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Zhang X, Luo Y, Hao H, Krahn JM, Su G, Dutcher R, Xu Y, Liu J, Pedersen LC, Xu D. Heparan sulfate selectively inhibits the collagenase activity of cathepsin K. Matrix Biol 2024; 129:15-28. [PMID: 38548090 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2024.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Cathepsin K (CtsK) is a cysteine protease with potent collagenase activity. CtsK is highly expressed by bone-resorbing osteoclasts and plays an essential role in resorption of bone matrix. Although CtsK is known to bind heparan sulfate (HS), the structural details of the interaction, and how HS regulates the biological functions of CtsK, remains largely unknown. In this report, we discovered that HS is a multifaceted regulator of the structure and function of CtsK. Structurally, HS forms a highly stable complex with CtsK and induces its dimerization. Co-crystal structures of CtsK with bound HS oligosaccharides reveal the location of the HS binding site and suggest how HS may support dimerization. Functionally, HS plays a dual role in regulating the enzymatic activity of CtsK. While it preserves the peptidase activity of CtsK by stabilizing its active conformation, it inhibits the collagenase activity of CtsK in a sulfation level-dependent manner. These opposing effects can be explained by our finding that the HS binding site is remote from the active site, which allows HS to specifically inhibit the collagenase activity without affecting the peptidase activity. At last, we show that structurally defined HS oligosaccharides effectively block osteoclast resorption of bone in vitro without inhibiting osteoclast differentiation, which suggests that HS-based oligosaccharide might be explored as a new class of selective CtsK inhibitor for many diseases involving exaggerated bone resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Zhang
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Yin Luo
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Huanmeng Hao
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Juno M Krahn
- Macromolecular Structure Group, Epigenetics and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Guowei Su
- Glycan Therapeutics Corp, 617 Hutton Street, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Robert Dutcher
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Yongmei Xu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jian Liu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lars C Pedersen
- Macromolecular Structure Group, Epigenetics and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Ding Xu
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA.
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2
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Binding mechanism of selective cathepsin K/S inhibition revealed from molecular simulations. Struct Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-023-02136-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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3
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Chai W, Hao W, Liu J, Han Z, Chang S, Cheng L, Sun M, Yan G, Liu Z, Liu Y, Zhang G, Xing L, Chen H, Liu P. Visualizing Cathepsin K-Cre Expression at the Single-Cell Level with GFP Reporters. JBMR Plus 2022; 7:e10706. [PMID: 36699636 PMCID: PMC9850439 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Cre/lox system is a fundamental tool for functional genomic studies, and a number of Cre lines have been generated to target genes of interest spatially and temporally in defined cells or tissues; this approach has greatly expanded our knowledge of gene functions. However, the limitations of this system have recently been recognized, and we must address the challenge of so-called nonspecific/off-target effects when a Cre line is utilized to investigate a gene of interest. For example, cathepsin K (Ctsk) has been used as a specific osteoclast marker, and Cre driven by its promoter is widely utilized for osteoclast investigations. However, Ctsk-Cre expression has recently been identified in other cell types, such as osteocytes, periosteal stem cells, and tenocytes. To better understand Ctsk-Cre expression and ensure appropriate use of this Cre line, we performed a comprehensive analysis of Ctsk-Cre expression at the single-cell level in major organs and tissues using two green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporters (ROSA nT-nG and ROSA tdT) and a tissue clearing technique in young and aging mice. The expression profile was further verified by immunofluorescence staining and droplet digital RT-PCR. The results demonstrate that Ctsk-Cre is expressed not only in osteoclasts but also at various levels in osteoblast lineage cells and other major organs/tissues, particularly in the brain, kidney, pancreas, and blood vessels. Furthermore, Ctsk-Cre expression increases markedly in the bone marrow, skeletal muscle, and intervertebral discs in aging mice. These data will be valuable for accurately interpreting data obtained from in vivo studies using Ctsk-Cre mice to avoid potentially misleading conclusions. © 2022 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhuan Chai
- Laboratory of Bone & Adipose BiologyShanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina
| | - Weiwei Hao
- Laboratory of Bone & Adipose BiologyShanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina
| | - Jintao Liu
- Laboratory of Bone & Adipose BiologyShanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina
| | - Zhenglin Han
- Laboratory of Bone & Adipose BiologyShanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina
| | - Shiyu Chang
- Laboratory of Bone & Adipose BiologyShanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina
| | - Liben Cheng
- Laboratory of Bone & Adipose BiologyShanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina
| | - Mingxin Sun
- Laboratory of Bone & Adipose BiologyShanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina
| | - Guofang Yan
- Laboratory of Bone & Adipose BiologyShanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina
| | - Zemin Liu
- Laboratory of Bone & Adipose BiologyShanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina
| | - Yin Liu
- Laboratory of Bone & Adipose BiologyShanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina
| | - Guodong Zhang
- Laboratory of Bone & Adipose BiologyShanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina
| | - Li Xing
- Laboratory of Bone & Adipose BiologyShanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina
| | - Hongqian Chen
- Laboratory of Bone & Adipose BiologyShanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina
| | - Peng Liu
- Laboratory of Bone & Adipose BiologyShanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina
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Pharmacological Therapies for the Management of Inflammatory Bone Resorption in Periodontal Disease: A Review of Preclinical Studies. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:5832009. [PMID: 35547360 PMCID: PMC9085331 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5832009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Periodontitis, a highly prevalent multicausal chronic inflammatory and destructive disease, develops as a result of complex host-parasite interactions. Dysbiotic bacterial biofilm in contact with the gingival tissues initiates a cascade of inflammatory events, mediated and modulated by the host's immune response, which is characterized by increased expression of several inflammatory mediators such as cytokines and chemokines in the connective tissue. If periodontal disease (PD) is left untreated, it results in the destruction of the supporting tissues around the teeth, including periodontal ligament, cementum, and alveolar bone, which lead to a wide range of disabilities and poor quality of life, thus imposing significant burdens. This process depends on the differentiation and activity of osteoclasts, the cells responsible for reabsorbing the bone tissue. Therefore, the inhibition of differentiation or activity of these cells is a promising strategy for controlling bone resorption. Several pharmacological drugs that target osteoclasts and inflammatory cells with immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects, such as bisphosphonates, anti-RANK-L antibody, strontium ranelate, cathepsin inhibitors, curcumin, flavonoids, specialized proresolving mediators, and probiotics, were already described to manage inflammatory bone resorption during experimental PD progression in preclinical studies. Meantime, a growing number of studies have described the beneficial effects of herbal products in inhibiting bone resorption in experimental PD. Therefore, this review summarizes the role of several pharmacological drugs used for PD prevention and treatment and highlights the targeted action of all those drugs with antiresorptive properties. In addition, our review provides a timely and critical appraisal for the scientific rationale use of the antiresorptive and immunomodulatory medications in preclinical studies, which will help to understand the basis for its clinical application.
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Zhang B, Chen Z. Screening of cathepsin B inhibitors in traditional Chinese medicine by capillary electrophoresis with immobilized enzyme microreactor. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 176:112811. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.112811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Lu J, Wang M, Wang Z, Fu Z, Lu A, Zhang G. Advances in the discovery of cathepsin K inhibitors on bone resorption. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2018; 33:890-904. [PMID: 29723068 PMCID: PMC6010086 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2018.1465417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin K (Cat K), highly expressed in osteoclasts, is a cysteine protease member of the cathepsin lysosomal protease family and has been of increasing interest as a target of medicinal chemistry efforts for its role in bone matrix degradation. Inhibition of the Cat K enzyme reduces bone resorption and thus, has rendered the enzyme as an attractive target for anti-resorptive osteoporosis therapy. Over the past decades, considerable efforts have been made to design and develop highly potent, excellently selective and orally applicable Cat K inhibitors. These inhibitors are derived from synthetic compounds or natural products, some of which have passed preclinical studies and are presently in clinical trials at different stages of advancement. In this review, we briefly summarised the historic development of Cat K inhibitors and discussed the relationship between structures of inhibitors and active sites in Cat K for the purpose of guiding future development of inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Lu
- a Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases (TMBJ), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong SAR , China.,b Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine and Translational Science (IBTS), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong SAR , China
| | - Maolin Wang
- a Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases (TMBJ), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong SAR , China.,b Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine and Translational Science (IBTS), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong SAR , China
| | - Ziyue Wang
- a Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases (TMBJ), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong SAR , China
| | - Zhongqi Fu
- a Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases (TMBJ), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong SAR , China
| | - Aiping Lu
- a Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases (TMBJ), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong SAR , China.,b Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine and Translational Science (IBTS), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong SAR , China
| | - Ge Zhang
- a Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases (TMBJ), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong SAR , China.,b Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine and Translational Science (IBTS), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong SAR , China
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7
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Panwar P, Law S, Jamroz A, Azizi P, Zhang D, Ciufolini M, Brömme D. Tanshinones that selectively block the collagenase activity of cathepsin K provide a novel class of ectosteric antiresorptive agents for bone. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:902-923. [PMID: 29278432 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Attempts to generate active site-directed cathepsin K (CatK) inhibitors for the treatment of osteoporosis have failed because of side effects. We have previously shown that an ectosteric tanshinone CatK inhibitor isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza blocked, selectively, the collagenase activity of CatK, without affecting the active site and demonstrated its bone-preserving activity in vivo. Here, we have characterize the antiresorptive potential of other tanshinones, which may provide a scaffold for side effect-free CatK inhibitors. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Thirty-one tanshinones were tested for their activity against CatK in enzymic and cell-based assays. The inhibitory potency against triple helical and fibrillar collagen degradation was determined in enzymic assays, by scanning electron microscopy and mechanical strength measurements. Human osteoclast assays were used to determine the effects of the inhibitors on bone resorption, its reversibility and osteoclastogenesis. Binding sites were characterized by molecular docking. KEY RESULTS Twelve compounds showed highly effective anti-collagenase activity and protected collagen against destruction and mechanical instability without inhibiting the hydrolysis of non-collagenous substrates. Six compounds were highly effective in osteoclast bone resorption assays with IC50 values of <500 nM. None of these tanshinones had effects on cell viability, reversibility of bone resorption inhibition and osteoclastogenesis. The core pharmacophore of the tanshinones appears to be the three-ring system with either a para- or ortho-quinone entity. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our study identified several potent ectosteric antiresorptive CatK inhibitors from the medicinal plant, S. miltiorrhiza, which may avoid side effects seen with active site-directed inhibitors in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preety Panwar
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Centre for Blood Research, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Simon Law
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Centre for Blood Research, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Andrew Jamroz
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Pouya Azizi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Dongwei Zhang
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Diabetes Research Centre, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Marco Ciufolini
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Dieter Brömme
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Centre for Blood Research, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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8
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Panwar P, Xue L, Søe K, Srivastava K, Law S, Delaisse JM, Brömme D. An Ectosteric Inhibitor of Cathepsin K Inhibits Bone Resorption in Ovariectomized Mice. J Bone Miner Res 2017; 32:2415-2430. [PMID: 28745432 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The potent cathepsin K (CatK) inhibitor, Tanshinone IIA sulfonic sodium (T06), was tested for its in vitro and in vivo antiresorptive activities. T06 binds in an ectosteric site of CatK remote from its active site and selectively inhibits collagen degradation with an IC50 value of 2.7 ± 0.2 μM (CatK:T06 molar ratio of 1:5). However, it does not suppress fluorogenic peptide cleavage and gelatinolysis at a 2500-fold molar excess. Contrary to active site-directed CatK inhibitors, such as odanacatib, T06 suppresses bone resorption in both human and mouse osteoclasts equally well (IC50 value for human and mouse osteoclasts: 237 ± 60 nM and 245 ± 55 nM, respectively) and its antiresorptive activity is fully reversible in both cell types. Moreover, T06 affects neither the metabolic activity of osteoclasts nor osteoclastogenesis. In in vivo studies, 40 mg T06/kg/d given to 12-week-old ovariectomized (OVX) mice for 3 months reduced plasma CTx-1 by 20% and increased osteoblast numbers and plasma P1NP by ∼28% when compared with the OVX control. μCT analysis of T06-treated OVX mice showed a 35% increase in bone mineral density and other femoral trabecular bone parameters when compared with OVX animals. T06 did not alter the number of osteoclasts, had no estrogenic effect on the uterus, did not change plasma estradiol levels, and did not inhibit fibroblast-mediated TGF-ß1 processing or degradation and cognitive functions in OVX mice. This study indicates that the ectosteric inhibitor, T06, is a selective antiresorptive CatK inhibitor that may overcome the shortcomings of side effect-prone active site-directed drugs, which all failed in clinical trials. © 2017 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preety Panwar
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Clinical Cell Biology, Vejle Hospital/Lillebaelt Hospital, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Vejle, Denmark.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Liming Xue
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Kent Søe
- Clinical Cell Biology, Vejle Hospital/Lillebaelt Hospital, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Vejle, Denmark
| | - Kamini Srivastava
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Simon Law
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jean-Marie Delaisse
- Clinical Cell Biology, Vejle Hospital/Lillebaelt Hospital, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Vejle, Denmark
| | - Dieter Brömme
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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9
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Law S, Panwar P, Li J, Aguda AH, Jamroz A, Guido RVC, Brömme D. A composite docking approach for the identification and characterization of ectosteric inhibitors of cathepsin K. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186869. [PMID: 29088253 PMCID: PMC5663397 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin K (CatK) is a cysteine protease that plays an important role in mammalian intra- and extracellular protein turnover and is known for its unique and potent collagenase activity. Through studies on the mechanism of its collagenase activity, selective ectosteric sites were identified that are remote from the active site. Inhibitors targeting these ectosteric sites are collagenase selective and do not interfere with other proteolytic activities of the enzyme. Potential ectosteric inhibitors were identified using a computational approach to screen the druggable subset of and the entire 281,987 compounds comprising Chemical Repository library of the National Cancer Institute-Developmental Therapeutics Program (NCI-DTP). Compounds were scored based on their affinity for the ectosteric site. Here we compared the scores of three individual molecular docking methods with that of a composite score of all three methods together. The composite docking method was up to five-fold more effective at identifying potent collagenase inhibitors (IC50 < 20 μM) than the individual methods. Of 160 top compounds tested in enzymatic assays, 28 compounds revealed blocking of the collagenase activity of CatK at 100 μM. Two compounds exhibited IC50 values below 5 μM corresponding to a molar protease:inhibitor concentration of <1:12. Both compounds were subsequently tested in osteoclast bone resorption assays where the most potent inhibitor, 10-[2-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]ethyl]-7,8-diethylbenzo[g]pteridine-2,4-dione, (NSC-374902), displayed an inhibition of bone resorption with an IC50-value of approximately 300 nM and no cell toxicity effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Law
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Preety Panwar
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jody Li
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Adeleke H. Aguda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andrew Jamroz
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Rafael V. C. Guido
- Centro de Inovação em Biodiversidade e Fármacos, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Dieter Brömme
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Brömme D, Panwar P, Turan S. Cathepsin K osteoporosis trials, pycnodysostosis and mouse deficiency models: Commonalities and differences. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2016; 11:457-72. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2016.1160884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Brömme
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Preety Panwar
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Serap Turan
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
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11
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Ihmaid SK, Ahmed HEA, Zayed MF, Abadleh MM. Self Organizing Map-Based Classification of Cathepsin k and S Inhibitors with Different Selectivity Profiles Using Different Structural Molecular Fingerprints: Design and Application for Discovery of Novel Hits. Molecules 2016; 21:175. [PMID: 26840291 PMCID: PMC6272978 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21020175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The main step in a successful drug discovery pipeline is the identification of small potent compounds that selectively bind to the target of interest with high affinity. However, there is still a shortage of efficient and accurate computational methods with powerful capability to study and hence predict compound selectivity properties. In this work, we propose an affordable machine learning method to perform compound selectivity classification and prediction. For this purpose, we have collected compounds with reported activity and built a selectivity database formed of 153 cathepsin K and S inhibitors that are considered of medicinal interest. This database has three compound sets, two K/S and S/K selective ones and one non-selective KS one. We have subjected this database to the selectivity classification tool ‘Emergent Self-Organizing Maps’ for exploring its capability to differentiate selective cathepsin inhibitors for one target over the other. The method exhibited good clustering performance for selective ligands with high accuracy (up to 100 %). Among the possibilites, BAPs and MACCS molecular structural fingerprints were used for such a classification. The results exhibited the ability of the method for structure-selectivity relationship interpretation and selectivity markers were identified for the design of further novel inhibitors with high activity and target selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh K Ihmaid
- Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, P. O. Box 30039, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah 41477, Saudi Arabia.
- School of Pharmacy and Applied Science, La Trobe University, P. O. Box 199, Bendigo 3552, Australia.
| | - Hany E A Ahmed
- Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, P. O. Box 30039, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah 41477, Saudi Arabia.
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, P. O. Box 11651, Cairo 11884, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed F Zayed
- Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, P. O. Box 30039, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah 41477, Saudi Arabia.
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, P. O. Box 11651, Cairo 11884, Egypt.
| | - Mohammed M Abadleh
- Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, P. O. Box 30039, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah 41477, Saudi Arabia.
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12
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Verbovšek U, Van Noorden CJ, Lah TT. Complexity of cancer protease biology: Cathepsin K expression and function in cancer progression. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 35:71-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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13
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Total Hip Arthroplasty after Treatment of an Atypical Subtrochanteric Femoral Fracture in a Patient with Pycnodysostosis. Case Rep Orthop 2015; 2015:731910. [PMID: 26448892 PMCID: PMC4581509 DOI: 10.1155/2015/731910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The authors describe the case of a 51-year-old woman with an osteonecrosis of her right femoral head after treatment of an atypical subtrochanteric fracture caused by pycnodysostosis. She had this fracture after a low-trauma fall. She was of short stature with typical facial features, short stubby hands, and radiological features including open cranial sutures, obtuse mandible, and generalized skeletal sclerosis. The majority of cases of atypical subtrochanteric fractures are associated with long-term use of bisphosphonates; some occur in bisphosphonate-free patients. We report a rare case of total hip arthroplasty (THA) in a patient with pycnodysostosis who developed an osteonecrosis of the femoral head after treatment of an atypical subtrochanteric femoral fracture. We performed cementless THA in combination with a plate and cables. Cementless THA is a potential intervention in a patient with pycnodysostosis; although the bone quality may have been sclerotic, healing is not a problem in this condition.
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Ling C, Zhang J, Lin D, Tao A. Approaches for the generation of active papain-like cysteine proteases from inclusion bodies of Escherichia coli. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 31:681-90. [PMID: 25792298 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-015-1804-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Papain-like cysteine proteases are widely expressed, fulfill specific functions in extracellular matrix turnover, antigen presentation and processing events, and may represent viable drug targets for major diseases. In depth and rigorous studies of the potential for these proteins to be targets for drug development require sufficient amounts of protease protein that can be used for both experimental and therapeutic purposes. Escherichia coli was widely used to express papain-like cysteine proteases, but most of those proteases are produced in insoluble inclusion bodies that need solubilizing, refolding, purifying and activating. Refolding is the most critical step in the process of generating active cysteine proteases and the current approaches to refolding include dialysis, dilution and chromatography. Purification is mainly achieved by various column chromatography. Finally, the attained refolded proteases are examined regarding their protease structures and activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunfang Ling
- School of Life Science, South China Normal University, 55# Zhongshan Road West, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510631, People's Republic of China
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15
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Aguda AH, Panwar P, Du X, Nguyen NT, Brayer GD, Brömme D. Structural basis of collagen fiber degradation by cathepsin K. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:17474-9. [PMID: 25422423 PMCID: PMC4267343 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1414126111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin K is the major collagenolytic protease in bone that facilitates physiological as well as pathological bone degradation. Despite its key role in bone remodeling and for being a highly sought-after drug target for the treatment of osteoporosis, the mechanism of collagen fiber degradation by cathepsin K remained elusive. Here, we report the structure of a collagenolytically active cathepsin K protein dimer. Cathepsin K is organized into elongated C-shaped protease dimers that reveal a putative collagen-binding interface aided by glycosaminoglycans. Molecular modeling of collagen binding to the dimer indicates the participation of nonactive site amino acid residues, Q21 and Q92, in collagen unfolding. Mutations at these sites as well as perturbation of the dimer protein-protein interface completely inhibit cathepsin-K-mediated fiber degradation without affecting the hydrolysis of gelatin or synthetic peptide. Using scanning electron microscopy, we demonstrate the specific binding of cathepsin K at the edge of the fibrillar gap region of collagen fibers, which suggest initial cleavage events at the N- and C-terminal ends of tropocollagen molecules. Edman degradation analysis of collagen fiber degradation products revealed those initial cleavage sites. We propose that one cathepsin K molecule binds to collagen-bound glycosaminoglycans at the gap region and recruits a second protease molecule that provides an unfolding and cleavage mechanism for triple helical collagen. Removal of collagen-associated glycosaminoglycans prevents cathepsin K binding and subsequently fiber hydrolysis. Cathepsin K dimer and glycosaminoglycan binding sites represent novel targeting sites for the development of nonactive site-directed second-generation inhibitors of this important drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeleke H Aguda
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, and
| | - Preety Panwar
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, and
| | - Xin Du
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, and
| | - Nham T Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, and
| | - Gary D Brayer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, and
| | - Dieter Brömme
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, and Center for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
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Pauksch L, Rohnke M, Schnettler R, Lips KS. Silver nanoparticles do not alter human osteoclastogenesis but induce cellular uptake. Toxicol Rep 2014; 1:900-908. [PMID: 28962302 PMCID: PMC5598169 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on the increasing number of multi-drug resistant bacteria in periprosthetic infections, improvement of the antibacterial activity of commonly used biomaterials must be achieved. The broad-spectrum, high antimicrobial efficacy has made silver nanoparticles a promising new antibacterial agent. However, there is still a serious lack of knowledge concerning the impact of nanosilver on bone cells. For this reason a study was conducted to evaluate the influence of silver nanoparticles on osteoclastogenesis of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Upon incubation with subtoxic concentrations of nanosilver the cells did not exhibit changes in osteoclast differentiation and podosomal structures. However, the osteoclasts were able to uptake the nanoparticles, accumulating them in endo-lysosomal compartments. Furthermore, nanosilver exposure led to an increase in oxidative stress and a decrease in clathrin-dependent endocytosis on the mRNA level. In conclusion, our results indicate nanosilver-induced cell stress at higher concentrations. For this reason antibacterial benefits and possible health risks should be weighed in more detail in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Pauksch
- Laboratory for Experimental Trauma Surgery, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Marcus Rohnke
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Reinhard Schnettler
- Laboratory for Experimental Trauma Surgery, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany.,Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Rudolph-Buchheim-Strasse 7, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Katrin S Lips
- Laboratory for Experimental Trauma Surgery, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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Guo Y, Li Y, Xue L, Severino RP, Gao S, Niu J, Qin LP, Zhang D, Brömme D. Salvia miltiorrhiza: an ancient Chinese herbal medicine as a source for anti-osteoporotic drugs. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 155:1401-16. [PMID: 25109459 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 07/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Red sage (Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge), also known as Danshen in Chinese, has been used historically and is currently exploited in combination with other herbs to treat skeletal diseases in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). With the advance of modern analytical technology, a multitude of bone-targeting, pharmaceutically active, compounds has been isolated and characterized from various sources of TCM including those produced in Salvia miltiorrhiza root. The aim of the review is to provide a comprehensive overview about the historical TCM interpretation of the action of Salvia miltiorrhiza in osteoporosis, its use clinical trials, its main phytochemical constituents, and its action on bone-resorptive and bone formation-stimulating mechanisms in in vitro and in vivo studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS Literature sources used were Pubmed, CNKI.net, Cqvip.com, PubChem, and the Web of Science. For the inquiry, keywords such as Salvia, danshen, osteoporosis, bone, osteoclast and osteoblast were used in various combinations. About 130 research papers and reviews were consulted. RESULTS In TCM, the anti-osteopororotic effect of Salvia miltiorrhiza is ascribed to its action on liver and blood stasis as main therapeutic targets defining osteoporosis. 36 clinical trials were identified which used Salvia miltiorrhiza in combination with other herbs and components to treat post-menopausal, senile, and secondary osteoporosis. On average the trials were characterized by high efficacy (>80%) and low toxicity problems. However, various limitations such as small patient samples, short treatment duration, frequent lack of detailed numerical data, and no clear endpoints must be taken into consideration. To date, more than 100 individual compounds have been isolated from this plant and tested in various animal models and biochemical assays. Compounds display anti-resorptive and bone formation-stimulating features targeting different pathways in the bone remodeling cycle. Pathways affected include the activation of osteoblasts, the modulation of osteoclastogenesis, and the inhibition of collagen degradation by cathepsin K. CONCLUSIONS The inclusion of Salvia miltiorrhiza in more than 30% of all herbal clinical trials successfully targeting osteoporosis has stimulated significant interest in the identification and characterization of individual constituents of this herb. The review highlights the anti-osteoporotic potential of Salvia miltiorrhiza in clinical applications and the potential of the herb to provide potent compounds targeting specific pathways in bone resorption and bone formation.
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Key Words
- Anti-resorptive activity
- Danshen
- Osteoporosis
- Pro-anabolic activity
- Salvia miltiorrhiza
- Salvianolic acid A, CID 5281793
- caffeic acid, CID 689043
- cryptotanshinone, CID 160254
- oleanolic acid, CID 10494
- p-coumaric acid, CID 637542
- raloxifene, CID 5035
- salvianolic acid B (Synonym: Salvianic acid B), CID 11629084
- tanshinone I, CID 114917
- tanshinone IIA, CID 164676
- ursolic acid, CID 64945
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubo Guo
- Diabetes Research Center, School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Yu Li
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Liming Xue
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T1Z3
| | - Richele P Severino
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T1Z3
| | - Sihua Gao
- Diabetes Research Center, School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Jianzhao Niu
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Lu-Ping Qin
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Dongwei Zhang
- Diabetes Research Center, School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, PR China; Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T1Z3.
| | - Dieter Brömme
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T1Z3.
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Simos D, Addison CL, Kuchuk I, Hutton B, Mazzarello S, Clemons M. Bone-Targeted Agents for the Management of Breast Cancer Patients with Bone Metastases. J Clin Med 2013; 2:67-88. [PMID: 26237063 PMCID: PMC4470229 DOI: 10.3390/jcm2030067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in adjuvant therapy for breast cancer, bone remains the most common site of recurrence. The goal of therapy for these patients is palliative and focused on maximizing the duration and quality of their life, while concurrently minimizing any disease or treatment-related complications. Bone metastases predispose patients to reduced survival, pain, impaired quality of life and the development of skeletal-related events. With an increased understanding of the pathophysiology of bone metastasis, effective treatments for their management have evolved and are now in widespread clinical use. This article will discuss the pathogenesis of bone metastases and review the key clinical evidence for the efficacy and safety of currently available systemic bone-targeted therapies in breast cancer patients with an emphasis on bisphosphonates and the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL) inhibitors. We will also discuss novel strategies and therapies currently in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demetrios Simos
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital Cancer Centre, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Box 900, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H8L6, Canada.
| | - Christina L Addison
- Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Departments of Medicine & Biochemistry Microbiology & Immunology, University of Ottawa, Box 926, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H8L6, Canada.
| | - Iryna Kuchuk
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital Cancer Centre, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Box 900, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H8L6, Canada.
| | - Brian Hutton
- Centre for Practice Changing Research & Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Box 201, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6, Canada.
| | - Sasha Mazzarello
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital Cancer Centre, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Box 900, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H8L6, Canada.
| | - Mark Clemons
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital Cancer Centre, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Box 900, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H8L6, Canada.
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Panwar P, Du X, Sharma V, Lamour G, Castro M, Li H, Brömme D. Effects of cysteine proteases on the structural and mechanical properties of collagen fibers. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:5940-50. [PMID: 23297404 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.419689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive cathepsin K (catK)-mediated turnover of fibrillar type I and II collagens in bone and cartilage leads to osteoporosis and osteoarthritis. However, little is known about how catK degrades compact collagen macromolecules. The present study is aimed to explore the structural and mechanical consequences of collagen fiber degradation by catK. Mouse tail type I collagen fibers were incubated with either catK or non-collagenase cathepsins. Methods used include scanning electron microscopy, protein electrophoresis, atomic force microscopy, and tensile strength testing. Our study revealed evidence of proteoglycan network degradation, followed by the progressive disassembly of macroscopic collagen fibers into primary structural elements by catK. Proteolytically released GAGs are involved in the generation of collagenolytically active catK-GAG complexes as shown by AFM. In addition to their structural disintegration, a decrease in the tensile properties of fibers was observed due to the action of catK. The Young's moduli of untreated collagen fibers versus catK-treated fibers in dehydrated conditions were 3.2 ± 0.68 GPa and 1.9 ± 0.65 GPa, respectively. In contrast, cathepsin L, V, B, and S revealed no collagenase activity, except the disruption of proteoglycan-GAG interfibrillar bridges, which slightly decreased the tensile strength of fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preety Panwar
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T1Z3, Canada
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Abstract
Cathepsin K is a key enzyme involved in the degradation of organic bone matrix by osteoclasts. Inhibition of bone resorption observed in human and animal models deficient for cathepsin K has identified this enzyme as a suitable target for intervention by small molecules with the potential to be used as therapeutic agents in the treatment of osteoporosis. Odanacatib (ODN) is a nonbasic selective cathepsin K inhibitor with good pharmacokinetic parameters such as minimal in vitro metabolism, long half-life, and oral bioavailability. In preclinical studies, ovariectomized monkeys and rabbits treated with ODN showed substantial inhibition of bone resorption markers along with increases in bone mineral density (BMD). Significant differences were observed in the effects of ODN treatment compared with those of other antiresorptive agents such as bisphosphonates and denosumab. ODN displayed compartment-specific effects on trabecular versus cortical bone formation, with treatment resulting in marked increases in periosteal bone formation and cortical thickness in ovariectomized monkeys whereas trabecular bone formation was reduced. Furthermore, osteoclasts remained viable. Phase I and II studies conducted in postmenopausal women showed ODN to be safe and well tolerated. After 5 years, women who received ODN 50 mg weekly continuously from year 1 (n = 13), showed BMD increases from baseline of 11.9% at the lumbar spine, 9.8% at the femoral neck, 10.9% at the hip trochanter, and 8.5% at the total hip. Additionally, these subjects maintained a low level of the urine bone resorption marker N-terminal telopeptide/creatinine (−67.4% from baseline) through 5 years of treatment, while levels of serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase remained only slightly reduced relative to baseline (−15.3%). In women who were switched from ODN to placebo after 2 years, bone turnover markers were transiently increased and BMD gains reversed after 12 months off medication. Adverse experiences in the ODN-treated group were not significantly different from the placebo group. In conclusion, available data suggests that cathepsin K inhibition could be a promising intervention with which to treat osteoporosis. Ongoing studies are expected to provide information on the long-term efficacy in fracture reduction and safety of prolonged treatment with ODN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kong Wah Ng
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes and St Vincent's Institute, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.
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21
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22
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Costa AG, Cusano NE, Silva BC, Cremers S, Bilezikian JP. Cathepsin K: its skeletal actions and role as a therapeutic target in osteoporosis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2011; 7:447-56. [PMID: 21670768 DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2011.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Bone remodeling consists of two phases--bone resorption and bone formation--that are normally balanced. When bone resorption exceeds bone formation, pathologic processes, such as osteoporosis, can result. Cathepsin K is a member of the papain family of cysteine proteases that is highly expressed by activated osteoclasts. Cathepsin K readily degrades type I collagen, the major component of the organic bone matrix. With such a major role in the initial process of bone resorption, cathepsin K has become a therapeutic target in osteoporosis. The antiresorptive properties of cathepsin K inhibitors have been studied in phase I and phase II clinical trials. Phase III studies are currently underway for odanacatib, a selective cathepsin K inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline G Costa
- Metabolic Bone Diseases Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 W. 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Nascimento FD, Minciotti CL, Geraldeli S, Carrilho MR, Pashley DH, Tay FR, Nader HB, Salo T, Tjäderhane L, Tersariol ILS. Cysteine cathepsins in human carious dentin. J Dent Res 2011; 90:506-11. [PMID: 21248362 DOI: 10.1177/0022034510391906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are important in dentinal caries, and analysis of recent data demonstrates the presence of other collagen-degrading enzymes, cysteine cathepsins, in human dentin. This study aimed to examine the presence, source, and activity of cysteine cathepsins in human caries. Cathepsin B was detected with immunostaining. Saliva and dentin cysteine cathepsin and MMP activities on caries lesions were analyzed spectrofluorometrically. Immunostaining demonstrated stronger cathepsins B in carious than in healthy dentin. In carious dentin, cysteine cathepsin activity increased with increasing depth and age in chronic lesions, but decreased with age in active lesions. MMP activity decreased with age in both active and chronic lesions. Salivary MMP activities were higher in patients with active than chronic lesions and with increasing lesion depth, while cysteine cathepsin activities showed no differences. The results indicate that, along with MMPs, cysteine cathepsins are important, especially in active and deep caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- F D Nascimento
- Grupo de Estudos em Odontologia, Universidade Bandeirante de São Paulo, Brazil
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Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Bones play many roles in the body, providing structure, protecting organs, anchoring muscles and storing calcium. Over 100 million people worldwide suffer from bone diseases, mainly osteoporosis, cancer-related bone loss, osteoarthritis and inflammatory arthritis. Osteoporosis itself has no specific symptoms, and the main consequence is the increased risk of bone fractures. Therefore, the prevention of bone diseases is important to maintain the quality of life in the human society. However, treatment options are still insufficient. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW This review article gives a summary of the low molecular mass modulators of bone diseases targets disclosed in patent applications and articles, mainly during the last 5 years. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN Readers will rapidly gain an overview of these modulators not only for historical targets, but also of emerging and re-visited targets. Readers will also be able to see the current research trend and the main players in this field. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Drug discovery for bone diseases has made progress in the last years. The research area has dynamically shifted from historical targets (bisphosphonate, parathyroid hormone and calcitonin) to newly confirmed targets or targets re-visited which were biologically validated in the past. Cathepsin K inhibitors should be very close to launching in the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Masuya
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.
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Pettorini BL, Frassanito P, Caldarelli M, Tamburrini G, Massimi L, Di Rocco C. Molecular pathogenesis of craniopharyngioma: switching from a surgical approach to a biological one. Neurosurg Focus 2010; 28:E1. [DOI: 10.3171/2010.1.focus09300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Craniopharyngioma has long been considered a benign tumor because of its pathological aspect. This primordial view of craniopharyngioma fit with the primitive treatment attempts based on blind resection of the tumor each time it recurred. The limits of this management strategy were proven early by the high morbidity related to the resection and recurrence risk despite radical lesion removal. Nowadays, craniopharyngioma must be considered a complex molecular disease, and a detailed explanation of the mechanisms underlying its aggressive biological and clinical behavior, despite some benign pathological features, would be the first step toward defining the best management of craniopharyngioma. Indeed, advances in the knowledge of the molecular mechanisms at the base of craniopharyngioma oncogenesis will lead to comprehension of the critical checkpoints involved in neoplastic transformation. The final research target will be the definition of new biological agents able to reverse the neoplastic process by acting on these critical checkpoints. This biological approach will lead to a refined therapy combining higher efficacy and safety with lower morbidity. In this paper the authors reveal state-of-the-art comprehension of the molecular biology of craniopharyngioma and the consequent therapeutic implications.
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Venediktova A, Falameeva O, Kolosova N, Sadovoj M, Korolenko T. Cathepsin K and matrix metalloproteases activity in bone tissue of OXYS rats with osteoporosis development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 56:274-82. [DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20105602274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The comparative study of аctivity of cysteine protease cathepsin K and matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) in bone tissue of accelerated senescent OXYS rats with early ageing comparatively to Wistar rats of the same age was performed. Early development osteoporosis is a typical feature of OXYS rats. In bone tissue of 3 month old OXYS rats, before appearance of osteoporosis manifestation cathepsin K activity was higher, whereas MMPs activity was lower than in Wistar rats. In Wistar rats (3 and 14 months old) cathepsin K activity of spine was shown to increase, and MMPs activity to decrease. In OXYS rats age-related change of cathepsin K and MMPs activity in bone tissue had the opposite direction. As a result of this there were no differences between Wistar and OXYS rats 14 months old despite the marked osteoporosis in OXYS rats as revealed our early researches. Serum α2-macroglobulin activity was higher in 14 months old OXYS rats. The role of activation of cathepsin K in bone resorption in the development of osteoporosis in early ageing OXYS rats is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.A. Venediktova
- Institute of Physiology, Sibirian Branch, Russian Academy of Medical Scinences
| | - O.V. Falameeva
- Federal State Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Federal Agency of Medical High Technology Assistance
| | - N.G. Kolosova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Sibirian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - M.A. Sadovoj
- Federal State Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Federal Agency of Medical High Technology Assistance
| | - T.A. Korolenko
- Institute of Physiology, Sibirian Branch, Russian Academy of Medical Scinences
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27
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Sarantseva SV, Schwarzman AL. Modern genetic approaches to searching for targets for medicinal preparations. RUSS J GENET+ 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795409070011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Brömme D, Lecaille F. Cathepsin K inhibitors for osteoporosis and potential off-target effects. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2009; 18:585-600. [PMID: 19388876 PMCID: PMC3110777 DOI: 10.1517/13543780902832661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsin K is a highly potent collagenase and the predominant papain-like cysteine protease expressed in osteoclasts. Cathepsin K deficiencies in humans and mice have underlined the central role of this protease in bone resorption and, thus, have rendered the enzyme as an attractive target for anti-resorptive osteoporosis therapy. In the past decade, a lot of efforts have been made in developing highly potent, selective and orally applicable cathepsin K inhibitors. Some of these inhibitors have passed preclinical studies and are presently in clinical trials at different stages of advancement. The development of the inhibitors and preliminary results of the clinical trials revealed problems and lessons concerning the in situ specificity of the compounds and their tissue targeting. In this review, we briefly summarize the history of cathepsin K research and discuss the current development of cathepsin K inhibitors as novel anti-resorptives for the treatment of osteoporosis. We also discuss potential off-target effects of cathepsin K inhibition and alternative applications of cathepsin K inhibitors in arthritis, atherosclerosis, blood pressure regulation, obesity and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Brömme
- University of British Columbia, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z3, Canada.
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29
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Investigation of ketone warheads as alternatives to the nitrile for preparation of potent and selective cathepsin K inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:675-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2008] [Revised: 12/09/2008] [Accepted: 12/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Veber DF. Factors that influence oral bioavailability; A cathepsin K inhibitor for human studies. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2009; 611:607-10. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-73657-0_263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Li Z, Kienetz M, Cherney MM, James MNG, Brömme D. The crystal and molecular structures of a cathepsin K:chondroitin sulfate complex. J Mol Biol 2008; 383:78-91. [PMID: 18692071 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2008] [Revised: 07/10/2008] [Accepted: 07/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin K is the major collagenolytic enzyme produced by bone-resorbing osteoclasts. We showed earlier that the unique triple-helical collagen-degrading activity of cathepsin K depends on the formation of complexes with bone-or cartilage-resident glycosaminoglycans, such as chondroitin 4-sulfate (C4-S). Here, we describe the crystal structure of a 1:n complex of cathepsin K:C4-S inhibited by E64 at a resolution of 1.8 A. The overall structure reveals an unusual "beads-on-a-string"-like organization. Multiple cathepsin K molecules bind specifically to a single cosine curve-shaped strand of C4-S with each cathepsin K molecule interacting with three disaccharide residues of C4-S. One of the more important sets of interactions comes from a single turn of helix close to the N terminus of the proteinase containing a basic amino acid triplet (Arg8-Lys9-Lys10) that forms multiple hydrogen bonds either to the caboxylate or to the 4-sulfate groups of C4-S. Altogether, the binding sites with C4-S are located in the R-domain of cathepsin K and are distant from its active site. This explains why the general proteolytic activity of cathepsin K is not affected by the binding of chondroitin sulfate. Biochemical analyses of cathepsin K and C4-S mixtures support the presence of a 1:n complex in solution; a dissociation constant, K(d), of about 10 nM was determined for the interaction between cathepsin K and C4-S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenqiang Li
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Department of Human Genetics, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Yadav MR, Shinde AK, Chouhan BS, Giridhar R, Menard R. Peptidomimetic 2-cyanopyrrolidines as potent selective cathepsin L inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2008; 23:190-7. [PMID: 18343903 DOI: 10.1080/14756360701504842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsins have been found to have important physiological roles. The implication of cathepsin L in various types of cancers is well established. In a search for selective cathepsin L inhibitors as anticancer agents, a series of 2-cyanoprrolidine peptidomimetics, carrying a nitrile group as warhead, were designed. Two series of compounds, one with a benzyl moiety and a second with an isobutyl moiety at P(2) position of the enzyme were synthesized. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for inhibitory activity against human cathepsin L and cathepsin B. Although, none of the compounds showed promising inhibitory activity, (E)N-{(S)1-[(S)2-cyano-1-pyrrolidinecarbonyl]-3-methylbutyl}-2,3-diphenylacrylamide (24) with an isobutyl moiety at P(2) was found to show selectivity as a cathepsin L inhibitor (Ki 5.3 microM for cathepsin L and Ki > 100 microM for cathepsin B). This compound could act as a new lead for the further development of improved inhibitors within this inhibitor type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mange R Yadav
- Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Technology and Engineering, The M S University of Baroda, Vadodara, India.
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Kim SH, Jhon DJ, Song JH, No JS, Kang NS. Effect of novel N-cyano-tetrahydro-pyridazine compounds, a class of cathepsin K inhibitors, on the bone resorptive activity of mature osteoclasts. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:3988-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2008] [Accepted: 06/03/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Pan H, Sima M, Kopecková P, Wu K, Gao S, Liu J, Wang D, Miller SC, Kopecek J. Biodistribution and pharmacokinetic studies of bone-targeting N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide copolymer-alendronate conjugates. Mol Pharm 2008; 5:548-58. [PMID: 18505266 DOI: 10.1021/mp800003u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of bone-targeting N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymer-alendronate conjugates were evaluated following intravenous administration of radioiodinated conjugates to young healthy BALB/c mice. The synthesis of a polymerizable and cathepsin K cleavable alendronate derivative, N-methacryloylglycylglycylprolylnorleucylalendronate, enabled the preparation of HPMA copolymer-alendronate conjugates with varying composition. Using the RAFT (reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer) polymerization technique, four conjugates with different molecular weight and alendronate content and two control HPMA copolymers (without alendronate) with different molecular weight were prepared. The results of biodistribution studies in mice demonstrated a strong binding capacity of alendronate-targeted HPMA copolymer conjugates to bone. Conjugates with low (1.5 mol%) alendronate content exhibited a similar bone deposition capacity as conjugates containing 8.5 mol % of alendronate. The molecular weight was an important factor in the biodistribution of the HPMA copolymer conjugates. More conjugate structures need to be evaluated, but the data suggest that medium molecular weights (50-100 kDa) might be effective drug carriers for bone delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaizhong Pan
- Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Chemistry/CCCD, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
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Wang D, Miller SC, Shlyakhtenko LS, Portillo AM, Liu XM, Papangkorn K, Kopecková P, Lyubchenko Y, Higuchi WI, Kopecek J. Osteotropic Peptide that differentiates functional domains of the skeleton. Bioconjug Chem 2007; 18:1375-8. [PMID: 17705416 DOI: 10.1021/bc7002132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
HPMA copolymer-d-aspartic acid octapeptide (D-Asp8) conjugates have been found to target the entire skeleton after systemic administration. In a recent study using the ovariectomized rat model of osteoporosis, we surprisingly discovered that D-Asp8 would favorably recognize resorption sites in skeletal tissues, while another bone-targeting moiety, alendronate (ALN), directs the delivery system to both formation and resorption sites. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) analyses reveal that ALN has a stronger binding force to hydroxyapatite (HA) than D-Asp8. In vitro HA binding studies indicate that D-Asp8 is more sensitive to change of HA crystallinity than ALN. Because the bone apatite in the newly formed bone (formation sites) usually has lower crystallinity than the resorption sites (mainly mature bone), we believe that the favorable recognition of D-Asp8 to the bone resorption sites could be attributed to its relatively weak binding to apatite, when compared to bisphosphonates, and the different levels of crystallinity of bone apatite at different functional domains of the skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-6025, USA
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Selent J, Kaleta J, Li Z, Lalmanach G, Brömme D. Selective inhibition of the collagenase activity of cathepsin K. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:16492-501. [PMID: 17426030 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m700242200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin K, the main bone degrading protease, and chondroitin 4-sulfate (C4-S) form a complex with enhanced collagenase activity. In this report, we demonstrate the specific inhibition of the collagenase activity of cathepsin K by negatively charged polymers without affecting the overall proteolytic activity of the protease. Three different mechanisms to interfere with cathepsin-catalyzed collagen degradation are discussed: 1) inhibition of the formation of the cathepsin K/C4-S complex, 2) inhibition of the attachment of C4-S to collagen, and 3) masking of the collagenase cleavage sites in collagen. By targeting these interaction sites, collagen degradation can be modulated while the non-collagenolytic activities of cathepsin K remain intact. The main inhibitory effect on collagen degradation is due to the impeding effect on the active cathepsin K/C4-S complex. Essential structural elements in the inhibitor molecules are negative charges which compete with the sulfate groups of C4-S in the cathepsin K/C4-S complex. The inhibitory effect can be controlled by length and charge of the polymers. Longer negatively charged polymers (e.g. polyglutamates, oligonucleotides) tend to inhibit all three mechanisms, whereas shorter ones preferentially affect the cathepsin K/C4-S complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Selent
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry and the Center for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
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Jiang J, Li H, Fahid FS, Filbert E, Safavi KE, Spangberg LS, Zhu Q. Quantitative analysis of osteoclast-specific gene markers stimulated by lipopolysaccharide. J Endod 2006; 32:742-6. [PMID: 16861073 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2006.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2005] [Revised: 02/02/2006] [Accepted: 02/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the outer layers of Gram-negative bacteria plays an important role in initiating and sustaining periapical lesions. To understand the mechanisms of osteoclastic bone resorption in periapical lesions induced by LPS, we stimulated osteoclast precursors, RAW 264.7 cells with LPS. LPS stimulated osteoclastogenesis when osteoclast precursors were primed with activator for NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL) as little as 24 h. By employing real-time PCR analysis, we have confirmed that osteoclast-like cells stimulated by LPS express high level of osteoclast-specific gene markers such as TRAP, cathepsin K, and calcitonin receptor. These results suggest that bone-resportive action by LPS is partially independent of RANKL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Jiang
- Division of Endodontology, School of Dental Medicine, The University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030-1715, USA.
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Abstract
1. Microarrays, a recent development, provide a revolutionary platform to analyse thousands of genes at once. They have enormous potential in the study of biological processes in health and disease and, perhaps, microarrays have become crucial tools in diagnostic applications and drug discovery. 2. Microarray based studies have provided the essential impetus for biomedical experiments, such as identification of disease-causing genes in malignancies and regulatory genes in the cell cycle mechanism. Microarrays can identify genes for new and unique potential drug targets, predict drug responsiveness for individual patients and, finally, initiate gene therapy and prevention strategies. 3. The present article reviews the principles and technological concerns, as well as the steps involved in obtaining and analysing of data. Furthermore, applications of microarray based experiments in drug target identifications and validation strategies are discussed. 4. To exemplify how this tool can be useful, in the present review we provide an overview of some of the past and potential future aspects of microarray technology and present a broad overview of this rapidly growing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manikandan Jayapal
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Strbac GD, Monov G, Cei S, Kandler B, Watzek G, Gruber R. Cathepsin K levels in the crevicular fluid of dental implants: a pilot study. J Clin Periodontol 2006; 33:302-8. [PMID: 16553640 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2006.00904.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the concentration of cathepsin K secreted into the crevicular fluid around dental implants and its correlation with clinical parameters of healthy implants and implants showing clinical signs of peri-implantitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Nineteen patients with 40 implants with and without peri-implantitis were enrolled in the study. Peri-implantitis was diagnosed by the pocket probing depth (PD), the modified bleeding index (MBI), the modified plaque index (MPI) and by radiographic signs of bone loss. Gingival crevicular fluid collected from the buccal and lingual sites was adsorbed to filter strips. Cathepsin K levels and total protein within the crevicular fluid were determined by immunoassay and the bicinchoninic method, respectively. RESULTS Cathepsin K per filter strip normalized to the time of collection was 10.1 (0-33.5) pmol/sample around control implants and 22.4 (3.7-56.3) pmol/sample in the peri-implantitis group. The difference between the medians was significant (p < 0.01). Absolute cathepsin K levels in the crevicular fluid of all implants investigated showed a positive correlation with PD (R = 0.25; p = 0.03), MPI (R = 0.28; p = 0.01) and MBI (R = 0.32; p < 0.01). Absolute cathepsin K levels in the crevicular fluid also correlated with the adsorbed volume of gingival crevicular fluid (R = 0.51; p < 0.01). When normalized to the adsorbed volume of gingival crevicular fluid, the concentration of cathepsin K was 2.2 (0.01-6.4) nM around control implants and 1.7 (0.4-4.6) nM in the peri-implantitis group (p = 0.33). Patients' age correlated with sample volume and with cathepsin K normalized to the adsorbed volume of gingival crevicular fluid (R = 0.39; p < 0.01). Moreover, significant differences between male and female (p < 0.01, p < 0.01), and between mandible and maxilla (p < 0.05, p < 0.01), but not between buccal and lingual sites (p = 0.99, p= 0.93), were observed when analysed for the parameters adsorbed volume and absolute cathepsin K levels. CONCLUSION Clinical parameters of peri-implantitis are associated with a higher amount of cathepsin K and a higher volume adsorbed to filters strips. To establish cathepsin K as a biochemical parameter to monitor peri-implant tissue health, age, sex and collection site should be considered to avoid interfering influences because of sample inhomogenity. Also a prospective study over time including more patients would be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg D Strbac
- Department of Oral Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
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Wieczerzak E, Drabik P, Abrahamson M, Grubb A. In Search of Selective Inhibitors of Cysteine Protease, Cathepsin K. Int J Pept Res Ther 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-005-6791-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Tavares FX, Deaton DN, Miller AB, Miller LR, Wright LL. Ketoheterocycle-based inhibitors of cathepsin K: A novel entry into the synthesis of peptidic ketoheterocycles. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:3891-5. [PMID: 15993587 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.05.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2005] [Revised: 05/23/2005] [Accepted: 05/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ketoheterocyclic inhibitors of cathepsin K have been disclosed. SAR of potency enhancing P2-P3 groups coupled with ketoheterocyclic warheads to provide cathepsin K inhibitors have been described. In addition, a novel route to access alpha-ketothiazoles using a key thioamide functionality has been disclosed. The mild method employed allows for the presence of diverse functional groups, such as amide and carbamate functionalities, commonly found in protease inhibitors that have peptidomimetic scaffolds. This new method should provide a quick entry into functionally diverse protease inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis X Tavares
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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Holzer G, Noske H, Lang T, Holzer L, Willinger U. Soluble cathepsin K: A novel marker for the prediction of nontraumatic fractures? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 146:13-7. [PMID: 16025086 DOI: 10.1016/j.lab.2005.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We sought to evaluate serum concentrations of cathepsin K in peripheral blood and to determine whether they correlated with bone-mineral density (BMD) and the incidence of nontraumatic fractures. We took blood samples from 162 patients (101 with osteoporosis, 48 with osteopenia) and 13 healthy controls, then conducted quantitative measurements of cathepsin K using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Cathepsin K concentrations were correlated with the incidence of nontraumatic fracture, BMD, markers of bone turnover (alkaline phosphatase, bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, parathyroid hormone, and C-telopeptide). The correlations between cathepsin K concentrations in subjects without fractures and in those with multiple nontraumatic fractures were statistically significant ( t = -2.1, degrees of freedom = 107, P = .036). The cathepsin K levels of controls and patients with osteoporosis were significantly different ( t = -3.7, degrees of freedom = 58.9, p>0.0001) These results suggest that the serum level of cathepsin K could serve as a marker for fracture prediction and BMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerold Holzer
- Department of Orthopedics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Götz MG, Caffrey CR, Hansell E, McKerrow JH, Powers JC. Peptidyl allyl sulfones: a new class of inhibitors for clan CA cysteine proteases. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 12:5203-11. [PMID: 15351403 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2004] [Revised: 07/05/2004] [Accepted: 07/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A new series of peptidyl allyl sulfone inhibitors was discovered while trying to synthesize epoxy sulfone inhibitors from vinyl sulfones using basic oxidizing conditions. The various dipeptidyl allyl sulfones were evaluated with calpain I, papain, cathepsins B and L, cruzain and rhodesain and found to be potent inhibitors. In comparison to the previously developed class of vinyl sulfone inhibitors, the novel dipeptidyl allyl sulfones were more potent inhibitors than the corresponding dipeptidyl vinyl sulfones. It was observed that the stereochemistry of the vinyl sulfone precursor played a role in the potency of the dipeptidyl allyl sulfone inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion G Götz
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Petit Institute of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400, USA
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Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the most important cause of morbidity and mortality in developed countries, causing twice as many deaths as cancer in the USA. The major cardiovascular diseases, including coronary artery disease (CAD), myocardial infarction (MI), congestive heart failure (CHF) and common congenital heart disease (CHD), are caused by multiple genetic and environmental factors, as well as the interactions between them. The underlying molecular pathogenic mechanisms for these disorders are still largely unknown, but gene expression may play a central role in the development and progression of cardiovascular disease. Microarrays are high-throughput genomic tools that allow the comparison of global expression changes in thousands of genes between normal and diseased cells/tissues. Microarrays have recently been applied to CAD/MI, CHF and CHD to profile changes in gene expression patterns in diseased and non-diseased patients. This same technology has also been used to characterise endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells and inflammatory cells, with or without various treatments that mimic disease processes involved in CAD/MI. These studies have led to the identification of unique subsets of genes associated with specific diseases and disease processes. Ongoing microarray studies in the field will provide insights into the molecular mechanism of cardiovascular disease and may generate new diagnostic and therapeutic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Archacki
- Center for Molecular Genetics, Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute; Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
| | - Qing Wang
- Center for Molecular Genetics, Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute; Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
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Carrillo-Marquez T, Caggiano L, Jackson RFW, Grabowska U, Rae A, Tozer MJ. New routes to β-cycloalkylalanine derivatives using serine-derived organozinc reagents. Org Biomol Chem 2005; 3:4117-23. [PMID: 16267591 DOI: 10.1039/b512784j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two distinct routes to beta-cycloalkylalanine derivatives have been developed. The first route employs the reaction of the iodoalanine-derived zinc-copper reagent 2 with cycloalk-1-en-3-yl phosphates, and the second uses the palladium-catalysed coupling of the iodoalanine-derived zinc reagent 1 with cycloalkenyl triflates; in each case, catalytic hydrogenation of the unsaturated product leads to the protected beta-cycloalkylalanine. The latter route allows access to a range of cycloalkyl derivatives, with ring sizes of 5-8. beta-(1-Methyl-1-cyclohexyl)alanine may be prepared using reaction of the zinc-copper reagent 2 with 3-methyl-2-cyclohexenyl chloride, followed by hydrogenation. The corresponding cyclopentyl derivative may be prepared by reaction of the same zinc-copper reagent 2 with diethyl geranylphosphate, followed by ring-closing metathesis and hydrogenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Carrillo-Marquez
- Department of Chemistry, Dainton Building, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, UKS3 7HF
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48
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Kneissel M, Luong-Nguyen NH, Baptist M, Cortesi R, Zumstein-Mecker S, Kossida S, O'Reilly T, Lane H, Susa M. Everolimus suppresses cancellous bone loss, bone resorption, and cathepsin K expression by osteoclasts. Bone 2004; 35:1144-56. [PMID: 15542040 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2004.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2004] [Revised: 07/16/2004] [Accepted: 07/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The proliferation inhibitor of the macrolide class, everolimus, is a drug shown to be effective in the prevention of organ transplant rejection and to have a potential in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and certain cancers. As these diseases or their current treatments are associated with bone loss, we examined the effect of everolimus on mouse and human bone cells in vitro and on bone in an ovariectomized (OVX) rat model. Everolimus potently inhibited primary mouse and human osteoclast activity in the pit assay (IC50 values of 0.6-4.0 nM), as well as osteoclast formation, measured as the number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) multinucleated cells (IC50 values of 7.7-10.5 nM). Inhibition of osteoblastic differentiation was also observed (IC50 value of 13.5 nM). As expected, everolimus inhibited proliferation of osteoclast precursors and stimulated apoptosis, albeit with insufficient potency and efficacy to explain inhibition of osteoclast activity. Thus, everolimus appeared to directly inhibit bone resorption, which is in accord with the detected inhibition of mRNA and protein expression of cathepsin K; the main collagen-degrading protease in osteoclasts. Despite the in vitro antiproliferative activity of everolimus and the observed inhibition of osteoblast differentiation, no detrimental effects were detected at different skeletal sites in mature OVX rats at doses up to 3 mg/kg/day. This everolimus dose also prevented the OVX-induced loss of cancellous bone by 60%, an effect predominantly associated with decreased osteoclast-mediated bone resorption, resulting in a partial preservation of the cancellous bone network. Everolimus inhibited S6 kinase 1 activity in rat blood cells, skin, and bone, at doses equivalent to those used for efficacy experiments in the OVX rat model, which demonstrated in vivo targeting of the expected molecular pathway. In conclusion, everolimus directly inhibits bone resorption by osteoclasts and thus could at least be neutral or protective for bone in vivo, which would favor its use in disease indications associated with bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Kneissel
- Arthritis and Bone Metabolism Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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49
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Hei YJ. Future Directions for Zoledronic Acid and New Agents for the Treatment of Bone Metastases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eursup.2004.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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50
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Altmann E, Cowan-Jacob SW, Missbach M. Novel Purine Nitrile Derived Inhibitors of the Cysteine Protease Cathepsin K. J Med Chem 2004; 47:5833-6. [PMID: 15537340 DOI: 10.1021/jm0493111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Starting from the high-throughput screening hit 1a, novel cathepsin K inhibitors have been developed based on a purine scaffold. High-resolution X-ray structures of several derivatives have revealed the binding mode of these unique cysteine protease inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Altmann
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland.
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