Selective cytotoxicity of green synthesized silver nanoparticles against the MCF-7 tumor cell line and their enhanced antioxidant and antimicrobial properties

The role of green synthesis metal and metal oxide nanoparticles in oral cancer therapy: a review

There are 275,000 new cases of oral cancer (OC) per year, making it the sixth most common cancer in the world. Severe adverse effects, including loss of function, deformity, and systemic toxicity, are familiar with traditional therapies such as radiation, chemotherapy, and surgery; due to their unique properties, nanoparticles (NPs) have emerged as a superior alternative over chemo/radiotherapy and surgery due to their targeting capability, bioavailability, compatibility, and high solubility. Due to their unique properties, metallic NPs have garnered significant attention in OC control. In addition to the fact that metal NPs may be harmful to human cells, the reactive chemicals used to make them pose the same risk, which limits their use in medicine. Green synthesis (GS) is a novel strategy that uses biological materials like yeast, bacteria, fungi, and plant extracts. Compared to more traditional chemical synthesis processes, these are more environmentally benign and manageable for living organisms. This article summarises the GS of NPs made of metals and metal oxides and their anticancer effects on OC. The method's potential benefits and drawbacks in advancing metallic NPs' GS and shaping OC therapy's future were also discussed.

Antibacterial and osteogenic gain strategy on titanium surfaces for preventing implant-related infections

Infection and insufficient osseointegration are the primary factors leading to the failure of titanium-based implants. Surface coating modifications that combine both antibacterial and osteogenic properties are commonly employed strategies. However, the challenge of achieving rapid antibacterial action and consistent osteogenesis with these coatings remains unresolved. In this study, a functional composite coating (PDA/PPy@Cu/Dex) was prepared on titanium surfaces using layer-by-layer self-assembly and electrochemical deposition techniques. The hydroxyl groups grafted by polydopamine's (PDA) self-polymerization and the enhanced conductivity and uniform electric field distribution provided by polypyrrole (PPy) allowed for the even dispersion of copper nanoparticles and dexamethasone (Dex) on the titanium surface. This synergistically coupled the photothermal ion antibacterial properties of copper nanoparticles with the osteogenic promotion of dexamethasone. In vitro antibacterial experiments revealed that the heat generated by photothermal effects and reactive oxygen species enhanced the antibacterial activity of copper ions, reducing the antibacterial time to six h and achieving antibacterial enhancement. In vitro cell experiments showed that the long-term slow release of copper ions and dexamethasone enhanced the osteogenic differentiation of stem cells, thereby achieving osteogenic benefits. Moreover, in vivo toxicity experiments demonstrated that the composite coating had no adverse effects on normal tissues. Therefore, the antibacterial and osteogenic enhancement strategy for titanium surfaces presented in this study offers a new potential approach for preventing implant-associated infections.

Green Propolis Extract-Mediated Synthesis of Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles: In Vitro Antileishmanial and Antibacterial Activities, Cytotoxicity and Ex Vivo Irritation Testing

This study describes the green synthesis, characterization, and biological evaluation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) obtained from green propolis (AgNPs-PRO). Before nanoparticles synthesis, a hydroethanolic green propolis extract (GPE) was obtained through ultrasound-assisted extraction and characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography, revealing the artepilin C as the most abundant phenolic compound in its composition, followed by 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid and drupanin. The analysis of synthesized AgNPs by UV-Vis spectroscopy showed a characteristic absorption band at 430 nm. Dynamic light scattering analysis revealed mean hydrodynamic particle sizes ranging from 88 to 115 nm, with a polydispersity index between 0.229 ± 0.006 and 0.365 ± 0.054. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed that functional groups present in GPE contribute to the reduction and stabilization of AgNPs. Differential scanning calorimetry and transmission electron microscopy confirmed that AgNPs were obtained. GPE showed leishmanicidal activity against promastigote forms of Leishmania amazonensis, with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 11.87 µg/mL and a selectivity index (SI) of 12.52. Antibacterial activity of the AgNPs, assessed via the disk diffusion method, revealed inhibition zones against Escherichia coli (Gram-negative), Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive), and Candida albicans strains. The HET-CAM test indicated no signs of irritation, suggesting the biocompatibility of the developed AgNPs.

New Direction in Antimicrobial Delivery System: Preparation and Applications of Hydrogel Microspheres

Antimicrobial delivery systems have undergone extensive development, yet conventional carriers still exhibit limitations such as low loading capacity, inadequate controlled release mechanisms, and cytotoxicity. Recent studies have increasingly demonstrated the potential of Hydrogel Microspheres (HMSs) for antimicrobial delivery. These microspheres exhibit small dimensions, high drug-loading capacity, and the ability to achieve deep-targeted delivery, complemented by adjustable physicochemical properties and biocompatibility that create favorable conditions for antimicrobial transportation. This review systematically examines HMS preparation strategies, characteristic properties, transported antimicrobials, and therapeutic applications. Particular emphasis is placed on critical preparation parameters governing HMS performance, especially those influencing drug delivery dynamics. We conclude by addressing current challenges and proposing actionable strategies for material optimization and clinical translation. This work aims to advance HMS-based antimicrobial delivery systems for more effective infection control.

Synergistic anticancer potential of biogenic nanoparticles and cryptomeridiol from Sphaeranthus indicus: targeting gastric cancer through apoptosis and cell cycle arrest

Background

S. indicus has demonstrated promising therapeutic potential due to its bioactive compounds. This study investigated the cytotoxic and pro-apoptotic effects of Sphaeranthus indicus extract, its active fraction, and biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on human gastric cancer (HGT-1) cells.

Methods

The plant was collected and subjected to Soxhlet extraction using ethanol, followed by sequential solvent partitioning and silica gel column chromatography to isolate bioactive fractions. Green synthesis of AgNPs was conducted using S. indicus extract. Structural characterization was conducted via UV- spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, and FESEM. Cytotoxicity was assessed using MTT and CCK-8 assays, while apoptosis induction was evaluated through qPCR and Western blot analysis of key apoptotic markers.

Results

The ethanolic extract exhibited moderate cytotoxicity against HGT-1 cells, whereas biosynthesized AgNPs demonstrated enhanced anticancer activity with reduced toxicity to normal hepatocytes. The active fraction, identified as cryptomeridiol, showed the highest selectivity and potency against cancer cells. qPCR revealed significant upregulation of p21 and downregulation of CDK2, suggesting cell cycle arrest. Western blot analysis confirmed increased expression of caspase-3 and caspase-9 and a reduction in XIAP, indicating apoptosis activation.

Conclusion

This study underscores the potential of S. indicus bioactive compounds and AgNPs as therapeutic agents, particularly against gastric cancer. The findings provide a basis for further exploration into their mechanism of action and broader pharmacological applications. Keywords: S. indicus, Bioactive compounds, Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), Gastric cancer-HGT-1, Apoptosis.

New insights into chitosan-Ag nanocomposites synthesis: Physicochemical aspects of formation, structure-bioactivity relationship and mechanism of antioxidant activity

Herein, a novel approach to the controlled formation of chitosan-Ag nanocomposites (NCs) with different structures and tunable chemical/biological properties was proposed. The chitosan-Ag NCs were obtained using hydrothermal synthesis and varying the concentrations of components. The hypothesis of chitosan-Ag NC synthesis using polysaccharide coils as a "microreactor" system was confirmed. A comparative analysis of the physicochemical characteristics of the NCs with single-core-shell and multi-core-shell structures was carried out, and the "structure-property" relationship was revealed. The obtained NCs exhibited excellent antiradical properties, comparable to the activity of phenolic acids: the IC50 values were 0.051, 0.022, and 0.019 mg/mL for CS7, CS5, and caffeic acid, respectively. A mechanism for the antiradical activity of chitosan-Ag NCs was discussed. The redox activity of the NCs was found to be 11.4 and 2.3 mg ABTS per 1 mg of Ag in CS5 and CS7, respectively. The proposed environmentally friendly one-pot, one-step synthesis of silver nanoparticles inside chitosan "microreactors" represents an innovative approach to designing hybrid materials with nanoscale control of desired structure and properties. These findings pave the way for further optimization of biopolymer‑silver nanostructures for various biomedical and industrial applications, including the design of a new type of hybrid catalysts such as nanozymes.

Novel nanomaterials-based combating strategies against drug-resistant bacteria

Numerous types of contemporary antibiotic treatment regimens have become ineffective with the increasing incidence of drug tolerance. As a result, it is pertinent to seek novel and innovative solutions such as antibacterial nanomaterials (NMs) for the prohibition and treatment of hazardous microbial infections. Unlike traditional antibiotics (e.g., penicillin and tetracycline), the unique physicochemical characteristics (e.g., size dependency) of NMs endow them with bacteriostatic and bactericidal potential. However, it is yet difficult to mechanistically predict or decipher the networks of molecular interaction (e.g., between NMs and the biological systems) and the subsequent immune responses. In light of such research gap, this review outlines various mechanisms accountable for the inception of drug tolerance in bacteria. It also delineates the primary factors governing the NMs-induced molecular mechanisms against microbes, specifically drug-resistant bacteria along with the various NM-based mechanisms of antibacterial activity. The review also explores future directions and prospects for NMs in combating drug-resistant bacteria, while addressing challenges to their commercial viability within the healthcare industry.

Biosynthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles by Origanum majorana Aqueous Leaves Extracts, Characterization and Evaluated Against to Schistosoma haematobium

Schistosomiasis, caused by Schistosoma worms, is a major neglected tropical disease in Africa, this disease is ranked as second after malaria. Nanotechnology is important for treating schistosomiasis while minimizing chemotherapy side effects. The current investigate aimed to assess the effectiveness of biosynthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs), which were used for the first time in an attempt to find alternative treatment for schistosomiasis and synthesized by Origanum majorana, and to compare them with praziquantel (PZQ), the only chemical treatment approved by the World Health Organization. The study included evaluations both in the laboratory and in vivo. In the laboratory experiment, adult worms exposed to ZnO nanoparticles at concentrations of 100, 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25, and 3.125 μg/mL showed the highest complete mortality rates at concentrations of 100 and 50 μg/mL after 6 and 12 h, respectively. Combinations of ZnO nanoparticles at concentrations of 12.5 + 0.4, 25 + 0.3, 50 + 0.2, and 75 + 0.1 μg/mL with PZQ were also tested. In vivo, four groups of hamsters infected with Schistosoma haematobium were treated. In hamsters, the number of eggs present in the tissues as well as the size and number of granulomas significantly decreased when ZnO nanoparticles combined with PZQ were administered. The properties of ZnO particles synthesized by Origanum majorana were consistent and confirmed by all previous studies. These results indicate that green ZnO nanoparticles with PZQ showed high activity against S. haematobium in laboratory experiments.

In vitro evaluation of the antimicrobial effect of ZnO:9Ag nanoparticle and antibiotics on standard strains of Leptospira spp

Silver nanoparticles are recognized for potent antimicrobial properties against pathogenic bacteria, crucial in addressing the severity of leptospirosis, where an ideal treatment is lacking. This study focuses on assessing the antimicrobial efficacy of silver-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO:9Ag) on standard Leptospira spp. strains (six species and ten serovars). Comparisons with conventional antibiotics were made. In vitro characterizations, including minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), cell viability, membrane permeability, intracellular content release, and broth microdilution checkerboard assay, evaluated streptomycin, penicillin G, doxycycline, tetracycline, and ZnO:9Ag effects on Leptospira. The safety and toxicological effects of ZnO:9Ag were explored using the chicken embryo in vivo model. All treatments displayed notable anti-Leptospira effects. Penicillin G had a lower MIC (<0.048), contrasting ZnO:9Ag's higher MIC (6.25-50 μg/mL). Despite this, ZnO:9Ag exhibited pronounced inhibitory effects, making it a viable therapeutic option. At 100 μg/mL, ZnO:9Ag reduced cell viability in 50 % of strains, notably in L. interrogans, L. kirschneri, and L. noguchii species. ZnO:9Ag induced a significant permeability change (p < 0.05) and substantial intracellular content extravasation across all species. The checkerboard method revealed a significant synergistic antibacterial effect of the ZnO:9Ag combination with doxycycline, penicillin G, streptomycin, and tetracycline against the L. interrogans species. In vivo, ZnO:9Ag differed significantly (p < 0.05) from the negative control in the GGT enzyme parameter. In conclusion, ZnO:9Ag shows promising potential as an alternative antibacterial agent against Leptospira spp., inhibiting growth with a relatively safe and low toxicity level.

Synthesis and evaluation of drug-loaded silver nanoparticles as hemostatic agents to halt uncontrolled bleeding

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this research study was to formulate a cost-effective, stable, less toxic and more efficacious intravenous nanoformulation that could rapidly augment the process of hemostasis.

SIGNIFICANCE

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) evoked platelet activation, whereas alum (AM) neutralized the plasma proteins, causing blood coagulation. Tranexamic acid (TA) inhibited fibrinolysis and stabilized the formed blood clot.

METHODS

The nanoformulation (NF) was subjected to characterization techniques such as UV-Vis spectrophotometry, FTIR, XRD, TGA and DSC analysis, which elucidated successful drug conjugation.

RESULTS

Zeta-sizing confirmed the particle size of NF to be 256.6 nm with 0.497 PDI and a zeta potential of + 9.24 mV. In-vitro release profile exhibited first-order kinetics, indicating sustained release, conferring sustained release of NF for 12 h. NF was hemocompatible at the tested doses, as its extent of hemolysis was < 0.8% and < 1%, following EU and FDA guidelines, respectively. Ex-vivo studies revealed that NF recorded the highest viscosity, i.e. 36.5 cP, and maximum mass of clotted blood, i.e. 17.4 mg, in comparison to other combinations. In-vivo studies indicated a 100-fold dose reduction, i.e. 0.1 mg/kg, compared to the marketed formulation, Transamin®, i.e. 10 mg/kg. 10 folds dose reduction, i.e. 1 mg/kg, exhibited more efficacious results than Transamin®, owing to the synergistic effect and nano-sizing of components.

CONCLUSION

A safe, cost-effective, and relatively less toxic hemostatic nanoparticles were formulated, that can be intravenously administered to halt bleeding within seconds.

Novel biocompatible magnetron-sputtered silver coating for enhanced antibacterial properties and osteogenesis in vitro

Peri-implant infection is a serious complication in orthopedic surgery. This study aimed to reduce the incidence of peri-implant infection by developing a durable and safe antibacterial silver coating. We compared the antibacterial properties and process controllability of various coating techniques to identify the most effective method for silver coating. We refined substrate treatment techniques and coating thicknesses through antibacterial and scratch tests. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) were used to analyze the coating's morphology and composition. Micron-sized magnetron sputtering silver coating samples underwent in vitro antibacterial testing, cytotoxicity testing, silver ion release testing, and osteogenic testing using membrane contact culture, CCK-8 assay, inductively coupled plasma (ICP) detection, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity/osteogenic gene PCR. Magnetron sputtering demonstrated superior antibacterial properties, uniformity, and process controllability compared to alternative techniques. The optimal adhesion strength was achieved with a 0.5 μm coating thickness and a 400 mesh sandpaper pretreatment process, without compromising antibacterial efficacy. The coating showed near-perfect antiseptic results in antibacterial and anti-biofilm tests. Fibroblasts cultured in silver ion precipitation medium exhibited growth rates of 89% on day 30 and 88% on day 90, compared to 95% in the control group. The osteogenic test indicated that the magnetron sputtering silver coating promotes osteogenesis effectively. Our study demonstrated that micron-sized magnetron sputtering silver coating has potential for clinical use to prevent peri-implant infections in the future.

Immobilization of Silver Nanoparticles with Defensive Gum of Moringa oleifera for Antibacterial Efficacy Against Resistant Bacterial Species from Human Infections

Background: The worldwide misuse of antibiotics is one of the main factors in microbial resistance that is a serious threat worldwide. Alternative strategies are needed to overcome this issue. Objectives: In this study, a novel strategy was adopted to suppress the growth of resistant pathogens through immobilization of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in gum of Moringa oleifera. Methods: The AgNPs were prepared from the leaves of Moringa oleifera and subsequently characterized through UV-spectrophotometry, FTIR, SEM, and XRD. The differential ratios of characterized AgNPs were immobilized with gum of M. oleifera and investigated for antimicrobial potential against highly resistant pathogens. Results: The immobilized AgNPs displayed promising activities against highly resistant B. subtilis (23.6 mm; 50 µL:200 µL), E. coli (19.3 mm; 75 µL:200 µL), K. pneumoniae (22 mm; 200 µL:200 µL), P. mirabilis (16.3 mm; 100 µL:200 µL), P. aeruginosa (22 mm; 175 µL:200 µL), and S. typhi (19.3; 25 µL:200 µL) than either AgNPs alone or gum. The immobilized AgNPs released positive sliver ions that easily attached to negatively charged bacterial cells. After attachment and permeation to bacterial cells, the immobilized NPs alter the cell membrane permeability, protein/enzymes denaturation, oxidative stress (ROS), damage DNA, and change the gene expression level. It has been mechanistically considered that the immobilized AgNPs can kill bacteria by damaging their cell membranes, dephosphorylating tyrosine residues during their signal transduction pathways, inducing cell apoptosis, rupturing organelles, and inhibiting cell division, which finally leads to cell death. Conclusions: This study proposes a potential alternative drug for curing various infections.

Exploring the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using natural extracts and their potential for cancer treatment

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have attracted increasing attention in nanomedicine, with versatile applications in drug delivery, antimicrobial treatments, and cancer therapies. While chemical synthesis remains a common approach for AgNP production, ensuring environmental sustainability requires a shift toward eco-friendly, "green" synthesis techniques. This article underscores the promising role of plant extracts in the green synthesis of AgNPs, highlighting the importance of their natural sources and diverse bioactive compounds. Various characterization methods for these nanomaterials are also reviewed. Furthermore, the anticancer potential of green AgNPs (Gr-AgNPs) is examined, focusing on their mechanisms of action and the challenges to their clinical implementation. Finally, future directions in the field are discussed.

Characterization and Antibacterial Activity of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized from Oxya chinensis sinuosa (Grasshopper) Extract

In this study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized using a green method from an extract of the edible insect Oxya chinensis sinuosa (O_extract). The formation of AgNPs (O_AgNPs) was confirmed via UV-vis spectroscopy, and their stability was assessed using Turbiscan analysis. The size and morphology of the synthesized particles were characterized using transmission electron microscopy and field-emission scanning electron microscopy. Dynamic light scattering and zeta potential analyses further confirmed the size distribution and dispersion stability of the particles. The average particle size was 111.8 ± 1.5 nm, indicating relatively high stability. The synthesized O_AgNPs were further characterized using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), high-resolution X-ray diffraction (HR-XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. XPS analysis confirmed the chemical composition of the O_AgNP surface, whereas HR-XRD confirmed its crystallinity. FTIR analysis suggested that the O_extract plays a crucial role in the synthesis process. The antibacterial activity of the O_AgNPs was demonstrated using a disk diffusion assay, which revealed effective activity against common foodborne pathogens, including Salmonella Typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus cereus. O_AgNPs exhibited clear antibacterial activity, with inhibition zones of 15.08 ± 0.45 mm for S. Typhimurium, 15.03 ± 0.15 mm for E. coli, 15.24 ± 0.66 mm for S. aureus, and 13.30 ± 0.16 mm for B. cereus. These findings suggest that the O_AgNPs synthesized from the O_extract have potential for use as antibacterial agents against foodborne bacteria.

Biogenic synthesis and characterization of antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antihemolytic zinc oxide nanoparticles from Desertifilum sp. TN-15 cell extract

Cyanobacteria, being a prominent category of phototrophic organism, exhibit substantial potential as a valuable source of bioactive compounds and phytonutrients, including liposomes, amino derivatives, proteins, and carotenoids. In this investigation, a polyphasic approach was employed to isolate and characterize a newly discovered cyanobacterial strain from a rice field in the Garh Moor district of Jhang. Desertifilum sp. TN-15, a unique and less explored cyanobacterial strain, holds significant promise as a novel candidate for the synthesis of nanoparticles. This noticeable research gap underscores the novelty and untapped potential of Desertifilum sp. TN-15 in the field of nanomedicine. The characterization of the biogenically synthesized ZnO-NPs involved the application of diverse analytical techniques. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy revealed a surface plasmon resonance peak at 298 nm. Fourier transform infrared spectral analysis was utilized to confirm the involvement of biomolecules in the biogenic synthesis and stability. Scanning electron microscopy was employed to probe the surface morphology of the biogenic ZnO-NPs unveiling their size of 94.80 nm and star-shaped. Furthermore, X-ray diffraction analysis substantiated the crystalline nature of ZnO-NPs, with a crystalline size measuring 46 nm. To assess the physical stability of ZnO-NPs, zeta potential and dynamic light scattering measurements were conducted, yielding values of + 31.6 mV, and 94.80 nm, respectively, indicative of favorable stability. The antibacterial capabilities of Desertifilum sp. TN-15 are attributed to its abundance of bioactive components, including proteins, liposomes, amino derivatives, and carotenoids. Through the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) with this strain, we have effectively used these chemicals to generate nanoparticles that exhibit noteworthy antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (MIC: 30.05 ± 0.003 µg/ml). Additionally, the ZnO-NPs displayed potent antifungal activity and antioxidant properties, as well as significant antihemolytic effects on red blood cells (IC50: 4.8 µg/ml). Cytotoxicity assessment using brine shrimps revealed an IC50 value of 3.1 µg/ml. The multifaceted actions of the biogenically synthesized ZnO-NPs underscore their potential applications in pharmacological and therapeutic fields. This study proposes a novel method for ZnO-NPs production utilizing the recently identified cyanobacterial strain Desertifilum sp. TN-15, highlighting the growing significance of biological systems in the environmentally friendly fabrication of metallic oxide nanomaterials.

Incorporating nanosilver with glass ionomer cement-A literature review

OBJECTIVES

The objectives of this study were to retrieve and review studies that incorporated nanosilver with GIC and summarise the evidence regarding the properties of nanosilver-modified GIC.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Two independent researchers performed a literature search using the keywords (nanosilver OR nano-silver OR (nano silver) OR (silver nanoparticles)) AND (GIC OR (glass ionomer cement) OR (glass ionomer cements)) in PubMed, Web of Science and ScienceDirect.

RESULTS

A total of 368 articles were identified. After removing duplicate results, titles and abstracts were screened for eligibility. Full texts of publications that investigated the manufacture and properties of nanosilver-modified GIC were retrieved and analysed. Finally, 21 studies were included.

CONCLUSIONS

All of the studies reviewed in this investigation included the incorporation of nanosilver in GIC. The proportions of nanosilver added into GIC varied from 0.05 % to 50 %. Thirteen studies investigated the antimicrobial properties of nanosilver-modified GIC; all studies supported that adding nanosilver enhanced antimicrobial effectiveness. Nineteen studies reported the mechanical properties including compressive strength, flexure strength, tensile strength, and microhardness of nanosilver-modified GIC; but the results were inconclusive. Four studies tested the bonding strength of nanosilver-modified GIC to dentine and found that adding nanosilver would not influence the bonding property of GIC. Some studies explored fluoride release level, colour stability, and cytotoxicity of nanosilver-modified GIC; but the results were all inconclusive.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

This literature review is the first study to retrieve and summarise the findings and evidence regarding nanosilver-modified GIC research. It can provide clinicians with clinically relevant information about novel GIC materials that can be used in their treatment decisions.

Cytotoxic and Apoptotic Effects of Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles via Reactive Oxygen Species-Mediated Mitochondrial Pathway in Human Breast Cancer Cells

Due to their exceptional physicochemical features, green synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been of considerable interest in cancer treatment. In the present study, for the first time, we aimed to green synthesize AgNPs from Euphorbia retusa and explore their anticancer potential on human breast cancer (MCF-7) cells. First, the green synthesized AgNPs (EU-AgNPs) were well characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transmission infrared (FTIR) spectrum, XRD, scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM), and EDX techniques. The characterization data exhibited that EU-AgNPs were spherical in shape and crystalline in nature with an average size of 17.8 nm. FTIR results established the presence of active metabolites in EU-AgNPs. Second, the anticancer effect of EU-AgNPs was evaluated against MCF-7 cells by MTT and neutral red uptake (NRU) assays. Moreover, morphological changes, ROS production, MMP, and apoptotic marker genes were also studied upon exposure to cytotoxic doses of EU-AgNPs. Our results showed that EU-AgNPs induce cytotoxicity in a concentration-dependent manner, with an IC50 value of 40 μg/mL. Morphological changes in MCF-7 cells exposed to EU-AgNPs also confirm their cytotoxic effects. Increased ROS and decreased MMP levels revealed that EU-AgNPs induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial membrane dysfunction. Moreover, ROS-mediated apoptosis was confirmed by elevated levels of proapoptotic marker genes (p53, Bax, caspase-3, and caspase-9) and reduced levels of an antiapoptotic gene (Bcl-2). Altogether, these findings suggested that EU-AgNPs could induce potential anticancer effects through ROS-mediated apoptosis in MCF-7 cells.

Therapeutic strategies for drug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Metal and metal oxide nanoparticles

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) is a widely prevalent opportunistic pathogen. Multiple resistant strains of PA have emerged from excessive or inappropriate use of antibiotics, making their eradication increasingly difficult. Therefore, the search for highly efficient and secure novel antimicrobial agents is crucial. According to reports, there is an increasing exploration of nanometals for antibacterial purposes. The antibacterial mechanisms involving the nanomaterials themselves, the release of ions, and the induced oxidative stress causing leakage and damage to biomolecules are widely accepted. Additionally, the study of the cytotoxicity of metal nanoparticles is crucial for their antibacterial applications. This article summarizes the types of metal nanomaterials and metal oxide nanomaterials that can be used against PA, their respective unique antibacterial mechanisms, cytotoxicity, and efforts made to improve antibacterial performance and reduce toxicity, including combination therapy with other materials and antibiotics, as well as green synthesis approaches.

Effects of silver-decorated PLGA nanoparticles on Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms and evaluation of the detoxification limit of bacteria against these nanoparticles

Silver nanoparticles exert high antibacterial activity and thus have been used in polymeric formulations for drug delivery. In recent years, polymeric formulations containing silver nanoparticles have been found to be highly effective against biofilm infections, which are difficult to treat with drugs only. However, the antibacterial effects of silver nanoparticles in polymer composites depending on administration time are still unknown. In this study, we used transmission electron microscopy to investigate the antibacterial activity of silver decorated poly(dl-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) (Ag PLGA) nanoparticles against Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms at different treatment times. LIVE/DEAD assay result showed that approximately 85% of the bacteria in the biofilms was killed after 6 h of administering the Ag PLGA nanoparticles. The formulation comprising Ag PLGA nanoparticles was found to be highly effective and to exhibit low cytotoxicity. However, silver nanoparticles were ejected from the bacterial cells up to 4 h after treatment administration due to the self-protection properties of the bacteria. On the basis of the results, we propose a potential mechanism for the antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles per treatment time, taking into account the detoxification activity of bacterial cells. This information can contribute not only to an understanding of foreign-body elimination but also to the design of effective formulations against biofilm infections.

Bactericidal, anti-hemolytic, and anticancerous activities of phytofabricated silver nanoparticles of glycine max seeds

Introduction

Soybean is a rich source of bioactive components with good nutritional support and is easily available. In the treatment of cancer, green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from plant-based samples has gained attentions due to its potency and feasibility. In the present study, using soybean extracts (GM), silver nanoparticles are synthesized and analyzed for their anticancer potency.

Methods

The synthesized GM-AgNPs were characterized via UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) techniques for further analysis. Antibacterial activity was evaluated using the disc method and anti-hemolysis activity using the in vitro method, followed by anticancer property evaluation by cytotoxicity, cell migration, apoptosis, and cell cycle.

Results and discussion

Our results showed that the synthesized GM-AgNPs were spiral-shaped with a size range of 5-50 nm. The antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae showed the maximum zone of inhibition at 250 μg/mL in comparison with gentamicin. On exploring the anti-hemolysis efficiency, at 200 μg/mL, GM-AgNPs showed no hemolysis in comparison to the extract which showed 40% hemolysis. On analysis of GM-AgNPs against the breast cancer cell line, the nanoparticles displayed the IC50 value of 74.04 μg/mL. Furthermore, at the IC50 concentration, cancer cell migration was reduced. The mechanism of action of GM-AgNPs confirmed the initiation of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in the sub-G0/G1 (growth phase) phase by 48.19%. In gene expression and protein expression analyses, Bax and Bcl-2 were altered to those of normal physiology.

Advancing biomedical applications: an in-depth analysis of silver nanoparticles in antimicrobial, anticancer, and wound healing roles

Introduction: Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have gained significant attention in biomedical applications due to their unique physicochemical properties. This review focuses on the roles of AgNPs in antimicrobial activity, anticancer therapy, and wound healing, highlighting their potential to address critical health challenges. Methods: A bibliometric analysis was conducted using publications from the Scopus database, covering research from 2002 to 2024. The study included keyword frequency, citation patterns, and authorship networks. Data was curated with Zotero and analyzed using Bibliometrix R and VOSviewer for network visualizations. Results: The study revealed an increasing trend in research on AgNPs, particularly in antimicrobial applications, leading to 8,668 publications. Anticancer and wound healing applications followed, with significant contributions from India and China. The analysis showed a growing focus on "green synthesis" methods, highlighting a shift towards sustainable production. Key findings indicated the effectiveness of AgNPs in combating multidrug-resistant bacteria, inducing apoptosis in cancer cells, and promoting tissue regeneration in wound healing. Discussion: The widespread research and applications of AgNPs underscore their versatility in medical interventions. The study emphasizes the need for sustainable synthesis methods and highlights the potential risks, such as long-term toxicity and environmental impacts. Future research should focus on optimizing AgNP formulations for clinical use and further understanding their mechanisms of action. Conclusion: AgNPs play a pivotal role in modern medicine, particularly in addressing antimicrobial resistance, cancer treatment, and wound management. Ongoing research and international collaboration are crucial for advancing the safe and effective use of AgNPs in healthcare.

Antibacterial and antibiofilm efficacy of Solanum lasiocarpum root extract synthesized silver/silver chloride nanoparticles against Staphylococcus haemolyticus associated with bovine mastitis

Staphylococcus haemolyticus is a cause of bovine mastitis, leading to inflammation in the mammary gland. This bacterial infection adversely affects animal health, reducing milk quality and yield. Its emergence has been widely reported, representing a significant economic loss for dairy farms. Interestingly, S. haemolyticus exhibits higher levels of antimicrobial resistance than other coagulase-negative Staphylococci. In this study, we synthesized silver/silver chloride nanoparticles (Ag/AgCl-NPs) using Solanum lasiocarpum root extract and evaluated their antibacterial and antibiofilm activities against S. haemolyticus. The formation of the Ag/AgCl-NPs was confirmed using UV-visible spectroscopy, which revealed maximum absorption at 419 nm. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis demonstrated the crystalline nature of the Ag/AgCl-NPs, exhibiting a face-centered cubic lattice. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy elucidated the functional groups potentially involved in the Ag/AgCl-NPs synthesis. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis revealed that the average particle size of the Ag/AgCl-NPs was 10 nm. Antimicrobial activity results indicated that the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and maximum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the Ag/AgCl-NPs treatment were 7.82-15.63 μg/mL towards S. haemolyticus. Morphological changes in bacterial cells treated with the Ag/AgCl-NPs were observed under scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The Ag/AgCl-NPs reduced both the biomass of biofilm formation and preformed biofilm by approximately 20.24-94.66 % and 13.67-88.48 %. Bacterial viability within biofilm formation and preformed biofilm was reduced by approximately 21.56-77.54 % and 18.9-71.48 %, respectively. This study provides evidence of the potential of the synthesized Ag/AgCl-NPs as an antibacterial and antibiofilm agent against S. haemolyticus.

Next-generation antibacterial nanopolymers for treating oral chronic inflammatory diseases of bacterial origin

BACKGROUND

'Periodontitis' refers to periodontal destruction of connective tissue attachment and bone, in response to microorganisms forming subgingival biofilms on the root surface, while 'apical periodontitis' refers to periapical inflammatory processes occurring in response to microorganisms within the root canal system. The treatment of both diseases is based on the elimination of the bacterial challenge, though its predictability depends on the ability of disrupting these biofilms, what may need adjunctive antibacterial strategies, such as the next-generation antibacterial strategies (NGAS). From all the newly developed NGAS, the use of polymeric nanotechnology may pose a potential effective approach. Although some of these strategies have only been tested in vitro and in preclinical in vivo models, their use holds a great potential, and therefore, it is relevant to understand their mechanism of action and evaluate their scientific evidence of efficacy.

OBJECTIVES

To explore NGAS based on polymeric nanotechnology used for the potential treatment of periodontitis and apical periodontitis.

METHOD

A systemic search of scientific publications of adjunctive antimicrobial strategies using nanopolymers to treat periodontal and periapical diseases was conducted using The National Library of Medicine (MEDLINE by PubMed), The Cochrane Oral Health Group Trials Register, EMBASE and Web of Science.

RESULTS

Different polymeric nanoparticles, nanofibres and nanostructured hydrogels combined with antimicrobial substances have been identified in the periodontal literature, being the most commonly used nanopolymers of polycaprolactone, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) and chitosan. As antimicrobials, the most frequently used have been antibiotics, though other antimicrobial substances, such as metallic ions, peptides and naturally derived products, have also been added to the nanopolymers.

CONCLUSION

Polymeric nanomaterials containing antimicrobial compounds may be considered as a potential NGAS. Its relative efficacy, however, is not well understood since most of the existing evidence is derived from in vitro or preclinical in vivo studies.

Antibacterial efficacy and osteogenic potential of mineral trioxide aggregate-based retrograde filling material incorporated with silver nanoparticle and calcium fluoride

Background/purpose

The retrograde filling material, particularly mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) employed in apicoectomy, should possess high antibacterial efficacy and osteogenic potential. We evaluated the antibacterial efficacy, biocompatibility, and osteogenic potential following the addition of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and calcium fluoride (CaF2) in retrograde filling material of MTA.

Materials and methods

MTA was mixed with four different solvents. Group 1 (G1): distilled water, Group 2 (G2): 50 ppm AgNPs, Group 3 (G3): 1 wt% CaF2, and Group 4 (G4): 50 ppm AgNPs and 1 wt% CaF2. The pH variation of each group was monitored, while the surface roughness was measured. The antibacterial efficacy against Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) and the viability of murine pre-osteoblast (MC3T3) were evaluated for each group using colorimetric assays. The gene expression levels of osteogenic potential marker (OCN, ALPL, and RUNX2) in MC3T3 cells for each group were quantified using real-time-qPCR. Statistical analysis was performed at α = 0.05 level of significance.

Results

When comparing the levels of antibacterial efficacy, the order of effectiveness was G4>G2>G3>G1 (P < 0.05). In the cell viability test, owing to MTA-eluted growth medium having a positive effect on MC3T3 cell proliferation, G1-4 exhibited a statistically increased cell viability compared to the control (P < 0.05). However, G2-4 did not result in a statistically significant difference when compared to G1 (P < 0.05). Moreover, G4 exhibited the highest gene expression among the four groups (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

The addition of AgNPs and CaF2 to MTA could be a promising option for use as a new retrograde filling material.

A review of microbes mediated biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles and their enhanced antimicrobial activities

In recent decades, biosynthesis of metal and (or) metal oxide nanoparticles using microbes is accepted as one of the most sustainable, cost-effective, robust, and green processes as it does not encompass the usage of largely hazardous chemicals. Accordingly, numerous simple, inexpensive, and environmentally friendly approaches for the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were reported using microbes avoiding conventional (chemical) methods. This comprehensive review detailed an advance made in recent years in the microbes-mediated biosynthesis of AgNPs and evaluation of their antimicrobial activities covering the literature from 2015-till date. It also aimed at elaborating the possible effect of the different phytochemicals, their concentrations, extraction temperature, extraction solvent, pH, reaction time, reaction temperature, and concentration of precursor on the shape, size, and stability of the synthesized AgNPs. In addition, while trying to understand the antimicrobial activities against targeted pathogenic microbes the probable mechanism of the interaction of produced AgNPs with the cell wall of targeted microbes that led to the cell's reputed and death have also been detailed. Lastly, this review detailed the shape and size-dependent antimicrobial activities of the microbes-mediated AgNPs and their enhanced antimicrobial activities by synergetic interaction with known commercially available antibiotic drugs.

Biosynthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles from Cedrela toona leaf extracts: An exploration into their antibacterial, anticancer, and antioxidant potential

This research work aims to synthesize environmentally benign and cost-effective metal nanoparticles. In this current research scenario, the leaf extract of Cedrela toona was used as a reducing agent to biosynthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The synthesis of AgNPs was confirmed by the color shift of the reaction mixture, i.e., silver nitrate and plant extract, from yellow to dark brown colloidal suspension and was established by UV-visible analysis showing a surface plasmon resonance band at 434 nm. Different experimental factors were optimized for the formation and stability of AgNPs, and the optimum conditions were found to be 1 mM AgNO3 concentration, a 1:9 ratio of extract/precursor, and an incubation temperature of 70°C for 4 h. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectra indicated the presence of phytochemicals in the leaf extract that played the role of bioreducing agents in forming AgNPs. X-ray diffraction patterns confirmed the presence of AgNPs with a mean size of 25.9 nm. The size distribution and morphology of AgNPs were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, which clearly highlighted spherical nanoparticles with a size distribution of 22–30 nm with a mean average size of 25.5 nm. Moreover, prominent antibacterial activity was found against Enterococcus faecalis (21 ± 0.5 mm), Bacillus subtilis (20 ± 0.9 mm), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (18 ± 0.3 mm), Staphylococcus aureus (16 ± 0.7 mm), Klebsiella pneumoniae (16 ± 0.3 mm), and Escherichia coli (14 ± 0.7 mm). In addition, antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH and ABTS assays. Higher antioxidant activity was reported in AgNPs compared to the plant extract in both DPPH (IC50 = 69.62 µg·ml−1) and ABTS assays (IC50 = 47.90 µg·ml−1). Furthermore, cytotoxic activity was also investigated by the MTT assay against MCF-7 cells, and IC50 was found to be 32.55 ± 0.05 µg·ml−1. The crux of this research is that AgNPs synthesized from the Cedrela toona leaf extract could be employed as antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer agents for the treatment of bacterial, free radical-oriented, and cancerous diseases.

Pseudomonas otitidis-mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles: characterization, antimicrobial and antibiofilm potential

This study explores the eco-friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using soil bacteria, Pseudomonas otitidis. The bio-synthesized AgNPs were characterized using various techniques, including UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). UV-visible spectroscopy revealed a distinct broad absorption band in the range of 443 nm, indicating the reduction of silver nitrate to AgNPs. XRD analysis provided evidence of the crystalline nature of the particles, with sharp peaks confirming their crystallinity and an average size of 82.76 nm. FTIR spectroscopy identified extracellular protein compounds as capping agents. SEM examination revealed spherical agglomeration of the crystalline AgNPs. The antimicrobial assay by a disc diffusion method, minimum inhibitory concentration, and minimum bactericidal concentration testing revealed that the biosynthesized AgNPs showed moderate antibacterial activity against both pathogenic Gram-negative (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii) and Gram-positive (Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus mutans) bacterial strains. Furthermore, the AgNPs significantly disrupted the biofilm of P. aeruginosa, as confirmed by crystal violet assay and fluorescent microscopy. Overall, this study underscores the potential of microbial-synthesized nanoparticles in biomedical applications, particularly in combating pathogenic bacteria, offering a promising avenue for future research and development.

Bioinspired and Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles for Medical Applications: A Green Perspective

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) possess unmatched chemical, biological, and physical properties that make them unique compounds as antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, and anticancer agents. With the increasing drug resistance, AgNPs serve as promising entities for targeted drug therapy against several bacterial, fungal, and viral components. In addition, AgNPs also serve as successful anticancer agents against several cancers, including breast, prostate, and lung cancers. Several works in recent years have been done towards the development of AgNPs by using plant extracts like flowers, leaves, bark, root, stem, and whole plant parts. The green method of AgNP synthesis thus has several advantages over chemical and physical methods, especially the low cost of synthesis, no toxic byproducts, eco-friendly production pathways, can be easily regenerated, and the bio-reducing potential of plant derived nanoparticles. Furthermore, AgNPs are biocompatible and do not harm normally functioning human or host cells. This review provides an exhaustive overview and potential of green synthesized AgNPs that can be used as antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, and anticancer agents. After a brief introduction, we discussed the recent studies on the development of AgNPs from different plant extracts, including leaf parts, seeds, flowers, stems, bark, root, and whole plants. In the following section, we highlighted the different therapeutic actions of AgNPs against various bacteria, fungi, viruses, and cancers, including breast, prostate, and lung cancers. We then highlighted the general mechanism of action of AgNPs. The advantages of the green synthesis method over chemical and physical methods were then discussed in the article. Finally, we concluded the review by providing future perspectives on this promising field in nanotechnology.

Braided silk sutures coated with photoreduced silver nanoparticles for eradicating Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans infections

BACKGROUND

Infections resulting from surgical procedures and wound closures continue to pose significant challenges in healthcare settings. To address this issue, the investigators have developed antibacterial non-resorbable braided silk sutures using in situ deposited silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and investigated their efficacy in eradicating Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans infections.

METHODS

The braided silk sutures were modified through a simple and efficient in situ photoreduction method, resulting in the uniform distribution of AgNPs along the suture surface. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamic light scattering analysis (DLS) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy analysis (FTIR) confirming their successful integration onto the silk sutures. The antibacterial activity of the nanoparticle coated sutures were compared and evaluated with non-coated braided silk sutures through in vitro assays against both S. aureus and S. mutans.

RESULTS

The surface and cross-sectional analysis of the treated sutures revealed a uniform and homogeneous distribution of silver particles achieved through the photoreduction of silver solution. This observation confirms the successful coating of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on the sutures. The antimicrobial studies conducted, demonstrated significant reductions in bacterial colonies when exposed to the silver nanoparticle-coated sutures. Notably, the width of the inhibition zone surrounding the coated sutures remained consistently wide and stable for duration up to 7 days. This sustained and robust inhibitory effect against gram-positive bacteria, specifically S. aureus and S. mutans, serves as strong evidence of the antibacterial efficacy of the coated sutures.

CONCLUSION

The coating of silk sutures with AgNPs provided a significant and effective antibacterial capacity to the surgical sutures, with this activity being sustained for a period of 7 days. This suggests that AgNPs-in situ photoreduction deposited sutures have the potential to effectively manage S. aureus and S. mutans infections.

Mechanisms of bacterial resistance to environmental silver and antimicrobial strategies for silver: A review

The good antimicrobial properties of silver make it widely used in food, medicine, and environmental applications. However, the release and accumulation of silver-based antimicrobial agents in the environment is increasing with the extensive use of silver-based antimicrobials, and the prevalence of silver-resistant bacteria is increasing. To prevent the emergence of superbugs, it is necessary to exercise rational and strict control over drug use. The mechanism of bacterial resistance to silver has not been fully elucidated, and this article provides a review of the progress of research on the mechanism of bacterial resistance to silver. The results indicate that bacterial resistance to silver can occur through inducing silver particles aggregation and Ag+ reduction, inhibiting silver contact with and entry into cells, efflux of silver particles and Ag+ in cells, and activation of damage repair mechanisms. We propose that the bacterial mechanism of silver resistance involves a combination of interrelated systems. Finally, we discuss how this information can be used to develop the next generation of silver-based antimicrobials and antimicrobial therapies. And some antimicrobial strategies are proposed such as the "Trojan Horse" - camouflage, using efflux pump inhibitors to reduce silver efflux, working with "minesweeper", immobilization of silver particles.

Non-lamellar lyotropic liquid crystalline nanoparticles as nanocarriers for enhanced drug encapsulation of atorvastatin calcium and proanthocyanidins

Atorvastatin calcium (ATV) and proanthocyanidins (PAC) have a strong antioxidant activity, that can benefit to reduce the atherosclerotic plaque progression. Unfortunately, the bioavailability of ATV is greatly reduced due to its limited drug solubility while the PAC drug is unstable upon exposure to the atmospheric oxygen. Herein, the lyotropic liquid crystalline nanoparticles (LLCNPs) constructed by a binary mixture of soy phosphatidylcholine (SPC) and citric acid ester of monoglyceride (citrem) at different weight ratios were used to encapsulate the hydrophobic ATV and hydrophilic PAC. The LLCNPs were further characterized by small-angle X-ray scattering and dynamic light scattering. Depending on the lipid composition, the systems have a size range of 140-190 nm and were able to encapsulate both drugs in the range of 90-100%. Upon increasing the citrem content of drug-loaded LLCNPs, the hexosomes (H2) was completely transformed to an emulsified inverse micellar (L2). The optimum encapsulation efficiency (EE) of ATV and PAC were obtained in citrem/SPC weight ratio 4:1 (L2) and 1:1 (H2), respectively. There was a substantial change in the mean size and PDI of the nanoparticles upon 30 days of storage with the ATV-loaded LLCNPs exhibiting greater colloidal instability than PAC-loaded LLCNPs. The biphasic released pattern (burst released at the initial stage followed by the sustained released at the later stage) was perceived in ATV formulation, while the burst drug released pattern was observed in PAC formulations that could be attributed by its internal H2 structure. Interestingly, the cytokine studies showed that the PAC-LLCNPs promisingly up regulate the expressions of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) better than the drug-free and ATV-loaded LLCNPs samples. The structural tunability of citrem/SPC nanoparticles and their effect on physicochemical characteristic, biological activities and potential as an alternative drug delivery platform in the treatment of atherosclerosis are discussed.

Bactericidal Effect and Cytotoxicity of Graphene Oxide/Silver Nanocomposites

To tackle the proliferation of pathogenic microorganisms without relying on antibiotics, innovative materials boasting antimicrobial properties have been engineered. This study focuses on the development of graphene oxide/silver (GO/Ag) nanocomposites, derived from partially reduced graphene oxide adorned with silver nanoparticles. Various nanocomposites with different amounts of silver (GO/Ag-1, GO/Ag-2, GO/Ag-3, and GO/Ag-4) were synthesized, and their antibacterial efficacy was systematically studied. The silver nanoparticles were uniformly deposited on the partially reduced graphene oxide surface, exhibiting spherical morphologies with an average size of 25 nm. The nanocomposites displayed potent antibacterial properties against both gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus and B. subtilis) and gram-negative bacteria (E. coli and S. enterica) as confirmed by minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) studies and time-dependent experiments. The optimal MIC for Gram-positive bacteria was 62.5 μg/mL and for Gram-negative bacteria was 125 μg/mL for the GO/Ag nanocomposites. Bacterial cells that encountered the nanocomposite films exhibited significantly greater inhibitory effects compared to those exposed to conventional antibacterial materials. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity of these nanocomposites was assessed using human epithelial cells (HEC), revealing that GO/Ag-1 and GO/Ag-2 exhibited lower toxicity levels toward HEC and remained compatible even at higher dilution rates. This study underscores the potential of GO/Ag-based nanocomposites as versatile materials for antibacterial applications, particularly as biocompatible wound dressings, offering promising prospects for wound healing and infection control.

Exploring the Ecological Implications, Gastronomic Applications, and Nutritional and Therapeutic Potential of Juglans regia L. (Green Walnut): A Comprehensive Review

The green walnut, which is frequently overlooked in favor of its more mature sibling, is becoming a topic of great significance because of its unique ecological role, culinary flexibility, and therapeutic richness. The investigation of the bioactive substances found in green walnuts and their possible effects on human health has therapeutic potential. Juglans regia L. is an important ecological component that affects soil health, biodiversity, and the overall ecological dynamic in habitats. Comprehending and recording these consequences are essential for environmental management and sustainable land-use strategies. Regarding cuisine, while black walnuts are frequently the main attraction, green walnuts have distinct tastes and textures that are used in a variety of dishes. Culinary innovation and the preservation of cultural food heritage depend on the understanding and exploration of these gastronomic characteristics. Omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals are abundant in green walnuts, which have a comprehensive nutritional profile. Walnuts possess a wide range of pharmacological properties, including antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and cognitive-function-enhancing properties. Consuming green walnuts as part of one's diet helps with antioxidant defense, cardiovascular health, and general well-being. Juglans regia L., with its distinctive flavor and texture combination, is not only a delicious food but also supports sustainable nutrition practices. This review explores the nutritional and pharmacological properties of green walnuts, which can be further used for studies in various food and pharmaceutical applications.

Innovative textiles treated with TiO2-AgNPs with succinic acid as a cross-linking agent for medical uses

Silver and titanium-silver nanoparticles have unique properties that make the textile industry progress through the high quality of textiles. Preparation of AgNPs and TiO2-Ag core-shell nanoparticles in different concentrations (0.01% and 0.1% OWF) and applying it to cotton fabrics (Giza 88 and Giza 94) by using succinic acid 5%/SHP as a cross-linking agent. Ultra-violet visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD), dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) are tools for AgNPs and TiO2-AgNPs characterization and the treated cotton. The resulting AgNPs and TiO2-AgNPs were added to cotton fabrics at different concentrations. The antimicrobial activities, UV protection, self-cleaning, and the treated fabrics' mechanical characteristics were investigated. Silver nanoparticles and titanium dioxide-silver nanoparticles core-shell were prepared to be used in the treatment of cotton fabrics to improve their UV protection properties, self-cleaning, elongation and strength, as well as the antimicrobial activities to use the produced textiles for medical and laboratory uses and to increase protection for medical workers taking into account the spread of infection. The results demonstrated that a suitable distribution of prepared AgNPs supported the spherical form. Additionally, AgNPs and TiO2-AgNPs have both achieved stability, with values of (- 20.8 mV and - 30 mV, respectively). The synthesized nanoparticles spread and penetrated textiles' surfaces with efficiency. The findings demonstrated the superior UV protection value (UPF 50+) and self-cleaning capabilities of AgNPs and TiO2-AgNPs. In the treatment with 0.01% AgNPs and TiO2-AgNPs, the tensile strength dropped, but the mechanical characteristics were enhanced by raising the concentration to 0.1%. The results of this investigation demonstrated that the cotton fabric treated with TiO2-AgNPs exhibited superior general characteristics when compared to the sample treated only with AgNPs.

Anticancer effect and laser photostability of ternary graphene oxide/chitosan/silver nanocomposites on various cancer cell lines

Aims: The development of nanocomposites (NCs) of antitumor activity provides a new paradigm for fighting cancer. Here, a novel NC of green synthetic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), graphene oxide (GO) and chitosan (Cs) NPs was developed. Materials & methods: The prepared GO/Cs/Ag NCs were analyzed using various techniques. Cytotoxicity of the NCs was evaluated against different cancer cell lines by Sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay. Results: GO/Cs/Ag NCs are novel and highly stable. UV-Vis showed two peaks at 227 and 469 nm, indicating the decoration of AgNPs on the surface of GO/Cs NPs. All tested cell lines were affected by GO/Cs NPs and GO/Cs/Ag NCs. Conclusion: The results indicate that GO/Cs/Ag NCs were present on tested cell lines and are a promising candidate for cancer therapy.

A Comprehensive Review on Synthesis of Silver Nano-particles: An Update

Abstract:

Silver and silver salts have been used since the beginning of civilization, but silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) have just recently been discovered. They have been employed as antioxidants and antibacterial, antifungal, and potential anticáncer agents in agriculture and medicine. Many bacteria, including Bacilluscereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Citrobacter koseri, Salmonella typhii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and the fungus Candida albicans, were shown to be inhibited in their growth and multiplication by binding Ag/Ag+ to biomolecules that are present in microbial cells. Ag NPs are thought to create reactive oxygen species and free radicals, which cause apoptosis, cell death, and hinder cell reproduction. Ag NPs diffuse in side cells and break because they are smaller than bacteria. The researchers have developed numerous methods of their synthesis. The present review focused on the latest evidence related to silver nanoparticles, several methods of preparations, along with examples listed in the literature.

Assessment of Silver Nanoparticles Derived from Brown Algae Sargassum vulgare: Insight into Antioxidants, Anticancer, Antibacterial and Hepatoprotective Effect

Algae are used as safe materials to fabricate novel nanoparticles to treat some diseases. Marine brown alga Sargassum vulgare are used to fabricate silver nanoparticles (Sv/Ag-NPs). The characterization of Sv/Ag-NPs was determined by TEM, EDX, Zeta potential, XRD, and UV spectroscopy. The Sv/Ag-NPs were investigated as antioxidant, anticancer, and antibacterial activities against Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus mojavensis PP400982, Staphylococcus caprae PP401704, Staphylococcus capitis PP402689, and Staphylococcus epidermidis PP403851. The activity of the Sv/Ag-NPs was evaluated as hepatoprotective in vitro in comparison with silymarin. The UV-visible spectrum of Sv/Ag-NPs appeared at 442 nm; the size of Sv/Ag-NPs is in range between 6.90 to 16.97 nm, and spherical in shape. Different concentrations of Sv/Ag-NPs possessed antioxidant, anticancer activities against (HepG-2), colon carcinoma (HCT-116), cervical carcinoma (HeLa), and prostate carcinoma (PC-3) with IC50 50.46, 45.84, 78.42, and 100.39 µg/mL, respectively. The Sv/Ag-NPs induced the cell viability of Hep G2 cells and hepatocytes treated with carbon tetrachloride. The Sv/Ag-NPs exhibited antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus caprae PP401704, Staphylococcus capitis PP402689, and Staphylococcus epidermidis PP403851. This study strongly suggests the silver nanoparticles derived from Sargassum vulgare showed potential hepato-protective effect against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver cells, and could be used as anticancer and antibacterial activities.

Restoration of Antibacterial Activity of Inactive Antibiotics via Combined Treatment with AgNPs

Antimicrobial resistance poses a huge threat to human health around the world and calls for novel treatments. Combined formulations of NPs and antibiotics have emerged as a viable nanoplatform for combating bacterial resistance. The present research work was performed to investigate the effect of combined formulations of AgNPs with streptomycin, cefaclor, ciprofloxacin, and trimethoprim against multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae. AgNPs have been synthesized by using the Nigella sativa seed extract, and their characteristics were analyzed. AgNPs depicted concentration-dependent antibacterial effects, as the highest concentration of AgNPs showed the strongest antibacterial activity. Interestingly, AgNPs in conjugation with antibiotics showed an enhanced antibacterial potential against both S. aureus and K. pneumoniae, which suggested synergism between the AgNPs and antibiotics. Against S. aureus, streptomycin and trimethoprim in conjugation with AgNPs presented a synergistic effect, while cefaclor and ciprofloxacin in combination with AgNPs showed an additive effect. However, all of the tested antibiotics depicted a synergistic effect against K. pneumoniae. The lowest value of MIC (0.78 μg/mL) was shown by AgNPs-Stp against S. aureus, whereas AgNPs-Tmp showed the lowest value of MIC (1.56 μg/mL) against K. pneumoniae. The most important point of the present study is that both organisms (S. aureus and K. pneumoniae) showed resistance to antibiotics but turned out to be highly susceptible when the same antibiotic was used in combination with AgNPs. These findings highlight the potential of nanoconjugates (the AgNPs-antibiotic complex) to mitigate the present-day crisis of antibiotic resistance and to combat antimicrobial infections efficiently.

Unravelling the Antimicrobial, Antibiofilm, Suppressing Fibronectin Binding Protein A (fnba) and cna Virulence Genes, Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Potential of Biosynthesized Solanum lycopersicum Silver Nanoparticles

Background and Objectives: Urinary tract infections [UTIs] are considered the third most known risk of infection in human health around the world. There is increasing appreciation for the pathogenicity of Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains in UTIs, aside from fungal infection, as they have numerous virulence factors. Materials and Methods: In this study, fifty urine samples were collected from patients suffering from UTI. Among the isolates of UTI microbes, six isolates were described as MDR isolates after an antibiotic susceptibility test carried out using ten different antibiotics. An alternative treatment for microbial elimination involved the use of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) derived from Solanum lycopersicum [S. cumin]. Results: The sizes and shapes of AgNPs were characterized through TEM imaging, which showed spherical particles in a size range of 35-80 nm, of which the average size was 53 nm. Additionally, the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) demonstrated inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus (OR648079), exhibiting a 31 mm zone of inhibition at a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 4 mg/mL and a minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 8 mg/mL. This was followed by Aspergillus niger (OR648075), which showed a 30 mm inhibition zone at an MIC of 16 mg/mL and a minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of 32 mg/mL. Then, Enterococcus faecalis (OR648078), Klebsiella pneumoniae (OR648081), and Acinetobacter baumannii (OR648080) each displayed a 29 mm zone of inhibition at an MIC of 8 mg/mL and an MBC of 16 mg/mL. The least inhibition was observed against Candida auris (OR648076), with a 25 mm inhibition zone at an MIC of 16 mg/mL and an MFC of 32 mg/mL. Furthermore, AgNPs at different concentrations removed DPPH and H2O2 at an IC50 value of 13.54 μg/mL. Also, AgNPs at 3 mg/mL showed remarkable DNA fragmentation in all bacterial strains except Enterococcus faecalis. The phytochemical analysis showed the presence of different active organic components in the plant extract, which concluded that rutin was 88.3 mg/g, garlic acid was 70.4 mg/g, and tannic acid was 23.7 mg/g. Finally, AgNPs concentrations in the range of 3-6 mg/mL showed decreased expression of two of the fundamental genes necessary for biofilm formation within Staphylococcus aureus, fnbA (6 folds), and Cna (12.5 folds) when compared with the RecA gene, which decreased by one-fold when compared with the control sample. These two genes were submitted with NCBI accession numbers [OR682119] and [OR682118], respectively. Conclusions: The findings from this study indicate that biosynthesized AgNPs from Solanum lycopersicum exhibit promising antimicrobial and antioxidant properties against UTI pathogens, including strains resistant to multiple antibiotics. This suggests their potential as an effective alternative treatment for UTIs. Further research is warranted to fully understand the mechanisms of action and to explore the therapeutic applications of these nanoparticles in combating UTIs.

Bioactive Wound Healing 3D Structure Based on Chitosan Hydrogel Loaded with Naringin/Cyclodextrin Inclusion Nanocomplex

The current assay aimed to fabricate and analyze a potent wound healing structure based on a naringin (Nar)/β-cyclodextrin (β-CD)-loaded chitosan hydrogel. Using the simulation studies, we assessed the interactions among the Nar, β-CD, and the formation of the inclusion complex. Then, the formation of the hydrogel nanocomplex was simulated and evaluated using the in silico methods. The results showed that after optimization of the structures by DMol3 based on DFT-D, the total energies of Nar, GP, CD, and β-CD were calculated at -2100.159, -912.192, -3778.370, and -4273.078 Ha, respectively. The encapsulation energy of Nar on β-CD in the solvent phase was calculated at -93.626 kcal/mol, and the Nar structure was located inside β-CD in solution. The negative interaction energy value for the encapsulation of Nar on β-CD suggests the exothermic adsorption process and a stable structure between Nar and β-CD. Monte Carlo method was applied to obtain adsorption of CS/GP on Nar/β-CD. Its value of the obtained interaction energy was calculated at -1.423 × 103 kcal/mol. The characterization confirmed the formation of a Nar/β-CD inclusion complex. The Zeta potential of the pristine β-CD changed from -4.60 ± 1.1 to -17.60 ± 2.34 mV after interaction with Nar, and the heightened surface negativity can be attributed to the existence of electron-rich naringin molecules, as well as the orientation of the hydroxyl (OH) group of the β-CD toward the surface in an aqueous solution. The porosity of the fabricated hydrogels was in the range of 70-90% and during 14 days around 47.0 ± 3.1% of the pure hydrogel and around 56.4 ± 5.1 of hydrogel nanocomposite was degraded. The MTT assay showed that the hydrogels were biocompatible, and the wound contraction measurement (in an animal model) showed that the closure of the induced wound in the hydrogel nanocomposite treatment was faster than that of the control group (wound without treatment). The results of this study indicate that the developed bioactive wound healing 3D structure, which is composed of a chitosan hydrogel containing a Nar/β-CD inclusion nanocomplex, has potential as an effective material for wound dressing applications.

Antibacterial applications of biologically synthesized Pichia pastoris silver nanoparticles

Objectives

This article highlights the biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with their characteristic analysis, and it focuses on the application of synthesized NPs against multidrug resistance (MDR) bacteria. A cytotoxicity study was performed to assess the biocompatibility.

Methods

Silver nanoparticle (AgNPs) formation was confirmed by different characterization methods such as UV-Vis spectrophotometer, Dynamic light scattering (DLS)- Zeta, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and Transmission electron microscope (TEM). The antimicrobial activity of the AgNPs was checked against various bacterial strains of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Escherichia coli (E. coli), Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis), and Klebsiella pneumonia (K. pneumonia) by disc diffusion, minimum inhibition concentration test (MIC), and kinetic studies. The cytotoxicity of NPs against the Vero cell line was studied by cytotoxic assay.

Results

The primary analysis of the formation of nanoparticles (NPs) was made by UV-Vis spectrophotometric analysis at 400 nm. At the same time, the efficient capping checked by FTIR shows the presence of a functional group at different wavelengths 3284, 1641,1573,1388,1288, and 1068 cm-1. At the same time, the transmission electron microscopic analysis (TEM) and DLS show that the shape and size of the synthesized NPs possess an average size of around ∼10-30 nm with spherical morphology. Further, the zeta potential confirmed the stability of the NPs. While the yield of NPs formation from silver salt was determined by an online yield calculator with the EDX analysis results. Synthesized NPs showed bactericidal effects against all the selected MDR pathogens with nontoxic effects against mammalian cells.

Conclusion

Our findings indicate the remarkable antimicrobial activity of the biologically synthesized AgNPs, which can be an antimicrobial agent against multi-drug-resistant bacteria.

Antimicrobial and Virus Adsorption Properties of Y-Zeolite Exchanged with Silver and Zinc Cations

The antimicrobial activity of silver and zinc exchanged cations in Y-zeolite (Ag/CBV-600, Zn/CBV-600) is evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus (gram (+)) and Escherichia coli (gram (-)) bacteria along with their adsorption capacity for viruses: brome mosaic virus (BMV), cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV), and the bacteriophage MS2. The physicochemical properties of synthesized nanomaterials are characterized by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), UV-Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). According to the obtained results, the main species associated with the exchanged ions are Ag+ and Zn2+ cations with the concentration of around 1 atomic %. The incorporation of cations does not modify the Y-zeolite framework. The Ag/CBV-600 and Zn/CBV-600 materials show an inactivation of 90% for both gram (+) and gram (-) bacteria at 16 h at a relatively low concentration of nanomaterial (0.5 mg/mL). Moreover, the samples present good adsorption capacity for BMV, CCMV, and MS2 viruses showing adsorption higher than 40% after 2 h of interaction with the viruses. These prominent results allow the further usage of nanomaterials as an effective remedy to inhibit and reduce the spread of viruses such as SARS-CoV-2 or other gram (+) or gram (-) bacteria.

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Drymaria cordata and Their Biocompatibility with Hemoglobin: A Therapeutic Potential Approach

In this study, we present the synthesis and characterization of AgNPs using Drymaria cordata along with an assessment of their antioxidant, antibacterial, and antidiabetic activities. Antibacterial activities using four bacterial strains, free radical scavenging assays (DPPH and ABTS), and carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzyme inhibition assays were done to examine the therapeutic efficacy of AgNPs. Additionally, herein, we also evaluated the biocompatibility of the AgNPs using hemoglobin (Hb) as a model protein. A comprehensive analysis of Hb and AgNP interactions was carried out by using various spectroscopic, imaging, and size determination studies. Spectroscopic results showed that the secondary structure of Hb was not altered after its interaction with AgNPs. Furthermore, the thermal stability was also well maintained at different concentrations of nanoparticles. This study demonstrated a low-cost, quick, and eco-friendly method for developing AgNPs using D. cordata, and the biocompatible nature of AgNPs was also established. D. cordata-mediated AgNPs have potential applications against bacteria and diabetes and may be utilized for targeted drug delivery.

Biosynthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles synthesized using extracts of Agrimonia eupatoria L. and in vitro and in vivo studies of potential medicinal applications

This research explores the synthesis, characterization, and biological activities of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) derived from acetone (AgNPs-acetone) and aqueous (AgNPs-H2O) extracts of Agrimonia eupatoria. The nanoparticles exhibit isometric morphology and uniform size distribution, as elucidated through Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and high-resolution TEM (HRTEM) analyses. The utilization of Scanning Transmission Microscopy (STEM) with High-Angle Annular Dark-Field (HAADF) imaging and energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) confirms the crystalline nature of AgNPs. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis reveals identical functional groups in the plant extracts and their corresponding AgNPs, suggesting the involvement of phytochemicals in the reduction of silver ions. Spectrophotometric monitoring of the synthesis process, influenced by various parameters, provides insights into the kinetics and optimal conditions for AgNP formation. The antioxidant activities of the plant extracts and synthesized AgNPs are evaluated through DPPH and ABTS methods, highlighting AgNPs-acetone as a potent antioxidant. Third-instar larvae exposed to the extracts have differential effects on DNA damage, with the acetone extract demonstrating antigenotoxic properties. Similarly, biosynthesized AgNPs-acetone displays antigenotoxic effects against EMS-induced DNA damage. The genotoxic effect of water extract and AgNPs-acetone was dose-dependent. Hemolytic potential is assessed on rat erythrocytes, revealing that low concentrations of AgNPs-acetone and AgNPs-H2O had a nontoxic effect on erythrocytes. Cytotoxicity assays demonstrate time-dependent and dose-dependent effects, with AgNPs-acetone exhibiting superior cytotoxicity. Proapoptotic activity is confirmed through apoptosis induction, emphasizing the potential therapeutic applications of AgNPs. The antimicrobial activity of AgNPs reveals concentration-dependent effects. AgNPs-H2O display better antibacterial activity, while antifungal activities are comparable between the two nanoparticle types.

Antibacterial and antioxidant potential analysis of Verbascum sinaiticum leaf extract and its synthesized silver nanoparticles

The potential applications of plant extract and nanoparticles in antibacterial and antioxidant studies have garnered significant interest in recent times. Despite being utilized in Ethiopian traditional medicine, Verbascum sinaiticum (qetetina) constituents and its usage in nanoparticle synthesis remain relatively unexplored. This study explores the potential of the plant extract and its nanoparticles for antibacterial and antioxidant applications, with a focus on the leaf extracts and its silver nanoparticles. The leaf extract was analyzed using LC-MS and GC-MS and found to contain over 70 compounds, including glycosides, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and fatty acids. The synthesized nanoparticles had a maximum absorbance of 408 nm, with a size range of 2-40 nm and showed a spherical shape. Using the agar well diffusion method, the extract and nanoparticles were evaluated against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 2592, Streptococcus agalactia ATCC12386) and Gram-negative bacteria (Acinetobacter baumannii ATCC19606, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27853) bacterial strains. In terms of antibacterial effects, both the silver nanoparticles and leaf extract displayed a greater impact on gram-positive bacterial strains over gram-negative bacterial strains. Additionally, the tests for lowest inhibitory and bactericidal concentration indicated similar outcomes. Notably, the silver nanoparticles exhibited greater antibacterial activity compared to the leaf extract alone. The DPPH (2, 2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl) assay was conducted to investigate antioxidant activity. The results showed that the plant extract had an IC50 value of 143 μg/ml, while the synthesized nanoparticle had an IC50 value of 216 μg/ml, indicating that the plant extract had greater antioxidant activity than the synthesized silver nanoparticles.

Photoreactive silver-containing supramolecular polymers that form self-assembled nanogels for efficient antibacterial treatment

In this study, an efficient synthetic strategy and potential route to obtain a photo-reactive silver-containing cytosine-functionalized polypropylene glycol polymer (Ag-Cy-PPG) was developed by combining a hydrophilic oligomeric polypropylene glycol (PPG) backbone with dual pH-sensitive/photo-reactive cytosine-silver-cytosine (Cy-Ag-Cy) linkages. The resulting photo-responsive Ag-Cy-PPG holds great promise as a multifunctional biomedical material that generates spherical-like nanogels in water; the nanogels exhibit high antibacterial activity and thus may significantly enhance the efficacy of antibacterial treatment. Due to the formation of photo-dimerized Cy-Ag-Cy cross-linkages after UV irradiation, Ag-Cy-PPG converts into water-soluble cross-linked nanogels that possess a series of interesting chemical and physical properties, such as intense and stable fluorescence behavior, highly sensitive pH-responsive characteristics, on/off switchable phase transition behavior, and well-controlled release of silver ions (Ag+) in mildly acidic aqueous solution. Importantly, antibacterial tests clearly demonstrated that irradiated Ag-Cy-PPG nanogels exhibited strong antibacterial activity at low doses (MIC values of < 50 μg/mL) against gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial pathogens, whereas non-irradiated Ag-Cy-PPG nanogels did not inhibit the viability of bacterial pathogens. These results indicate that irradiated Ag-Cy-PPG nanogels undergo a highly sensitive structural change in the bacterial microenvironment due to their relatively unstable π-conjugated structures (compared to non-irradiated nanogels); this change results in a rapid structural response that promotes intracellular release of Ag+ and induces potent antibacterial ability. Overall, this newly created metallo-supramolecular system may potentially provide an efficient route to dramatically enhance the therapeutic effectiveness of antibacterial treatments.

Oxali-palladium nanoparticle synthesis, characterization, protein binding, and apoptosis induction in colorectal cancer cells

This paper focuses on the synthesis of nano-oxali-palladium coated with turmeric extract (PdNPs) using a green chemistry technique based on the reduction in the Pd (II) complex by phytochemicals inherent in turmeric extract. PdNPs were examined and characterized using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). Using different spectroscopic and molecular dynamics simulations, a protein-binding analysis of the produced nanoparticle was conducted by observing its interaction with human serum albumin (HSA). Lastly, the cytotoxic effects and apoptotic processes of PdNPs were studied against the HCT116 human colorectal cell line using the MTT assay and flow cytometry tests. According to the findings, PdNPs with spherical and homogenous morphology and a size smaller than 100 nm were generated. In addition, they can induce apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner with a lower Cc50 (78 µL) than cisplatin and free oxali-palladium against HCT116 cells. The thermodynamic characteristics of protein binding of nanoparticles with HSA demonstrated that PdNPs had a great capacity for quenching and interacting with HSA through hydrophobic forces. In addition, molecular dynamics simulations revealed that free oxali-palladium and PdNP attach to the same area of HSA via non-covalent interactions. It is conceivable to indicate that the synthesized PdNPs are a potential candidate for the construction of novel, nature-based anticancer treatments with fewer side effects and a high level of eco-friendliness.

Plant-mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles: unlocking their pharmacological potential-a comprehensive review

In recent times, nanoparticles have experienced a significant upsurge in popularity, primarily owing to their minute size and their remarkable ability to modify physical, chemical, and biological properties. This burgeoning interest can be attributed to the expanding array of biomedical applications where nanoparticles find utility. These nanoparticles, typically ranging in size from 10 to 100 nm, exhibit diverse shapes, such as spherical, discoidal, and cylindrical configurations. These variations are not solely influenced by the manufacturing processes but are also intricately linked to interactions with surrounding stabilizing agents and initiators. Nanoparticles can be synthesized through physical or chemical methods, yet the biological approach emerges as the most sustainable and eco-friendly alternative among the three. Among the various nanoparticle types, silver nanoparticles have emerged as the most encountered and widely utilized due to their exceptional properties. What makes the synthesis of silver nanoparticles even more appealing is the application of plant-derived sources as reducing agents. This approach not only proves to be cost-effective but also significantly reduces the synthesis time. Notably, silver nanoparticles produced through plant-mediated processes have garnered considerable attention in recent years due to their notable medicinal capabilities. This comprehensive review primarily delves into the diverse medicinal attributes of silver nanoparticles synthesized using plant-mediated techniques. Encompassing antimicrobial properties, cytotoxicity, wound healing, larvicidal effects, anti-angiogenesis activity, antioxidant potential, and antiplasmodial activity, the paper extensively covers these multifaceted roles. Additionally, an endeavor is made to provide an elucidated summary of the operational mechanisms underlying the pharmacological actions of silver nanoparticles.

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Phlebopus portentosus polysaccharide and their antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticancer, and antimicrobial activities

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by green synthesis from fungi polysaccharides are attracting increasing attention owing to their distinctive features and special applications in numerous fields. In this study, a cost-effective and environmentally friendly biosynthesizing AgNPs method with no toxic chemicals involved from the fruiting body polysaccharide of Phlebopus portentosus (PPP) was established and optimized by single factor experiment and response surface methodology. The optimum synthesis conditions of polysaccharide-AgNPs (PPP-AgNPs) were identified to be the reaction time of 140 min, reaction temperature of 94 °C, and the PPP: AgNO3 ratio of 1:11.5. Formation of PPP-AgNPs was indicated by visual detection of colour change from yellowish to yellowish brown. PPP-AgNPs were characterized by different methods and further evaluated for biological activities. That the Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis.) spectroscopy displayed a sharp absorption peak at 420 nm confirmed the formation of AgNPs. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis detected the presence of various functional groups. The lattice indices of (111), (200), (220), and (331), which indicated a faced-centered-cubic of the Ag crystal structure of PPP-AgNPs, was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the particles were found to be spherical through high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) determined the presence of silver in PPP-AgNPs. The percentage relative composition of elements was determined as silver (Ag) 82.5 % and oxygen (O) 17.5 % for PPP-AgNPs, and did not exhibit any nitrogen peaks. The specific surface area of PPP-AgNPs was calculated to be 0.5750 m2/g with an average pore size of 24.33 nm by BET analysis. The zeta potential was -4.32 mV, which confirmed the stability and an average particle size of 64.5 nm was calculated through dynamic light scattering (DLS). PPP-AgNPs exhibited significant free radical scavenging activity against DPPH with an IC50 value of 0.1082 mg/mL. The MIC values of PPP-AgNPs for E. coli, S. aureus, C. albicans, C. glabrata, and C. parapsilosis are 0.05 mg/mL. The IC50 value of the inhibition of PPP-AgNPs against α-glucosidase was 11.1 μg/mL, while the IC50 values of PPP-AgNPs against HepG2 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines were calculated to be 14.36 ± 0.43 μg/mL and 40.05 ± 2.71 μg/mL, respectively. According to the evaluation, it can be concluded that these green-synthesized and eco-friendly PPP-AgNPs are helpful to improve therapeutics because of significant antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, and anticancer properties to provide new possibilities for clinic applications.

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles using Cirsium congestum Extract Modified by Chitosan/Alginate: Bactericidal Activity against Pathogenic Bacteria and Cytotoxicity Analysis in Normal Cell Line

AIM

The study aimed to determine in vitro pharmacological effects of modified Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs).

BACKGROUND

AgNPs are considered antimicrobial agents. However, the cytotoxicity of chemically synthesized AgNPs (cAgNPs) has raised challenges that limit their use.

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of the study was to examine the antimicrobial and cytotoxicity effects of AgNPs synthesized using Cirsium congestum extract modified by chitosan/alginate AgNPS (Ch/ALG-gAgNPs).

METHODS

Nanoparticles were characterized using TEM, DLS, XRD, and FTIR. Resistant strains of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) were used for the antimicrobial analysis of Ch/ALG-gAgNPs using disc diffusion and microdilution methods. The effects of NPs on cell viability and apoptosis in L929 normal cells were determined using MTT assay and annexin/PI staining, respectively.

RESULTS

Physicochemical characterizations confirmed Ch/ALG-gAgNPs to be spherical and uniformly dispersed, and their size ranged from 50 to 500 nm. Ch/ALG-gAgNPs inhibited the growth of microbial strains in a dose-dependent manner. The antibacterial effect of Ch/ALG-gAgNPs was significantly higher than cAgNPs. The Ch/ALG-gAgNPs showed little cytotoxicity against normal cells at concentrations less than 50 μg/ml. Cytotoxicity effects of Ch/ALG-gAgNP were less than cAgNPs. Flow cytometry and real-time PCR results showed a decrease in apoptosis percentage and BAX marker in the presence of Ch/ALG-gAgNPs relative to when the cell was treated with cAgNPs.

CONCLUSION

Current findings introduce novel gAgNPs modified with chitosan/alginate for use in medicine.