool. RESULTS Two analytical themes emerged: (i) a prison lens on a palliative approach and (ii) coping complexities. Palliative care is 'translated' into the prison setting according to security and environmental constraints. Stakeholders experienced ethical, personal and professional difficulties, because prison-based palliative care did not align with community norms. Ambiguous policy and expectations regarding prioritising care needs and balancing custodial rules led to role stress. CONCLUSIONS Providing palliative care for people in prison is complex and impacts stakeholders and people in prison with palliative care needs. Supporting person-centred care through a multi-service approach, stakeholder education and standards will improve the quality and accessibility of care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stacey Panozzo
- St Vincent’s Health Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Nicole Heneka
- University of Southern Queensland, Springfield, QLD, Australia
| | - Jane L. Phillips
- University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Taylor E, Gray C, Stimmel M, Binswanger IA, Morse E, Timko C, Harris AHS, Smelson D, Finlay AK. Influences of the criminal justice system on use of medications for opioid use disorder: a qualitative study. BMC GLOBAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 2:64. [PMID: 39681954 DOI: 10.1186/s44263-024-00093-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 12/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Legal-involved veterans with opioid use disorder (OUD) have lower receipt of medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) than other veterans served at the Veterans Health Administration (VHA). This qualitative study examined the influence of the criminal justice system on access to MOUD for legal-involved veterans in the U.S. METHODS VHA facilities (n = 14) that varied in their provision of MOUD to legal-involved veterans were selected for qualitative interviews. Interviewees included legal-involved veterans (n = 18), VHA Veterans Justice Programs Specialists (n = 15), substance use disorder treatment providers (n = 5), and criminal justice staff (n = 12). Team members applied codes to meaningful units of analysis (quotations) in the transcribed interviews. Using a matrix approach, team members created a spreadsheet matrix with codes, facility rate of MOUD, and relevant quotations summarized for each participant. Themes and connections between individual participants and cross-interview concepts were explored. Participants were not asked to provide feedback on the findings. RESULTS Themes identified were as follows: (1) Veterans Treatment Court policies both enhanced and limited MOUD treatment access and utilization among participants; (2) cross-system collaboration strengths and challenges existed; and (3) criminal justice system treatment preferences and policies both enhanced and limited MOUD in jails and prisons. CONCLUSIONS The influence of the criminal justice system on MOUD has led to variable access to MOUD for legal-involved veterans. Our findings can help inform recommendations to enhance access to MOUD for veterans within the criminal justice system, including the development of a national database of MOUD education materials for Veterans Treatment Courts, strengthening community-court relationships, allowing individuals to use their own healthcare coverage within jails and prisons and extend Medicaid coverage into criminal justice settings, and applying national quality measures for MOUD to criminal justice settings and develop a national system for tracking these quality measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmeline Taylor
- Center for Innovation to Implementation (Ci2i), VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, 795 Willow Road (MPD-152), Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
| | - Caroline Gray
- Center for Innovation to Implementation (Ci2i), VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, 795 Willow Road (MPD-152), Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Matthew Stimmel
- Veterans Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Ingrid A Binswanger
- Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
- Colorado Permanente Medical Group, Denver, CO, USA
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Health Systems Science, Bernard J Tyson Kaiser Permanente School of Medicine, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Erica Morse
- Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Christine Timko
- Center for Innovation to Implementation (Ci2i), VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, 795 Willow Road (MPD-152), Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Alex H S Harris
- Center for Innovation to Implementation (Ci2i), VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, 795 Willow Road (MPD-152), Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - David Smelson
- Center for Organization and Implementation Science, Edith Nourse Rogers VA Medical Center, Bedford, MA, USA
| | - Andrea K Finlay
- Center for Innovation to Implementation (Ci2i), VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, 795 Willow Road (MPD-152), Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.
- Department of Veterans Affairs, National Center On Homelessness Among Veterans, Washington, D.C., USA.
- Schar School of Policy and Government, George Mason University, Arlington, VA, USA.
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Hyatt JM, Andersen SN, van Tiem B. Perceptions of incarcerated people: prison conditions, public health, and justice in the United States. J Public Health Policy 2024; 45:446-459. [PMID: 38956150 PMCID: PMC11315664 DOI: 10.1057/s41271-024-00496-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Carceral conditions in the United States may serve as a proxy for crises within justice and health systems. This study seeks to consider and measure prison climate from the perspective of incarcerated people. By examining within-facility differences in carceral experiences, results shed light on the complex nexus between the carceral context, health, and justice. We administered the Prison Climate Questionnaire (PCQ) to the complete population of incarcerated men in a correctional facility located in the Eastern United States. In this facility, housing units hold distinct populations, fulfill different functions, and can offer unique programming. We regress select items from the PCQ on a set of dummies corresponding to different residential units within the facility. Responses indicate low but relatively uniform perceptions of overall personal health, as well as access to, and satisfaction with, medical care. Between-unit differences emerge regarding staff relationships, experiences of discrimination, and levels of isolation. The perspectives of incarcerated people can, and should, play a role in understanding and conceptualizing the nature of the prison environment. Policy responses, especially those that impact the health and well-being of currently and formerly incarcerated people, can be informed by these perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan M Hyatt
- Department of Criminology and Justice Studies and Center for Public Policy, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Synøve N Andersen
- Department of Sociology and Human Geography, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Britte van Tiem
- Department of Criminology & Criminal Justice and School of Public Policy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
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McLeod KE, Butler A, Martin RE, Buxton JA. "Just clearly the right thing to do": perspectives of correctional services leaders on moving governance of health-care in custody. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PRISON HEALTH 2024; 20:299-312. [PMID: 39183588 PMCID: PMC11345676 DOI: 10.1108/ijoph-08-2023-0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Governance models are a defining characteristic of health-care systems, yet little research is available about the governance of health-care delivered in correctional facilities. This study aims to explore the perspectives of correctional services leaders in British Columbia, Canada, on the motivations for transferring responsibility for health-care services in provincial correctional facilities to the Ministry of Health, as well as key lessons learned. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH Eight correctional services leaders participated in one-on-one interviews between September 2019 and February 2020. The authors used inductive thematic analysis to explore key themes. To triangulate early effects of the transfer identified by participants the authors used complaints data from Prisoners' Legal Services to examine changes over time. FINDINGS The authors identified four major themes related to the rationale for this transfer: 1) quality and equivalence of care, 2) integration and throughcare, 3) values and expertise and 4) funding and resources. Facilitators included changes in the external environment, having the right people in the right places, a strong sense of alignment and shared goals and a changing culture in corrections. Participants also highlighted challenges, including ongoing human resourcing issues, having to navigate and define shared responsibilities and adapting a large bureaucracy to the environment in corrections. Consistent with outcomes described by participants, data showed that a lower proportion of complaints received after the transfer were related to health-care. ORIGINALITY/VALUE The perspectives of correctional leaders on the transfer of governance for health-care services in custody to the community health-care system provide novel insights into the processes and potential of this change.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda Butler
- School of Criminology, Simon Fraser
University, Burnaby, Canada
| | - Ruth Elwood Martin
- School of Population and Public Health, The University
of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jane A. Buxton
- School of Population and Public Health, The University
of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Murphy Y, Winzer A, Ogilvie L, Mayoh M, McLeod KE. Bringing experiences of healthcare in custody into quality improvement. Healthc Manage Forum 2024; 37:263-267. [PMID: 38429935 PMCID: PMC11295421 DOI: 10.1177/08404704241235891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Patient experience is an essential component of safe and high-quality healthcare, yet rarely examined in the context of carceral settings. This article describes a project undertaken by the Ontario Ministry of the Solicitor General to collect evidence and perspectives on how to bring patient experiences of healthcare services delivered in provincial correctional facilities into ongoing quality improvement work. We first conducted a scoping review and jurisdictional scan to learn from existing processes and experiences. We then engaged frontline healthcare providers delivering services in custody and people with recent experience of incarceration regarding priority measures and processes for data collection and mechanisms for implementing evidence-based change. This article describes methods used to engage stakeholders, including a survey and focus groups, as well as key lessons learned. This work is relevant to readers experiencing barriers to patient engagement, interested in collaborative research processes, and developing services for people who have experienced incarceration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Murphy
- Ontario Ministry of the Solicitor General, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrea Winzer
- Ontario Ministry of the Solicitor General, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Linda Ogilvie
- Ontario Ministry of the Solicitor General, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Melanie Mayoh
- Ontario Ministry of the Solicitor General, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katherine E. McLeod
- Ontario Ministry of the Solicitor General, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Solbakken LE, Bergvik S, Wynn R. Breaking down barriers to mental healthcare access in prison: a qualitative interview study with incarcerated males in Norway. BMC Psychiatry 2024; 24:292. [PMID: 38632543 PMCID: PMC11025238 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-024-05736-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mental health problems are highly prevalent in prison populations. Incarcerated persons generally come from disadvantaged backgrounds and are living under extraordinary conditions while in prison. Their healthcare needs are complex compared to the general population. Studies have found that incarcerated individuals are reluctant to seek help and that they experience challenges in accessing mental healthcare services. To some extent, seeking treatment depends on the degree of fit between potential users and health services, and actual use might be a better indication of accessibility than the fact that services are available. This study aimed to explore individual and systemic facilitators and barriers to accessing mental healthcare in a prison context. METHODS An analytical approach drawing on elements of constructivist Grounded theory was the methodological basis of this study. Fifteen male participants were recruited from three prisons in Northern Norway. Data was collected through in-depth interviews on topics such as help-seeking experiences, perceived access to services and availability of health information. RESULTS We found that distrust in the system, challenges with the referral routines, worries about negative consequences, and perceived limited access to mental healthcare were barriers to help-seeking among incarcerated individuals. How prison officers, and healthcare personnel respond to incarcerated persons reporting mental distress could also be critical for their future willingness to seek help. Providing information about mental health and available services, initiating outreaching mental health services, and integrating mental health interventions into treatment programs are examples of efforts that might reduce barriers to accessing services. CONCLUSIONS Facilitating access to mental health services is crucial to accommodate the mental health needs of those incarcerated. This study provides insights into the complex interplay of individual, social and systemic factors that may contribute to the utilization of mental health care among incarcerated persons. We suggest that correctional and healthcare systems review their practices to facilitate access to healthcare for people in prison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Elisabeth Solbakken
- Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, N-9038, Norway
- Division of Mental Health and Substance Use, University Hospital of North, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Svein Bergvik
- Department of Psychology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Rolf Wynn
- Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, N-9038, Norway.
- Department of Education, ICT and Learning, Østfold University College, Tromsø, Norway.
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Van Hout MC, Klankwarth UB, Fleißner S, Pont J, Stöver H. State of transition to Ministry of Health governance of prison healthcare in the Council of Europe region. Public Health 2024; 229:151-159. [PMID: 38442597 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2024.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to examine timebound prison healthcare governance amendments and current structures in Europe two decades after the World Health Organization (WHO) Declaration on Prison Health as part of Public Health adopted in Moscow on 24 October 2003 (Moscow Declaration), which recommended prison health care be closely linked with public health systems to ensure quality prison health care, connected health surveillance, and continuity of care. STUDY DESIGN We present here a regional evolutionary mapping of the Council of Europe Member State transfer of prison healthcare governance to the auspices of the Ministry of Health. METHODS The European Committee for the Prevention of Torture database and WHO Regional Office for Europe Health In Prison European Database were scrutinised for Council of Europe (CoE) Member State status regarding the Ministry responsible for prison healthcare governance and if this had changed since the adoption of the Moscow Declaration in 2003. RESULTS As of October 2023, completed transfer of governance to the Ministry of Health nationally is documented in 13 CoE Member States and in one CoE Member State candidate (Kosovo). Partial transfer is documented in Spain (Catalonia and Basque Autonomous Community) and Switzerland (cantons of Geneva, Valais, Vaud, Neuchatel, and Basel-Stadt). Three CoE Member States operate joint governance of prison health care between Ministries (Malta, Portugal, Türkiye). Transfer is a lengthy process (up to 10 years). CONCLUSIONS Successful transition requires political commitment, cooperation, needs assessment, resourcing, and evaluation. Monitoring of cost and prison healthcare standards, due process for complaints, and cooperation with independent/Committee against Torture inspections is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Van Hout
- Public Health Institute, Liverpool John Moore's University, UK.
| | - U-B Klankwarth
- Institute of Addiction Research, Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences, Germany.
| | - S Fleißner
- Faculty of Health and Social Work, Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences, Germany.
| | - J Pont
- Consultant for Prison Healthcare, Retired from the Medical University Vienna, Austria.
| | - H Stöver
- Faculty of Health and Social Work, Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences, Germany.
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Pralong D, Tran NT, Mary G, Renaud A, Meach F, Wolff H. Do Personal Nurse-Initiated Medication Boxes Work in Prison? A Cross-Sectional Study Involving Incarcerated Persons and Prison Officers in a Swiss Prison. JOURNAL OF FORENSIC NURSING 2023; 19:179-186. [PMID: 37590940 PMCID: PMC10453344 DOI: 10.1097/jfn.0000000000000392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Daily in-hand medication dispensing in prisons and jails is resource intensive, disempowering, and nonconfidential. This research aimed to assess a nurse-initiated, low-frequency medication dispensing system using personal lockable boxes. METHODS A cross-sectional study was carried out in a Swiss prison involving 47 box users and 19 custodial officers. FINDINGS Box users agreed or strongly agreed about the perceived advantages of the box system, including user-friendliness, lower theft risk, and increased dignity, confidentiality, compliance, and autonomy to self-manage medication. Officers, who must accompany nurses during dispensing rounds, concurred that medication boxes were more time-efficient and improved role differentiation between custodial and clinical staff. Patients and officers were overall satisfied with the system and would recommend scaling it up in other facilities. DISCUSSION This study suggests that medication boxes are feasible, acceptable, easy to use, and secure. Boxes could promote patients' autonomy, protect confidentiality, and allow nurses to dedicate more time to individual visits and health promotion and prevention activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Pralong
- Author Affiliations:Division of Prison Health, Geneva University Hospitals
- University of Geneva
| | - Nguyen Toan Tran
- Author Affiliations:Division of Prison Health, Geneva University Hospitals
- University of Geneva
- Australian Centre for Public and Population Health Research, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney
| | - Gérard Mary
- Author Affiliations:Division of Prison Health, Geneva University Hospitals
- University of Geneva
| | - Audrey Renaud
- Author Affiliations:Division of Prison Health, Geneva University Hospitals
- University of Geneva
| | - Francesco Meach
- Author Affiliations:Division of Prison Health, Geneva University Hospitals
- University of Geneva
| | - Hans Wolff
- Author Affiliations:Division of Prison Health, Geneva University Hospitals
- University of Geneva
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15
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Jenkins D, Burton C, Holmes D. "So There. I Won.": The Struggle for Power Between Caring and Carceral Institutions. JOURNAL OF FORENSIC NURSING 2023; 19:170-178. [PMID: 37590939 DOI: 10.1097/jfn.0000000000000401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objectives of this study were to give voice to the lived experiences of nurses and law enforcement officers (LEOs) who interact with one another in acute hospital settings and to interpret and understand their unique perspectives and experiences. METHODS This qualitative study employed interpretative phenomenological analysis in the interviews of registered nurses and LEOs. The analysis and discussion was underpinned by biopolitical theories of power and control, including Georgio Agamben, Michel Foucault, and Erving Goffman. RESULTS There is a paucity of literature on nurse and law enforcement interactions in the hospital setting. Nurses and law enforcement exerted power and authority through several means. Overwhelmingly, participants described a contentious dynamic between nurses and LEOs in the hospital, wrought with argument, stress, and a feeling of coming from "different worlds." CONCLUSION The results provide alarming examples of deformed caring practices and assert the necessity for continued unearthing and discussion of how nurses can, and should, navigate law enforcement interaction. The tangible interference of care is of particular importance and consideration for nurses. Inequity in care and unfavorable outcomes for already marginalized and vulnerable populations are of grave concern. Additional research is needed on the specific ways this struggle for power between institutions and their political actors impairs caring practices and the emotional and psychological sequelae of these interactions.
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16
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Cloud DH, Garcia-Grossman IR, Armstrong A, Williams B. Public Health and Prisons: Priorities in the Age of Mass Incarceration. Annu Rev Public Health 2023; 44:407-428. [PMID: 36542770 PMCID: PMC10128126 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-071521-034016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mass incarceration is a sociostructural driver of profound health inequalities in the United States. The political and economic forces underpinning mass incarceration are deeply rooted in centuries of the enslavement of people of African descent and the genocide and displacement of Indigenous people and is inextricably connected to labor exploitation, racial discrimination, the criminalization of immigration, and behavioral health problems such as mental illness and substance use disorders. This article focuses on major public health crises and advances in state and federal prisons and discusses a range of practical strategies for health scholars, practitioners, and activists to promote the health and dignity of incarcerated people. It begins by summarizing the historical and sociostructural factors that have led to mass incarceration in the United States. It then describes the ways in which prison conditions create or worsen chronic, communicable, and behavioral health conditions, while highlighting priority areas for public health research and intervention to improve the health of incarcerated people, including decarceral solutions that can profoundly minimize-and perhaps one day help abolish-the use of prisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Cloud
- Center for Vulnerable Populations, San Francisco School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA;
- Rollins School of Public Health, Department of Behavioral, Social, and Health Education Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ilana R Garcia-Grossman
- Center for Vulnerable Populations, San Francisco School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA;
| | - Andrea Armstrong
- College of Law, Loyola University New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Brie Williams
- Center for Vulnerable Populations, San Francisco School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA;
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17
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Paynter M, Pinzón Hernández P, Heggie C, McKibbon S, Munro S. Abortion and contraception for incarcerated people: A scoping review. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281481. [PMID: 36996087 PMCID: PMC10062621 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women experiencing incarceration have higher rates of unmet contraceptive needs and rates of abortion than the public. Incarceration presents multiple potential barriers to accessing abortion and contraception care, including prison security protocols, prison locations, lack of access to care providers, stigma, and low health literacy. The objective of this scoping review is to understand the extent and type of evidence in relation to contraception and abortion access for people experiencing criminalization and incarceration. METHODS We used the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology for scoping reviews and include empirical research with people experiencing criminalization or incarceration and/or with prison staff; with respect to prescription contraception or abortion access, while in custody or after having experienced incarceration/criminalization. Databases searched include CINAHL, APA PsycInfo, Gender Studies, Medline (Ovid), Embase, Sociological Abstracts, and Social Services Abstracts. The search yielded 6096 titles of which 43 were included in the review. RESULTS Our search yielded 43 studies published between 2001 and 2021 across six countries. The studies included qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods designs. The main outcomes of interest included contraceptive use; attitudes towards abortion, contraception, and pregnancy; and barriers to care. Barriers identified included lack of onsite access to options, contraceptive coercion by providers, financial costs, and disruptions to medical coverage and insurance status which incarcerated. DISCUSSION Evidence indicates that people in prison face significant barriers to maintaining continuity of contraceptive methods, abortion access, and reproductive health guidance. Some studies articulated participants felt judged when discussing contraception with prison-based health care providers. Geographic location, out-of-pocket payments, and trust in health care providers were reported as barriers to access. CONCLUSION Incarceration presents considerable challenges to the access of contraception and abortion care. Future research should examine the interaction between institutional security policies and procedures on care seeking, the experiences of underserved and hyper-incarcerated groups, and the impact of being denied access to contraception and abortion and experiences of criminalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Paynter
- Faculty of Nursing, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Paula Pinzón Hernández
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Shelley McKibbon
- WK Kellogg Health Sciences Library, Dalhousie University Libraries, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Sarah Munro
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Iakovets I, Stepanyuk A, Zverkhovska V. PENITENTIARY MEDICINE IN THE CONTEXT OF NATIONAL HEALTH CARE REFORM IN UKRAINE. WIADOMOSCI LEKARSKIE (WARSAW, POLAND : 1960) 2023; 76:1068-1074. [PMID: 37326091 DOI: 10.36740/wlek202305127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim: Identify the main issues in the penitentiary medicine functioning in the context of National Health Care Reform in Ukraine and determine the state of realization of the right to health care and medical assistance of convicts and detainees. PATIENTS AND METHODS Materials and methods: This article used a set of general and special methods of scientific cognition. The empirical basis of the research consists of: inter¬national acts and standards in the penitentiary field and health care, statistics of the Ministry of Justice, reports of international organizations, the case law of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), scientific publications in databases of systematic reviews MEDLINE, PubMed, reports on the results of monitoring visits to prisons and pre-trial detention centers. CONCLUSION Conclusions: Penitentiary medicine continues to be a separate departmental system, which does not consider the positive changes in the National Medical Services System. Such a superficial imitation of the method of guaranteeing prisoners' rights to medical care is a kind of cargo cultism of public institutions designed to ensure non-discriminatory conditions for implementing the right to health care for all population segments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iryna Iakovets
- АCADEMICIAN STASHIS SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF CRIME PROBLEMS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF LAW SCIENCES OF UKRAINE, KHARKIV, UKRAINE
| | - Anatolii Stepanyuk
- АCADEMICIAN STASHIS SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF CRIME PROBLEMS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF LAW SCIENCES OF UKRAINE, KHARKIV, UKRAINE
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Lipnicky A, Stites S, Sufrin C, Bello JK, Shlafer R, Kelly PJ, Ramaswamy M. Jail Provision of Pregnancy and Sexual Health Services in Four Midwestern States. Womens Health Issues 2023; 33:97-104. [PMID: 36096980 DOI: 10.1016/j.whi.2022.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Women incarcerated in local jails have pregnancy and sexual health needs, yet little information is available about what services are provided and how jail administrators prioritize this care. Our objective was to document jails' provision of pregnancy and sexual health services in four states in the Midwest. METHODS We invited all jail administrators (N = 347) in Kansas, Missouri, Iowa, and Nebraska to participate in a web-based survey conducted from November 2017 to October 2018. We asked administrators which pregnancy and sexual health services they offered and to rate the importance of offering services. Results were analyzed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression. RESULTS The survey response rate was 55% (192/347). Jails most often provided pregnancy testing (n = 116 [60%]) and distribution of prenatal vitamins (n = 85 [44%]). Sexually transmitted infection treatment was offered at 23% of jails (n = 45). Larger, accredited jails located in urban areas and with high numbers of clinical providers on staff were more likely to provide sexual health services. Jails with privately contracted health care were more likely to provide pregnancy services compared with other entities providing medical care. The most prioritized sexual health service was sexually transmitted infection testing, with 39% of administrators believing it was important. Only 6% of administrators responded that contraception was important. CONCLUSIONS Local jails in the Midwest do not meet the basic reproductive and sexual health needs of women. Provision of these services is not a priority for jail administrators. Appropriate partnerships could engage administrators and increase the availability of services to meet the needs of women in jail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlyn Lipnicky
- University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Sierra Stites
- University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas
| | | | | | - Rebecca Shlafer
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | - Megha Ramaswamy
- University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas
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20
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Le Gautier R, Panozzo S, Bryan T, Lethborg C, Philip J. A thematic analysis of hospital medical records of patients with advanced illness experiencing incarceration in the last 3 months of life. Palliat Med 2022; 37:638-645. [PMID: 36476100 DOI: 10.1177/02692163221124033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The constraining prison culture is not, for the most part, conducive to the provision of palliative care for people in prison. AIM This study aimed to explore patterns of palliative and end-of-life care provision for hospitalised prison patients. DESIGN A retrospective qualitative review of hospital medical records to explore the quality of end-of-life care provision for patients experiencing incarceration who died within hospital. Qualitative inductive analysis of record extracts of each patients final 3-months of life was undertaken. SETTING/PARTICIPANTS An Australian metropolitan hospital responsible for providing secondary and tertiary health services for people experiencing incarceration. This study included a systematic sample of male patients experiencing incarceration who died in hospital between 2009 and 2019. RESULTS Medical record extracts of 15 male patients revealed two broad themes: (1) barriers to equitable access to palliative care for incarcerated hospitalised patients; and (2) factors that facilitated quality end-of-life care for patients and families. Barriers included: tensions between balancing risk and humanity; and limited agency over place and death. Conversely, early recognition of deterioration and anticipated dying provided patients and families opportunity to focus on end-of-life goals. CONCLUSIONS Institutional influences of security and control challenged the provision of equitable end-of-life care for people experiencing incarceration. Further research is required to inform, and incorporate, best approaches to identifying patient wishes and advance planning into care within, or despite, the constrains of incarceration. Policy reform and a coordinated, best practice approach to the management of end-of-life care for people experiencing incarceration is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roslyn Le Gautier
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Palliative Nexus, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stacey Panozzo
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Palliative Nexus, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Tamsin Bryan
- Palliative Care Services, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Carrie Lethborg
- Social Work, St Vincent's Health Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,College of Health & Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Jennifer Philip
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Palliative Nexus, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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21
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Assessment of Satisfaction with Health Services among Prisoners—Descriptive Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10030548. [PMID: 35327030 PMCID: PMC8950213 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10030548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim of the study was to assess the access of prisoners to healthcare services, as well as the level of satisfaction with the provided services and health assessment among prisoners. Methods: The research was conducted in one of the penitentiary centers in Poland among people jailed between 1 January to 31 January 2020. The response rate of the self-administrated questionnaire was 52.05% (469/901) participants. There were 389 men and 77 women. Results: Prisoners assessed access to health services including GP doctors, specialist doctors, dentists, and hospitals in 3 categories: “bad” ranged: 27.03–67.60%; “medium” ranged: 22.54–53.57%; “good” ranged: 7.02–33.96% depending on the type of arrest, but no statistical significance was demonstrated. Satisfaction with the health services defined as “bad” ranged: 25.00–61.11%; “medium” ranged: 18.97–55.56%; “good” ranged: 5.56–34.62% depending on the type of arrest but no statistical significance was demonstrated. Of 469 prisoners, 215 prisoners (45.84%) declared no addictions. The frequency of addiction does not differ depending on the place/type of punishment served (p = 0.9). In turn, 317 prisoners (68%) declared no chronic diseases. Conclusions: Most of the prisoners described access to health services as “bad”, except female prisoners from a semi-open facility. In turn, satisfaction with healthcare services was most often assessed as “bad”, except for temporarily arrested men and female prisoners from a semi-open facility.
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22
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Wardrop R, Ranse J, Chaboyer W, Crilly J. Structures, processes and outcomes of health care for people detained in short-term police custody settings: A scoping review. J Forensic Leg Med 2021; 81:102198. [PMID: 34147830 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2021.102198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People detained in short-term custodial settings can require health care that may necessitate transfer to an Emergency Department (ED). What and how health care is delivered to detainees in short-term custodial settings may influence their health outcomes. OBJECTIVE The aim of this scoping review was to synthesise and critically appraise the evidence on health care delivered to detainees in short-term custody settings. DESIGN A scoping review was undertaken. Five online databases (CINAHL, PubMed, Medline, Embase and Criminal Justice Database) were searched from January 2010 to May 2020. Data extracted pertained to the structures, processes and outcomes of health care delivery. The Mixed Methods Assessment Tool was used to quality appraise the studies. Deductive analysis was used to sort the findings into structures, processes and outcomes of health care delivery and then thematic analysis was undertaken to synthesise these findings. RESULTS In total, 37 studies with varied designs were included in this review; 3 randomised control trials, 4 quantitative comparative studies, 21 quantitative descriptive studies, 8 qualitative studies and 1 mixed methods study. Studies were mainly from westernised countries. The quality of evidence varied across studies. Health care delivery structures had a strong focus on the identification of mental illness, with processes predominantly comprising health assessment screening on arrival to the short-term custodial setting. Outcomes (at the detainee and organisation level) included increased identification of substance misuse issues and improvement of health conditions, alongside inadequate assessment/identification of physical and mental health issues for detainees. CONCLUSION Gaps in evidence identified limited international perspectives as most studies originated from the US, a focus on detainee conditions/symptoms and limited long-term research within the area of health care in short-term custodial settings. Literature regarding health care delivery in short-term custodial settings focused predominantly on mental illness identification. Understanding the nature of health care delivery in short-term custodial settings further through research into specific roles such as the custody nurse is required to develop targeted interventions that address the needs of the detainee on a comprehensive level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Wardrop
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, Parklands Dr, Southport, QLD, 4222, Australia.
| | - Jamie Ranse
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, Parklands Dr, Southport, QLD, 4222, Australia; Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Parklands Dr, Southport, QLD, 4222, Australia; Department of Emergency Medicine, Gold Coast Hospital and Health Service, 1 Hospital Blvd, Southport, QLD, 4215, Australia.
| | - Wendy Chaboyer
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, Parklands Dr, Southport, QLD, 4222, Australia; Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Parklands Dr, Southport, QLD, 4222, Australia.
| | - Julia Crilly
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, Parklands Dr, Southport, QLD, 4222, Australia; Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Parklands Dr, Southport, QLD, 4222, Australia; Department of Emergency Medicine, Gold Coast Hospital and Health Service, 1 Hospital Blvd, Southport, QLD, 4215, Australia.
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23
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Giuliani R, Casigliani V, Fornili M, Sebastiani T, Freo E, Arzilli G, Scardina G, Baglietto L, Tavoschi L, Ranieri R. HCV micro-elimination in two prisons in Milan, Italy: A model of care. J Viral Hepat 2020; 27:1444-1454. [PMID: 32815623 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.13376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
People in prison represent a high-risk population for HCV infection control. With the advent of new direct antiviral agents (DAAs) HCV micro-elimination in prison setting became a feasible strategy. We assessed the impact of an intervention for HCV testing and treatment in 2017 and 2018 in a jail (San Vittore,SV) and a prison for sentenced individuals (Opera,OP). A dedicated protocol was applied and implemented over the two years. We collected data on demographics, HCV testing and treatment on all inmates present on 31 October 2017 and 2018. In the two facilities, there were 2,366 and 2,369 inmates in 2017 and 2018 respectively; the majority were men (95.6%; 96.4%) and Italians (57.0%; 61.9%) with a median age of 41 years. Prevalence of lifetime reported drug use remained high (46.5%; 44.2%). HCV screening coverage was 89% in both years, while HCV RNA test coverage increased (90.6%; 99.0%). HCV seroprevalence remained stable (10.1%; 9.2%). In 2017 among inmates with HCV chronic infection 90 (42.4%) individuals had started DAAs treatment and 106 (54.6%) in 2018; of whom 38 (17.9%) and 74 (38.1%) achieved the SVR. The viremic pool decreased significantly over time (SV,24.4%; 15.4%;OP, 16.1%; <1%). Among inmates with HCV-positive serology in 2018, 121 (81.0%) were never linked to care before incarceration. Our study showed how a targeted and well-implemented HCV test-and-treat intervention in prison was feasible and effective in achieving micro-elimination. Viral hepatitis elimination agenda may help drawing interest onto this neglected population and bringing prison health higher up in the global public health agenda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruggero Giuliani
- Infectious Diseases Service, Penitentiary Health System, San Paolo University Hospital, Milano, Italy
| | - Virginia Casigliani
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Fornili
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Teresa Sebastiani
- Infectious Diseases Service, Penitentiary Health System, San Paolo University Hospital, Milano, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Freo
- Infectious Diseases Service, Penitentiary Health System, San Paolo University Hospital, Milano, Italy
| | - Guglielmo Arzilli
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giuditta Scardina
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Baglietto
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lara Tavoschi
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Roberto Ranieri
- Infectious Diseases Service, Penitentiary Health System, San Paolo University Hospital, Milano, Italy.,Welfare General Directorate, Lombardy Regional Health Authority, Milan, Italy
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Strong JD, Reiter K, Gonzalez G, Tublitz R, Augustine D, Barragan M, Chesnut K, Dashtgard P, Pifer N, Blair TR. The body in isolation: The physical health impacts of incarceration in solitary confinement. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238510. [PMID: 33035215 PMCID: PMC7546459 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We examine how solitary confinement correlates with self-reported adverse physical health outcomes, and how such outcomes extend the understanding of the health disparities associated with incarceration. Using a mixed methods approach, we find that solitary confinement is associated not just with mental, but also with physical health problems. Given the disproportionate use of solitary among incarcerated people of color, these symptoms are most likely to affect those populations. Drawing from a random sample of prisoners (n = 106) in long-term solitary confinement in the Washington State Department of Corrections in 2017, we conducted semi-structured, in-depth interviews; Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) assessments; and systematic reviews of medical and disciplinary files for these subjects. We also conducted a paper survey of the entire long-term solitary confinement population (n = 225 respondents) and analyzed administrative data for the entire population of prisoners in the state in 2017 (n = 17,943). Results reflect qualitative content and descriptive statistical analysis. BPRS scores reflect clinically significant somatic concerns in 15% of sample. Objective specification of medical conditions is generally elusive, but that, itself, is a highly informative finding. Using subjective reports, we specify and analyze a range of physical symptoms experienced in solitary confinement: (1) skin irritations and weight fluctuation associated with the restrictive conditions of solitary confinement; (2) un-treated and mis-treated chronic conditions associated with the restrictive policies of solitary confinement; (3) musculoskeletal pain exacerbated by both restrictive conditions and policies. Administrative data analyses reveal disproportionate rates of racial/ethnic minorities in solitary confinement. This analysis raises the stakes for future studies to evaluate comparative prevalence of objective medical diagnoses and potential causal mechanisms for the physical symptoms specified here, and for understanding differential use of solitary confinement and its medically harmful sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin D. Strong
- Department of Criminology, Law and Society, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Keramet Reiter
- Department of Criminology, Law and Society, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Gabriela Gonzalez
- Department of Criminology, Law and Society, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Tublitz
- Department of Criminology, Law and Society, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Dallas Augustine
- Department of Criminology, Law and Society, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Melissa Barragan
- Department of Criminology, Law and Society, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Kelsie Chesnut
- Department of Criminology, Law and Society, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Pasha Dashtgard
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Natalie Pifer
- Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, The University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Thomas R. Blair
- Department of Psychiatry, Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Downey, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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Hajebrahimi A, Alimohammadzadeh K, Hosseini SM, Maher A, Bahadori M. Barriers to healthcare delivery in Iranian prisons: a qualitative study. Int J Prison Health 2020; 16:373-388. [PMID: 33634668 DOI: 10.1108/ijph-01-2020-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE High quality health-care delivery is not only the governments' responsibility but also every prisoner's right. Health care in prison and, particularly, of Iranian prisoners is increasingly important topic because of the rising number of the prison population. This paper aims to explore health-care managers' perspectives and experiences of prisons and the barriers to health-care delivery in Iranian prisons. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH A qualitative research design was conducted in Iran from October 2018 to August 2019. The participants consisted of 51 health-care managers (50 men and one woman) from Iranian prisons. A combination of face-to-face (N = 42) and telephonic (N = 9) semi-structured interviews were used because of the geographical distribution of the respondents. The first part of the interview guide consisted of demographic characteristics, and the second part consisted of three main open ended-questions. Interviews were recorded and transcribed, and thematic descriptive analysis was used to interpret the data. FINDINGS The barriers to health-care delivery in Iranian prisons were categorized into four main topics: human resources, financing, facilities and barriers related to the health-care delivery process. Data synthesis identified the following themes for barriers to human resources: barriers to human resources planning (with eight sub-themes); barriers to education (with three sub-themes); and motivational barriers (with seven sub-themes). Moreover, barriers to financing consisted of five sub-themes. The barriers to facilities consisted of barriers related to physical infrastructures (with two sub-themes) and barriers related to equipment (with six sub-themes). Finally, barriers to the health-care delivery process included the following themes: communication barriers (with six sub-themes); legal barriers (with five sub-themes); and environmental-demographic factors (with seven sub-themes). ORIGINALITY/VALUE Identifying the barriers to health-care delivery in Iranian prisons plays a critical role in the improvement of planning, decision-making and the health-care delivery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Hajebrahimi
- Department of Healthcare Management, School of Management and Social Sciences, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khalil Alimohammadzadeh
- Department of Healthcare Management, School of Management and Social Sciences, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran and Health Economics policy Research Center, Tehran Medical Sciences Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mojtaba Hosseini
- Department of Health Services Management, School of Management and Social Sciences, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Maher
- Department of Economics and Health Policy, School of Management and Medical Education, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadkarim Bahadori
- Health Management Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Olson MG, Khatri UG, Winkelman TNA. Aligning Correctional Health Standards With Medicaid-Covered Benefits. JAMA HEALTH FORUM 2020; 1:e200885. [DOI: 10.1001/jamahealthforum.2020.0885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Utsha G. Khatri
- National Clinician Scholars Program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Tyler N. A. Winkelman
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Health, Homelessness, and Criminal Justice Lab, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Culbert GJ, Earnshaw VA, Levy JA. Ethical Challenges of HIV Partner Notification in Prisons. J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care 2020; 18:2325958219880582. [PMID: 31597526 PMCID: PMC6900617 DOI: 10.1177/2325958219880582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Partner services provide a safe and humane way for people living with HIV (PLWH) to alert their sex and/or drug-injecting partners to the possibility of HIV exposure and the need for HIV testing, yet little is known about the ethical challenges of delivering partner services in prisons. In this article, we consider 7 key ethical and methodological questions that should be considered when developing, testing, or implementing partner services in prison settings. These questions relate to the ethics of: (1) mandatory HIV testing, (2) health illiteracy, (3) level of prison staff involvement, (4) protecting confidentiality, (5) minimizing harm, (6) achieving equivalency with community standards of care, and (7) providing HIV prevention and treatment services to index patient and their partners. By assisting PLWH in prison to inform partners with whom they may have shared HIV exposure either before or during incarceration, partner services can help to identify cases of undiagnosed HIV infection for testing and linkage to medical care. The acceptability and effectiveness of a future partner services model for PLWH in prison depends critically on answering these 7 questions to assure the highest ethical standards of research and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel J Culbert
- Health Systems Science, College of Nursing, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA.,Center for HIV Nursing Research, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
| | - Valerie A Earnshaw
- Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Judith A Levy
- Health Policy Administration, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
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Pralong D, Renaud A, Secretan AD, Blanc M, Charmillot N, Mouton E, Wolff H, Tran NT. Nurse-led mind-body relaxation intervention in prison: A multiperspective mixed-method evaluation. Nurs Outlook 2020; 68:637-646. [PMID: 32631795 DOI: 10.1016/j.outlook.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mind-body relaxation techniques are complementary or alternative to medication to manage high stress and anxiety levels in prisons. PURPOSE To assess the motivation to attend and perceived benefits of a nurse-led group relaxation intervention in prison, investigate the experience of participants, prison officers, and health professionals, and identify improvements. METHOD Exploratory study was conducted in a post-trial facility in Switzerland using a multiperspective convergent parallel mixed method drawing from participatory action research principles. FINDINGS Reasons for attendance included back problems, mental tension, physical fitness, relaxation, and sleep problems. Perceived benefits comprised autonomy in self-practice, decreased physical tensions and anxiety, and improvement of sleep and physical fitness. Qualitative findings converged highlighting the importance of body-centering, relaxation as an alternative to medication, negative representations about relaxation sessions (useless, effeminate), and recommendations for improvement, including audio-visual support for self-practice. DISCUSSION Long-standing mind-body relaxation interventions led by nurses in groups may offer participants a beneficial and operationally feasible complement to stress management in prisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Pralong
- Division of Prison Health, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Chêne-Bourg, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Audrey Renaud
- Division of Prison Health, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Chêne-Bourg, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anne-Dominique Secretan
- Division of Prison Health, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Chêne-Bourg, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marysette Blanc
- Division of Prison Health, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Chêne-Bourg, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Charmillot
- Division of Prison Health, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Chêne-Bourg, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth Mouton
- Division of Prison Health, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Chêne-Bourg, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hans Wolff
- Division of Prison Health, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Chêne-Bourg, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nguyen Toan Tran
- Division of Prison Health, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Chêne-Bourg, Geneva, Switzerland; Australian Centre for Public and Population Health Research, Faculty of Health, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Tran NT, Wolff H. Upholding confidentiality in the preparation and distribution of medication in prisons: implementing recommendations of the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. F1000Res 2020; 9:87. [PMID: 37928809 PMCID: PMC10620482 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.21895.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Confidentiality must be ensured even in the preparation and distribution of medications in detention settings. In this respect, the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment found during recent prison visits several instances where prison staff, and at times detainees, dispensed prescribed treatments and supervised their intake. Such a practice compromises medical confidentiality requirements and the establishment of a trusting doctor-patient relationship. To respect medical confidentiality and ensure safety and quality of care, the authors argue that only qualified healthcare personnel should prepare and distribute prescribed medications, all of which require specialized training. They call for robust research that examines the operational barriers and facilitators as well as the respect of human rights related to various approaches to medication preparation, distribution, and intake so that people in detention can access their treatment with safety, confidentiality, autonomy, and dignity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Toan Tran
- Australian Centre for Public and Population Health Research, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
- Division of Health in Prison, University Hospitals of Geneva, Ch. Du Petit-Bel-Air 2, CH-1225 Chêne-Bourg, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hans Wolff
- Division of Health in Prison, University Hospitals of Geneva, Ch. Du Petit-Bel-Air 2, CH-1225 Chêne-Bourg, Geneva, Switzerland
- European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT), Council of Europe, Avenue de l'Europe, 67075 Strasbourg, France
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McLeod KE, Butler A, Young JT, Southalan L, Borschmann R, Sturup-Toft S, Dirkzwager A, Dolan K, Acheampong LK, Topp SM, Martin RE, Kinner SA. Global Prison Health Care Governance and Health Equity: A Critical Lack of Evidence. Am J Public Health 2020; 110:303-308. [PMID: 31944844 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2019.305465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The large and growing population of people who experience incarceration makes prison health an essential component of public health and a critical setting for reducing health inequities. People who experience incarceration have a high burden of physical and mental health care needs and have poor health outcomes. Addressing these health disparities requires effective governance and accountability for prison health care services, including delivery of quality care in custody and effective integration with community health services.Despite the importance of prison health care governance, little is known about how prison health services are structured and funded or the methods and processes by which they are held accountable. A number of national and subnational jurisdictions have moved prison health care services under their ministry of health, in alignment with recommendations by the World Health Organization and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. However, there is a critical lack of evidence on current governance models and an urgent need for evaluation and research, particularly in low- and middle-income countries.Here we discuss why understanding and implementing effective prison health governance models is a critical component of addressing health inequities at the global level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E McLeod
- Katherine E. McLeod and Ruth Elwood Martin are with the School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Amanda Butler is with the Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada. Jesse T. Young, Louise Southalan, Rohan Borschmann, and Stuart A. Kinner are with the Justice Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Sunita Sturup-Toft is with Public Health England, London, UK Anja Dirkzwager is with the Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Kate Dolan is with the National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Lawrence Kofi Acheampong is with the Ghana Prisons Service, Nsawam, Ghana. Stephanie M. Topp is with the College of Public Health Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Amanda Butler
- Katherine E. McLeod and Ruth Elwood Martin are with the School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Amanda Butler is with the Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada. Jesse T. Young, Louise Southalan, Rohan Borschmann, and Stuart A. Kinner are with the Justice Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Sunita Sturup-Toft is with Public Health England, London, UK Anja Dirkzwager is with the Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Kate Dolan is with the National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Lawrence Kofi Acheampong is with the Ghana Prisons Service, Nsawam, Ghana. Stephanie M. Topp is with the College of Public Health Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jesse T Young
- Katherine E. McLeod and Ruth Elwood Martin are with the School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Amanda Butler is with the Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada. Jesse T. Young, Louise Southalan, Rohan Borschmann, and Stuart A. Kinner are with the Justice Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Sunita Sturup-Toft is with Public Health England, London, UK Anja Dirkzwager is with the Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Kate Dolan is with the National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Lawrence Kofi Acheampong is with the Ghana Prisons Service, Nsawam, Ghana. Stephanie M. Topp is with the College of Public Health Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Louise Southalan
- Katherine E. McLeod and Ruth Elwood Martin are with the School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Amanda Butler is with the Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada. Jesse T. Young, Louise Southalan, Rohan Borschmann, and Stuart A. Kinner are with the Justice Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Sunita Sturup-Toft is with Public Health England, London, UK Anja Dirkzwager is with the Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Kate Dolan is with the National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Lawrence Kofi Acheampong is with the Ghana Prisons Service, Nsawam, Ghana. Stephanie M. Topp is with the College of Public Health Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rohan Borschmann
- Katherine E. McLeod and Ruth Elwood Martin are with the School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Amanda Butler is with the Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada. Jesse T. Young, Louise Southalan, Rohan Borschmann, and Stuart A. Kinner are with the Justice Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Sunita Sturup-Toft is with Public Health England, London, UK Anja Dirkzwager is with the Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Kate Dolan is with the National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Lawrence Kofi Acheampong is with the Ghana Prisons Service, Nsawam, Ghana. Stephanie M. Topp is with the College of Public Health Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sunita Sturup-Toft
- Katherine E. McLeod and Ruth Elwood Martin are with the School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Amanda Butler is with the Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada. Jesse T. Young, Louise Southalan, Rohan Borschmann, and Stuart A. Kinner are with the Justice Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Sunita Sturup-Toft is with Public Health England, London, UK Anja Dirkzwager is with the Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Kate Dolan is with the National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Lawrence Kofi Acheampong is with the Ghana Prisons Service, Nsawam, Ghana. Stephanie M. Topp is with the College of Public Health Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anja Dirkzwager
- Katherine E. McLeod and Ruth Elwood Martin are with the School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Amanda Butler is with the Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada. Jesse T. Young, Louise Southalan, Rohan Borschmann, and Stuart A. Kinner are with the Justice Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Sunita Sturup-Toft is with Public Health England, London, UK Anja Dirkzwager is with the Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Kate Dolan is with the National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Lawrence Kofi Acheampong is with the Ghana Prisons Service, Nsawam, Ghana. Stephanie M. Topp is with the College of Public Health Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kate Dolan
- Katherine E. McLeod and Ruth Elwood Martin are with the School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Amanda Butler is with the Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada. Jesse T. Young, Louise Southalan, Rohan Borschmann, and Stuart A. Kinner are with the Justice Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Sunita Sturup-Toft is with Public Health England, London, UK Anja Dirkzwager is with the Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Kate Dolan is with the National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Lawrence Kofi Acheampong is with the Ghana Prisons Service, Nsawam, Ghana. Stephanie M. Topp is with the College of Public Health Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lawrence Kofi Acheampong
- Katherine E. McLeod and Ruth Elwood Martin are with the School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Amanda Butler is with the Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada. Jesse T. Young, Louise Southalan, Rohan Borschmann, and Stuart A. Kinner are with the Justice Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Sunita Sturup-Toft is with Public Health England, London, UK Anja Dirkzwager is with the Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Kate Dolan is with the National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Lawrence Kofi Acheampong is with the Ghana Prisons Service, Nsawam, Ghana. Stephanie M. Topp is with the College of Public Health Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stephanie M Topp
- Katherine E. McLeod and Ruth Elwood Martin are with the School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Amanda Butler is with the Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada. Jesse T. Young, Louise Southalan, Rohan Borschmann, and Stuart A. Kinner are with the Justice Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Sunita Sturup-Toft is with Public Health England, London, UK Anja Dirkzwager is with the Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Kate Dolan is with the National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Lawrence Kofi Acheampong is with the Ghana Prisons Service, Nsawam, Ghana. Stephanie M. Topp is with the College of Public Health Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ruth Elwood Martin
- Katherine E. McLeod and Ruth Elwood Martin are with the School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Amanda Butler is with the Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada. Jesse T. Young, Louise Southalan, Rohan Borschmann, and Stuart A. Kinner are with the Justice Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Sunita Sturup-Toft is with Public Health England, London, UK Anja Dirkzwager is with the Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Kate Dolan is with the National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Lawrence Kofi Acheampong is with the Ghana Prisons Service, Nsawam, Ghana. Stephanie M. Topp is with the College of Public Health Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stuart A Kinner
- Katherine E. McLeod and Ruth Elwood Martin are with the School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Amanda Butler is with the Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada. Jesse T. Young, Louise Southalan, Rohan Borschmann, and Stuart A. Kinner are with the Justice Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Sunita Sturup-Toft is with Public Health England, London, UK Anja Dirkzwager is with the Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Kate Dolan is with the National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Lawrence Kofi Acheampong is with the Ghana Prisons Service, Nsawam, Ghana. Stephanie M. Topp is with the College of Public Health Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
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31
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Wolff H, Greifinger R. Incarceration Harms Health: Homer Venters’s Book on Rikers Island Jails. Am J Public Health 2020. [DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2019.305445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hans Wolff
- Hans Wolff is with the Division of Prison Health, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland, and the Committee for the Prevention of Torture, Council of Europe, Strasbourg, France. Robert Greifinger is a consultant on health care in detention, New York, NY
| | - Robert Greifinger
- Hans Wolff is with the Division of Prison Health, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland, and the Committee for the Prevention of Torture, Council of Europe, Strasbourg, France. Robert Greifinger is a consultant on health care in detention, New York, NY
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32
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Hill TE. Inadequate Health Care in U.S. Prisons. Ann Intern Med 2019; 171:523-524. [PMID: 31569238 DOI: 10.7326/l19-0348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Terry E Hill
- Hill Physicians Medical Group, San Ramon, California (T.E.H.)
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33
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Graf N, Stöver H. Critical reflections on quality standards within drug demand reduction. DRUGS AND ALCOHOL TODAY 2019. [DOI: 10.1108/dat-12-2018-0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to critically reflect on the usefulness of quality standards aimed at prevention interventions for drug using young offenders.
Design/methodology/approach
This paper uses critical literature on quality standards, readings of quality standards and qualitative interviews as well as focus-group discussions with professionals working in services targeting drug use among young offenders.
Findings
The findings show discrepancies between the idea that quality standards provide a tool for supporting the implementation of more effective interventions and professionals’ experiences with quality standards as almost absent in their work.
Originality/value
This viewpoint highlights barriers to the implementation of quality standards that have to be overcome if quality standards are to be adopted and implemented in practice.
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Crowley D, Van Hout MC, Murphy C, Kelly E, Lambert JS, Cullen W. Hepatitis C virus screening and treatment in Irish prisons from nurse managers' perspectives - a qualitative exploration. BMC Nurs 2019; 18:23. [PMID: 31210751 PMCID: PMC6567378 DOI: 10.1186/s12912-019-0347-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prisoners carry a greater burden of physical, communicable and psychiatric disease compared to the general population. Prison health care structures are complex and provide challenges and opportunities to engage a marginalised and poorly served group with health care including Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) screening, assessment and treatment. Optimising HCV management in prisons is a public health priority. Nurses are the primary healthcare providers in most prisons globally. Understanding the barriers and facilitators to prisoners engaging in HCV care from the perspectives of nurses is the first step in implementing effective strategies to eliminate HCV from prison settings. The aim of this study was to identify the barriers and facilitators to HCV screening and treatment in Irish prisons from a nurse perspective and inform the implementation of a national prison-based HCV screening program. METHODS A qualitative study using focus group methodology underpinned by grounded theory for analysis in a national group of nurse managers (n = 12). RESULTS The following themes emerged from the analysis; security and safety requirements impacting patient access, staffing and rostering issues, prison nurses' skill set and concerns around phlebotomy, conflict between maintaining confidentiality and concerns for personal safety, peer workers, prisoners' lack of knowledge, fear of treatment and stigma, inter-prison variations in prisoner health needs and health service delivery and priority, linkage to care, timing of screening and stability of prison life. CONCLUSIONS Prison nurses are uniquely placed to identify barriers and facilitators to HCV screening and treatment in prisoners and inform changes to health care practice and policy that will optimise the public health opportunity that incarceration provides.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Crowley
- Irish College of General Practitioners, Lincoln Place, Dublin, Ireland
| | - M. C. Van Hout
- Public Health Institute, Liverpool John Moore’s University, Liverpool, UK
| | - C. Murphy
- Irish Prison Service, Mountjoy Prison, Dublin 7, Ireland
| | - E. Kelly
- Irish Prison Service, Mountjoy Prison, Dublin 7, Ireland
| | - J. S. Lambert
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - W. Cullen
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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35
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Tavoschi L, O'Moore É, Hedrich D. Challenges and opportunities for the management of infectious diseases in Europes' prisons: evidence-based guidance. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2019; 19:e253-e258. [PMID: 30902441 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(18)30756-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
People in prison have multiple complex health and social care needs. These are likely to be the result of a combination of overlapping, and sometimes interlinked, risk factors for infection, ill-health, and incarceration, such as problem drug use. Incarceration can represent a unique opportunity to make high-quality health care available to people in prison and to target socially deprived groups who are often medically underserved when living in the community they originate from. In recent years, international and European institutions have increasingly acknowledged the importance of treating prison health as an inseparable component of public health. However, numerous challenges hamper the successful implementation of such a concept, including the need for evidence-based decision making, intersectoral partnerships, and better monitoring systems. New initiatives are ongoing in the EU that might contribute to bring about positive changes, such as the publication of the first evidence-based public health guidance on prevention and control of communicable diseases in prison settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Tavoschi
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | | | - Dagmar Hedrich
- Public Health Unit, European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Lisbon, Portugal
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Gulati G, Kelly BD, O'Neill C, O'Connell P, Linehan S, Spain E, Meagher D, Dunne CP. The psychiatric management of prisoners on hunger strike: developing a management algorithm using the Delphi technique. Int J Prison Health 2019; 15:66-75. [PMID: 30827164 DOI: 10.1108/ijph-06-2017-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The assessment and management of prisoners on hunger strikes in a custodial setting is complex. There is limited clinical guidance available for psychiatrists to draw upon in such cases. The purpose of this paper is to develop a management algorithm through expert elicitation to inform the psychiatric care of prisoners on a hunger strike. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH A Delphi method was used to elicit views from Irish forensic psychiatrists, a legal expert and an expert in ethics using a structured questionnaire. Themes were extracted from the results of the questionnaire to propose a management algorithm. A consensus was reached on management considerations. FINDINGS Five consultant forensic psychiatrists, a legal expert and an expert on psychiatric ethics ( n=7) consented to participation, with a subsequent response rate of 71.4 per cent. Consensus was achieved on a proposed management algorithm. Assessment for mental disorder, capacity to refuse food and motivation for food refusal are seen as key psychiatric tasks. The need to work closely with the prison general practitioner and the value of multidisciplinary working and legal advice are described. Relevant aspects of law included mental health, criminal law (insanity) and capacity legislation. ORIGINALITY/VALUE This study outlines a management algorithm for the psychiatric assessment and management of prisoners on a hunger strike, a subject about which there is limited guidance to date. Although written from an Irish perspective, this study outlines key considerations for psychiatrists in keeping with international guidance and therefore may be generalisable to other jurisdictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Gulati
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Limerick , Limerick, Ireland.,Graduate Entry Medical School, University of Limerick , Limerick, Ireland
| | - Brendan D Kelly
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | | | - Eimear Spain
- Faculty of Education and Health Sciences, School of Law, University of Limerick , Limerick, Ireland
| | - David Meagher
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate Entry Medical School, University of Limerick , Limerick, Ireland
| | - Colum P Dunne
- Graduate Entry Medical School, University of Limerick , Limerick, Ireland
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Abstract
Transformational leadership (TL) is a highly discussed approach in the literature for many professions. Likewise, the TL approach continues to be explored in a myriad of nursing contexts to demonstrate its advantages for practice and client health. The tension between custody and care is particular to correctional nursing practice, such as the correctional priorities of safety and security that often override caring-focused nursing practice. Presented herein, is information relating to correctional nursing leadership as found in the minimal, available literature; and hypothetical examples of how correctional nursing leaders can use TL are provided. Measuring the influence of TL on practice and offender health can assist in determining if this approach is an appropriate "fit" for the correctional nursing context. The dearth of literature regarding correctional nursing leadership must be addressed to advance this subspecialty of nursing and promote offender health. The intent is not to argue that TL is the only applicable leadership approach for this subspecialty of nursing. Rather, introductory insight is offered regarding the suitability of TL in correctional nursing practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandra P Hirst
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Tran NT, Baggio S, Dawson A, O'Moore É, Williams B, Bedell P, Simon O, Scholten W, Getaz L, Wolff H. Words matter: a call for humanizing and respectful language to describe people who experience incarceration. BMC INTERNATIONAL HEALTH AND HUMAN RIGHTS 2018; 18:41. [PMID: 30445949 PMCID: PMC6240232 DOI: 10.1186/s12914-018-0180-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Words matter when describing people involved in the criminal justice system because language can have a significant impact upon health, wellbeing, and access to health information and services. However, terminology used in policies, programs, and research publications is often derogatory, stigmatizing, and dehumanizing. Discussion In response, health experts from Europe, the United States, and Australia recommend that healthcare professionals, researchers, and policy makers working with people in detention follow key principles that foster constructive and humanizing language. These principles include: engage people and respect their preferences; use stigma-free and accurate language; prioritize individuals over their characteristics; and cultivate self-awareness. The article offers examples of problematic terms to be avoided because they do not convey respect for incarcerated people and propose preferred wording which requires contextualization to local language, culture, and environment. Conclusion The use of respectful and appropriate language is a cornerstone of reducing harm and suffering when working with people involved in the criminal justice system; the use of stigmatizing and dehumanizing language must therefore come to an end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Toan Tran
- Division of Prison Health, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Ch. du Petit-Bel-Air 2, CH-1225, Chêne-Bourg, Switzerland. .,Australian Centre for Public and Population Health Research, Faculty of Health, University of Technology, PO Box 123, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia.
| | - Stéphanie Baggio
- Division of Prison Health, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Ch. du Petit-Bel-Air 2, CH-1225, Chêne-Bourg, Switzerland
| | - Angela Dawson
- Australian Centre for Public and Population Health Research, Faculty of Health, University of Technology, PO Box 123, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Éamonn O'Moore
- Public Health England & UK Collaborating Centre, WHO Health in Prisons Programme, Premier House, 60 Caversham Road, Reading, RG1 7EB, UK
| | - Brie Williams
- Division of Geriatrics, Criminal Justice & Health Program, University of California in San Francisco, 3333 California Street, San Francisco, CA, 94118, USA
| | - Precious Bedell
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Rochester, 300 Crittenden Boulevard, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Olivier Simon
- Psychiatry Department, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Lausanne, Av. Recordon 40, 1004, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Willem Scholten
- Willem Scholten Consultancy, Wielsekade 64, 3411 AD, Lopik, The Netherlands
| | - Laurent Getaz
- Division of Prison Health, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Ch. du Petit-Bel-Air 2, CH-1225, Chêne-Bourg, Switzerland
| | - Hans Wolff
- Division of Prison Health, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Ch. du Petit-Bel-Air 2, CH-1225, Chêne-Bourg, Switzerland
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