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Cortez N, Villegas C, Burgos V, Ortiz L, Cabrera-Pardo JR, Paz C. Therapeutic Potential of Chlorogenic Acid in Chemoresistance and Chemoprotection in Cancer Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5189. [PMID: 38791228 PMCID: PMC11121551 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapeutic drugs are indispensable in cancer treatment, but their effectiveness is often lessened because of non-selective toxicity to healthy tissues, which triggers inflammatory pathways that are harmful to vital organs. In addition, tumors' resistance to drugs causes failures in treatment. Chlorogenic acid (5-caffeoylquinic acid, CGA), found in plants and vegetables, is promising in anticancer mechanisms. In vitro and animal studies have indicated that CGA can overcome resistance to conventional chemotherapeutics and alleviate chemotherapy-induced toxicity by scavenging free radicals effectively. This review is a summary of current information about CGA, including its natural sources, biosynthesis, metabolism, toxicology, role in combatting chemoresistance, and protective effects against chemotherapy-induced toxicity. It also emphasizes the potential of CGA as a pharmacological adjuvant in cancer treatment with drugs such as 5-fluorouracil, cisplatin, oxaliplatin, doxorubicin, regorafenib, and radiotherapy. By analyzing more than 140 papers from PubMed, Google Scholar, and SciFinder, we hope to find the therapeutic potential of CGA in improving cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Cortez
- Laboratory of Natural Products & Drug Discovery, Center CEBIM, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile; (N.C.); (C.V.)
| | - Cecilia Villegas
- Laboratory of Natural Products & Drug Discovery, Center CEBIM, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile; (N.C.); (C.V.)
| | - Viviana Burgos
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Químicas, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Rudecindo Ortega, Temuco 4780000, Chile;
| | - Leandro Ortiz
- Instituto de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile;
| | - Jaime R. Cabrera-Pardo
- Laboratorio de Química Aplicada y Sustentable, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica 1000000, Chile;
| | - Cristian Paz
- Laboratory of Natural Products & Drug Discovery, Center CEBIM, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile; (N.C.); (C.V.)
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2
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The Protective Effects of Nutraceutical Components in Methotrexate-Induced Toxicity Models—An Overview. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10102053. [PMID: 36296329 PMCID: PMC9608860 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10102053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
There are multiple concerns associated with methotrexate (MTX), widely recognized for anti-neoplastic and anti-inflammatory effects in life-threatening disease conditions, i.e., acute lymphoblastic leukemia, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, psoriasis, and rheumatoid arthritis, due to long-term side effects and associated toxicity, which limits its valuable potential. MTX acts as an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, leading to suppression of purine and pyrimidine synthesis in high metabolic and turnover cells, targeting cancer and dysregulated immune cells. Due to low discrimination between neoplastic cells and naturally high turnover cells, MTX is prone to inhibiting the division of all fast-dividing cells, causing toxicity in multiple organs. Nutraceutical compounds are plant-based or food-derived compounds, used for their preventive and therapeutic role, ascertained in multiple organ dysfunctions, including cardiovascular disease, ischemic stroke, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. Gut microbiota and microbiota-derived metabolites take part in multiple physiological processes, their dysregulation being involved in disease pathogenesis. Modulation of gut microbiota by using nutraceutical compounds represents a promising therapeutic direction to restore intestinal dysfunction associated with MTX treatment. In this review, we address the main organ dysfunctions induced by MTX treatment, and modulations of them by using nutraceutical compounds. Moreover, we revealed the protective mechanisms of nutraceuticals in MTX-induced intestinal dysfunctions by modulation of gut microbiota.
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3
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Zhang F, Wang J, Lü D, Zheng L, Shangguan B, Gao Y, Wu Y, Long M. Mechanomics analysis of hESCs under combined mechanical shear, stretch, and compression. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2020; 20:205-222. [PMID: 32809130 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-020-01378-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) can differentiate to three germ layers within biochemical and biomechanical niches. The complicated mechanical environments in vivo could have diverse effects on the fate decision and biological functions of hESCs. To globally screen mechanosensitive molecules, three typical types of mechanical stimuli, i.e., tensile stretch, shear flow, and mechanical compression, were applied in respective parameter sets of loading pattern, amplitude, frequency, and/or duration, and then, iTRAQ proteomics test was used for identifying and quantifying differentially expressed proteins in hESCs. Bioinformatics analysis identified 37, 41, and 23 proteins under stretch pattern, frequency, and duration, 13, 18, and 41 proteins under shear pattern, amplitude, and duration, and 4, 0, and 183 proteins under compression amplitude, frequency, and duration, respectively, where distinct parameters yielded the differentially weighted preferences under each stimulus. Ten mechanosensitive proteins were commonly shared between two of three mechanical stimuli, together with numerous proteins identified under single stimulus. More importantly, functional GSEA and WGCNA analyses elaborated the variations of the screened proteins with loading parameters. Common functions in protein synthesis and modification were identified among three stimuli, and specific functions were observed in skin development under stretch alone. In conclusion, mechanomics analysis is indispensable to map actual mechanosensitive proteins under physiologically mimicking mechanical environment, and sheds light on understanding the core hub proteins in mechanobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jiawen Wang
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Dongyuan Lü
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lu Zheng
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Bing Shangguan
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yuxin Gao
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yi Wu
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Mian Long
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China. .,School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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4
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Ladha MA, Edgerton B, Levy J, Mahmood MN, Devani AR, Grewal PS, Prajapati VH. Methotrexate-induced cutaneous ulceration and necrosis in chronic atopic dermatitis. JAAD Case Rep 2020; 6:864-867. [PMID: 32904188 PMCID: PMC7452306 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdcr.2020.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Malika A. Ladha
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Bryn Edgerton
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jonathan Levy
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Muhammad N. Mahmood
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Alim R. Devani
- Dermatology Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Parbeer S. Grewal
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Vimal H. Prajapati
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Dermatology Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Division of Community Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Correspondence to: Vimal H. Prajapati, MD, Dermatology Research Institute, Meadows Mile Professional Building, 330-8500 Blackfoot Trail S.E., Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2J 7E1.
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5
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A Peptidic Thymidylate-Synthase Inhibitor Loaded on Pegylated Liposomes Enhances the Antitumour Effect of Chemotherapy Drugs in Human Ovarian Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124452. [PMID: 32585842 PMCID: PMC7352236 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
There is currently no effective long-term treatment for ovarian cancer (OC) resistant to poly-chemotherapy regimens based on platinum drugs. Preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated a strong association between development of Pt-drug resistance and increased thymidylate synthase (hTS) expression, and the consequent cross-resistance to the hTS inhibitors 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and raltitrexed (RTX). In the present work, we propose a new tool to combat drug resistance. We propose to treat OC cell lines, both Pt-sensitive and -resistant, with dual combinations of one of the four chemotherapeutic agents that are widely used in the clinic, and the new peptide, hTS inhibitor, [D-Gln4]LR. This binds hTS allosterically and, unlike classical inhibitors that bind at the catalytic pocket, causes cell growth inhibition without inducing hTS overexpression. The dual drug combinations showed schedule-dependent synergistic antiproliferative and apoptotic effects. We observed that the simultaneous treatment or 24h pre-treatment of OC cells with the peptide followed by either agent produced synergistic effects even in resistant cells. Similar synergistic or antagonistic effects were obtained by delivering the peptide into OC cells either by means of a commercial delivery system (SAINT-PhD) or by pH sensitive PEGylated liposomes. Relative to non-PEGylated liposomes, the latter had been previously characterized and found to allow macrophage escape, thus increasing their chance to reach the tumour tissue. The transition from the SAINT-PhD delivery system to the engineered liposomes represents an advancement towards a more drug-like delivery system and a further step towards the use of peptides for in vivo studies. Overall, the results suggest that the association of standard drugs, such as cDDP and/or 5-FU and/or RTX, with the novel peptidic TS inhibitor encapsulated into PEGylated pH-sensitive liposomes can represent a promising strategy for fighting resistance to cDDP and anti-hTS drugs.
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6
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Chen TJ, Chung WH, Chen CB, Hui RCY, Huang YH, Lu YT, Wang CW, Wang KH, Yang LC, Hung SI. Methotrexate-induced epidermal necrosis: A case series of 24 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 2017; 77:247-255.e2. [PMID: 28499754 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2017.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methotrexate-induced epidermal necrosis (MEN) is a rare but life-threatening cutaneous reaction that mimics Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN). OBJECTIVES To investigate the clinicopathology, risk factors, and prognostic factors of MEN. METHODS We enrolled 24 patients with MEN and 150 controls and analyzed the demographics, pathology, and plasma concentrations of methotrexate (MTX). RESULTS Patients with MEN showed extensive skin necrosis (mean, 33.2% total body surface area) but no target lesions. The histopathology displayed keratinocyte dystrophy. Early signs of MEN included painful skin erosions, oral ulcers, and leukopenia/thrombocytopenia. Although 79.2% patients received leucovorin treatment, there was 16.7% mortality. Risk factors for MEN included older age (>60 years), chronic kidney disease, and high initial dosage of MTX without folic acid supplementation. Renal insufficiency delayed MTX clearance. Severe renal disease and leukopenia predicted poor prognosis in MEN, but none of the SCORe of Toxic Epidermal Necrosis criteria were associated with mortality of MEN. LIMITATIONS The study was limited by the small sample size. CONCLUSION MEN exhibited distinct clinicopathologic features from SJS/TEN. Recognition of the early signs and prognostic factors is important, because the rapid institution of leucovorin may be helpful. To reduce the risk of MEN, physicians should avoid prescribing MTX to high-risk patients and titrate the dosage slowly upward with folic acid supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Jui Chen
- Department and Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dermatology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hung Chung
- Department of Dermatology, Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taipei, and Keelung, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Bing Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taipei, and Keelung, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Rosaline Chung-Yee Hui
- Department of Dermatology, Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taipei, and Keelung, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Huei Huang
- Department of Dermatology, Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taipei, and Keelung, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Tsung Lu
- Department of Dermatology, Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taipei, and Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Wei Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taipei, and Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Hsien Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Cheng Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taipei, and Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Shuen-Iu Hung
- Department and Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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7
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Lee YH, Yang HW, Yang LC, Lu MY, Tsai LL, Yang SF, Huang YF, Chou MY, Yu CC, Hu FW. DHFR and MDR1 upregulation is associated with chemoresistance in osteosarcoma stem-like cells. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:171-179. [PMID: 28693150 PMCID: PMC5494897 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-initiating cells (TICs) are defined as a specialized subset of cells with tumor-initiating capacity that can initiate tumor growth, tumor relapse and metastasis. In the present study, osteosarcoma TICs (OS-TICs) were isolated and enriched from the osteosarcoma U2OS and MG-63 cell lines using sphere formation assays and serum-depleted media. These enriched OS-TICs showed the expression of several typical cancer stemness markers, including octamer-binding transcription factor 4, Nanog homeobox, cluster of differentiation (CD)117, Nestin and CD133, and the expression of ATP binding cassette subfamily G member 2, multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1) and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR). Notably, in vitro and in vivo tumorigenic properties were enhanced in these OS-TICs. Additionally, methotrexate and doxorubicin are the most widely used anticancer agents against osteosarcoma, and the observed enhanced chemoresistance of OS-TICs to these two agents could be associated with the upregulation of DHFR and MDR1. These findings suggest that the upregulation of DHFR and MDR1 is associated with the development of chemoresistance of OS-TICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsien Lee
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Hui-Wen Yang
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Li-Chiu Yang
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ming-Yi Lu
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Lo-Lin Tsai
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shun-Fa Yang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yu-Feng Huang
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ming-Yung Chou
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Institute of Oral Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Cheng-Chia Yu
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Institute of Oral Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Fang-Wei Hu
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, R.O.C
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8
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The electronic density obtained from a QTAIM analysis used as molecular descriptor. A study performed in a new series of DHFR inhibitors. J Mol Struct 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2016.12.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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9
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Dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors: a quantitative structure–activity relationship study using 2D-QSAR and 3D-QSAR methods. Med Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-016-1742-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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10
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Lele AC, Raju A, Khambete MP, Ray MK, Rajan MGR, Arkile MA, Jadhav NJ, Sarkar D, Degani MS. Design and Synthesis of a Focused Library of Diamino Triazines as Potential Mycobacterium tuberculosis DHFR Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:1140-4. [PMID: 26617968 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We report design of a series of 2,4-diamino triazines as Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors. The synthesized compounds were evaluated against Mtb (H37Rv and Dormant stage H37Ra), their cytotoxicity was assessed (HepG2 and A549 cell lines), and selectivity toward Mtb was evaluated by testing against other bacterial strains. Some derivatives showed promising activity along with low cytotoxicity. The most potent compound in the whole cell assay (MIC 0.325 μM against H37Rv) showed selectivity in the enzyme assay and exhibited synergy with second line anti-TB agent p-amino salicylic acid. This study therefore provides promising molecules for further development as antituberculosis DHFR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arundhati C. Lele
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and
Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga (E), Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Archana Raju
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and
Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga (E), Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Mihir P. Khambete
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and
Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga (E), Mumbai 400019, India
| | - M. K. Ray
- Radiation Medicine Center, Bhabha Atomic
Research Centre, Tata Memorial Hospital Annex, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India
| | - M. G. R. Rajan
- Radiation Medicine Center, Bhabha Atomic
Research Centre, Tata Memorial Hospital Annex, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India
| | - Manisha A. Arkile
- Combichem-Bioresource
Center, Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, India
| | - Nandadeep J. Jadhav
- Combichem-Bioresource
Center, Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, India
| | - Dhiman Sarkar
- Combichem-Bioresource
Center, Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, India
| | - Mariam S. Degani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and
Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga (E), Mumbai 400019, India
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11
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Inside the biochemical pathways of thymidylate synthase perturbed by anticancer drugs: Novel strategies to overcome cancer chemoresistance. Drug Resist Updat 2015; 23:20-54. [PMID: 26690339 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Our current understanding of the mechanisms of action of antitumor agents and the precise mechanisms underlying drug resistance is that these two processes are directly linked. Moreover, it is often possible to delineate chemoresistance mechanisms based on the specific mechanism of action of a given anticancer drug. A more holistic approach to the chemoresistance problem suggests that entire metabolic pathways, rather than single enzyme targets may better explain and educate us about the complexity of the cellular responses upon cytotoxic drug administration. Drugs, which target thymidylate synthase and folate-dependent enzymes, represent an important therapeutic arm in the treatment of various human malignancies. However, prolonged patient treatment often provokes drug resistance phenomena that render the chemotherapeutic treatment highly ineffective. Hence, strategies to overcome drug resistance are primarily designed to achieve either enhanced intracellular drug accumulation, to avoid the upregulation of folate-dependent enzymes, and to circumvent the impairment of DNA repair enzymes which are also responsible for cross-resistance to various anticancer drugs. The current clinical practice based on drug combination therapeutic regimens represents the most effective approach to counteract drug resistance. In the current paper, we review the molecular aspects of the activity of TS-targeting drugs and describe how such mechanisms are related to the emergence of clinical drug resistance. We also discuss the current possibilities to overcome drug resistance by using a molecular mechanistic approach based on medicinal chemistry methods focusing on rational structural modifications of novel antitumor agents. This paper also focuses on the importance of the modulation of metabolic pathways upon drug administration, their analysis and the assessment of their putative roles in the networks involved using a meta-analysis approach. The present review describes the main pathways that are modulated by TS-targeting anticancer drugs starting from the description of the normal functioning of the folate metabolic pathway, through the protein modulation occurring upon drug delivery to cultured tumor cells as well as cancer patients, finally describing how the pathways are modulated by drug resistance development. The data collected are then analyzed using network/netwire connecting methods in order to provide a wider view of the pathways involved and of the importance of such information in identifying additional proteins that could serve as novel druggable targets for efficacious cancer therapy.
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12
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Batool S, Nawaz MS, Mushtaq G, Parvaiz F, Kamal MA. In silico analysis of glycinamide ribonucleotide transformylase inhibition by PY873, PY899 and DIA. Saudi J Biol Sci 2014; 24:1155-1161. [PMID: 28855807 PMCID: PMC5562383 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, purine de novo synthesis pathway consists of multi-functional enzymes. Nucleotide metabolism enzymes are potential drug targets for treating cancer and autoimmune diseases. Glycinamide ribonucleotide transformylase (GART) is one of the most important trifunctional enzymes involved in purine synthesis. Previous studies have demonstrated the role of folate inhibitors against tumor activity. In this present study, three components of GART enzyme were targeted as receptor dataset and in silico analysis was carried out with folate ligand dataset. To accomplish the task, Autodock 4.2 was used for determining the docking compatibilities of ligand and receptor dataset. Taken together, it has been suggested that folate ligands could be potentially used as inhibitors of GART.
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Key Words
- AIRS, aminoimidazole ribonucleotide synthetase
- DHFR, dihydrofolate reductase
- DIA, 5-((4-carboxy-4-(4-(((2,4-diaminopyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidine-6-yl)methyl)amino)benzamido)butyl)carbamoyl)-isophthalic acid
- GAR, glycinamide ribonucleotide
- GARS, glycinamide ribonucleotide synthetase
- GART, glycinamide ribonucleotide transformylase
- GARTfase, glycinamide ribonucleotide transformylase
- HsGART, human GART tri-functional enzyme
- In silico
- Inhibition
- Isophthalic acid
- PY873
- PY873, 2,4-diamino-6-(3,4,5-trimethoxyanilino)-methylpyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidine
- PY899
- PY899, 2,4-diamino-6-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-quinazoline
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidra Batool
- Department of BioSciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Park Road, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sulaman Nawaz
- Department of BioSciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Park Road, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Gohar Mushtaq
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahed Parvaiz
- Department of BioSciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Park Road, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad A Kamal
- Metabolomics & Enzymology Unit, Fundamental and Applied Biology Group, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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Ortiz LMG, Lombardi P, Tillhon M, Scovassi AI. Berberine, an epiphany against cancer. Molecules 2014; 19:12349-67. [PMID: 25153862 PMCID: PMC6271598 DOI: 10.3390/molecules190812349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alkaloids are used in traditional medicine for the treatment of many diseases. These compounds are synthesized in plants as secondary metabolites and have multiple effects on cellular metabolism. Among plant derivatives with biological properties, the isoquinoline quaternary alkaloid berberine possesses a broad range of therapeutic uses against several diseases. In recent years, berberine has been reported to inhibit cell proliferation and to be cytotoxic towards cancer cells. Based on this evidence, many derivatives have been synthesized to improve berberine efficiency and selectivity; the results so far obtained on human cancer cell lines support the idea that they could be promising agents for cancer treatment. The main properties of berberine and derivatives will be illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paolo Lombardi
- Naxospharma, Via Giuseppe di Vittorio 70, Novate Milanese 20026, Italy.
| | - Micol Tillhon
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare CNR, Via Abbiategrasso 207, Pavia 27100, Italy.
| | - Anna Ivana Scovassi
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare CNR, Via Abbiategrasso 207, Pavia 27100, Italy.
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14
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Kalogris C, Garulli C, Pietrella L, Gambini V, Pucciarelli S, Lucci C, Tilio M, Zabaleta ME, Bartolacci C, Andreani C, Giangrossi M, Iezzi M, Belletti B, Marchini C, Amici A. Sanguinarine suppresses basal-like breast cancer growth through dihydrofolate reductase inhibition. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 90:226-34. [PMID: 24875448 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Basal-like breast cancer (BLBC) remains a great challenge because of its clinically aggressive nature and lack of effective targeted therapy. We analyzed the potential anti-neoplastic effects of sanguinarine, a natural benzophenanthridine alkaloid, against BLBC cells. Sanguinarine treatment resulted in a reduction of cell migration, in a dose-dependent inhibition of cell viability and in the induction of cell death by apoptosis in both human (MDA-MB-231 cells) and mouse (A17 cells) in vitro models of BLBC. In vivo experiments demonstrated that oral administration of sanguinarine reduced the development and growth of A17 transplantable tumors in FVB syngeneic mice. Western blotting analysis revealed that suppression of BLBC growth by sanguinarine was correlated with a concurrent upregulation of p27 and downregulation of cyclin D1 and with the inhibition of STAT3 activation. In addition, we identified sanguinarine as a potent inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), able to impair enzyme activity even in methotrexate resistant MDA-MB-231 cells. These results provide evidence that sanguinarine is a promising anticancer drug for the treatment of BLBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Kalogris
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of Camerino, Camerino 62032, Italy
| | - Chiara Garulli
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of Camerino, Camerino 62032, Italy
| | - Lucia Pietrella
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of Camerino, Camerino 62032, Italy
| | - Valentina Gambini
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of Camerino, Camerino 62032, Italy
| | - Stefania Pucciarelli
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of Camerino, Camerino 62032, Italy
| | - Cristiano Lucci
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of Camerino, Camerino 62032, Italy
| | - Martina Tilio
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of Camerino, Camerino 62032, Italy
| | | | - Caterina Bartolacci
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of Camerino, Camerino 62032, Italy
| | - Cristina Andreani
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of Camerino, Camerino 62032, Italy
| | - Mara Giangrossi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of Camerino, Camerino 62032, Italy
| | - Manuela Iezzi
- Aging Research Centre, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti 66100, Italy
| | - Barbara Belletti
- Division of Experimental Oncology 2, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, National Cancer Institute, Aviano 33081, Italy
| | - Cristina Marchini
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of Camerino, Camerino 62032, Italy.
| | - Augusto Amici
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of Camerino, Camerino 62032, Italy.
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15
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MARVERTI GAETANO, LIGABUE ALESSIO, LOMBARDI PAOLO, FERRARI STEFANIA, MONTI MARIAGIUSEPPINA, FRASSINETI CHIARA, COSTI MARIAPAOLA. Modulation of the expression of folate cycle enzymes and polyamine metabolism by berberine in cisplatin-sensitive and -resistant human ovarian cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2013; 43:1269-80. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.2045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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16
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Tosso RD, Andujar SA, Gutierrez L, Angelina E, Rodríguez R, Nogueras M, Baldoni H, Suvire FD, Cobo J, Enriz RD. Molecular modeling study of dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors. Molecular dynamics simulations, quantum mechanical calculations, and experimental corroboration. J Chem Inf Model 2013; 53:2018-32. [PMID: 23834278 DOI: 10.1021/ci400178h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A molecular modeling study on dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) inhibitors was carried out. By combining molecular dynamics simulations with semiempirical (PM6), ab initio, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, a simple and generally applicable procedure to evaluate the binding energies of DHFR inhibitors interacting with the human enzyme is reported here, providing a clear picture of the binding interactions of these ligands from both structural and energetic viewpoints. A reduced model for the binding pocket was used. This approach allows us to perform more accurate quantum mechanical calculations as well as to obtain a detailed electronic analysis using the quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) technique. Thus, molecular aspects of the binding interactions between inhibitors and the DHFR are discussed in detail. A significant correlation between binding energies obtained from DFT calculations and experimental IC₅₀ values was obtained, predicting with an acceptable qualitative accuracy the potential inhibitor effect of nonsynthesized compounds. Such correlation was experimentally corroborated synthesizing and testing two new inhibitors reported in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo D Tosso
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Chacabuco 917, 5700 San Luis, Argentina
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17
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Then RL. Antimicrobial Dihydrofolate Reductase Inhibitors - Achievements and Future Options: Review. J Chemother 2013; 16:3-12. [PMID: 15077993 DOI: 10.1179/joc.2004.16.1.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Despite all progress made in the fight against infections caused by bacteria, fungi, protozoa or viruses, there is a need for more and new active agents. Intensive efforts are currently directed against many new and attractive targets, and are hoped to result in new useful agents. The opportunities offered by some known and validated targets are, however, by far not exhausted. Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR, EC 1.5.1.3) attracted much attention over several decades, which yielded several useful agents. There are excellent chances for new drugs in this field, and they are thought to increase by limiting the spectrum of activity. Whereas trimethoprim seems to present the optimum which can be achieved for a broad spectrum antibacterial agent, specific agents could probably be designed for well defined groups or specific organisms, such as staphylococci among the bacteria, or for a number of parasites, such as Plasmodium falciparum, the fungus Pneumocystis carinii, and several protozoa, such as Trypanosoma, Toxoplasma, and others. This would even extend to herbicides or specific plant pathogens. Achievements and current efforts directed against new DHFR-inhibitors are reviewed, considering only the most recent literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Then
- Morphochem AG, Microbiology, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland.
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18
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Asha MK, Debraj D, Prashanth D, Edwin JR, Srikanth HS, Muruganantham N, Dethe SM, Anirban B, Jaya B, Deepak M, Agarwal A. In vitro anti-Helicobacter pylori activity of a flavonoid rich extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra and its probable mechanisms of action. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 145:581-586. [PMID: 23220194 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn. is regarded useful for peptic ulcer in traditional systems of medicine in India and Helicobacter pylori has been considered as one of the causative factors for peptic ulcer. Aim of the present study is to evaluate the anti-Helicobacter pylori action of GutGard(®), a flavonoid rich extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra and further to elucidate the possible mechanisms of its anti-Helicobacter pylori action. MATERIALS AND METHODS Agar dilution and microbroth dilution methods were used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration of GutGard(®) against Helicobacter pylori. Protein synthesis, DNA gyrase, dihydrofolate reductase assays and anti-adhesion assay in human gastric mucosal cell line were performed to understand the mechanisms of anti-Helicobacter pylori activity of GutGard(®). RESULTS GutGard(®) exhibited anti-Helicobacter pylori activity in both agar dilution and microbroth dilution methods. Glabridin, the major flavonoid present in GutGard(®) exhibited superior activity against Helicobacter pylori while glycyrrhizin did not show activity even at 250 μg/ml concentration. In protein synthesis assay, GutGard(®) showed a significant time dependent inhibition as witnessed by the reduction in (35)S methionine incorporation into Helicobacter pylori ATCC 700392 strain. Additionally, GutGard(®) showed a potent inhibitory effect on DNA gyrase and dihydrofolate reductase with IC(50) value of 4.40 μg/ml and 3.33 μg/ml respectively. However, the extract did not show significant inhibition on the adhesion of Helicobacter pylori to human gastric mucosal cell line at the tested concentrations. CONCLUSION The present study shows that, GutGard(®) acts against Helicobacter pylori possibly by inhibiting protein synthesis, DNA gyrase and dihydrofolate reductase.
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19
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Dihydrofolate reductase as a therapeutic target for infectious diseases: opportunities and challenges. Future Med Chem 2012; 4:1335-65. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.12.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases caused by parasites continue to take a massive toll on human health in the poor regions of the world. Filling the anti-infective drug-discovery pipeline has never been as challenging as it is now. The organisms responsible for these diseases have interesting biology with many potential biochemical targets. Inhibition of metabolic enzymes has been established as an attractive strategy for anti-infectious drug development. In this field, dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) is an important enzyme in nucleic and amino acid synthesis and an extensively studied drug target over the past 50 years. The challenges for novel DHFR inhibition-based chemotherapeutics for the treatment of infectious diseases are now focused on overcoming the resistance problem as well as cost–effectiveness. Each year, the large number of literature citations attest the continued popularity of DHFR. It becomes truly the ‘enzyme of choice for all seasons and almost all reasons’. Herein, we summarize the opportunities and challenges in developing novel lead based on this target.
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20
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Jin G, Huang J, Hu Z, Dai J, Tang R, Chen Y, Xu L, Huang X, Shu Y, Shen H. Genetic variants in one-carbon metabolism-related genes contribute to NSCLC prognosis in a Chinese population. Cancer 2010; 116:5700-9. [DOI: 10.1002/cncr.25301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Revised: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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21
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Welin M, Grossmann JG, Flodin S, Nyman T, Stenmark P, Trésaugues L, Kotenyova T, Johansson I, Nordlund P, Lehtiö L. Structural studies of tri-functional human GART. Nucleic Acids Res 2010; 38:7308-19. [PMID: 20631005 PMCID: PMC2978367 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkq595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human purine de novo synthesis pathway contains several multi-functional enzymes, one of which, tri-functional GART, contains three enzymatic activities in a single polypeptide chain. We have solved structures of two domains bearing separate catalytic functions: glycinamide ribonucleotide synthetase and aminoimidazole ribonucleotide synthetase. Structures are compared with those of homologous enzymes from prokaryotes and analyzed in terms of the catalytic mechanism. We also report small angle X-ray scattering models for the full-length protein. These models are consistent with the enzyme forming a dimer through the middle domain. The protein has an approximate seesaw geometry where terminal enzyme units display high mobility owing to flexible linker segments. This resilient seesaw shape may facilitate internal substrate/product transfer or forwarding to other enzymes in the pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Welin
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
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22
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Collateral sensitivity to novel thymidylate synthase inhibitors correlates with folate cycle enzymes impairment in cisplatin-resistant human ovarian cancer cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 615:17-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2008] [Revised: 03/20/2009] [Accepted: 04/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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23
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da Cunha EFF, Ramalho TC, Reynolds RC. Binding Mode Analysis of 2,4-diamino-5-methyl-5-deaza-6-substituted Pteridines withMycobacterium tuberculosisand Human Dihydrofolate Reductases. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2008; 25:377-85. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2008.10507186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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24
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Ragsdale SW. Catalysis of methyl group transfers involving tetrahydrofolate and B(12). VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2008; 79:293-324. [PMID: 18804699 PMCID: PMC3037834 DOI: 10.1016/s0083-6729(08)00410-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the reaction mechanism of enzymes that use B(12) and tetrahydrofolate (THF) to catalyze methyl group transfers. It also covers the related reactions that use B(12) and tetrahydromethanopterin (THMPT), which is a THF analog used by archaea. In the past decade, our understanding of the mechanisms of these enzymes has increased greatly because the crystal structures for three classes of B(12)-dependent methyltransferases have become available and because biophysical and kinetic studies have elucidated the intermediates involved in catalysis. These steps include binding of the cofactors and substrates, activation of the methyl donors and acceptors, the methyl transfer reaction itself, and product dissociation. Activation of the methyl donor in one class of methyltransferases is achieved by an unexpected proton transfer mechanism. The cobalt (Co) ion within the B(12) macrocycle must be in the Co(I) oxidation state to serve as a nucleophile in the methyl transfer reaction. Recent studies have uncovered important principles that control how this highly reducing active state of B(12) is generated and maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen W Ragsdale
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0606, USA
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25
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Reynolds RC, Campbell SR, Fairchild RG, Kisliuk RL, Micca PL, Queener SF, Riordan JM, Sedwick WD, Waud WR, Leung AKW, Dixon RW, Suling WJ, Borhani DW. Novel boron-containing, nonclassical antifolates: synthesis and preliminary biological and structural evaluation. J Med Chem 2007; 50:3283-9. [PMID: 17569517 DOI: 10.1021/jm0701977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two boron-containing, ortho-icosahedral carborane lipophilic antifolates were synthesized, and the crystal structures of their ternary complexes with human dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate were determined. The compounds were screened for activity against DHFR from six sources (human, rat liver, Pneumocystis carinii, Toxoplasma gondii, Mycobacterium avium, and Lactobacillus casei) and showed good to modest activity against these enzymes. The compounds were also tested for antibacterial activity against L. casei, M. tuberculosis H37Ra, and three M. avium strains and for cytotoxic activity against seven different human tumor cell lines. Antibacterial and cytotoxic activity was modest, with one sample, the closo-carborane 4, showing about 10-fold greater activity. The less toxic nido-carborane 2 was also tested as a candidate for boron neutron capture therapy, but showed poor tumor retention and low selectivity ratios for boron distribution in tumor tissue versus normal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Reynolds
- Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, USA.
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26
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Abstract
Synthesis de novo, acquisition by salvage and interconversion of purines and pyrimidines represent the fundamental requirements for their eventual assembly into nucleic acids as nucleotides and the deployment of their derivatives in other biochemical pathways. A small number of drugs targeted to nucleotide metabolism, by virtue of their effect on folate biosynthesis and recycling, have been successfully used against apicomplexan parasites such as Plasmodium and Toxoplasma for many years, although resistance is now a major problem in the prevention and treatment of malaria. Many targets not involving folate metabolism have also been explored at the experimental level. However, the unravelling of the genome sequences of these eukaryotic unicellular organisms, together with increasingly sophisticated molecular analyses, opens up possibilities of introducing new drugs that could interfere with these processes. This review examines the status of established drugs of this type and the potential for further exploiting the vulnerability of apicomplexan human pathogens to inhibition of this key area of metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Hyde
- Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7ND, UK.
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27
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Beckers A, Organe S, Timmermans L, Vanderhoydonc F, Deboel L, Derua R, Waelkens E, Brusselmans K, Verhoeven G, Swinnen JV. Methotrexate enhances the antianabolic and antiproliferative effects of 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide riboside. Mol Cancer Ther 2006; 5:2211-7. [PMID: 16985054 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-06-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Because of its ability to mimic a low energy status of the cell, the cell-permeable nucleoside 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide (AICA) riboside was proposed as an antineoplastic agent switching off major energy-consuming processes associated with the malignant phenotype (lipid production, DNA synthesis, cell proliferation, cell migration, etc.). Key to the antineoplastic action of AICA riboside is its conversion to ZMP, an AMP mimetic that at high concentrations activates the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Here, in an attempt to increase the efficacy of AICA riboside, we pretreated cancer cells with methotrexate, an antimetabolite blocking the metabolism of ZMP. Methotrexate enhanced the AICA riboside-induced accumulation of ZMP and led to a decrease in the levels of ATP, which functions as an intrasteric inhibitor of AMPK. Consequently, methotrexate markedly sensitized AMPK for activation by AICA riboside and potentiated the inhibitory effects of AICA riboside on tumor-associated processes. As cotreatment elicited antiproliferative effects already at concentrations of compounds that were only marginally effective when used alone, our findings on the cooperation between methotrexate and AICA riboside provide new opportunities both for the application of classic antimetabolic chemotherapeutics, such as methotrexate, and for the exploitation of the energy-sensing machinery as a target for cancer intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Beckers
- Laboratory for Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Gasthuisberg, O&N, Herestraat 49 bus 902, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
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28
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Robien K, Boynton A, Ulrich CM. Pharmacogenetics of folate-related drug targets in cancer treatment. Pharmacogenomics 2006; 6:673-89. [PMID: 16207145 DOI: 10.2217/14622416.6.7.673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Folate metabolism is the target of two major drug groups: folate antagonists (for example, methotrexate) and thymidylate synthase inhibitors (for example, 5-fluorouracil). These agents are used in the treatment of cancer, as well as for other conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis. High-dose cancer treatment protocols can induce a state of acute folate depletion which may lead to significant treatment-related toxicity. Polymorphisms in folate-metabolizing enzymes may modify the therapeutic effectiveness and toxicity of these drugs. This review briefly summarizes the drugs targeting the folate pathway and describes common polymorphisms in folate-metabolizing enzymes and transport proteins. Pharmacogenetic studies investigating folate-related drug targets in the treatment of colorectal cancers and hematologic malignancies will subsequently be discussed. Findings to date illustrate a potential for targeting therapy based on patients' genotypes, in order to improve outcomes and reduce toxicity. However, larger, well-designed studies are needed to confirm these early findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Robien
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Cancer Prevention Program, 1100 Fairview Ave N, M4-B402, Seattle, WA 98109 1024, USA
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29
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da Cunha EFF, Ramalho TC, Maia ER, de Alencastro RB. The search for new DHFR inhibitors: a review of patents, January 2001 – February 2005. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.15.8.967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan M Kompis
- ARPIDA Ltd, Dammstrasse 36, 4142 Münchenstein, Switzerland
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31
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Mathieu M, Debousker G, Vincent S, Viviani F, Bamas-Jacques N, Mikol V. Escherichia coli FolC structure reveals an unexpected dihydrofolate binding site providing an attractive target for anti-microbial therapy. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:18916-22. [PMID: 15705579 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m413799200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In some bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, the addition of L-glutamate to dihydropteroate (dihydrofolate synthetase activity) and the subsequent additions of L-glutamate to tetrahydrofolate (folylpolyglutamate synthetase (FPGS) activity) are catalyzed by the same enzyme, FolC. The crystal structure of E. coli FolC is described in this paper. It showed strong similarities to that of the FPGS enzyme of Lactobacillus casei within the ATP binding site and the catalytic site, as do all other members of the Mur synthethase superfamily. FolC structure revealed an unexpected dihydropteroate binding site very different from the folate site identified previously in the FPGS structure. The relevance of this site is exemplified by the presence of phosphorylated dihydropteroate, a reaction intermediate in the DHFS reaction. L. casei FPGS is considered a relevant model for human FPGS. As such, the presence of a folate binding site in E. coli FolC, which is different from the one seen in FPGS enzymes, provides avenues for the design of specific inhibitors of this enzyme in antimicrobial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Mathieu
- Department of Structural Biology, Aventis Pharma, 13 Quai J. Guesde, F-94403 Vitry/Seine, France.
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da Cunha EFF, de Castro Ramalho T, Bicca de Alencastro R, Maia ER. Interactions of 5-deazapteridine derivatives with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and with human dihydrofolate reductases. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2005; 22:119-30. [PMID: 15317473 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2004.10506988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
There are major differences between the structures of human dihydrofolate reductase (hDHFR) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis dihydrofolate reductase (mtDHFR). These differences may allow us to design more selective mtDHFR inhibitors. In this paper we study the reactions of six different compounds derived from 5-deazapteridine with human and bacterial enzymes. Results suggest that the addition of hydrophobic groups to the aminophenyl ring would increase mtDHFR-inhibitor affinity and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine F F da Cunha
- Instituto de Quimica da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro--UFRJ, Departamento de Quimica Organica, Centro de Tecnologia-Bl A-Sala 609, Ilha do Fundao, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 21949-900 - RJ--Brazil.
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Slon-Usakiewicz JJ, Pasternak A, Reid N, Toledo-Sherman LM. New targets for an old drug. Clin Proteomics 2004. [DOI: 10.1385/cp:1:3-4:227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Toledo-Sherman LM, Desouza L, Hosfield CM, Liao L, Boutillier K, Taylor P, Climie S, McBroom-Cerajewski L, Moran MF. New targets for an old drug. Clin Proteomics 2004. [DOI: 10.1385/cp:1:1:045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Elvin CM, Liyou NE, Pearson R, Kemp DH, Dixon NE. Molecular cloning and expression of the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) gene from adult buffalo fly (Haematobia irritans exigua): effects of antifolates. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2003; 12:173-183. [PMID: 12653939 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2583.2003.00399.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The folate analogues methotrexate, aminopterin and pyrimethamine were toxic when fed in a blood meal to adult buffalo flies (Haematobia irritans exigua), but aminopterin caused greater mortality than methotrexate, while trimethoprim was not toxic to adult flies. This is the first recorded instance of mortality in adult insects caused by ingestion of folate analogues. In order to investigate the mechanism of this toxicity, the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) gene was cloned from adult buffalo fly cDNA using a PCR-based approach. The full-length DHFR coding sequence (BF-DHFR) was 887 bp and contained an open reading frame encoding a protein of 188 amino acids. The deduced protein sequence identities between BF-DHFR and the other known insect DHFR sequences were: Drosophila melanogaster, 75%; Aedes albopictus, 54%; Heliothis virescens, 43%. The BF-DHFR gene has a single 52 bp intron, an organization more similar to Dipteran species (Drosophila and Aedes). The cDNA encoding BF-DHFR was inserted into an Escherichia coli expression vector and the recombinant protein was expressed to levels representing about 25% of total cell protein. The active enzyme was purified by affinity chromatography on methotrexate-agarose and displayed a relatively low affinity (IC50 = 30 nm) for methotrexate.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Elvin
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Department of Physiology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.
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Nakamura M, Nagayoshi R, Ijiri K, Nakashima-Matsushita N, Takeuchi T, Matsuyama T. Nitration and chlorination of folic acid by peroxynitrite and hypochlorous acid, and the selective binding of 10-nitro-folate to folate receptor beta. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 297:1238-44. [PMID: 12372420 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)02359-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to characterize folates modified by ONOO(-) and HOCl and to evaluate the binding capacity of folates modified by ONOO(-) to folate receptor alpha and beta. For the modification of folate by ONOO(-), folic acid was reacted with the combination of PMA activated PMN and PAPA NONOate or chemically synthesized ONOO(-). For the modification of folate by HOCl, folic acid was reacted with the combination of MPO and H(2)O(2) or NaOCl. The structures of products were determined by 1H-NMR and MALDI-TOF mass. Nitrated folate species were identified as 10-nitro-folate and 12-nitro-folate, and chlorinated folate was identified as 12-chloro-folate. The 10-nitro-folate showed the selective binding to FR-beta, compared to folic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoyuki Nakamura
- Department of Immunology and Medical Zoology, School of Medicine, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, 890-8520, Kagoshima, Japan
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Costi MP, Tondi D, Rinaldi M, Barlocco D, Pecorari P, Soragni F, Venturelli A, Stroud RM. Structure-based studies on species-specific inhibition of thymidylate synthase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1587:206-14. [PMID: 12084462 DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4439(02)00083-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Thymidylate synthase (TS) is a well-recognized target for anticancer chemotherapy. Due to its key role in the sole de novo pathway for thymidylate synthesis and, hence, DNA synthesis, it is an essential enzyme in all life forms. As such, it has been recently recognized as a valuable new target against infectious diseases. There is also a pressing need for new antimicrobial agents that are able to target strains that are drug resistant toward currently used drugs. In this context, species specificity is of crucial importance to distinguish between the invading microorganism and the human host, yet thymidylate synthase is among the most highly conserved enzymes. We combine structure-based drug design with rapid synthetic techniques and mutagenesis, in an iterative fashion, to develop novel antifolates that are not derived from the substrate and cofactor, and to understand the molecular basis for the observed species specificity. The role of structural and computational studies in the discovery of nonanalog antifolate inhibitors of bacterial TS, naphthalein and dansyl derivatives, and in the understanding of their biological activity profile, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Paola Costi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi n. 183, 41100, Modena, Italy.
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Ulrich CM, Robien K, Sparks R. Pharmacogenetics and folate metabolism -- a promising direction. Pharmacogenomics 2002; 3:299-313. [PMID: 12052139 DOI: 10.1517/14622416.3.3.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Folate metabolism is the target of two major drug groups: folate antagonists (e.g., methotrexate) and thymidylate synthase inhibitors (for example, 5-fluorouracil). These agents are widely used in cancer chemotherapy, as treatment for rheumatoid arthritis, and for other conditions. The administration of these drugs in cancer chemotherapy can induce a state of acute folate depletion with sometimes life-threatening toxic sequelae. Recent studies suggest that polymorphisms in folate-metabolizing enzymes may modify the therapeutic effectiveness and toxicity of drugs targeting folate metabolism. This review briefly summarizes major drugs targeting the folate pathway and describes common polymorphisms in folate-metabolizing enzymes and transport proteins. Pharmacogenetic studies investigating the relevance of these polymorphisms with respect to patients' response to antifolate chemotherapeutic agents are discussed. Investigating genetic variability in folate metabolism in the framework of pharmacogenetics is a promising field. Findings to date illustrate the potential for targeting therapy based on patients' genotypes with improved outcomes and reduced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia M Ulrich
- Cancer Prevention Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, MP-900, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA.
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