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Camacho-Moll ME, Ramírez-Daher Z, Escobedo-Guajardo BL, Dávila-Valero JC, Rodríguez-de la Garza BL, Bermúdez de León M. ABC-GOALScl score predicts admission to the intensive care unit and mortality of COVID-19 patients over 60 years of age. BMC Geriatr 2023; 23:138. [PMID: 36899318 PMCID: PMC9999052 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-023-03864-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the risk factors for getting seriously ill from COVID-19 and reaching high mortality rates is older age. Older age is also associated with comorbidities, which are risk factors for severe COVID-19 infection. Among the tools that have been evaluated to predict intensive care unit (ICU) admission and mortality is ABC-GOALScl. AIM In the present study we validated the utility of ABC-GOALScl to predict in-hospital mortality in subjects over 60 years of age who were positive for SARS-CoV-2 virus at the moment of admission with the purpose of optimizing sanitary resources and offering personalized treatment for these patients. METHODS This was an observational, descriptive, transversal, non-interventional and retrospective study of subjects (≥ 60 years of age), hospitalized due to COVID-19 infection at a general hospital in northeastern Mexico. A logistical regression model was used for data analysis. RESULTS Two hundred forty-three subjects were included in the study, whom 145 (59.7%) passed away, while 98 (40.3%) were discharged. Average age was 71, and 57.6% were male. The prediction model ABC-GOALScl included sex, body mass index, Charlson comorbidity index, dyspnea, arterial pressure, respiratory frequency, SpFi coefficient (Saturation of oxygen/Fraction of inspired oxygen ratio), serum levels of glucose, albumin, and lactate dehydrogenase; all were measured at the moment of admission. The area under the curve for the scale with respect to the variable of discharge due to death was 0.73 (IC 95% = 0.662-0.792). CONCLUSION The ABC-GOALScl scale to predict ICU admission in COVID-19 patients is also useful to predict in-hospital death in COVID-19 patients ≥ 60 years old.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Elena Camacho-Moll
- Department of Molecular Biology, Center for Biomedical Research at Northeast, Mexican Social Security Institute, Calle 2 de abril 501, Col. Independencia, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, 64720, Mexico.,Center for Molecular Diagnosis and Personalized Medicine, Health Sciences Division, Universidad de Monterrey, Av. Ignacio Morones Prieto 4500-Pte, Zona Valle Poniente, Nuevo Leon, 66238, San Pedro Garza Garcia, Mexico
| | - Zayra Ramírez-Daher
- Residency in Geriatrics, Zone General Hospital No. 4, Mexican Social Security Institute, C. Mariano Matamoros 300, Centro de Guadalupe, Guadalupe, Nuevo Leon, 67100, Mexico
| | - Brenda Leticia Escobedo-Guajardo
- Department of Molecular Biology, Center for Biomedical Research at Northeast, Mexican Social Security Institute, Calle 2 de abril 501, Col. Independencia, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, 64720, Mexico
| | - Julio César Dávila-Valero
- Residency in Geriatrics, Zone General Hospital No. 4, Mexican Social Security Institute, C. Mariano Matamoros 300, Centro de Guadalupe, Guadalupe, Nuevo Leon, 67100, Mexico
| | - Brenda Ludmila Rodríguez-de la Garza
- Residency in Geriatrics, Zone General Hospital No. 4, Mexican Social Security Institute, C. Mariano Matamoros 300, Centro de Guadalupe, Guadalupe, Nuevo Leon, 67100, Mexico.
| | - Mario Bermúdez de León
- Department of Molecular Biology, Center for Biomedical Research at Northeast, Mexican Social Security Institute, Calle 2 de abril 501, Col. Independencia, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, 64720, Mexico.
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Moreno T, Gibbons W. Aerosol transmission of human pathogens: From miasmata to modern viral pandemics and their preservation potential in the Anthropocene record. GEOSCIENCE FRONTIERS 2022; 13:101282. [PMID: 38620922 PMCID: PMC8356732 DOI: 10.1016/j.gsf.2021.101282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Ongoing uncertainty over the relative importance of aerosol transmission of COVID-19 is in part rooted in the history of medical science and our understanding of how epidemic diseases can spread through human populations. Ancient Greek medical theory held that such illnesses are transmitted by airborne pathogenic emanations containing particulate matter ("miasmata"). Notable Roman and medieval scholars such as Varro, Ibn al-Khatib and Fracastoro developed these ideas, combining them with early germ theory and the concept of contagion. A widely held but vaguely defined belief in toxic miasmatic mists as a dominant causative agent in disease propagation was overtaken by the science of 19th century microbiology and epidemiology, especially in the study of cholera, which was proven to be mainly transmitted by contaminated water. Airborne disease transmission came to be viewed as burdened by a dubious historical reputation and difficult to demonstrate convincingly. A breakthrough came with the classic mid-20th century work of Wells, Riley and Mills who proved how expiratory aerosols (their "droplet nuclei") could transport still-infectious tuberculosis bacteria through ventilation systems. The topic of aerosol transmission of pathogenic respiratory diseases assumed a new dimension with the mid-late 20th century "Great Acceleration" of an increasingly hypermobile human population repeatedly infected by different strains of zoonotic viruses, and has taken centre stage this century in response to outbreaks of new respiratory infections that include coronaviruses. From a geoscience perspective, the consequences of pandemic-status diseases such as COVID-19, produced by viral pathogens utilising aerosols to infect a human population currently approaching 8 billion, are far-reaching and unprecedented. The obvious and sudden impacts on for example waste plastic production, water and air quality and atmospheric chemistry are accelerating human awareness of current environmental challenges. As such, the "anthropause" lockdown enforced by COVID-19 may come to be seen as a harbinger of change great enough to be preserved in the Anthropocene stratal record.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Moreno
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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Chen Y, Aldridge T, Ferraro C, Khaw FM. COVID-19 outbreak rates and infection attack rates associated with the workplace: a descriptive epidemiological study. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e055643. [PMID: 35851017 PMCID: PMC9296995 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-055643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A large number of COVID-19 outbreaks/clusters have been reported in a variety of workplace settings since the start of the pandemic but the rate of outbreak occurrence in the workplace has not previously been assessed. The objectives of this paper are to identify the geographical areas and industrial sectors with a high rate of outbreaks of COVID-19 and to compare infection attack rates by enterprise size and sector in England. METHODS Public Health England (PHE) HPZone data on COVID-19 outbreaks in workplaces, between 18 May and 12 October 2020, were analysed. The workplace outbreak rates by region and sector were calculated, using National Population Database (NPD) with the total number of workplaces as the denominator. The infection attack rates were calculated by enterprise size and sector using PHE Situations of Interest data with the number of test-confirmed COVID-19 cases in a workplace outbreak as the numerator and using NPD data with the number employed in that workplace as the denominator. RESULTS The highest attack rate was for outbreaks in close contact services (median 16.5%), followed by outbreaks in restaurants and catering (median 10.2%), and in manufacturers and packers of non-food products (median 6.7%). The overall outbreak rate was 66 per 100 000 workplaces. Of the nine English regions, the North West had the highest workplace outbreak rate (155 per 100 000 workplaces). Of the industrial sectors, manufacturers and packers of food had the highest outbreak rate (1672 per 100 000), which was consistent across seven of the regions. In addition, high outbreak rates in warehouses were observed in the East Midlands and the North West. CONCLUSIONS Early identification of geographical regions and industrial sectors with higher rates of COVID-19 workplace outbreaks can inform interventions to limit transmission of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqun Chen
- Science Division, Health and Safety Executive, Buxton, UK
| | | | - Claire Ferraro
- Public Health England South West, Public Health England, Bristol, UK
| | - Fu-Meng Khaw
- Health Protection and Screening Services, Public Health Wales, Cardiff, UK
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4
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Fabreau GE, Holdbrook L, Peters CE, Ronksley PE, Attaran A, McBrien K, Pottie K. Vaccines alone will not prevent COVID-19 outbreaks among migrant workers-the example of meat processing plants. Clin Microbiol Infect 2022; 28:773-778. [PMID: 35189335 PMCID: PMC8856748 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2022.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Migrant populations in high-income countries have faced myriad health and social inequities during the COVID-19 pandemic. Migrants often work in frontline essential services that expose them to COVID-19. Migrant workers in meat processing plants have endured large COVID-19 outbreaks across multiple countries. OBJECTIVES We examine current scientific evidence around COVID-19 transmission, outcomes, and prevention for migrant workers and highlight meat processing plants as an example. SOURCES We performed a series of PubMed searches between January 1, 2020 and January 12, 2022. CONTENT Migrant workers in high-income countries often work in occupations at high risk for COVID-19 transmission, contract COVID-19 at higher rates, and experience worse outcomes than native-born counterparts. For example, meat processing plants represent almost ideal environments for rapid and large-scale SARS-CoV-2 viral transmission; often, large migrant workforces confined to small workspaces perform physically demanding work in noisy environments that require shouting to communicate, increasing workers' respiratory rates and the quantity of aerosolized droplets expelled and thus increasing viral transmission risk. Although enhanced vaccination outreach programs remain an important equity approach for migrant worker safety, they alone are insufficient. The emergence and rapid spread of multiple increasingly transmissible SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern with variable vaccine escape properties, including Omicron in November 2021, highlight the importance of improved infection prevention and control strategies to protect migrant workers. Across countries, strategies such as improving ventilation and mask quality in many high-risk occupational settings are already required by employment law. Universal mandatory vaccination program should also be considered. IMPLICATIONS COVID-19 transmission prevention for migrant workers requires an aggressive multicomponent plan that includes (a) improved on-site ventilation and infection prevention and control strategies; (b) improved social supports such as paid sick leave; (c) mobile vaccination clinics and community engagement to overcome vaccine hesitancy and barriers; and (d) consideration of universal mandatory vaccination programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel E Fabreau
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine - University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; Department of Community Health Sciences, O'Brien Institute for Public Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
| | - Linda Holdbrook
- Department of Community Health Sciences, O'Brien Institute for Public Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Cheryl E Peters
- Department of Community Health Sciences, O'Brien Institute for Public Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada
| | - Paul E Ronksley
- Department of Community Health Sciences, O'Brien Institute for Public Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Amir Attaran
- Faculty of Law, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Kerry McBrien
- Department of Community Health Sciences, O'Brien Institute for Public Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; Department of Family Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Kevin Pottie
- Bruyère Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Family Medicine, Western University, London, Canada
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Kühn MJ, Abele D, Binder S, Rack K, Klitz M, Kleinert J, Gilg J, Spataro L, Koslow W, Siggel M, Meyer-Hermann M, Basermann A. Regional opening strategies with commuter testing and containment of new SARS-CoV-2 variants in Germany. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:333. [PMID: 35379190 PMCID: PMC8978163 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07302-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the vaccination process in Germany, a large share of the population is still susceptible to SARS-CoV-2. In addition, we face the spread of novel variants. Until we overcome the pandemic, reasonable mitigation and opening strategies are crucial to balance public health and economic interests. METHODS We model the spread of SARS-CoV-2 over the German counties by a graph-SIR-type, metapopulation model with particular focus on commuter testing. We account for political interventions by varying contact reduction values in private and public locations such as homes, schools, workplaces, and other. We consider different levels of lockdown strictness, commuter testing strategies, or the delay of intervention implementation. We conduct numerical simulations to assess the effectiveness of the different intervention strategies after one month. The virus dynamics in the regions (German counties) are initialized randomly with incidences between 75 and 150 weekly new cases per 100,000 inhabitants (red zones) or below (green zones) and consider 25 different initial scenarios of randomly distributed red zones (between 2 and 20% of all counties). To account for uncertainty, we consider an ensemble set of 500 Monte Carlo runs for each scenario. RESULTS We find that the strength of the lockdown in regions with out of control virus dynamics is most important to avoid the spread into neighboring regions. With very strict lockdowns in red zones, commuter testing rates of twice a week can substantially contribute to the safety of adjacent regions. In contrast, the negative effect of less strict interventions can be overcome by high commuter testing rates. A further key contributor is the potential delay of the intervention implementation. In order to keep the spread of the virus under control, strict regional lockdowns with minimum delay and commuter testing of at least twice a week are advisable. If less strict interventions are in favor, substantially increased testing rates are needed to avoid overall higher infection dynamics. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that local containment of outbreaks and maintenance of low overall incidence is possible even in densely populated and highly connected regions such as Germany or Western Europe. While we demonstrate this on data from Germany, similar patterns of mobility likely exist in many countries and our results are, hence, generalizable to a certain extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Kühn
- Institute for Software Technology, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Daniel Abele
- Institute for Software Technology, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sebastian Binder
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Kathrin Rack
- Institute for Software Technology, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany
| | - Margrit Klitz
- Institute for Software Technology, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jan Kleinert
- Institute for Software Technology, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jonas Gilg
- Institute for Software Technology, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany
| | - Luca Spataro
- Institute for Software Technology, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wadim Koslow
- Institute for Software Technology, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany
| | - Martin Siggel
- Institute for Software Technology, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael Meyer-Hermann
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Achim Basermann
- Institute for Software Technology, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany.
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Delaugerre C, Foissac F, Abdoul H, Masson G, Choupeaux L, Dufour E, Gastli N, Delarue SM, Néré ML, Minier M, Gabassi A, Salmona M, Seguineau M, Schmitt S, Tonglet S, Olivier A, Poyart C, Le Goff J, Lescure X, Kernéis S, Tréluyer JM. Prevention of SARS-CoV-2 transmission during a large, live, indoor gathering (SPRING): a non-inferiority, randomised, controlled trial. THE LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 22:341-348. [PMID: 34843662 PMCID: PMC8626094 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(21)00673-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Constance Delaugerre
- Service de Virologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France; Université de Paris, INSERM, U944, Paris, France.
| | - Frantz Foissac
- Unité de Recherche Clinique-Centre Investigation Clinique, APHP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants malades, Paris, France; Université de Paris, EA 7323 Pharmacologie et thérapeutique de l'enfant et de la femme enceinte, Paris, France
| | - Hendy Abdoul
- Unité de Recherche Clinique-Centre Investigation Clinique, APHP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants malades, Paris, France; Université de Paris, EA 7323 Pharmacologie et thérapeutique de l'enfant et de la femme enceinte, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Masson
- Unité de Recherche Clinique-Centre Investigation Clinique, APHP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants malades, Paris, France
| | - Laure Choupeaux
- Unité de Recherche Clinique-Centre Investigation Clinique, APHP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants malades, Paris, France
| | - Eric Dufour
- Unité de Recherche Clinique-Centre Investigation Clinique, APHP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants malades, Paris, France
| | - Nabil Gastli
- Plateforme COVID IDF, AP-HP. Centre Université de Paris, F-75014 Paris, France
| | | | | | - Marine Minier
- Service de Virologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Audrey Gabassi
- Service de Virologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Maud Salmona
- Service de Virologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France; Université de Paris, INSERM, Equipe INSIGHT, U976, Paris, France
| | - Malika Seguineau
- PRODISS, Syndicat national du spectacle vivant et de variété, Paris, France
| | - Sarah Schmitt
- PRODISS, Syndicat national du spectacle vivant et de variété, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Claire Poyart
- Université de Paris, INSERM, Institut Cochin 1016, Paris, France; Bactériologie, AP-HP Centre, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Jerôme Le Goff
- Service de Virologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France; Université de Paris, INSERM, Equipe INSIGHT, U976, Paris, France
| | - Xavier Lescure
- Service de maladies infectieuses et tropicales, AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France; Université de Paris, INSERM, IAME, Paris, France
| | - Solen Kernéis
- Equipe de Prévention du Risque Infectieux, AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France; AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France; Epidemiology and Modelling of Antibiotic Evasion, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marc Tréluyer
- Unité de Recherche Clinique-Centre Investigation Clinique, APHP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants malades, Paris, France
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El Hassan M, Assoum H, Bukharin N, Al Otaibi H, Mofijur M, Sakout A. A review on the transmission of COVID-19 based on cough/sneeze/breath flows. EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL PLUS 2022; 137:1. [PMID: 34909366 PMCID: PMC8660964 DOI: 10.1140/epjp/s13360-021-02162-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic has recently had a dramatic impact on society. The understanding of the disease transmission is of high importance to limit its spread between humans. The spread of the virus in air strongly depends on the flow dynamics of the human airflows. It is, however, known that predicting the flow dynamics of the human airflows can be challenging due to different particles sizes and the turbulent aspect of the flow regime. It is thus recommended to present a deep analysis of different human airflows based on the existing experimental investigations. A validation of the existing numerical predictions of such flows would be of high interest to further develop the existing numerical model for different flow configurations. This paper presents a literature review of the experimental and numerical studies on human airflows, including sneezing, coughing and breathing. The dynamics of these airflows for different droplet sizes is discussed. The influence of other parameters, such as the viscosity and relative humidity, on the germs transmission is also presented. Finally, the efficacy of using a facemask in limiting the transmission of COVID-19 is investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouhammad El Hassan
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al Khobar, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan Assoum
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Beirut Arab University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Nikolay Bukharin
- School of Manufacturing and Automation, Southern Alberta Institute of Technology, Calgary, Canada
| | - Huda Al Otaibi
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al Khobar, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Mofijur
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al Khobar, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007 Australia
| | - Anas Sakout
- LASIE, University of La Rochelle, La Rochelle, France
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8
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Kriegel M, Hartmann A, Buchholz U, Seifried J, Baumgarte S, Gastmeier P. SARS-CoV-2 Aerosol Transmission Indoors: A Closer Look at Viral Load, Infectivity, the Effectiveness of Preventive Measures and a Simple Approach for Practical Recommendations. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 19:220. [PMID: 35010484 PMCID: PMC8750733 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There is uncertainty about the viral loads of infectious individuals required to transmit COVID-19 via aerosol. In addition, there is a lack of both quantification of the influencing parameters on airborne transmission and simple-to-use models for assessing the risk of infection in practice, which furthermore quantify the influence of non-medical preventive measures. In this study, a dose-response model was adopted to analyze 25 documented outbreaks at infection rates of 4-100%. We show that infection was only possible if the viral load was higher than 108 viral copies/mL. Based on mathematical simplifications of our approach to predict the probable situational attack rate (PARs) of a group of persons in a room, and valid assumptions, we provide simplified equations to calculate, among others, the maximum possible number of persons and the person-related virus-free air supply flow necessary to keep the number of newly infected persons to less than one. A comparison of different preventive measures revealed that testing contributes the most to the joint protective effect, besides wearing masks and increasing ventilation. In addition, we conclude that absolute volume flow rate or person-related volume flow rate are more intuitive parameters for evaluating ventilation for infection prevention than air exchange rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kriegel
- Hermann-Rietschel-Institut, Technical University of Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Anne Hartmann
- Hermann-Rietschel-Institut, Technical University of Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Udo Buchholz
- Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (U.B.); (J.S.)
| | - Janna Seifried
- Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (U.B.); (J.S.)
| | | | - Petra Gastmeier
- Institute for Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany;
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9
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Butterick M, Charlwood A. HRM and the COVID‐19 pandemic: How can we stop making a bad situation worse? HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT JOURNAL 2021; 31:847-856. [PMCID: PMC8209909 DOI: 10.1111/1748-8583.12344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This provocation argues that the COVID‐19 pandemic has exposed deep labour market inequalities. Partially underpinning these inequalities are human resource management (HRM) theories and practices which encourage and legitimise the commodification of labour. Workers whose jobs have been commodified have suffered disproportionately during the pandemic. While HRM is not wholly responsible for this suffering it is important for those of us involved in researching, teaching and practicing HRM to reflect on the ways in which what we do has made a bad situation worse so that we can do better in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Butterick
- Work and Employment Relations DivisionUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Andy Charlwood
- Work and Employment Relations DivisionUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
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10
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Cunningham L, Nicholson PJ, O’Connor J, McFadden JP. Cold working environments as an occupational risk factor for COVID-19. Occup Med (Lond) 2021; 71:245-247. [PMID: 33247303 PMCID: PMC7798832 DOI: 10.1093/occmed/kqaa195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Louise Cunningham
- St Johns Institute of Dermatology, Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, UK
| | | | - Jane O’Connor
- St Johns Institute of Dermatology, Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, UK
| | - John P McFadden
- St Johns Institute of Dermatology, Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, UK
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11
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Chen Y, Atchison C, Atkinson B, Barber C, Bennett A, Brickley E, Cooke J, Dabrera G, Fishwick D, Fletcher T, Graham A, Higgins H, Keen C, Morgan D, Noakes C, Pearce N, Raja A, Sandys V, Stocks J, van Tongeren M, van Veldhoven K, Verma A, Curran A. The COVID-OUT study protocol: COVID-19 outbreak investigation to understand workplace SARS-CoV-2 transmission in the United Kingdom. Wellcome Open Res 2021. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17015.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Preventing SARS-CoV-2 transmission and protecting people from COVID-19 is the most significant public health challenge faced in recent years. COVID-19 outbreaks are occurring in workplaces and evidence is needed to support effective strategies to prevent and control these outbreaks. Investigations into these outbreaks are routinely undertaken by public health bodies and regulators in the United Kingdom (UK); however, such investigations are typically disparate in nature with a lack of consistency across all investigations, preventing meaningful analysis of the data collected. The COVID-OUT (COVID-19 Outbreak investigation to Understand Transmission) study aims to collect a consistent set of data in a systematic way from workplaces that are experiencing outbreaks, to understand SARS-CoV-2 transmission risk factors, transmission routes, and the role they play in the COVID-19 outbreaks. Suitable outbreak sites are identified from public health bodies. Following employer consent to participate, the study will recruit workers from workplaces where there are active outbreaks. The study will utilise data already collected as part of routine public health outbreak investigations and collect additional data through a comprehensive questionnaire, viral and serologic testing of workers, surface sampling, viral genome sequencing, and an environmental assessment of building plans, ventilation and current control measures. At each site, a detailed investigation will be carried out to evaluate transmission routes. A case-control approach will be used to compare workers who have and have not had SARS-CoV-2 infections during the outbreak period to assess transmission risk factors. Data from different outbreaks will be combined for pooled analyses to identify common risk factors, as well as factors that differ between outbreaks. The COVID-OUT study can contribute to a better understanding of why COVID-19 outbreaks associated with workplaces occur and how to prevent these outbreaks from happening in the future.
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12
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Shen J, Kong M, Dong B, Birnkrant MJ, Zhang J. A systematic approach to estimating the effectiveness of multi-scale IAQ strategies for reducing the risk of airborne infection of SARS-CoV-2. BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT 2021; 200:107926. [PMID: 33967376 PMCID: PMC8084626 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.107926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The unprecedented coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has made more than 125 million people infected and more than 2.7 million people dead globally. Airborne transmission has been recognized as one of the major transmission routes for SARS-CoV-2. This paper presents a systematic approach for evaluating the effectiveness of multi-scale IAQ control strategies in mitigating the infection risk in different scenarios. The IAQ control strategies across multiple scales from a whole building to rooms, and to cubical and personal microenvironments and breathing zone, are introduced, including elevated outdoor airflow rates, high-efficiency filters, advanced air distribution strategies, standalone air cleaning technologies, personal ventilation and face masks. The effectiveness of these strategies for reducing the risk of COVID-19 infection are evaluated for specific indoor spaces, including long-term care facility, school and college, meat plant, retail stores, hospital, office, correctional facility, hotel, restaurant, casino and transportation spaces like airplane, cruise ship, subway, bus and taxi, where airborne transmission are more likely to occur due to high occupancy densities. The baseline cases of these spaces are established according to the existing standards, guidelines or practices. Several integrated mitigation strategies are recommended and classified based on their relative cost and effort of implementation for each indoor space. They can be applied to help meet the current challenge of ongoing COVID-19, and provide better preparation for other possible epidemics and pandemics of airborne infectious diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialei Shen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Syracuse University, 263 Link Hall, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
| | - Meng Kong
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Syracuse University, 263 Link Hall, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
| | - Bing Dong
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Syracuse University, 263 Link Hall, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
| | | | - Jianshun Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Syracuse University, 263 Link Hall, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
- School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210093, China
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13
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Cevik M, Marcus JL, Buckee C, Smith TC. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Transmission Dynamics Should Inform Policy. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 73:S170-S176. [PMID: 32964919 PMCID: PMC7543342 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is generally agreed that striking a balance between resuming economic and social activities and keeping the effective reproductive number (R0) below 1 using nonpharmaceutical interventions is an important goal until and even after effective vaccines become available. Therefore, the need remains to understand how the virus is transmitted in order to identify high-risk environments and activities that disproportionately contribute to its spread so that effective preventative measures could be put in place. Contact tracing and household studies, in particular, provide robust evidence about the parameters of transmission. In this Viewpoint, we discuss the available evidence from large-scale, well-conducted contact-tracing studies from across the world and argue that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission dynamics should inform policy decisions about mitigation strategies for targeted interventions according to the needs of the society by directing attention to the settings, activities, and socioeconomic factors associated with the highest risks of transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muge Cevik
- Division of Infection and Global Health Research, School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Julia L Marcus
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Caroline Buckee
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tara C Smith
- College of Public Health, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
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14
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Shubina V, Ometov A, Basiri A, Lohan ES. Effectiveness modelling of digital contact-tracing solutions for tackling the COVID-19 pandemic. JOURNAL OF NAVIGATION 2021; 74:853-886. [PMCID: PMC8060546 DOI: 10.1017/s0373463321000175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Since the beginning of the coronavirus (COVID-19) global pandemic, digital contact-tracing applications (apps) have been at the centre of attention as a digital tool to enable citizens to monitor their social distancing, which appears to be one of the leading practices for mitigating the spread of airborne infectious diseases. Many countries have been working towards developing suitable digital contact-tracing apps to allow the measurement of the physical distance between citizens and to alert them when contact with an infected individual has occurred. However, the adoption of digital contact-tracing apps has faced several challenges so far, including interoperability between mobile devices and users’ privacy concerns. There is a need to reach a trade-off between the achievable technical performance of new technology, false-positive rates, and social and behavioural factors. This paper reviews a wide range of factors and classifies them into three categories of technical, epidemiological and social ones, and incorporates these into a compact mathematical model. The paper evaluates the effectiveness of digital contact-tracing apps based on received signal strength measurements. The results highlight the limitations, potential and challenges of the adoption of digital contact-tracing apps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriia Shubina
- Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- University ‘Politehnica’ of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
- Corresponding author. E-mail:
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15
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Wiktorczyk-Kapischke N, Grudlewska-Buda K, Wałecka-Zacharska E, Kwiecińska-Piróg J, Radtke L, Gospodarek-Komkowska E, Skowron K. SARS-CoV-2 in the environment-Non-droplet spreading routes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 770:145260. [PMID: 33513500 PMCID: PMC7825822 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
The new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, first identified in Wuhan (China) in December 2019, represents the same family as the Serve Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-1 (SARS-CoV-1). These viruses spread mainly via the droplet route. However, during the pandemic of COVID-19 other reservoirs, i.e., water (surface and ground), sewage, garbage, or soil, should be considered. As the infectious SARS-CoV-2 particles are also present in human excretions, such a non-droplet transmission is also possible. A significant problem is the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the hospital environment, including patients' rooms, medical equipment, everyday objects and the air. Relevant is selecting the type of equipment in the COVID-19 hospital wards on which the virus particles persist the shortest or do not remain infectious. Elimination of plastic objects/equipment from the environment of the infected person seems to be of great importance. It is particularly relevant in water reservoirs contaminated with raw discharges. Wastewater may contain coronaviruses and therefore there is a need for expanding Water-Based Epidemiology (WBE) studies to use obtained values as tool in determination of the actual percentage of the SARS-CoV-2 infected population in an area. It is of great importance to evaluate the available disinfection methods to control the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in the environment. Exposure of SARS-CoV-2 to 65-70% ethanol, 0.5% hydrogen peroxide, or 0.1% sodium hypochlorite has effectively eliminated the virus from the surfaces. Since there are many unanswered questions about the transmission of SARS-CoV-2, the research on this topic is still ongoing. This review aims to summarize current knowledge on the SARS-CoV-2 transmission and elucidate the viral survival in the environment, with particular emphasis on the possibility of non-droplet transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Wiktorczyk-Kapischke
- Department of Microbiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Collegium Medicum of L. Rydygier in Bydgoszcz, 9 M. Skłodowskiej-Curie Street, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Grudlewska-Buda
- Department of Microbiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Collegium Medicum of L. Rydygier in Bydgoszcz, 9 M. Skłodowskiej-Curie Street, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Ewa Wałecka-Zacharska
- Department of Food Hygiene and Consumer Health, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 31 C.K. Norwida St., 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Joanna Kwiecińska-Piróg
- Department of Microbiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Collegium Medicum of L. Rydygier in Bydgoszcz, 9 M. Skłodowskiej-Curie Street, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Laura Radtke
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Architecture, UTP University of Science and Technology in Bydgoszcz, Al. prof. S. Kaliskiego 7, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Eugenia Gospodarek-Komkowska
- Department of Microbiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Collegium Medicum of L. Rydygier in Bydgoszcz, 9 M. Skłodowskiej-Curie Street, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Skowron
- Department of Microbiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Collegium Medicum of L. Rydygier in Bydgoszcz, 9 M. Skłodowskiej-Curie Street, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
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16
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Grudlewska-Buda K, Wiktorczyk-Kapischke N, Wałecka-Zacharska E, Kwiecińska-Piróg J, Buszko K, Leis K, Juszczuk K, Gospodarek-Komkowska E, Skowron K. SARS-CoV-2-Morphology, Transmission and Diagnosis during Pandemic, Review with Element of Meta-Analysis. J Clin Med 2021; 10:1962. [PMID: 34063654 PMCID: PMC8125301 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10091962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Thus far, the virus has killed over 2,782,112 people and infected over 126,842,694 in the world (state 27 March 2021), resulting in a pandemic for humans. Based on the present data, SARS-CoV-2 transmission from animals to humans cannot be excluded. If mutations allowing breaking of the species barrier and enhancing transmissibility occurred, next changes in the SARS-CoV-2 genome, leading to easier spreading and greater pathogenicity, could happen. The environment and saliva might play an important role in virus transmission. Therefore, there is a need for strict regimes in terms of personal hygiene, including hand washing and surface disinfection. The presence of viral RNA is not an equivalent of active viral infection. The positive result of the RT-PCR method may represent either viral residues or infectious virus particles. RNA-based tests should not be used in patients after the decline of disease symptoms to confirm convalescence. It has been proposed to use the test based on viral, sub-genomic mRNA, or serological methods to find the immune response to infection. Vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is still a little-known issue. In our review, we have prepared a meta-analysis of the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from mother to child depending on the type of delivery. Our study indicated that the transmission of the virus from mother to child is rare, and the infection rate is not higher in the case of natural childbirth, breastfeeding, or contact with the mother. We hope that this review and meta-analysis will help to systemize knowledge about SARS-CoV-2 with an emphasis on diagnostic implications and transmission routes, in particular, mother-to-child transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Grudlewska-Buda
- Department of Microbiology, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 87-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (K.G.-B.); (N.W.-K.); (J.K.-P.); (E.G.-K.)
| | - Natalia Wiktorczyk-Kapischke
- Department of Microbiology, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 87-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (K.G.-B.); (N.W.-K.); (J.K.-P.); (E.G.-K.)
| | - Ewa Wałecka-Zacharska
- Department of Food Hygiene and Consumer Health, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Joanna Kwiecińska-Piróg
- Department of Microbiology, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 87-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (K.G.-B.); (N.W.-K.); (J.K.-P.); (E.G.-K.)
| | - Katarzyna Buszko
- Department of Theoretical Foundations of Biomedical Science and Medical Informatics, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 87-067 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Kamil Leis
- Faculty of Medicile, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 87-067 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Klaudia Juszczuk
- Clinic of General, Colorectal and Oncological Surgery, Dr. Jana Biziel University Hospital, No. 2 in Bydgoszcz, 75 Ujejskiego St., 85-168 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Eugenia Gospodarek-Komkowska
- Department of Microbiology, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 87-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (K.G.-B.); (N.W.-K.); (J.K.-P.); (E.G.-K.)
| | - Krzysztof Skowron
- Department of Microbiology, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 87-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (K.G.-B.); (N.W.-K.); (J.K.-P.); (E.G.-K.)
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17
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Saitone TL, Aleks Schaefer K, Scheitrum DP. COVID-19 morbidity and mortality in U.S. meatpacking counties. FOOD POLICY 2021; 101:102072. [PMID: 33846663 PMCID: PMC8026277 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodpol.2021.102072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we investigate the extent to which the presence of a large meatpacking (i.e., beef, pork, and broiler chicken) plant has affected county-level COVID-19 transmission dynamics. We find that-within 150 days after emergence of COVID-19 in a given county-the presence of a large beef packing facility increases per capita infection rates by 110%, relative to comparable counties without meatpacking plants. Large pork and chicken processing facilities increase transmission rates by 160% and 20%, respectively. While the presence of this type of industrial agricultural facility is shown to exacerbate initial disease transmission affecting large numbers of individuals in the community, over time daily case rates converge such that rates observed in meatpacking- and non-meatpacking counties become similar. In aggregate, results suggest that 334 thousand COVID-19 infections are attributable to meatpacking plants in the U.S. with associated mortality and morbidity costs totaling more than $11.2 billion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina L Saitone
- Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of California, Davis, United States
| | - K Aleks Schaefer
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics, Michigan State University, United States
| | - Daniel P Scheitrum
- Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Arizona, United States
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18
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Khailaie S, Mitra T, Bandyopadhyay A, Schips M, Mascheroni P, Vanella P, Lange B, Binder SC, Meyer-Hermann M. Development of the reproduction number from coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 case data in Germany and implications for political measures. BMC Med 2021; 19:32. [PMID: 33504336 PMCID: PMC7840427 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-020-01884-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SARS-CoV-2 has induced a worldwide pandemic and subsequent non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to control the spread of the virus. As in many countries, the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in Germany has led to a consecutive roll-out of different NPIs. As these NPIs have (largely unknown) adverse effects, targeting them precisely and monitoring their effectiveness are essential. We developed a compartmental infection dynamics model with specific features of SARS-CoV-2 that allows daily estimation of a time-varying reproduction number and published this information openly since the beginning of April 2020. Here, we present the transmission dynamics in Germany over time to understand the effect of NPIs and allow adaptive forecasts of the epidemic progression. METHODS We used a data-driven estimation of the evolution of the reproduction number for viral spreading in Germany as well as in all its federal states using our model. Using parameter estimates from literature and, alternatively, with parameters derived from a fit to the initial phase of COVID-19 spread in different regions of Italy, the model was optimized to fit data from the Robert Koch Institute. RESULTS The time-varying reproduction number (Rt) in Germany decreased to <1 in early April 2020, 2-3 weeks after the implementation of NPIs. Partial release of NPIs both nationally and on federal state level correlated with moderate increases in Rt until August 2020. Implications of state-specific Rt on other states and on national level are characterized. Retrospective evaluation of the model shows excellent agreement with the data and usage of inpatient facilities well within the healthcare limit. While short-term predictions may work for a few weeks, long-term projections are complicated by unpredictable structural changes. CONCLUSIONS The estimated fraction of immunized population by August 2020 warns of a renewed outbreak upon release of measures. A low detection rate prolongs the delay reaching a low case incidence number upon release, showing the importance of an effective testing-quarantine strategy. We show that real-time monitoring of transmission dynamics is important to evaluate the extent of the outbreak, short-term projections for the burden on the healthcare system, and their response to policy changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahamoddin Khailaie
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Rebenring 56, Braunschweig, 38106 Germany
| | - Tanmay Mitra
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Rebenring 56, Braunschweig, 38106 Germany
| | - Arnab Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Rebenring 56, Braunschweig, 38106 Germany
| | - Marta Schips
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Rebenring 56, Braunschweig, 38106 Germany
| | - Pietro Mascheroni
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Rebenring 56, Braunschweig, 38106 Germany
| | - Patrizio Vanella
- Department of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Inhoffenstr. 7, Braunschweig, 38124 Germany
- Hannover Biomedical Research School (HBRS), Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, Hannover, 30625 Germany
- Chair of Empirical Methods in Social Science and Demography, University of Rostock, Ulmenstr. 69, Rostock, 18057 Germany
| | - Berit Lange
- Department of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Inhoffenstr. 7, Braunschweig, 38124 Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Inhoffenstraße 7, Braunschweig, 38124 Germany
| | - Sebastian C. Binder
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Rebenring 56, Braunschweig, 38106 Germany
| | - Michael Meyer-Hermann
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Rebenring 56, Braunschweig, 38106 Germany
- Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, Hannover, 30625 Germany
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Muge Cevik
- Division of Infection and Global Health Research, School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Stefan D Baral
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alex Crozier
- Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jackie A Cassell
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
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20
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Chong KL, Ng CS, Hori N, Yang R, Verzicco R, Lohse D. Extended Lifetime of Respiratory Droplets in a Turbulent Vapor Puff and Its Implications on Airborne Disease Transmission. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:034502. [PMID: 33543958 DOI: 10.1101/2020.08.04.20168468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
To quantify the fate of respiratory droplets under different ambient relative humidities, direct numerical simulations of a typical respiratory event are performed. We found that, because small droplets (with initial diameter of 10 μm) are swept by turbulent eddies in the expelled humid puff, their lifetime gets extended by a factor of more than 30 times as compared to what is suggested by the classical picture by Wells, for 50% relative humidity. With increasing ambient relative humidity the extension of the lifetimes of the small droplets further increases and goes up to around 150 times for 90% relative humidity, implying more than 2 m advection range of the respiratory droplets within 1 sec. Employing Lagrangian statistics, we demonstrate that the turbulent humid respiratory puff engulfs the small droplets, leading to many orders of magnitude increase in their lifetimes, implying that they can be transported much further during the respiratory events than the large ones. Our findings provide the starting points for larger parameter studies and may be instructive for developing strategies on optimizing ventilation and indoor humidity control. Such strategies are key in mitigating the COVID-19 pandemic in the present autumn and upcoming winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Leong Chong
- Physics of Fluids Group and Max Planck Center for Complex Fluid Dynamics, MESA+ Institute and J. M. Burgers Centre for Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500AE Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Chong Shen Ng
- Physics of Fluids Group and Max Planck Center for Complex Fluid Dynamics, MESA+ Institute and J. M. Burgers Centre for Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500AE Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Naoki Hori
- Physics of Fluids Group and Max Planck Center for Complex Fluid Dynamics, MESA+ Institute and J. M. Burgers Centre for Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500AE Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Rui Yang
- Physics of Fluids Group and Max Planck Center for Complex Fluid Dynamics, MESA+ Institute and J. M. Burgers Centre for Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500AE Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Roberto Verzicco
- Physics of Fluids Group and Max Planck Center for Complex Fluid Dynamics, MESA+ Institute and J. M. Burgers Centre for Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500AE Enschede, Netherlands
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Roma 00133, Italy
- Gran Sasso Science Institute - Viale F. Crispi, 7 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Detlef Lohse
- Physics of Fluids Group and Max Planck Center for Complex Fluid Dynamics, MESA+ Institute and J. M. Burgers Centre for Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500AE Enschede, Netherlands
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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21
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Rubenstein BL, Campbell S, Meyers AR, Crum DA, Mitchell CS, Hutson J, Williams DL, Senesie SS, Gilani Z, Reynolds S, Alba B, Tavitian S, Billings K, Saintus L, Martin SB, Mainzer H. Factors That Might Affect SARS-CoV-2 Transmission Among Foreign-Born and U.S.-Born Poultry Facility Workers - Maryland, May 2020. MMWR-MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT 2020; 69:1906-1910. [PMID: 33332291 PMCID: PMC7745955 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6950a5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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22
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Morris DH, Yinda KC, Gamble A, Rossine FW, Huang Q, Bushmaker T, Fischer RJ, Matson MJ, van Doremalen N, Vikesland PJ, Marr LC, Munster VJ, Lloyd-Smith JO. Mechanistic theory predicts the effects of temperature and humidity on inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 and other enveloped viruses. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020. [PMID: 33083797 DOI: 10.1101/2020.10.16.341883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Environmental conditions affect virus inactivation rate and transmission potential. Understanding those effects is critical for anticipating and mitigating epidemic spread. Ambient temperature and humidity strongly affect the inactivation rate of enveloped viruses, but a mechanistic, quantitative theory of those effects has been elusive. We measure the stability of the enveloped respiratory virus SARS-CoV-2 on an inert surface at nine temperature and humidity conditions and develop a mechanistic model to explain and predict how temperature and humidity alter virus inactivation. We find SARS-CoV-2 survives longest at low temperatures and extreme relative humidities; median estimated virus half-life is over 24 hours at 10 °C and 40 % RH, but approximately 1.5 hours at 27 °C and 65 % RH. Our mechanistic model uses simple chemistry to explain the increase in virus inactivation rate with increased temperature and the U-shaped dependence of inactivation rate on relative humidity. The model accurately predicts quantitative measurements from existing studies of five different human coronaviruses (including SARS-CoV-2), suggesting that shared mechanisms may determine environmental stability for many enveloped viruses. Our results indicate scenarios of particular transmission risk, point to pandemic mitigation strategies, and open new frontiers in the mechanistic study of virus transmission.
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23
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Azuma K, Yanagi U, Kagi N, Kim H, Ogata M, Hayashi M. Environmental factors involved in SARS-CoV-2 transmission: effect and role of indoor environmental quality in the strategy for COVID-19 infection control. Environ Health Prev Med 2020; 25:66. [PMID: 33143660 PMCID: PMC7607900 DOI: 10.1186/s12199-020-00904-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a new zoonotic agent that emerged in December 2019, causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This infection can be spread by asymptomatic, presymptomatic, and symptomatic carriers. SARS-CoV-2 spreads primarily via respiratory droplets during close person-to-person contact in a closed space, especially a building. This article summarizes the environmental factors involved in SARS-CoV-2 transmission, including a strategy to prevent SARS-CoV-2 transmission in a building environment. SARS-CoV-2 can persist on surfaces of fomites for at least 3 days depending on the conditions. If SARS-CoV-2 is aerosolized intentionally, it is stable for at least several hours. SARS-CoV-2 is inactivated rapidly on surfaces with sunlight. Close-contact aerosol transmission through smaller aerosolized particles is likely to be combined with respiratory droplets and contact transmission in a confined, crowded, and poorly ventilated indoor environment, as suggested by some cluster cases. Although evidence of the effect of aerosol transmission is limited and uncertainty remains, adequate preventive measures to control indoor environmental quality are required, based on a precautionary approach, because COVID-19 has caused serious global damages to public health, community, and the social economy. The expert panel for COVID-19 in Japan has focused on the "3 Cs," namely, "closed spaces with poor ventilation," "crowded spaces with many people," and "close contact." In addition, the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan has been recommending adequate ventilation in all closed spaces in accordance with the existing standards of the Law for Maintenance of Sanitation in Buildings as one of the initial political actions to prevent the spread of COVID-19. However, specific standards for indoor environmental quality control have not been recommended and many scientific uncertainties remain regarding the infection dynamics and mode of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in closed indoor spaces. Further research and evaluation are required regarding the effect and role of indoor environmental quality control, especially ventilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Azuma
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Behavioral Science, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, 377-2 Ohnohigashi, Osakasayama, 589-8511 Japan
| | - U Yanagi
- Department of Architecture, School of Architecture, Kogakuin University, Tokyo, 163-8677 Japan
| | - Naoki Kagi
- Department of Architecture and Building Engineering, School of Environment and Society, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, 152-8550 Japan
| | - Hoon Kim
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Wako, 351-0197 Japan
| | - Masayuki Ogata
- Department of Architecture and Building Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, 192-0397 Japan
| | - Motoya Hayashi
- Laboratory of Environmental Space Design, Division of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-6826 Japan
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Wolff M. On build-up of epidemiologic models-Development of a SEI 3RSD model for the spread of SARS-CoV-2. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ANGEWANDTE MATHEMATIK UND MECHANIK 2020; 100:e202000230. [PMID: 33173245 PMCID: PMC7646042 DOI: 10.1002/zamm.202000230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigates essential steps in build-up of models for description of the spread of infectious diseases. Combining these modules, a SEI3RSD model will be developed, which can take into account a possible passive immunisation by vaccination as well as different durations of latent and incubation periods. Besides, infectious persons with and without symptoms can be distinguished. Due to the current world-wide SARS-CoV-2 pandemic (COVID-19 pandemic) models for description of the spread of infectious diseases and their application for forecasts have become into the focus of the scientific community as well as of broad public more than usual. Currently, many papers and studies have appeared and appear dealing with the virus SARS-CoV-2 and the COVID-19 disease caused by it. This occurs under medical, virological, economic, sociological and further aspects as well as under mathematical points of view. Concerning the last-mentioned point, the main focus lies on the application of existing models and their adaptation to data about the course of infection available at the current time. Clearly, the aim is to predict the possible further development, for instance in Germany. It is of particular interest to investigate how will be the influence of political and administrative measures like contact restrictions, closing or rather re-opening of schools, restaurants, hotels etc. on the course of infection. The steps considered here for building up suitable models are well-known for long time. However, understandably they will not be dealt with in an extended way in current application-oriented works. Therefore, it is the aim of this study to present some existing steps of modelling without any pretension of completeness. Thus, on the one hand we give assistance and, on the other hand, we develop a model capable to take already known properties of COVID-19 as well as a later possible passive immunisation by vaccination and a possible loss of immunity of recovered persons into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wolff
- Center for Industrial MathematicsUniversity of BremenBremenGemany
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25
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Idrovo ÁJ, Moreno-Montoya J, Pinzón-Flórez CE. Performance of rapid IgM-IgG combined antibody tests in the occupational surveillance of COVID-19 in Colombian enterprises. BIOMEDICA : REVISTA DEL INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE SALUD 2020; 40:139-147. [PMID: 33152197 PMCID: PMC7676829 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.5829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Rapid IgM-IgG combined antibody tests can play an important role in the COVID-19 surveillance by supporting the diagnosis of infection, assessing the immune response, and verifying the progress towards herd immunity. Objective: To evaluate the performance of rapid IgM-IgG combined antibody tests in COVID-19 occupational surveillance in a group of Colombian enterprises. Materials and methods: We used the occupational surveillance data from companies that had performed periodic serological tests on all personnel from the end of April to the beginning of July, 2020. Workers were organized in small groups (“social bubbles”) to prevent outbreaks and optimize surveillance. The sensitivity was estimated as if the sampling had a prospective design. We describe here the changes in serological testing through periodic rounds. Results: Data were obtained from 4,740 workers, of whom only 23 were symptomatic showing changes from IgM(-)/IgG(-) to IgM(+) and then to IgM(+)/IgG(+) and IgG(+). The sensitivity was 40.94% for IgM(+) and 47.95% for IgM(+)/IgG(+). This implies that a little less than half of the cases can be detected. Conclusion: Antibody rapid tests have a role in the diagnostic process of infection and they must be evaluated taking into account the moment of the epidemic, the type of test purchased, and the populations at risk since their results depend on the number of infections and cases. In the context of a health crisis, they can be optimized by organizing workers into “social bubbles”
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro J Idrovo
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia.
| | - José Moreno-Montoya
- Subdirección de Estudios Clínicos, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá D.C, Colombia.
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Zenk L, Steiner G, Pina e Cunha M, Laubichler MD, Bertau M, Kainz MJ, Jäger C, Schernhammer ES. Fast Response to Superspreading: Uncertainty and Complexity in the Context of COVID-19. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E7884. [PMID: 33121161 PMCID: PMC7663466 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17217884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although the first coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) wave has peaked with the second wave underway, the world is still struggling to manage potential systemic risks and unpredictability of the pandemic. A particular challenge is the "superspreading" of the virus, which starts abruptly, is difficult to predict, and can quickly escalate into medical and socio-economic emergencies that contribute to long-lasting crises challenging our current ways of life. In these uncertain times, organizations and societies worldwide are faced with the need to develop appropriate strategies and intervention portfolios that require fast understanding of the complex interdependencies in our world and rapid, flexible action to contain the spread of the virus as quickly as possible, thus preventing further disastrous consequences of the pandemic. We integrate perspectives from systems sciences, epidemiology, biology, social networks, and organizational research in the context of the superspreading phenomenon to understand the complex system of COVID-19 pandemic and develop suggestions for interventions aimed at rapid responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Zenk
- Department of Knowledge and Communication Management, Faculty of Business and Globalization, Danube University Krems, 3500 Krems an der Donau, Austria;
| | - Gerald Steiner
- Department of Knowledge and Communication Management, Faculty of Business and Globalization, Danube University Krems, 3500 Krems an der Donau, Austria;
- Complexity Science Hub Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (M.D.L.); (C.J.)
| | - Miguel Pina e Cunha
- Nova School of Business and Economics, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2775-405 Carcavelos, Portugal;
| | - Manfred D. Laubichler
- Complexity Science Hub Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (M.D.L.); (C.J.)
- School of Complex Adaptive Systems Tempe, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-2701, USA
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA
- Global Climate Forum, 10178 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Bertau
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Freiberg University of Mining and Technology, 09599 Freiberg, Germany;
| | - Martin J. Kainz
- WasserCluster Lunz-Inter-University Center for Aquatic Ecosystem Research, 3293 Lunz am See, Austria;
| | - Carlo Jäger
- Complexity Science Hub Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (M.D.L.); (C.J.)
- School of Complex Adaptive Systems Tempe, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-2701, USA
- Global Climate Forum, 10178 Berlin, Germany
- Academy of Disaster Reduction and Emergency Management, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Eva S. Schernhammer
- Complexity Science Hub Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (M.D.L.); (C.J.)
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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