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Lin CW, Lee CY, Lin SY, Kang L, Fu YC, Chen CH, Wang CK. Bone-Targeting Nanoparticles of a Dendritic (Aspartic acid) 3-Functionalized PEG-PLGA Biopolymer Encapsulating Simvastatin for the Treatment of Osteoporosis in Rat Models. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810530. [PMID: 36142447 PMCID: PMC9503052 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simvastatin (SIM) is a lipid-lowering drug that also promotes bone formation, but its high liver specificity may cause muscle damage, and the low solubility of lipophilic drugs limits the systemic administration of SIM, especially in osteoporosis (OP) studies. In this study, we utilized the bone-targeting moiety of dendritic oligopeptides consisting of three aspartic acid moieties (dAsp3) and amphiphilic polymers (poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid); PEG-PLGA) to create dAsp3-PEG-PLGA (APP) nanoparticles (NPs), which can carry SIM to treat OP. An in vivo imaging system showed that gold nanocluster (GNC)-PLGA/APP NPs had a significantly higher accumulation rate in representative bone tissues. In vivo experiments comparing low-dose SIM treatment (0.25 mg/kg per time, 2 times per week) showed that bone-targeting SIM/APP NPs could increase the bone formation effect compared with non-bone-targeting SIM/PP NPs in a local bone loss of hindlimb suspension (disuse) model, but did not demonstrate good bone formation in a postmenopausal (ovariectomized) model of systemic bone loss. The APP NPs could effectively target high mineral levels in bone tissue and were expected to reduce side effects in other organs affected by SIM. However, in vivo OP model testing showed that the same lower dose could not be used to treat different types of OP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Wei Lin
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Office of Research and Development, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Orthopaedic Research Center, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yun Lee
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Office of Research and Development, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Orthopaedic Research Center, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program in Life Sciences, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Yen Lin
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Office of Research and Development, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Orthopaedic Research Center, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Departments of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80145, Taiwan
| | - Lin Kang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Chih Fu
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Office of Research and Development, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Orthopaedic Research Center, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Departments of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80145, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hwan Chen
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Office of Research and Development, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Orthopaedic Research Center, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Departments of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80145, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Kuang Wang
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Office of Research and Development, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Orthopaedic Research Center, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program in Life Sciences, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-7-312-1101 (ext. 2677)
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Anabolic Effects of a Novel Simvastatin Derivative on Treating Rat Bone Defects. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081915. [PMID: 36009462 PMCID: PMC9405916 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Large bone defects may develop fracture nonunion, leading to disability and psychosocial burdens. Bone grafting with anabolic agents is a good autografting alternative. Simvastatin, as a cholesterol-lowering agent worldwide, is proven to enhance osteogenesis. Considering its dose-dependent adverse effects, we developed a simvastatin derivative, named KMUHC-01, which has bone anabolic capacity and lower cytotoxicity than simvastatin. We hypothesize that KMUHC-01 could help bone formation in bone-defect animal models. We used rat models of critical calvarial and long-bone defects to evaluate the effects of KMUHC-01 and simvastatin on biological changes at the bone defect through histology, immunohistology, and mechanical testing using three-point bending and evaluated the new bone formation microstructure through microcomputed tomography analysis. The newly formed bone microstructure at the calvarial defect site showed a significantly improved trabecular bone volume in the KMUHC-01 1-μM group compared with that in the control and simvastatin groups. The biomechanical study revealed a significantly increased maximal strength in the KMUHC-01 1-μM group compared with that in the control group. KUMHC-01, as a simvastatin derivative, showed a great anabolic effect in promoting bone defect healing. However, further studies will be conducted to prove the bioavailability and bone-forming efficacy of KMUHC-01 via systemic administration.
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Yu YH, Shen SJ, Hsu YH, Chou YC, Yu PC, Liu SJ. Tri-Layered Doxycycline-, Collagen- and Bupivacaine-Loaded Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) Nanofibrous Scaffolds for Tendon Rupture Repair. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14132659. [PMID: 35808704 PMCID: PMC9269609 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Achilles tendon rupture is a severe injury, and its optimal therapy remains controversial. Tissue engineering scaffolds play a significant role in tendon healing and tissue regeneration. In this study, we developed tri-layered doxycycline/collagen/bupivacaine (DCB)-composite nanofibrous scaffolds to repair injured Achilles tendons. Doxycycline, collagen, and bupivacaine were integrated into poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanofibrous membranes, layer by layer, using an electrospinning technique as healing promoters, a 3D scaffold, and painkillers, respectively. After spinning, the properties of the nanofibrous scaffolds were characterized. In vitro drug discharge behavior was also evaluated. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the DCB–PLGA-composite nanofibers in repairing ruptured Achilles tendons was investigated in an animal tendon model with histological analyses. The experimental results show that, compared to the pristine PLGA nanofibers, the biomolecule-loaded nanofibers exhibited smaller fiber size distribution and an enhanced hydrophilicity. The DCB-composite nanofibers provided a sustained release of doxycycline and bupivacaine for over 28 days in vivo. Additionally, Achilles tendons repaired using DCB-composite nanofibers exhibited a significantly higher maximum load-to-failure than normal tendons, suggesting that the biomolecule-incorporated nanofibers are promising scaffolds for repairing Achilles tendons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsun Yu
- Bone and Joint Research Center, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (Y.-H.Y.); (Y.-H.H.); (Y.-C.C.)
| | - Shih-Jyun Shen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan;
| | - Yung-Heng Hsu
- Bone and Joint Research Center, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (Y.-H.Y.); (Y.-H.H.); (Y.-C.C.)
| | - Ying-Chao Chou
- Bone and Joint Research Center, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (Y.-H.Y.); (Y.-H.H.); (Y.-C.C.)
| | - Ping-Chun Yu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan;
| | - Shih-Jung Liu
- Bone and Joint Research Center, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (Y.-H.Y.); (Y.-H.H.); (Y.-C.C.)
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-3-2118166; Fax: +886-3-2118558
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Fabrication of Silk Scaffold Containing Simvastatin-Loaded Silk Fibroin Nanoparticles for Regenerating Bone Defects. IRANIAN BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL 2022; 26:116-23. [PMID: 34875820 PMCID: PMC8987414 DOI: 10.52547/ibj.26.2.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the present study, a tissue engineered silk fibroin (SF) scaffold containing simvastatin-loaded silk fibroin nanoparticles (SFNPs) were used to stimulate the regeneration of the defected bone. METHODS At first, the porous SF scaffold was prepared using freeze-drying. Then simvastatin-loaded SFNPs were made by dissolvation method and embedded in the SF scaffold. Afterwards, the scaffold and the NPs were characterized in terms of physicochemical properties and the ability to release the simvastatin small molecule. RESULTS The results exhibited that the SF scaffold had a porous structure suitable for releasing the small molecule and inducing the proliferation and attachment of osteoblast cells. SFNPs containing simvastatin had spherical morphology and were 174 ± 4 nm in size with -24.5 zeta potential. Simvastatin was also successfully encapsulated within the SFNPs with 68% encapsulation efficiency. Moreover, the small molecule revealed a sustained release profile from the NPs during 35 days. The results obtained from the in vitro cell-based studies indicated that simvastatin-loaded SFNPs embedded in the scaffold had acceptable capacity to promote the proliferation and alkaline phosphatase production of osteoblast cells while inducing osteogenic matrix precipitation. CONCLUSION The SF scaffold containing simvastatin-loaded SFNPs could have a good potential to be used as a bone tissue-engineered construct.
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Tomographic evaluation of the effect of simvastatin topical use on alveolar bone microarchitecture, pain and swelling after mandibular third molar extraction: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Oral Investig 2022; 26:3533-3545. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-021-04322-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Dong H, Zhu T, Zhang M, Wang D, Wang X, Huang G, Wang S, Zhang M. Polymer Scaffolds-Enhanced Bone Regeneration in Osteonecrosis Therapy. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:761302. [PMID: 34631688 PMCID: PMC8498195 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.761302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteonecrosis without effective early treatment eventually leads to the collapse of the articular surface and causes arthritis. For the early stages of osteonecrosis, core decompression combined with bone grafting, is a procedure worthy of attention and clinical trial. And the study of bone graft substitutes has become a hot topic in the area of osteonecrosis research. In recent years, polymers have received more attention than other materials due to their excellent performance. However, because of the harsh microenvironment in osteonecrosis, pure polymers may not meet the stringent requirements of osteonecrosis research. The combined application of polymers and various other substances makes up for the shortcomings of polymers, and to meet a broad range of requirements for application in osteonecrosis therapy. This review focuses on various applying polymers in osteonecrosis therapy, then discusses the development of biofunctionalized composite polymers based on the polymers combined with different bioactive substances. At the end, we discuss their prospects for translation to clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengliang Dong
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tongtong Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mingran Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Dapeng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Siping Central Hospital, Siping, China
| | - Xukai Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Guanning Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shuaishuai Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Minglei Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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İYİLİKCİ B, TAŞDEMİR U, ÖZMEN Ö, KIZILDAĞ A. Effect of Tideglusib with Bone Grafting on New Bone Formation. CUMHURIYET DENTAL JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.7126/cumudj.943229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Sordi MB, da Cruz ACC, Aragones Á, Cordeiro MMR, de Souza Magini R. PLGA+HA/βTCP Scaffold Incorporating Simvastatin: A Promising Biomaterial for Bone Tissue Engineering. J ORAL IMPLANTOL 2021; 47:93-101. [PMID: 32699891 DOI: 10.1563/aaid-joi-d-19-00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to synthesize, characterize, and evaluate degradation and biocompatibility of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) + hydroxyapatite/β-tricalcium phosphate (PLGA+HA/βTCP) scaffolds incorporating simvastatin (SIM) to verify if this biomaterial might be promising for bone tissue engineering. Samples were obtained by the solvent evaporation technique. Biphasic ceramic particles (70% HA, 30% βTCP) were added to PLGA in a ratio of 1:1. Samples with SIM received 1% (m/m) of this medication. Scaffolds were synthesized in a cylindric shape and sterilized by ethylene oxide. For degradation analysis, samples were immersed in phosphate-buffered saline at 37°C under constant stirring for 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. Nondegraded samples were taken as reference. Mass variation, scanning electron microscopy, porosity analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetry were performed to evaluate physico-chemical properties. Wettability and cytotoxicity tests were conducted to evaluate the biocompatibility. Microscopic images revealed the presence of macro-, meso-, and micropores in the polymer structure with HA/βTCP particles homogeneously dispersed. Chemical and thermal analyses presented similar results for both PLGA+HA/βTCP and PLGA+HA/βTCP+SIM. The incorporation of simvastatin improved the hydrophilicity of scaffolds. Additionally, PLGA+HA/βTCP and PLGA+HA/βTCP+SIM scaffolds were biocompatible for osteoblasts and mesenchymal stem cells. In summary, PLGA+HA/βTCP scaffolds incorporating simvastatin presented adequate structural, chemical, thermal, and biological properties for bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariane Beatriz Sordi
- Center for Research on Dental Implants, Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | | | - Águedo Aragones
- Ceramic & Composite Materials Research Laboratories, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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Zhao D, Zhu T, Li J, Cui L, Zhang Z, Zhuang X, Ding J. Poly(lactic- co-glycolic acid)-based composite bone-substitute materials. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:346-360. [PMID: 32954053 PMCID: PMC7475521 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Research and development of the ideal artificial bone-substitute materials to replace autologous and allogeneic bones for repairing bone defects is still a challenge in clinical orthopedics. Recently, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)-based artificial bone-substitute materials are attracting increasing attention as the benefit of their suitable biocompatibility, degradability, mechanical properties, and capabilities to promote bone regeneration. In this article, we comprehensively review the artificial bone-substitute materials made from PLGA or the composites of PLGA and other organic and inorganic substances, elaborate on their applications for bone regeneration with or without bioactive factors, and prospect the challenges and opportunities in clinical bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duoyi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130022, PR China
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 4 Chongshandong Road, Shenyang, 110032, PR China
| | - Tongtong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130022, PR China
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun, 130033, PR China
| | - Jie Li
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130022, PR China
| | - Liguo Cui
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130022, PR China
- Jilin Biomedical Polymers Engineering Laboratory, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130022, PR China
| | - Zhiyu Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 4 Chongshandong Road, Shenyang, 110032, PR China
| | - Xiuli Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130022, PR China
- Jilin Biomedical Polymers Engineering Laboratory, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130022, PR China
| | - Jianxun Ding
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130022, PR China
- Jilin Biomedical Polymers Engineering Laboratory, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130022, PR China
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Rothe R, Hauser S, Neuber C, Laube M, Schulze S, Rammelt S, Pietzsch J. Adjuvant Drug-Assisted Bone Healing: Advances and Challenges in Drug Delivery Approaches. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E428. [PMID: 32384753 PMCID: PMC7284517 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12050428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone defects of critical size after compound fractures, infections, or tumor resections are a challenge in treatment. Particularly, this applies to bone defects in patients with impaired bone healing due to frequently occurring metabolic diseases (above all diabetes mellitus and osteoporosis), chronic inflammation, and cancer. Adjuvant therapeutic agents such as recombinant growth factors, lipid mediators, antibiotics, antiphlogistics, and proangiogenics as well as other promising anti-resorptive and anabolic molecules contribute to improving bone healing in these disorders, especially when they are released in a targeted and controlled manner during crucial bone healing phases. In this regard, the development of smart biocompatible and biostable polymers such as implant coatings, scaffolds, or particle-based materials for drug release is crucial. Innovative chemical, physico- and biochemical approaches for controlled tailor-made degradation or the stimulus-responsive release of substances from these materials, and more, are advantageous. In this review, we discuss current developments, progress, but also pitfalls and setbacks of such approaches in supporting or controlling bone healing. The focus is on the critical evaluation of recent preclinical studies investigating different carrier systems, dual- or co-delivery systems as well as triggered- or targeted delivery systems for release of a panoply of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Rothe
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, Germany; (R.R.); (S.H.); (C.N.); (M.L.)
- School of Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Sandra Hauser
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, Germany; (R.R.); (S.H.); (C.N.); (M.L.)
| | - Christin Neuber
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, Germany; (R.R.); (S.H.); (C.N.); (M.L.)
| | - Markus Laube
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, Germany; (R.R.); (S.H.); (C.N.); (M.L.)
| | - Sabine Schulze
- University Center of Orthopaedics and Traumatology (OUC), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (S.S.); (S.R.)
- Center for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Rammelt
- University Center of Orthopaedics and Traumatology (OUC), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (S.S.); (S.R.)
- Center for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Tatzberg 4, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jens Pietzsch
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, Germany; (R.R.); (S.H.); (C.N.); (M.L.)
- School of Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
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Zhu T, Cui Y, Zhang M, Zhao D, Liu G, Ding J. Engineered three-dimensional scaffolds for enhanced bone regeneration in osteonecrosis. Bioact Mater 2020; 5:584-601. [PMID: 32405574 PMCID: PMC7210379 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteonecrosis, which is typically induced by trauma, glucocorticoid abuse, or alcoholism, is one of the most severe diseases in clinical orthopedics. Osteonecrosis often leads to joint destruction, and arthroplasty is eventually required. Enhancement of bone regeneration is a critical management strategy employed in osteonecrosis therapy. Bone tissue engineering based on engineered three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds with appropriate architecture and osteoconductive activity, alone or functionalized with bioactive factors, have been developed to enhance bone regeneration in osteonecrosis. In this review, we elaborate on the ideal properties of 3D scaffolds for enhanced bone regeneration in osteonecrosis, including biocompatibility, degradability, porosity, and mechanical performance. In addition, we summarize the development of 3D scaffolds alone or functionalized with bioactive factors for accelerating bone regeneration in osteonecrosis and discuss their prospects for translation to clinical practice. Engineered three-dimensional scaffolds boost bone regeneration in osteonecrosis. The ideal properties of three-dimensional scaffolds for osteonecrosis treatment are discussed. Bioactive factors-functionalized three-dimensional scaffolds are promising bone regeneration devices for osteonecrosis management. The challenges and opportunities of engineered three-dimensional scaffolds for osteonecrosis therapy are predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun, 130033, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130022, PR China
| | - Yutao Cui
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Road, Changchun, 130041, PR China
| | - Mingran Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun, 130033, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130022, PR China
| | - Duoyi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130022, PR China
| | - Guangyao Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun, 130033, PR China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Jianxun Ding
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130022, PR China
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Huang Y, Lin Y, Rong M, Liu W, He J, Zhou L. 20(S)-hydroxycholesterol and simvastatin synergistically enhance osteogenic differentiation of marrow stromal cells and bone regeneration by initiation of Raf/MEK/ERK signaling. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2019; 30:87. [PMID: 31325047 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-019-6284-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated the significant roles of simvastatin (SVA) and oxysterols in the osteogenesis process. In this study, we evaluate the effect of a combination of SVA and 20(S)-hydroxycholesterol (20(S)OHC) on the cell viability and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs). After treatment with a control vehicle, SVA (0.025, 0.10, 0.25 or 1.0 μM), 20(S)OHC (5 μM), or a combination of both (0.25 μM SVA + 5 μM 20(S)OHC), the proliferation, apoptosis, ALP activity, mineralization, osteogenesis-related gene expression and Raf/MEK/ERK signaling activity in BMSCs were measured. Our results showed that high concentrations of SVA (0.25 and 1.0 μM) enhanced osteogenesis-related genes expression while attenuating cell viability. The addition of 5 μM 20(S)OHC induced significantly higher proliferative activity, which neutralized the inhibitory effect of SVA on the viability of BMSCs. Moreover, compared to supplementation with only one of the additives, combined supplementation with both SVA and 20(S)OHC induced significantly enhanced ALP activity, calcium sedimentation, osteogenesis-related genes (ALP, OCN and BMP-2) expression and Raf/MEK/ERK signaling activity in BMSCs; these enhancements were attenuated by treatment with the inhibitor U0126, indicating a significant role of Raf/MEK/ERK signaling in mediating the synergistically enhanced osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs by combined SVA and 20(S)OHC treatment. Additionally, histological examination confirmed a synergistic effect of SVA and 20(S)OHC on enhancing bone regeneration in a rabbit calvarial defect model. This newly developed SVA/20(S)OHC formulation may be used as an osteoinductive drug to enhance bone healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghe Huang
- Center of Oral Implantology, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, 366 South Jiangnan Road, Guangzhou, 510280, Guangdong, China
- The Department of Stomatology, Taishan People's Hospital, Affiliated to Guangdong Medical University, Taishan, Guangdong, China
| | - Yao Lin
- The Department of Stomatology, Jieyang Affiliated Hospital, SunYat-sen University, Jieyang, Guangdong, China
| | - Mingdeng Rong
- Center of Oral Implantology, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, 366 South Jiangnan Road, Guangzhou, 510280, Guangdong, China
| | - Weizhen Liu
- Center of Oral Implantology, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, 366 South Jiangnan Road, Guangzhou, 510280, Guangdong, China
| | - Junbing He
- The Department of Stomatology, Jieyang Affiliated Hospital, SunYat-sen University, Jieyang, Guangdong, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Center of Oral Implantology, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, 366 South Jiangnan Road, Guangzhou, 510280, Guangdong, China.
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Xue Y, Wu M, Liu Z, Song J, Luo S, Li H, Li Y, Jin L, Guan B, Lin M, Chen F, Jin C, Liu D, Li Y, Zhang X. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of chitosan scaffolds combined with simvastatin-loaded nanoparticles for guided bone regeneration. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2019; 30:47. [PMID: 30980130 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-019-6249-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to fabricate and characterize chitosan combined with different amounts of simvastatin-loaded nanoparticles and to investigate their potential for guided bone regeneration in vitro and in vivo. Different SIM-CSN formulations were combined into a chitosan scaffold (SIM-CSNs-S), and the morphology, simvastatin release profile, and effect on cell proliferation and differentiation were investigated. For in vivo experiments, ectopic osteogenesis and the critical-size cranial defect model in SD rats were chosen to evaluate bone regeneration potential. All three SIM-CSNs-S formulations had a porous structure and exhibited sustained simvastatin release. CSNs-S showed excellent degradation and biocompatibility characteristics. The 4 mg SIM-CSNs-S formulation stimulated higher BMSC ALP activity levels, demonstrated significantly earlier collagen enhancement, and led to faster bone regeneration than the other formulations. SIM-CSNs-S should have a significant effect on bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xue
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, 12 Observatory Road, 300070, Tianjin, China
| | - Mingyao Wu
- LangFang Health Vocational College, South Siguang Road, 065001, Langfang, China
| | - Zongren Liu
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, 12 Observatory Road, 300070, Tianjin, China
- Department of Stomatology of Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Binhai Hospital, No. 28, Hangu hospital road, Binhai new district, 300480, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinhua Song
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, 12 Observatory Road, 300070, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuyu Luo
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, 12 Observatory Road, 300070, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongjie Li
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, 12 Observatory Road, 300070, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuan Li
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, 12 Observatory Road, 300070, Tianjin, China
| | - Lichun Jin
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, 12 Observatory Road, 300070, Tianjin, China
| | - Binbin Guan
- Department of Stomatology of Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No.154, FeiLong road, 300052, Tianjin, China
| | - Mingli Lin
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, 12 Observatory Road, 300070, Tianjin, China
| | - Fuyu Chen
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, 12 Observatory Road, 300070, Tianjin, China
| | - Chenxin Jin
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, 12 Observatory Road, 300070, Tianjin, China
| | - Deping Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, 100730, Beijing, China.
| | - Yanqiu Li
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, 12 Observatory Road, 300070, Tianjin, China.
| | - Xu Zhang
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, 12 Observatory Road, 300070, Tianjin, China.
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Wang CZ, Wang YH, Lin CW, Lee TC, Fu YC, Ho ML, Wang CK. Combination of a Bioceramic Scaffold and Simvastatin Nanoparticles as a Synthetic Alternative to Autologous Bone Grafting. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19124099. [PMID: 30567319 PMCID: PMC6321089 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19124099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The fragile nature of porous bioceramic substitutes cannot match the toughness of bone, which limits the use of these materials in clinical load-bearing applications. Statins can enhance bone healing, but it could show rhabdomyolysis/inflammatory response after overdosing. In this study, the drug-containing bone grafts were developed from poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid)-polyethylene glycol (PLGA-PEG) nanoparticles encapsulating simvastatin (SIM) (SIM-PP NPs) loaded within an appropriately mechanical bioceramic scaffold (BC). The combination bone graft provides dual functions of osteoconduction and osteoinduction. The mechanical properties of the bioceramic are enhanced mainly based on the admixture of a combustible reverse-negative thermoresponsive hydrogel (poly(N-isopropylacrylamide base). We showed that SIM-PP NPs can increase the activity of alkaline phosphatase and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stem cells. To verify the bone-healing efficacy of this drug-containing bone grafts, a nonunion radial endochondral ossification bone defect rabbit model (N = 3/group) and a nonunion calvarial intramembranous defect Sprague Dawley (SD) rat model (N = 5/group) were used. The results indicated that SIM-PP NPs combined with BC can improve the healing of nonunion bone defects of the radial bone and calvarial bone. Therefore, the BC containing SIM-PP NPs may be appropriate for clinical use as a synthetic alternative to autologous bone grafting that can overcome the problem of determining the clinical dosage of simvastatin drugs to promote bone healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chau-Zen Wang
- Orthopedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
- Department of Physiology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Yan-Hsiung Wang
- Orthopedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
- School of Dentistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Che-Wei Lin
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Tien-Ching Lee
- Orthopedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
- Department of Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Yin-Chih Fu
- Orthopedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
- Department of Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
- Department of Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 812, Taiwan.
| | - Mei-Ling Ho
- Orthopedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
- Department of Physiology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Kuang Wang
- Orthopedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan.
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Ferracini R, Martínez Herreros I, Russo A, Casalini T, Rossi F, Perale G. Scaffolds as Structural Tools for Bone-Targeted Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:pharmaceutics10030122. [PMID: 30096765 PMCID: PMC6161191 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10030122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although bone has a high potential to regenerate itself after damage and injury, the efficacious repair of large bone defects resulting from resection, trauma or non-union fractures still requires the implantation of bone grafts. Materials science, in conjunction with biotechnology, can satisfy these needs by developing artificial bones, synthetic substitutes and organ implants. In particular, recent advances in materials science have provided several innovations, underlying the increasing importance of biomaterials in this field. To address the increasing need for improved bone substitutes, tissue engineering seeks to create synthetic, three-dimensional scaffolds made from organic or inorganic materials, incorporating drugs and growth factors, to induce new bone tissue formation. This review emphasizes recent progress in materials science that allows reliable scaffolds to be synthesized for targeted drug delivery in bone regeneration, also with respect to past directions no longer considered promising. A general overview concerning modeling approaches suitable for the discussed systems is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Ferracini
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Orthopaedic Clinic-IRCCS A.O.U. San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy.
| | - Isabel Martínez Herreros
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Orthopaedic Clinic-IRCCS A.O.U. San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy.
| | - Antonio Russo
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Orthopaedic Clinic-IRCCS A.O.U. San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy.
| | - Tommaso Casalini
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
- Biomaterials Laboratory, Institute for Mechanical Engineering and Materials Technology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Via Cantonale 2C, Galleria, 26928 Manno, Switzerland.
| | - Filippo Rossi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Perale
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Orthopaedic Clinic-IRCCS A.O.U. San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy.
- Biomaterials Laboratory, Institute for Mechanical Engineering and Materials Technology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Via Cantonale 2C, Galleria, 26928 Manno, Switzerland.
- Industrie Biomediche Insubri SA, Via Cantonale 67, 6805 Mezzovico-Vira, Switzerland.
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16
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Effects of simvastatin associated with exercise on the mechanical resistance of muscle and bone in rats. Rev Bras Ortop 2018; 53:287-292. [PMID: 29892578 PMCID: PMC5993920 DOI: 10.1016/j.rboe.2018.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of simvastatin on mechanical properties of muscle and bone in hypercholesterolemic rats submitted to physical exercise. Methods Ten male Wistar rats were submitted to a high-fat diet rich in cholesterol for 90 days. The animals were then divided into two groups: animals treated with physical exercise (EG) and animals treated with physical exercise and simvastatin (ESG). Protocols for physical exercise in water and simvastatin administration were performed for eight weeks. After this period, the animals were euthanized; the left tibia and right gastrocnemius muscle were dissected for mechanical analysis, and the right tibia for densitometry. The data were analyzed using Student's t-test, considering a level of significance of 5%. Results The comparison of maximum load and stiffness revealed no significant differences between the groups for both the tibia (p = 0.851 and p = 0.259) and the gastrocnemius (p = 0.911 and p = 0.083). The tibia BMD also showed no significant difference between the groups (p = 0.803). Conclusion Simvastatin had no negative effects on mechanical properties in tibia and gastrocnemius of hypercholesterolemic rats submitted to physical exercise.
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Abstract
Stem cells and tissue-derived stromal cells stimulate the repair of degenerated and injured tissues, motivating a growing number of cell-based interventions in the musculoskeletal field. Recent investigations have indicated that these cells are critical for their trophic and immunomodulatory role in controlling endogenous cells. This Review presents recent clinical advances where stem cells and stromal cells have been used to stimulate musculoskeletal tissue repair, including delivery strategies to improve cell viability and retention. Emerging bioengineering strategies are highlighted, particularly toward the development of biomaterials for capturing aspects of the native tissue environment, altering the healing niche, and recruiting endogenous cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Loebel
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jason A Burdick
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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18
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Soares DG, Zhang Z, Mohamed F, Eyster TW, de Souza Costa CA, Ma PX. Simvastatin and nanofibrous poly(l-lactic acid) scaffolds to promote the odontogenic potential of dental pulp cells in an inflammatory environment. Acta Biomater 2018; 68:190-203. [PMID: 29294374 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory, odontogenic and pro-angiogenic effects of integrating simvastatin and nanofibrous poly(l-lactic acid) (NF-PLLA) scaffolds on dental pulp cells (DPCs). Highly porous NF-PLLA scaffolds that mimic the nanofibrous architecture of extracellular matrix were first fabricated, then seeded with human DPCs and cultured with 0.1 μM simvastatin and/or 10 μg/mL pro-inflammatory stimulator lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The gene expression of pro-inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-1β and MMP-9 mRNA) and odontoblastic markers (ALP activity, calcium content, DSPP, DMP-1 and BMP-2 mRNA) were quantified after long-term culture in vitro. In addition, we evaluated the scaffold's pro-angiogenic potential after 24 h of in vitro co-culture with endothelial cells. Finally, we assessed the combined effects of simvastatin and NF-PLLA scaffolds in vivo using a subcutaneous implantation mouse model. The in vitro studies demonstrated that, compared with the DPC/NF-PLLA scaffold constructs cultured only with pro-inflammatory stimulator LPS, adding simvastatin significantly repress the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators. Treating LPS+ DPC/NF-PLLA constructs with simvastatin also reverted the negative effects of LPS on expression of odontoblastic markers in vitro and in vivo. Western blot analysis demonstrated that these effects were related to a reduction in NFkBp65 phosphorylation and up-regulation of PPARγ expression, as well as to increased phosphorylation of pERK1/2 and pSmad1, mediated by simvastatin on LPS-stimulated DPCs. The DPC/NF-PLLA constructs treated with LPS/simvastatin also led to an increase in vessel-like structures, correlated with increased VEGF expression in both DPSCs and endothelial cells. Therefore, the combination of low dosage simvastatin and NF-PLLA scaffolds appears to be a promising strategy for dentin regeneration with inflamed dental pulp tissue, by minimizing the inflammatory reaction and increasing the regenerative potential of resident stem cells. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The regeneration potential of stem cells is dependent on their microenvironment. In this study, we investigated the effect of the microenvironment of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs), including 3D structure of a macroporous and nanofibrous scaffold, the inflammatory stimulus lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and a biological molecule simvastatin, on their regenerative potential of mineralized dentin tissue. The results demonstrated that LPS upregulated inflammatory mediators and suppressed the odontogenic potential of DPSCs. Known as a lipid-lowing agent, simvastatin was excitingly found to repress the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators, up-regulate odontoblastic markers, and exert a pro-angiogenic effect on endothelial cells, resulting in enhanced vascularization and mineralized dentin tissue regeneration in a biomimetic 3D tissue engineering scaffold. This novel finding is significant for the fields of stem cells, inflammation and dental tissue regeneration.
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Wang Y, Newman MR, Benoit DSW. Development of controlled drug delivery systems for bone fracture-targeted therapeutic delivery: A review. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 127:223-236. [PMID: 29471078 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Impaired fracture healing is a major clinical problem that can lead to patient disability, prolonged hospitalization, and significant financial burden. Although the majority of fractures heal using standard clinical practices, approximately 10% suffer from delayed unions or non-unions. A wide range of factors contribute to the risk for nonunions including internal factors, such as patient age, gender, and comorbidities, and external factors, such as the location and extent of injury. Current clinical approaches to treat nonunions include bone grafts and low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS), which realizes clinical success only to select patients due to limitations including donor morbidities (grafts) and necessity of fracture reduction (LIPUS), respectively. To date, therapeutic approaches for bone regeneration rely heavily on protein-based growth factors such as INFUSE, an FDA-approved scaffold for delivery of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2). Small molecule modulators and RNAi therapeutics are under development to circumvent challenges associated with traditional growth factors. While preclinical studies has shown promise, drug delivery has become a major hurdle stalling clinical translation. Therefore, this review overviews current therapies employed to stimulate fracture healing pre-clinically and clinically, including a focus on drug delivery systems for growth factors, parathyroid hormone (PTH), small molecules, and RNAi therapeutics, as well as recent advances and future promise of fracture-targeted drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 308 Robert B. Goergen Hall, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA; Center for Musculoskeletal Research, 601 Elmwood Ave, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Maureen R Newman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 308 Robert B. Goergen Hall, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA; Center for Musculoskeletal Research, 601 Elmwood Ave, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Danielle S W Benoit
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 308 Robert B. Goergen Hall, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA; Center for Musculoskeletal Research, 601 Elmwood Ave, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, 4517 Wegmans Hall, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA; Department of Orthopaedics, 601 Elmwood Ave, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Department of Biomedical Genetics, 601 Elmwood Ave, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Center for Oral Biology, 601 Elmwood Ave, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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Wu T, Tan L, Cheng N, Yan Q, Zhang YF, Liu CJ, Shi B. PNIPAAM modified mesoporous hydroxyapatite for sustained osteogenic drug release and promoting cell attachment. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 62:888-96. [PMID: 26952496 PMCID: PMC5995466 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This work presented a sustained release system of simvastatin (SIM) based on the mesoporous hydroxyapatite (MHA) capped with poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAM). The MHA was prepared by using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as a template and the modified PNIPAAM layer on the surface of MHA was fabricated through surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP). The SIM loaded MHA-PNIPAAM showed a sustained release of SIM at 37 °C over 16 days. The bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC) proliferation was assessed by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, and the osteogenic differentiation was evaluated by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and Alizarin Red staining. The release profile showed that the release of SIM from MHA-SIM-PNIPAAM lasted 16 days and the cumulative amount of released SIM was almost seven-fold than MHA-SIM. Besides, SIM loaded MHA-PNIPAAM exhibited better performance on cell proliferation, ALP activity, and calcium deposition than pure MHA due to the sustained release of SIM. The quantity of ALP in MHA-SIM-PNIPAAM group was more than two fold than pure MHA group at 7 days. Compared to pure MHA, better BMSC attachment on PNIPAAM modified MHA was observed using fluorescent microscopy, indicating the better biocompatibility of MHA-PNIPAAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Lei Tan
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Ning Cheng
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Qi Yan
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Yu-Feng Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Chuan-Jun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China.
| | - Bin Shi
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, PR China.
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Kim SE, Lee DW, Yun YP, Shim KS, Jeon DI, Rhee JK, Kim HJ, Park K. Heparin-immobilized hydroxyapatite nanoparticles as a lactoferrin delivery system for improving osteogenic differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells. Biomed Mater 2016; 11:025004. [DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/11/2/025004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Zhang P, Han F, Li Y, Chen J, Chen T, Zhi Y, Jiang J, Lin C, Chen S, Zhao P. Local delivery of controlled-release simvastatin to improve the biocompatibility of polyethylene terephthalate artificial ligaments for reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:465-78. [PMID: 26869789 PMCID: PMC4734794 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s95032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ligament Advanced Reinforcement System has recently been widely used as the primary graft of choice in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. But the biological graft-bone healing still remains a problem. Previous studies have shown that simvastatin (SIM) stimulates bone formation. The objective of this study was to investigate whether surface coating with collagen containing low-dose SIM microsphere could enhance the surface biocompatibility of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) artificial ligaments to accelerate graft-to-bone healing. The in vitro studies demonstrated that bone marrow stromal cells on the collagen-coated PET scaffolds (COL/PET) and simvastatin/collagen-coated PET scaffolds (SIM/COL/PET) proliferated vigorously. Compared with the PET group and the COL/PET group, SIM could induce bone marrow stromal cells' osteoblastic differentiation, high alkaline phosphatase activity, more mineralization deposition, and more expression of osteoblast-related genes, such as osteocalcin, runt-related transcription factor 2, bone morphogenetic protein-2, and vascular endothelial growth factor, in the SIM/COL/PET group. In vivo, rabbits received ACL reconstruction with different scaffolds. Histological analysis demonstrated that graft-bone healing was significantly greater with angiogenesis and osteogenesis in the SIM/COL/PET group than the other groups. In addition, biomechanical testing at the eighth week demonstrated a significant increase in the ultimate failure load and stiffness in the SIM/COL/PET group. The low dose of SIM-sustained release from SIM/COL/PET promoted the graft-bone healing via its effect on both angiogenesis and osteogenesis. This study suggested that collagen containing low-dose SIM microsphere coating on the surface of PET artificial ligaments could be potentially applied for ACL reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fei Han
- Shanghai East Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Nanoscience, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunxia Li
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiwu Chen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tianwu Chen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunlong Zhi
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia Jiang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chao Lin
- Shanghai East Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Nanoscience, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shiyi Chen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Shanghai East Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Nanoscience, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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Fu YC, Wang YH, Chen CH, Wang CK, Wang GJ, Ho ML. Combination of calcium sulfate and simvastatin-controlled release microspheres enhances bone repair in critical-sized rat calvarial bone defects. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:7231-40. [PMID: 26664114 PMCID: PMC4671780 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s88134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Most allogenic bone graft substitutes have only osteoconductive properties. Developing new strategies to improve the osteoinductive activity of bone graft substitutes is both critical and practical for clinical application. Previously, we developed novel simvastatin-encapsulating poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) microspheres (SIM/PLGA) that slowly release simvastatin and enhance fracture healing. In this study, we combined SIM/PLGA with a rapidly absorbable calcium sulfate (CS) bone substitute and studied the effect on bone healing in critical-sized calvarial bone defects in a rat model. The cytotoxicity and cytocompatibility of this combination was tested in vitro using lactate dehydrogenase leakage and a cell attachment assay, respectively. Combination treatment with SIM/PLGA and the CS bone substitute had no cytotoxic effect on bone marrow stem cells. Compared with the control, cell adhesion was substantially enhanced following combination treatment with SIM/PLGA and the CS bone substitute. In vivo, implantation of the combination bone substitute promoted healing of critical-sized calvarial bone defects in rats; furthermore, production of bone morphogenetic protein-2 and neovascularization were enhanced in the area of the defect. In summary, the combination of SIM/PLGA and a CS bone substitute has osteoconductive and osteoinductive properties, indicating that it could be used for regeneration of bone in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Chih Fu
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ; Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ; Department of Orthopaedics, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ; Department of Orthopaedics, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Hsiung Wang
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ; School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hwan Chen
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ; Department of Orthopaedics, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ; Department of Orthopaedics, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Kuang Wang
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ; Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Gwo-Jaw Wang
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ; Department of Orthopaedics, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ; Department of Orthopaedics, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Ling Ho
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ; Department of Orthopaedics, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ; Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ; Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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24
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Tai IC, Wang YH, Chen CH, Chuang SC, Chang JK, Ho ML. Simvastatin enhances Rho/actin/cell rigidity pathway contributing to mesenchymal stem cells' osteogenic differentiation. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:5881-94. [PMID: 26451103 PMCID: PMC4590348 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s84273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have indicated that statins induce osteogenic differentiation both in vitro and in vivo. The molecular mechanism of statin-stimulated osteogenesis is unknown. Activation of RhoA signaling increases cytoskeletal tension, which plays a crucial role in the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. We thus hypothesized that RhoA signaling is involved in simvastatin-induced osteogenesis in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. We found that although treatment with simvastatin shifts localization of RhoA protein from the membrane to the cytosol, the treatment still activates RhoA dose-dependently because it reduces the association with RhoGDIα. Simvastatin also increased the expression of osteogenic proteins, density of actin filament, the number of focal adhesions, and cellular tension. Furthermore, disrupting actin cytoskeleton or decreasing cell rigidity by using chemical agents reduced simvastatin-induced osteogenic differentiation. In vivo study also confirms that density of actin filament is increased in simvastatin-induced ectopic bone formation. Our study is the first to demonstrate that maintaining intact actin cytoskeletons and enhancing cell rigidity are crucial in simvastatin-induced osteogenesis. The results suggested that simvastatin, which is an osteoinductive factor and acts by increasing actin filament organization and cell rigidity combined with osteoconductive biomaterials, may benefit stem-cell-based bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Chun Tai
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ; Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ; Orthopaedic Research Center, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Hsien Wang
- Orthopaedic Research Center, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hwan Chen
- Orthopaedic Research Center, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ; Department of Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Chun Chuang
- Orthopaedic Research Center, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Je-Ken Chang
- Orthopaedic Research Center, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ; Department of Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ; Department of Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Ling Ho
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ; Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ; Orthopaedic Research Center, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ; Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen UniVersity, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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25
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Chen S, Jian Z, Huang L, Xu W, Liu S, Song D, Wan Z, Vaughn A, Zhan R, Zhang C, Wu S, Hu M, Li J. Mesoporous bioactive glass surface modified poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) electrospun fibrous scaffold for bone regeneration. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:3815-27. [PMID: 26082632 PMCID: PMC4459617 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s82543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A mesoporous bioactive glass (MBG) surface modified with poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) electrospun fibrous scaffold for bone regeneration was prepared by dip-coating a PLGA electrospun fibrous scaffold into MBG precursor solution. Different surface structures and properties were acquired by different coating times. Surface morphology, chemical composition, microstructure, pore size distribution, and hydrophilicity of the PLGA-MBG scaffold were characterized. Results of scanning electron microscopy indicated that MBG surface coating made the scaffold rougher with the increase of MBG content. Scaffolds after MBG modification possessed mesoporous architecture on the surface. The measurements of the water contact angles suggested that the incorporation of MBG into the PLGA scaffold improved the surface hydrophilicity. An energy dispersive spectrometer evidenced that calcium-deficient carbonated hydroxyapatite formed on the PLGA-MBG scaffolds after a 7-day immersion in simulated body fluid. In vitro studies showed that the incorporation of MBG favored cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells on the PLGA scaffolds. Moreover, the MBG surface-modified PLGA (PLGA-MBG) scaffolds were shown to be capable of providing the improved adsorption/release behaviors of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2). It is very significant that PLGA-MBG scaffolds could be effective for BMP-2 delivery and bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyuan Jian
- The First General Surgery Department of Shiyan Taihe Hospital Affiliated to Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, People's Republic of China
| | - Linsheng Huang
- The First General Surgery Department of Shiyan Taihe Hospital Affiliated to Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaohua Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Dajiang Song
- Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongmiao Wan
- Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Amanda Vaughn
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Ruisen Zhan
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaoyue Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Song Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Minghua Hu
- Department of Anthropotomy, Changsha Medical College, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinsong Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
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26
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Guan Q, Chen W, Hu X. Development of lovastatin-loaded poly(lactic acid) microspheres for sustained oral delivery: in vitro and ex vivo evaluation. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2015; 9:791-8. [PMID: 25709403 PMCID: PMC4330030 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s76676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background A novel lovastatin (LVT)-loaded poly(lactic acid) microsphere suitable for oral administration was developed in this study, and in vitro and in vivo characteristics were evaluated. Methods The designed microspheres were obtained by an improved emulsion-solvent evaporation method. The morphological examination, particle size, encapsulation ratio, drug loading, and in vitro release were characterized. Pharmacokinetics studies were used to show that microspheres possess more advantages than the conventional formulations. Results By using the emulsion-solvent evaporation method, it was simple to prepare microspheres and easy to scale up production. The morphology of formed microspheres showed a spherical shape with a smooth surface, without any particle aggregation. Mean size of the microspheres was 2.65±0.69 μm; the encapsulation efficiency was 92.5%±3.6%, and drug loading was 16.7%±2.1%. In vitro release indicated that the LVT microspheres had a well-sustained release efficacy, and ex vivo studies showed that after LVT was loaded to microspheres, the area under the plasma concentration-time curve from zero to the last measurable plasma concentration point and the extrapolation to time infinity increased significantly, which represented 2.63-fold and 2.49-fold increases, respectively, compared to suspensions. The rate of ex vivo clearance was significantly reduced. Conclusion This research proved that poly(lactic acid) microspheres can significantly prolong the drug circulation time in vivo and can also significantly increase the relative bioavailability of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qigang Guan
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Shenyang Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianming Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Shenyang Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
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27
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Shah SR, Werlang CA, Kasper FK, Mikos AG. Novel applications of statins for bone regeneration. Natl Sci Rev 2014; 2:85-99. [PMID: 26543666 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwu028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of statins for bone regeneration is a promising and growing area of research. Statins, originally developed to treat high cholesterol, are inhibitors of the enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl, the rate-limiting enzyme of the mevalonate pathway. Because the mevalonate pathway is responsible for the synthesis of a wide variety of important biochemical molecules, including cholesterol and other isoprenoids, the effects of statins are pleiotropic. In particular, statins can greatly affect the process of bone turnover and regeneration via effects on important cell types, including mesenchymal stem cells, osteoblasts, endothelial cells, and osteoclasts. Statins have also been shown to have anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties that may be useful since infection can derail normal bone healing. This review will explore the pleiotropic effects of statins, discuss the current use of statins for bone regeneration, particularly with regard to biomaterials-based controlled delivery, and offer perspectives on the challenges and future directions of this emerging area of bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita R Shah
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005-1892, USA
| | - Caroline A Werlang
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005-1892, USA
| | - F Kurtis Kasper
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005-1892, USA
| | - Antonios G Mikos
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005-1892, USA ; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77251-1892, USA
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28
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Delivery of small molecules for bone regenerative engineering: preclinical studies and potential clinical applications. Drug Discov Today 2014; 19:794-800. [PMID: 24508820 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Revised: 01/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Stimulation of bone regeneration using growth factors is a promising approach for musculoskeletal regenerative engineering. However, common limitations with protein growth factors, such as high manufacturing costs, protein instability, contamination issues, and unwanted immunogenic responses of the host reduce potential clinical applications. New strategies for bone regeneration that involve inexpensive and stable small molecules can obviate these problems and have a significant impact on the treatment of skeletal injury and diseases. Over the past decade, a large number of small molecules with the potential of regenerating skeletal tissue have been reported in the literature. Here, we review this literature, paying specific attention to the prospects for small molecule-based bone-regenerative engineering. We also review the preclinical study of small molecules associated with bone regeneration.
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