1
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Morrison HA, Eden K, Trusiano B, Rothschild DE, Qin Y, Wade PA, Rowe AJ, Mounzer C, Stephens MC, Hanson KM, Brown SL, Holl EK, Allen IC. NF-κB Inducing Kinase Attenuates Colorectal Cancer by Regulating Noncanonical NF-κB Mediated Colonic Epithelial Cell Regeneration. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024:S2352-345X(24)00110-3. [PMID: 38750899 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2024.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Dysregulated colonic epithelial cell (CEC) proliferation is a critical feature in the development of colorectal cancer. We show that NF-κB-inducing kinase (NIK) attenuates colorectal cancer through coordinating CEC regeneration/differentiation via noncanonical NF-κB signaling that is unique from canonical NF-kB signaling. METHODS Initial studies evaluated crypt morphology/functionality, organoid generation, transcriptome profiles, and the microbiome. Inflammation and inflammation-induced tumorigenesis were initiated in whole-body NIK knockout mice (Nik-/-) and conditional-knockout mice following administration of azoxymethane and dextran sulfate sodium. RESULTS Human transcriptomic data revealed dysregulated noncanonical NF-kB signaling. In vitro studies evaluating Nik-/- crypts and organoids derived from mature, nondividing CECs, and colonic stem cells exhibited increased accumulation and stunted growth, respectively. Transcriptomic analysis of Nik-/- cells revealed gene expression signatures associated with altered differentiation-regeneration. When assessed in vivo, Nik-/- mice exhibited more severe colitis with dextran sulfate sodium administration and an altered microbiome characterized by increased colitogenic microbiota. In the inflammation-induced tumorigenesis model, we observed both increased tumor burdens and inflammation in mice where NIK is knocked out in CECs (NikΔCEC). Interestingly, this was not recapitulated when NIK was conditionally knocked out in myeloid cells (NikΔMYE). Surprisingly, conditional knockout of the canonical pathway in myeloid cells (RelAΔMYE) revealed decreased tumor burden and inflammation and no significant changes when conditionally knocked out in CECs (RelAΔCEC). CONCLUSIONS Dysregulated noncanonical NF-κB signaling is associated with the development of colorectal cancer in a tissue-dependent manner and defines a critical role for NIK in regulating gastrointestinal inflammation and regeneration associated with colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly A Morrison
- Virginia Tech, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science and Pathobiology, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Kristin Eden
- Virginia Tech, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science and Pathobiology, Blacksburg, Virginia; Virginia Tech, Department of Basic Science Education, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, Virginia
| | - Brie Trusiano
- Virginia Tech, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science and Pathobiology, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Daniel E Rothschild
- Virginia Tech, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science and Pathobiology, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Yufeng Qin
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Paul A Wade
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Audrey J Rowe
- Virginia Tech, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science and Pathobiology, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Christina Mounzer
- Virginia Tech, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science and Pathobiology, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Morgan C Stephens
- Virginia Tech, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science and Pathobiology, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Katherine M Hanson
- Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Spartanburg, South Carolina
| | - Stephan L Brown
- Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Spartanburg, South Carolina
| | - Eda K Holl
- Duke University, Department of Surgery, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Irving C Allen
- Virginia Tech, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science and Pathobiology, Blacksburg, Virginia; Virginia Tech, Department of Basic Science Education, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, Virginia; Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine and Health, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Roanoke, Virginia.
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2
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Matsumoto Y, Fukui T, Horitani S, Tanimura Y, Suzuki R, Tomiyama T, Honzawa Y, Tahara T, Okazaki K, Naganuma M. A Short-Term Model of Colitis-Associated Colorectal Cancer That Suggests Initial Tumor Development and the Characteristics of Cancer Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11697. [PMID: 37511456 PMCID: PMC10380789 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the transition from colitis-associated inflammation to carcinogenesis and the cell origin of cancer formation are still unclear. The azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) mouse model reproduces human colitis-associated colorectal cancer. To elucidate the mechanisms of cancer development and dynamics of the linker threonine-phosphorylated Smad2/3 (pSmad2/3L-Thr)-positive cells, we explored the early stages of colitis-associated colorectal cancer in AOM/DSS mice. The AOM/DSS mice were sacrificed at 4 to 6 weeks following AOM administration. To analyze the initial lesions, immunofluorescence staining for the following markers was performed: β-catenin, Ki67, CDK4, Sox9, Bmi1, cyclin D1, and pSmad2/3L-Thr. Micro-neoplastic lesions were flat and unrecognizable, and the uni-cryptal ones were either open to the surfaces or hidden within the mucosae. These neoplastic cells overexpressed β-catenin, Sox9, Ki67, and Cyclin D1 and had large basophilic nuclei in the immature atypical cells. In both the lesions, pSmad2/3L-Thr-positive cells were scattered and showed immunohistochemical co-localization with β-catenin, CDK4, and Bmi1 but never with Ki67. More β-catenin-positive neoplastic cells of both lesions were detected at the top compared to the base or center of the mucosae. We confirmed initial lesions in the colitis-associated colorectal cancer model mice and observed results that suggest that pSmad2/3L-Thr is a biomarker for tissue stem cells and cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Matsumoto
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Third Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata 573-1010, Japan
| | - Toshiro Fukui
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Third Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata 573-1010, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Horitani
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Third Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata 573-1010, Japan
| | - Yuji Tanimura
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Third Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata 573-1010, Japan
| | - Ryo Suzuki
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Third Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata 573-1010, Japan
| | - Takashi Tomiyama
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Third Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata 573-1010, Japan
| | - Yusuke Honzawa
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Third Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata 573-1010, Japan
| | - Tomomitsu Tahara
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Third Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata 573-1010, Japan
| | - Kazuichi Okazaki
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Third Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata 573-1010, Japan
| | - Makoto Naganuma
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Third Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata 573-1010, Japan
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Di Giorgio E, Benetti R, Kerschbamer E, Xodo L, Brancolini C. Super-enhancer landscape rewiring in cancer: The epigenetic control at distal sites. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 380:97-148. [PMID: 37657861 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2023.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Super-enhancers evolve as elements at the top of the hierarchical control of gene expression. They are important end-gatherers of signaling pathways that control stemness, differentiation or adaptive responses. Many epigenetic regulations focus on these regions, and not surprisingly, during the process of tumorigenesis, various alterations can account for their dysfunction. Super-enhancers are emerging as key drivers of the aberrant gene expression landscape that sustain the aggressiveness of cancer cells. In this review, we will describe and discuss about the structure of super-enhancers, their epigenetic regulation, and the major changes affecting their functionality in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eros Di Giorgio
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Medicine, Università degli Studi di Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Roberta Benetti
- Laboratory of Epigenomics, Department of Medicine, Università degli Studi di Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Emanuela Kerschbamer
- Laboratory of Epigenomics, Department of Medicine, Università degli Studi di Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Luigi Xodo
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Medicine, Università degli Studi di Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Claudio Brancolini
- Laboratory of Epigenomics, Department of Medicine, Università degli Studi di Udine, Udine, Italy.
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4
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Mahdavi-Jouibari F, Parseh B, Kazeminejad E, Khosravi A. Hopes and opportunities of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) in cartilage tissue regeneration. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1021024. [PMID: 36860887 PMCID: PMC9968979 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1021024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cartilage lesions are common conditions, affecting elderly and non-athletic populations. Despite recent advances, cartilage regeneration remains a major challenge today. The absence of an inflammatory response following damage and the inability of stem cells to penetrate into the healing site due to the absence of blood and lymph vessels are assumed to hinder joint repair. Stem cell-based regeneration and tissue engineering have opened new horizons for treatment. With advances in biological sciences, especially stem cell research, the function of various growth factors in the regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation has been established. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) isolated from different tissues have been shown to increase into therapeutically relevant cell numbers and differentiate into mature chondrocytes. As MSCs can differentiate and become engrafted inside the host, they are considered suitable candidates for cartilage regeneration. Stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) provide a novel and non-invasive source of MSCs. Due to their simple isolation, chondrogenic differentiation potential, and minimal immunogenicity, they can be an interesting option for cartilage regeneration. Recent studies have reported that SHED-derived secretome contains biomolecules and compounds that efficiently promote regeneration in damaged tissues, including cartilage. Overall, this review highlighted the advances and challenges of cartilage regeneration using stem cell-based therapies by focusing on SHED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forough Mahdavi-Jouibari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Technologies, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Benyamin Parseh
- Stem Cell Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran,Faculty of Advanced Medical Technologies, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Ezatolah Kazeminejad
- Stem Cell Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran,Dental Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran,*Correspondence: Ezatolah Kazeminejad, Dr. ; Ayyoob Khosravi,
| | - Ayyoob Khosravi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran,Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Technologies, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran,*Correspondence: Ezatolah Kazeminejad, Dr. ; Ayyoob Khosravi,
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5
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Complex Elucidation of Cells-of-Origin in Pediatric Soft Tissue Sarcoma: From Concepts to Real Life, Hide-and-Seek through Epigenetic and Transcriptional Reprogramming. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116310. [PMID: 35682989 PMCID: PMC9181261 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Soft tissue sarcoma (STS) comprise a large group of mesenchymal malignant tumors with heterogeneous cellular morphology, proliferative index, genetic lesions and, more importantly, clinical features. Full elucidation of this wide diversity remains a central question to improve their therapeutic management and the identity of cell(s)-of-origin from which these tumors arise is part of this enigma. Cellular reprogramming allows transitions of a mature cell between phenotypes, or identities, and represents one key driver of tumoral heterogeneity. Here, we discuss how cellular reprogramming mediated by driver genes in STS can profoundly reshape the molecular and morphological features of a transformed cell and lead to erroneous interpretation of its cell-of-origin. This review questions the fact that the epigenetic context in which a genetic alteration arises has to be taken into account as a key determinant of STS tumor initiation and progression. Retracing the cancer-initiating cell and its clonal evolution, notably via epigenetic approach, appears as a key lever for understanding the origin of these tumors and improving their clinical management.
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Li GH, Qu Q, Qi TT, Teng XQ, Zhu HH, Wang JJ, Lu Q, Qu J. Super-enhancers: a new frontier for epigenetic modifiers in cancer chemoresistance. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2021; 40:174. [PMID: 34011395 PMCID: PMC8132395 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-01974-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although new developments of surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy treatments for cancer have improved patient survival, the emergence of chemoresistance in cancer has significant impacts on treatment effects. The development of chemoresistance involves several polygenic, progressive mechanisms at the molecular and cellular levels, as well as both genetic and epigenetic heterogeneities. Chemotherapeutics induce epigenetic reprogramming in cancer cells, converting a transient transcriptional state into a stably resistant one. Super-enhancers (SEs) are central to the maintenance of identity of cancer cells and promote SE-driven-oncogenic transcriptions to which cancer cells become highly addicted. This dependence on SE-driven transcription to maintain chemoresistance offers an Achilles' heel for chemoresistance. Indeed, the inhibition of SE components dampens oncogenic transcription and inhibits tumor growth to ultimately achieve combined sensitization and reverse the effects of drug resistance. No reviews have been published on SE-related mechanisms in the cancer chemoresistance. In this review, we investigated the structure, function, and regulation of chemoresistance-related SEs and their contributions to the chemotherapy via regulation of the formation of cancer stem cells, cellular plasticity, the microenvironment, genes associated with chemoresistance, noncoding RNAs, and tumor immunity. The discovery of these mechanisms may aid in the development of new drugs to improve the sensitivity and specificity of cancer cells to chemotherapy drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Hua Li
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Qu
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting-Ting Qi
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Qi Teng
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Hong Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiao-Jiao Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiong Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jian Qu
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, People's Republic of China.
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7
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Anam MB, Istiaq A, Kariya R, Kudo M, Ishtiyaq Ahmad SA, Ito N, Okada S, Ohta K. Ribosome induces transdifferentiation of A549 and H-111-TC cancer cell lines. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 26:100946. [PMID: 33644423 PMCID: PMC7887644 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.100946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously we reported that, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) can induce human dermal fibroblast (HDF) cells to form multipotent cell clusters which are able to transdifferentiate into three germ layer derived cell lineages. Later on, we confirmed that ribosome is responsible for the LAB-induced transdifferentiation and ribosomes from diverse organisms can mimic the LAB effect on HDF cells. In our present study we have shown that, upon incorporation of ribosomes, non-small cell lung cancer cell line A549 and gastric tubular adenocarcinoma cell line H-111-TC are transformed into spheroid like morphology those can be transdifferentiated into adipocytes and osteoblast. Our qPCR analysis has revealed that, during the formation of ribosome induced cancer cell spheroids, the expression of the cancer cell associated markers and cell cycle/proliferation markers were altered at different time point. Through our investigation, here we report a novel and a non-invasive approach for cancer cell reprogramming by incorporating ribosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Badrul Anam
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan.,HIGO Program, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan.,Stem Cell-Based Tissue Regeneration Research and Education Unit, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Arif Istiaq
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan.,Department of Stem Cell Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.,HIGO Program, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan.,Stem Cell-Based Tissue Regeneration Research and Education Unit, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Ryusho Kariya
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Mikiko Kudo
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan.,Department of Stem Cell Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Shah Adil Ishtiyaq Ahmad
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan.,Stem Cell-Based Tissue Regeneration Research and Education Unit, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan.,Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, Bangladesh
| | - Naofumi Ito
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan.,Stem Cell-Based Tissue Regeneration Research and Education Unit, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Seiji Okada
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Kunimasa Ohta
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan.,Department of Stem Cell Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.,HIGO Program, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan.,Stem Cell-Based Tissue Regeneration Research and Education Unit, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan.,AMED Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (AMED-CREST), Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-0004, Japan
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Abstract
Only 10 years ago, the existence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) was still hotly debated. Even today, when their presence in most tumor types has been clearly demonstrated, all the consequences of their existence are far from being realized neither in the clinic nor, very often, in basic and translational cancer research. The existence of CSCs supposes a true change of paradigm in our understanding of cancer, but it will only have a real impact when we will properly assimilate its implications and apply these insights to both cancer research and cancer treatment. In this primer to the topic of leukemia stem cells (LSCs) our aim is to highlight with broad brushstrokes the most relevant of their properties, how these characteristics led to their identification, and the implications that the existence of LSCs has for the research and fight against leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isidro Sánchez-García
- Experimental Therapeutics and Translational Oncology Program, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC/Universidad de Salamanca and Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - César Cobaleda
- Immune System Development and Function Unit, Centro de Biologia Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC/UAM), Madrid, Spain.
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Lin Z, Fan Z, Zhang X, Wan J, Liu T. Cellular plasticity and drug resistance in sarcoma. Life Sci 2020; 263:118589. [PMID: 33069737 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sarcomas, originating from mesenchymal progenitor stem cells, are a group of rare malignant tumors with poor prognosis. Wide surgical resection, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy are the most common sarcoma treatments. However, sarcomas' response rates to chemotherapy are quite low and sarcoma cells can have intrinsic or acquired resistance after treatment with chemotherapeutics drugs, leading to the development of multi-drug resistance (MDR). Cancer cellular plasticity plays pivotal roles in cancer initiation, progression, therapy resistance and cancer relapse. Moreover, cancer cellular plasticity can be regulated by a multitude of factors, such as genetic and epigenetic alterations, tumor microenvironment (TME) or selective pressure imposed by treatment. Recent studies have demonstrated that cellular plasticity is involved in sarcoma progression and chemoresistance. It's essential to understand the molecular mechanisms of cellular plasticity as well as its roles in sarcoma progression and drug resistance. Therefore, this review focuses on the regulatory mechanisms and pathological roles of these diverse cellular plasticity programs in sarcoma. Additionally, we propose cellular plasticity as novel therapeutic targets to reduce sarcoma drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengjun Lin
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China.
| | - Zhihua Fan
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xianghong Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jia Wan
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tang Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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10
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Das P, Taube JH. Regulating Methylation at H3K27: A Trick or Treat for Cancer Cell Plasticity. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2792. [PMID: 33003334 PMCID: PMC7600873 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Properly timed addition and removal of histone 3 lysine 27 tri-methylation (H3K27me3) is critical for enabling proper differentiation throughout all stages of development and, likewise, can guide carcinoma cells into altered differentiation states which correspond to poor prognoses and treatment evasion. In early embryonic stages, H3K27me3 is invoked to silence genes and restrict cell fate. Not surprisingly, mutation or altered functionality in the enzymes that regulate this pathway results in aberrant methylation or demethylation that can lead to malignancy. Likewise, changes in expression or activity of these enzymes impact cellular plasticity, metastasis, and treatment evasion. This review focuses on current knowledge regarding methylation and de-methylation of H3K27 in cancer initiation and cancer cell plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph H. Taube
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA;
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11
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Kiełbus M, Czapiński J, Kałafut J, Woś J, Stepulak A, Rivero-Müller A. Genetically Engineered Lung Cancer Cells for Analyzing Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. Cells 2019; 8:E1644. [PMID: 31847480 PMCID: PMC6953058 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell plasticity, defined as the ability to undergo phenotypical transformation in a reversible manner, is a physiological process that also exerts important roles in disease progression. Two forms of cellular plasticity are epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and its inverse process, mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET). These processes have been correlated to the poor outcome of different types of neoplasias as well as drug resistance development. Since EMT/MET are transitional processes, we generated and validated a reporter cell line. Specifically, a far-red fluorescent protein was knocked-in in-frame with the mesenchymal gene marker VIMENTIN (VIM) in H2170 lung cancer cells. The vimentin reporter cells (VRCs) are a reliable model for studying EMT and MET showing cellular plasticity upon a series of stimulations. These cells are a robust platform to dissect the molecular mechanisms of these processes, and for drug discovery in vitro and in vivo in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Kiełbus
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (M.K.); (J.C.); (J.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Jakub Czapiński
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (M.K.); (J.C.); (J.K.); (A.S.)
- Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Kałafut
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (M.K.); (J.C.); (J.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Justyna Woś
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Andrzej Stepulak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (M.K.); (J.C.); (J.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Adolfo Rivero-Müller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (M.K.); (J.C.); (J.K.); (A.S.)
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Åbo Akademi University, 20500 Turku, Finland
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12
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The CTLH Complex in Cancer Cell Plasticity. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2019; 2019:4216750. [PMID: 31885576 PMCID: PMC6907057 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4216750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cell plasticity is the ability of cancer cells to intermittently morph into different fittest phenotypic states. Due to the intrinsic capacity to change their composition and interactions, protein macromolecular complexes are the ideal instruments for transient transformation. This review focuses on a poorly studied mammalian macromolecular complex called the CTLH (carboxy-terminal to LisH) complex. Currently, this macrostructure includes 11 known members (ARMC8, GID4, GID8, MAEA, MKLN1, RMND5A, RMND5B, RANBP9, RANBP10, WDR26, and YPEL5) and it has been shown to have E3-ligase enzymatic activity. CTLH proteins have been linked to all fundamental biological processes including proliferation, survival, programmed cell death, cell adhesion, and migration. At molecular level, the complex seems to interact and intertwine with key signaling pathways such as the PI3-kinase, WNT, TGFβ, and NFκB, which are key to cancer cell plasticity. As a whole, the CTLH complex is overexpressed in the most prevalent types of cancer and may hold the key to unlock many of the biological secrets that allow cancer cells to thrive in harsh conditions and resist antineoplastic therapy.
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13
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Hawsawi YM, Al-Zahrani F, Mavromatis CH, Baghdadi MA, Saggu S, Oyouni AAA. Stem Cell Applications for Treatment of Cancer and Autoimmune Diseases: Its Promises, Obstacles, and Future Perspectives. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2019; 17:1533033818806910. [PMID: 30343639 PMCID: PMC6198389 DOI: 10.1177/1533033818806910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the original discovery of stem cells, a new era of promising results has emerged in the clinical application of stem cells for the treatment of several important diseases, including cancer and autoimmune diseases. The plentiful research on stem cells during the past decades has provided significant information on the developmental, morphological, and physiological processes that govern tissue and organ formation, maintenance, and regeneration; cellular differentiation; molecular processes; and tissue homeostasis. In this review, we present the history of the use of stem cells in different clinical applications. Furthermore, we discuss the various therapeutic options for stem cells in cancer, followed by the role of stem cells in the treatment of autoimmune disorders. Additionally, we highlight the risks of and obstacles to the application of stem cells in clinical practice. Ultimately, we show future perspectives in stem cell use, with an aim to improve the clinical usefulness of stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef M Hawsawi
- 1 Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,2 Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Arts, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,3 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal Al-Zahrani
- 2 Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Arts, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Charalampos Harris Mavromatis
- 2 Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Arts, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A Baghdadi
- 1 Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,3 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Shalini Saggu
- 4 Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Atif Abdulwahab A Oyouni
- 4 Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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14
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Motofei IG. Biology of Cancer; From Cellular Cancerogenesis to Supracellular Evolution of Malignant Phenotype. Cancer Invest 2018; 36:309-317. [DOI: 10.1080/07357907.2018.1477955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ion G. Motofei
- Department of Surgery/Oncology, Carol Davila University, St. Pantelimon Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
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15
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MacDonagh L, Gray SG, Breen E, Cuffe S, Finn SP, O'Byrne KJ, Barr MP. BBI608 inhibits cancer stemness and reverses cisplatin resistance in NSCLC. Cancer Lett 2018; 428:117-126. [PMID: 29653268 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. While partial or complete tumor regression can be achieved in patients, particularly with cisplatin-based strategies, these initial responses are frequently short-lived and are followed by tumor relapse and chemoresistance. Identifying the root of cisplatin resistance in NSCLC and elucidating the mechanism(s) of tumor relapse, is of critical importance in order to determine the point of therapeutic failure, which in turn, will aid the discovery of novel therapeutics, new combination strategies and a strategy to enhance the efficacy of current chemotherapeutics. It has been hypothesized that cancer stem cells (CSCs) may be the initiating factor of resistance. We have previously identified and characterized an aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 CSC subpopulation in cisplatin resistant NSCLC. BBI608 is a small molecule STAT3 inhibitor known to suppress cancer relapse, progression and metastasis. Here, we show that BBI608 can inhibit stemness gene expression, deplete CSCs and overcome cisplatin resistance in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren MacDonagh
- Thoracic Oncology Research Group, School of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James's Hospital and Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Steven G Gray
- Thoracic Oncology Research Group, School of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James's Hospital and Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eamon Breen
- Flow Cytometry Facility, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James's Hospital and Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sinead Cuffe
- Thoracic Oncology Research Group, School of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James's Hospital and Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland; Medical Oncology, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stephen P Finn
- Thoracic Oncology Research Group, School of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James's Hospital and Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Histopathology, St. James's Hospital and Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kenneth J O'Byrne
- Thoracic Oncology Research Group, School of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James's Hospital and Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland; Cancer & Ageing Research Program, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Martin P Barr
- Thoracic Oncology Research Group, School of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James's Hospital and Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.
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16
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de Sousa N, Rodríguez-Esteban G, Rojo-Laguna JI, Saló E, Adell T. Hippo signaling controls cell cycle and restricts cell plasticity in planarians. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2002399. [PMID: 29357350 PMCID: PMC5794332 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2002399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hippo pathway plays a key role in regulating cell turnover in adult tissues, and abnormalities in this pathway are consistently associated with human cancers. Hippo was initially implicated in the control of cell proliferation and death, and its inhibition is linked to the expansion of stem cells and progenitors, leading to larger organ size and tumor formation. To understand the mechanism by which Hippo directs cell renewal and promotes stemness, we studied its function in planarians. These stem cell-based organisms are ideal models for the analysis of the complex cellular events underlying tissue renewal in the whole organism. hippo RNA interference (RNAi) in planarians decreased apoptotic cell death, induced cell cycle arrest, and could promote the dedifferentiation of postmitotic cells. hippo RNAi resulted in extensive undifferentiated areas and overgrowths, with no effect on body size or cell number. We propose an essential role for hippo in controlling cell cycle, restricting cell plasticity, and thereby preventing tumoral transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nídia de Sousa
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics and Institute of Biomedicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Gustavo Rodríguez-Esteban
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Jose Ignacio Rojo-Laguna
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics and Institute of Biomedicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Emili Saló
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics and Institute of Biomedicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Teresa Adell
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics and Institute of Biomedicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
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17
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Cuomo D, Porreca I, Cobellis G, Tarallo R, Nassa G, Falco G, Nardone A, Rizzo F, Mallardo M, Ambrosino C. Carcinogenic risk and Bisphenol A exposure: A focus on molecular aspects in endoderm derived glands. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 457:20-34. [PMID: 28111205 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological and experimental evidence associates the exposure to Bisphenol A with the increase of cancer risk in several organs, including prostate. BPA targets different pathways involved in carcinogenicity including the Nuclear Receptors (i.e. estrogen and androgen receptors), stress regulated proteins and, finally, epigenetic changes. Here, we analyse BPA-dependent carcinogenesis in endoderm-derived glands, thyroid, liver, pancreas and prostate focusing on cell signalling, DNA damage repair pathways and epigenetic modifications. Mainly, we gather molecular data evidencing harmful effects at doses relevant for human risk (low-doses). Since few molecular data are available, above all for the pancreas, we analysed transcriptomic data generated in our laboratory to suggest possible mechanisms of BPA carcinogenicity in endoderm-derived glands, discussing the role of nuclear receptors and stress/NF-kB pathways. We evidence that an in vitro toxicogenomic approach might suggest mechanisms of toxicity applicable to cells having the same developmental origin. Although we cannot draw firm conclusions, published data summarized in this review suggest that exposure to BPA, primarily during the developmental stages, represents a risk for carcinogenesis of endoderm-derived glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danila Cuomo
- IRGS, Biogem, Via Camporeale, 83031 Ariano Irpino, Avellino, Italy; Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, via Port'Arsa 11, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | | | - Gilda Cobellis
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sez. Bozzatti, II University of Naples, 80138 Napoli, Italy
| | - Roberta Tarallo
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Schola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, SA, Italy
| | - Giovanni Nassa
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Schola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, SA, Italy; Genomix4Life srl, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Schola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi, SA, Italy
| | - Geppino Falco
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonio Nardone
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy
| | - Francesca Rizzo
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Schola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, SA, Italy
| | - Massimo Mallardo
- Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy
| | - Concetta Ambrosino
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, via Port'Arsa 11, 82100 Benevento, Italy.
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18
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Extracellular vesicles: their role in cancer biology and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Biochem J 2017; 474:21-45. [PMID: 28008089 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cell-cell communication is critical across an assortment of physiological and pathological processes. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) represent an integral facet of intercellular communication largely through the transfer of functional cargo such as proteins, messenger RNAs (mRNAs), microRNA (miRNAs), DNAs and lipids. EVs, especially exosomes and shed microvesicles, represent an important delivery medium in the tumour micro-environment through the reciprocal dissemination of signals between cancer and resident stromal cells to facilitate tumorigenesis and metastasis. An important step of the metastatic cascade is the reprogramming of cancer cells from an epithelial to mesenchymal phenotype (epithelial-mesenchymal transition, EMT), which is associated with increased aggressiveness, invasiveness and metastatic potential. There is now increasing evidence demonstrating that EVs released by cells undergoing EMT are reprogrammed (protein and RNA content) during this process. This review summarises current knowledge of EV-mediated functional transfer of proteins and RNA species (mRNA, miRNA, long non-coding RNA) between cells in cancer biology and the EMT process. An in-depth understanding of EVs associated with EMT, with emphasis on molecular composition (proteins and RNA species), will provide fundamental insights into cancer biology.
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19
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Nettersheim D, Schorle H. The plasticity of germ cell cancers and its dependence on the cellular microenvironment. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 21:1463-1467. [PMID: 28244655 PMCID: PMC5543455 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
So far, the understanding of germ cell cancer (GCC) pathogenesis is based on a model, where seminomas and non‐seminomas represent distinct entities although originating from a common precursor termed germ cell neoplasia in situ (GCNIS). Embryonal carcinomas (ECs), the stem cell population of the non‐seminomas, is pluri‐ to totipotent and able to differentiate into cells of all three germ layers, giving rise to teratomas or tumours mimicking extraembryonic tissues (yolk sac tumours, choriocarcinomas). With regard to gene expression, (epi)genetics and histology, seminomas are highly similar to GCNIS and primordial germ cells, but limited in development. It remains elusive, whether this block in differentiation is controlled by cell intrinsic mechanisms or by signals from the surrounding microenvironment. Here, we reviewed the recent literature emphasizing the plasticity of GCCs, especially of seminomas. We propose that this plasticity is controlled by the microenvironment, allowing seminomas to transit into an EC or mixed non‐seminoma and vice versa. We discuss several mechanisms and routes of reprogramming that might be responsible for this change in the cell fate. We finally integrate this plasticity into a new model of GCC pathogenesis, allowing for an alternative view on the dynamics of GCC development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Nettersheim
- Department of Developmental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University Medical School, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hubert Schorle
- Department of Developmental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University Medical School, Bonn, Germany
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20
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Santoni M, Piva F, Scarpelli M, Cheng L, Lopez-Beltran A, Massari F, Iacovelli R, Berardi R, Santini D, Montironi R. The origin of prostate metastases: emerging insights. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2016; 34:765-73. [PMID: 26363603 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-015-9597-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The outcome of patients with prostate cancer (PCa) is mainly dependent on the presence or absence of distant metastases. Although several advances have been made in understanding the biological basis of this tumor, the mechanisms underlying PCa metastatic spread are not fully clear. The lack of a clear origin for PCa metastasis may be partially due to the evidence of PCa heterogeneity between primary tumor and metastases and among different metastatic sites. Cross-metastatic seeding and the de novo monoclonal seeding of daughter metastases have been proposed as crucial events during metastasis. This process requires the contribution of tumor environment, which modulates cancer cell homing and growth, and involves several components including cancer stem cells (CSCs), tumor secreted microvesicles, circulating tumor cells (CTCs), and immune cells. In this review, we have focused on the recent findings on the origin of prostate metastasis, showing the contribution of tumor microenvironment to this evolutionary process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Santoni
- Medical Oncology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti Umberto I, GM Lancisi, G Salesi, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Francesco Piva
- Department of Specialistic Clinical and Odontostomatological Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Marina Scarpelli
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, School of Medicine, United Hospitals, Ancona, Italy
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Francesco Massari
- Medical Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, University of Verona, Piazzale L.A. Scuro 10, 37124, Verona, Italy
| | - Roberto Iacovelli
- Medical Oncology Unit of Urogenital and Head & Neck Tumors, European Institute of Oncology
- , Via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy
| | - Rossana Berardi
- Medical Oncology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti Umberto I, GM Lancisi, G Salesi, Ancona, Italy
| | - Daniele Santini
- Department of Medical Oncology, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128, Rome, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Montironi
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, School of Medicine, United Hospitals, Ancona, Italy
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21
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Primary cultures of human colon cancer as a model to study cancer stem cells. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:12833-12842. [PMID: 27449036 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5214-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The principal cause of death in cancer involves tumor progression and metastasis. Since only a small proportion of the primary tumor cells, cancer stem cells (CSCs), which are the most aggressive, have the capacity to metastasize and display properties of stem cells, it is imperative to characterize the gene expression of diagnostic markers and to evaluate the drug sensitivity in the CSCs themselves. Here, we have examined the key genes that are involved in the progression of colorectal cancer and are expressed in cancer stem cells. Primary cultures of colorectal cancer cells from a patient's tumors were studied using the flow cytometry and cytological methods. We have evaluated the clinical and stem cell marker expression in these cells, their resistance to 5-fluorouracil and irinotecan, and the ability of cells to form tumors in mice. The data shows the role of stem cell marker Oct4 in the resistance of primary colorectal cancer tumor cells to 5-fluorouracil.
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22
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Suzuki R, Fukui T, Kishimoto M, Miyamoto S, Takahashi Y, Takeo M, Mitsuyama T, Sakaguchi Y, Uchida K, Nishio A, Okazaki K. Smad2/3 linker phosphorylation is a possible marker of cancer stem cells and correlates with carcinogenesis in a mouse model of colitis-associated colorectal cancer. J Crohns Colitis 2015; 9:565-74. [PMID: 25908723 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjv073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epithelial cells affected by somatic mutations undergo transition from a tumour-suppressive to a carcinogenic Smad pathway during sporadic colorectal carcinogenesis, and the specific linker threonine phosphorylation of Smad2/3 in colon epithelial cells indicates stem-like cells. This study extends previous observations to a model of colitis-associated colorectal cancer. METHODS After Crl:CD-1 mice received an administration of azoxymethane [AOM], the mice were given dextran sodium sulfate [DSS] for 7 days. AOM/DSS-treated mice [AOM/DSS mice] were killed at 10 or 20 weeks. After macroscopic observations, a histopathological analysis was conducted. Immunohistochemical staining was performed using the avidin-biotin immunoperoxidase method [pSmad3C-Ser, pSmad3L-Ser, c-Myc] and immunofluorescent methods [Ki67, β-catenin, CDK4, cyclin D1, Sox9, pSmad2/3L-Thr]. RESULTS The colons from AOM/DSS mice were shorter than those from control mice. The number of colon tumours at Week 20 was higher than at Week 10. The inflammation scores for AOM/DSS mice were greater than those for control mice. Immunostaining-positive cells (staining by Ki67, β-catenin [nuclear and cytoplasmic], cyclin D1, and Sox9) were diffusely distributed in colon tumours. The percentage of pSmad3L-Ser-positive cells in colon tumours was higher than in sites of pre-neoplastic colitis, and that in sites of pre-neoplastic colitis was higher than in control mice. pSmad2/3L-Thr-positive cells were sparsely detected around crypt bases in non-neoplastic colon epithelia and at the tops of tumours, and immunohistochemical co-localisation of pSmad2/3L-Thr with Ki67 was not observed. Immunohistochemical co-localisation of pSmad2/3L-Thr with β-catenin and CDK4 was observed. CONCLUSIONS pSmad3L-Ser signalling is an early event in colitis-associated colorectal cancer, and pSmad2/3L-Thr immunostaining-positive cells might be cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Suzuki
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Toshiro Fukui
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Masanobu Kishimoto
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Sachi Miyamoto
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Yu Takahashi
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Masahiro Takeo
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Mitsuyama
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Yutaku Sakaguchi
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Kazushige Uchida
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Nishio
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Kazuichi Okazaki
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
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Tumoral reprogramming: Plasticity takes a walk on the wild side. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2014; 1849:436-47. [PMID: 25038581 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cellular plasticity is the capacity that cells have to change their fate and adopt a new identity. Plasticity is essential for normal development and for tissue regeneration and, in an experimental setting, for the induction of pluripotency. All these processes involve a reprogramming of the cellular identity, mediated by signals from the environment and/or by internal changes at the transcriptional and epigenetic levels. Tumorigenesis is a process in which normal cells acquire a new malignant identity and give rise to a clonal aberrant population. This is only possible if the initiating cell has the necessary plasticity to undergo such changes, and if the oncogenic event(s) initiating cancer has the essential reprogramming capacity so as to be able to lead a change in cellular identity. The molecular mechanisms underlying tumoral reprogramming are the pathological counterparts of the normal processes regulating developmental plasticity or experimentally-induced reprogramming. In this review we will first revise the main features of non-pathological examples of reprogramming, and then we will describe the parallelisms with tumoral reprogramming, and we will also delineate how the precise knowledge of the reprogramming mechanisms offers the potential for the development of new therapeutical interventions. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Stress as a fundamental theme in cell plasticity.
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24
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Iyer AK, Duan Z, Amiji MM. Nanodelivery Systems for Nucleic Acid Therapeutics in Drug Resistant Tumors. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:2511-26. [DOI: 10.1021/mp500024p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arun K. Iyer
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Bouvé College
of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Zhenfeng Duan
- Department
of Orthopedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Mansoor M. Amiji
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Bouvé College
of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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25
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Iyer AK, Singh A, Ganta S, Amiji MM. Role of integrated cancer nanomedicine in overcoming drug resistance. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:1784-802. [PMID: 23880506 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cancer remains a major killer of mankind. Failure of conventional chemotherapy has resulted in recurrence and development of virulent multi drug resistant (MDR) phenotypes adding to the complexity and diversity of this deadly disease. Apart from displaying classical physiological abnormalities and aberrant blood flow behavior, MDR cancers exhibit several distinctive features such as higher apoptotic threshold, aerobic glycolysis, regions of hypoxia, and elevated activity of drug-efflux transporters. MDR transporters play a pivotal role in protecting the cancer stem cells (CSCs) from chemotherapy. It is speculated that CSCs are instrumental in reviving tumors after the chemo and radiotherapy. In this regard, multifunctional nanoparticles that can integrate various key components such as drugs, genes, imaging agents and targeting ligands using unique delivery platforms would be more efficient in treating MDR cancers. This review presents some of the important principles involved in development of MDR and novel methods of treating cancers using multifunctional-targeted nanoparticles. Illustrative examples of nanoparticles engineered for drug/gene combination delivery and stimuli responsive nanoparticle systems for cancer therapy are also discussed.
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Puglisi MA, Tesori V, Lattanzi W, Gasbarrini GB, Gasbarrini A. Colon cancer stem cells: Controversies and perspectives. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:2997-3006. [PMID: 23716979 PMCID: PMC3662939 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i20.2997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumors have long been viewed as a population in which all cells have the equal propensity to form new tumors, the so called conventional stochastic model. The cutting-edge theory on tumor origin and progression, tends to consider cancer as a stem cell disease. Stem cells are actively involved in the onset and maintenance of colon cancer. This review is intended to examine the state of the art on colon cancer stem cells (CSCs), with regard to the recent achievements of basic research and to the corresponding translational consequences. Specific prominence is given to the hypothesized origin of CSCs and to the methods for their identification. The growing understanding of CSC biology is driving the optimization of novel anti-cancer targeted drugs.
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Function of oncogenes in cancer development: a changing paradigm. EMBO J 2013; 32:1502-13. [PMID: 23632857 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2013.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumour-associated oncogenes induce unscheduled proliferation as well as genomic and chromosomal instability. According to current models, therapeutic strategies that block oncogene activity are likely to selectively target tumour cells. However, recent evidences have revealed that oncogenes are only essential for the proliferation of some specific tumour cell types, but not all. Indeed, the latest studies of the interactions between the oncogene and its target cell have shown that oncogenes contribute to cancer development not only by inducing proliferation but also by developmental reprogramming of the epigenome. This provides the first evidence that tumorigenesis can be initiated by stem cell reprogramming, and uncovers a new role for oncogenes in the origin of cancer. Here we analyse these evidences and propose an updated model of oncogene function that can explain the full range of genotype-phenotype associations found in human cancer. Finally, we discuss how this vision opens new avenues for developing novel anti-cancer interventions.
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Clonally related histiocytic/dendritic cell sarcoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma: a study of seven cases. Mod Pathol 2011; 24:1421-32. [PMID: 21666687 PMCID: PMC3175277 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2011.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Histiocytic and interdigitating dendritic cell sarcomas are rare tumors originating from bone marrow-derived myeloid stem cells. Recent studies have shown evidence of cross-lineage transdifferentiation of B cells in follicular lymphoma to histiocytic and dendritic cell sarcomas. In this study, we report the morphologic, molecular and cytogenetic analysis of seven cases of chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL) associated with histiocytic and dendritic cell sarcomas. All seven patients were elderly males (median age 71 years). The B-cell neoplasms preceded the development of the histiocytic and dendritic cell sarcomas in six of seven patients, and one patient had both tumors diagnosed at the same time. The tumors included four interdigitating dendritic cell sarcomas: one Langerhans cell sarcoma, one histiocytic sarcoma and one immature neoplasm with evidence of histiocytic origin. Laser-capture microdissection and PCR analysis showed identical clonal immunoglobulin gene rearrangements in the two phenotypically distinct components in all cases. There was a preferential usage of IGHV4-39 by the V-D-J gene rearrangement. By fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis, two cases showed deletion 17p in both components, whereas four cases had normal cytogenetic findings by FISH in the CLL/SLL cells, but acquired cytogenetic abnormalities in the corresponding histiocytic and dendritic tumors. Chromosome 17p abnormalities were the most common cytogenetic abnormality detected in the sarcomas, seen in five of six cases studied. Compared with the CLL/SLL cells, the histiocytic/dendritic cells were largely negative for PAX5, but showed strong expression of PU.1 and variable and weak expression of CEBPβ. Our study provides evidence for transdifferentiation of CLL/SLL B cells to tumors of dendritic and less often histiocytic lineage, and suggests that secondary genetic events may play a role in this phenomenon.
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Barkan B, Kloog Y, Ehrlich M. Phenotypic reversion of invasive neurofibromin-deficient schwannoma by FTS: Ras inhibition reduces BMP4/Erk/Smad signaling. Mol Cancer Ther 2011; 10:1317-26. [PMID: 21632464 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-10-1087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Neurofibromin-deficient (Nf1(-/-)) malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST) are highly invasive, refractory to chemotherapy, and characterized by overactivated Ras. Ras activates mitogenic pathways and regulates morphogenic programs--such as those induced by bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) and TGF-β. The role of such a cross-talk in determining the phenotype and transformation potential of MPNSTs is unknown. Here, we used MPNST cell lines and selective Ras inhibition with S-trans,trans-farnesylthiosalicylic-acid (FTS; salirasib) in conjunction with specific inhibitors of TGF-β and BMP signaling. FTS perturbed signaling of BMP4 and TGF-β1 to Smad-dependent and Erk-dependent pathways. Furthermore, FTS inhibited motility and spreading, reduced the gelatinase secretion, eliminated the expression and activation of regulators of cell-matrix interaction, and altered gene expression. These phenomena are indicative of a phenotypic reversion of NF1-deficient cells by FTS. Inhibition of BMP4 and TGF-β by noggin and SB-431542, respectively, mimicked the FTS-mediated effects on adhesion, spreading, and cell morphology. This strongly suggests that a cross-talk among TGF-β superfamily ligands and Ras plays a significant role in the transformation of NF1(-/-) MPNSTs. Our results support the therapeutic potential of FTS, in conjuncture with BMP and TGF-β pathway inhibitors, toward the inhibition of mitogenic and morphogenic signaling pathways and the alleviation of NF1 symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batya Barkan
- Department of Neurobiology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Lodi D, Iannitti T, Palmieri B. Stem cells in clinical practice: applications and warnings. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2011; 30:9. [PMID: 21241480 PMCID: PMC3033847 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-30-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells are a relevant source of information about cellular differentiation, molecular processes and tissue homeostasis, but also one of the most putative biological tools to treat degenerative diseases. This review focuses on human stem cells clinical and experimental applications. Our aim is to take a correct view of the available stem cell subtypes and their rational use in the medical area, with a specific focus on their therapeutic benefits and side effects. We have reviewed the main clinical trials dividing them basing on their clinical applications, and taking into account the ethical issue associated with the stem cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Lodi
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Medical School, Modena, Italy
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Todaro M, Francipane MG, Medema JP, Stassi G. Colon cancer stem cells: promise of targeted therapy. Gastroenterology 2010; 138:2151-62. [PMID: 20420952 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.12.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2009] [Revised: 11/28/2009] [Accepted: 12/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
First developed for hematologic disorders, the concept of cancer stem cells (CSCs) was expanded to solid tumors, including colorectal cancer (CRC). The traditional model of colon carcinogenesis includes several steps that occur via mutational activation of oncogenes and inactivation of tumor suppressor genes. Intestinal epithelial cells exist for a shorter amount of time than that required to accumulate tumor-inducing genetic changes, so researchers have investigated the concept that CRC arises from the long-lived stem cells, rather than from the differentiated epithelial cells. Colon CSCs were originally identified through the expression of the CD133 glycoprotein using an antibody directed to its epitope AC133. It is not clear if CD133 is a marker of colon CSCs-other cell surface markers, such as epithelial-specific antigen, CD44, CD166, Musashi-1, CD29, CD24, leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5, and aldehyde dehydrogenase 1, have been proposed. In addition to initiating and sustaining tumor growth, CSCs are believed to mediate cancer relapse after chemotherapy. How can we identify and analyze colon CSCs and what agents are being designed to kill this chemotherapy-refractory population?
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde Todaro
- Department of Surgical and Oncological Sciences, Cellular and Molecular Pathophysiology Laboratory, Palermo, Italy
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Abollo-Jiménez F, Jiménez R, Cobaleda C. Physiological cellular reprogramming and cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2010; 20:98-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2010.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/13/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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