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Wolf P. Inhibitor of apoptosis proteins as therapeutic targets in bladder cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1124600. [PMID: 36845731 PMCID: PMC9950391 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1124600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Evasion from apoptosis is a hallmark of cancer. Inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) contribute to this hallmark by suppressing the induction of cell death. IAPs were found to be overexpressed in cancerous tissues and to contribute to therapeutic resistance. The present review focuses on the IAP members cIAP1, cIAP2, XIAP, Survivin and Livin and their importance as potential therapeutic targets in bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Wolf
- Department of Urology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany,*Correspondence: Philipp Wolf,
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2
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Xu M, Zhang L, Guo Y, Bai L, Luo Y, Wang B, Kuang M, Liu X, Sun M, Wang C, Xie J. Nanoemulsion Co-Loaded with XIAP siRNA and Gambogic Acid for Inhalation Therapy of Lung Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214294. [PMID: 36430771 PMCID: PMC9696299 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is a leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide, with a 5-year survival rate of less than 20%. Gambogic acid (GA) is a naturally occurring and potent anticancer agent that destroys tumor cells through multiple mechanisms. According to the literature, one of the most potent inhibitors of caspases and apoptosis currently known is the X-linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein (XIAP). It is highly expressed in various malignancies but has little or no expression in normal cells, making it an attractive target for cancer treatment. Here we report the development of a chitosan (CS)-based cationic nanoemulsion-based pulmonary delivery (p.d.) system for the co-delivery of antineoplastic drugs (GA) and anti-XIAP small interfering RNA (siRNA). The results showed that the chitosan-modified cationic nanoemulsions could effectively encapsulate gambogic acid as well as protect siRNA against degradation. The apoptosis analysis confirmed that the cationic nanoemulsions could induce more apoptosis in the A549 cell line. In addition, most drugs and siRNAs have a long residence time in the lungs through pulmonary delivery and show greater therapeutic effects compared to systemic administration. In summary, this work demonstrates the applicability of cationic nanoemulsions for combined cancer therapy and as a promising approach for the treatment of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhao Xu
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Lanfang Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, Innovative Drug Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, 55 South Daxuecheng Road, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Yue Guo
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Lu Bai
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Yi Luo
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Ben Wang
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Meiyan Kuang
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Xingyou Liu
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Meng Sun
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Chenhui Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, Innovative Drug Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, 55 South Daxuecheng Road, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Jing Xie
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-138-4300-4264
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3
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A.A. Kayode A, Eya IE, Kayode OT. A short review on cancer therapeutics. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2021-0169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Cancer as a disease has been a remarkable scourge and over the past years, advances have been made in understanding the molecular basis of carcinogenesis and combating this disease. The common traits exhibited by cancer have been individually studied to figure out its mode of action and its mechanism of survival even in the most austere conditions. The various hallmarks noted so far have been effectively studied and different therapies revolving around each hallmark are still being studied in order to find the most appropriate treatment for the different types of cancer in existence. Emerging therapies have been able to elucidate the mechanism of receptor blockage which facilitate the ability of cancer to proliferate as well as evade tumor suppressors, prevent cell death, support replicative immortality, escape immune destruction, stimulate angiogenesis, reduce cellular energetics as well as metabolism and prevent the destruction of the immune system. This life-threatening disease should be tackled aggressively with a combined therapy that involves two or more hallmarks of cancer and adverse effects of each therapy should also be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolanle A.A. Kayode
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic Medical Sciences , Babcock University , Ilishan-Remo , Ogun State , Nigeria
| | - Izuchukwu Emmanuel Eya
- Department of Medicine & Surgery, School of Clinical Sciences , Babcock University , Ilishan-Remo , Ogun State , Nigeria
| | - Omowumi Titilola Kayode
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Basic and Applied Sciences , Mountain Top University , Kilometer 12, Lagos-Ibadan Expressway , Prayer City , Ogun State , Nigeria
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4
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Killing by Degradation: Regulation of Apoptosis by the Ubiquitin-Proteasome-System. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123465. [PMID: 34943974 PMCID: PMC8700063 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is a cell suicide process that is essential for development, tissue homeostasis and human health. Impaired apoptosis is associated with a variety of human diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, autoimmunity and cancer. As the levels of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins can determine the life or death of cells, tight regulation of these proteins is critical. The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) is essential for maintaining protein turnover, which can either trigger or inhibit apoptosis. In this review, we will describe the E3 ligases that regulate the levels of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins and assisting proteins that regulate the levels of these E3 ligases. We will provide examples of apoptotic cell death modulations using the UPS, determined by positive and negative feedback loop reactions. Specifically, we will review how the stability of p53, Bcl-2 family members and IAPs (Inhibitor of Apoptosis proteins) are regulated upon initiation of apoptosis. As increased levels of oncogenes and decreased levels of tumor suppressor proteins can promote tumorigenesis, targeting these pathways offers opportunities to develop novel anti-cancer therapies, which act by recruiting the UPS for the effective and selective killing of cancer cells.
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Khan I, Ganapathi T, Rehman MMU, Shareef MA, Kumar CG, Kamal A. New indenopyrazole linked oxadiazole conjugates as anti-pancreatic cancer agents: Design, synthesis, in silico studies including 3D-QSAR analysis. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 44:128094. [PMID: 33964437 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To continue the quest of newer anticancer agents, herein a novel class of 1,4-Dihydroindenopyrazole linked oxadiazole conjugates 9(a-r) was designed, synthesized and experimented for their anti-proliferative activities against four different cancer cell lines (human) such as MDA MB-231 (breast), PANC-1 (pancreatic), MCF-7 (breast), and Caco-2 (Colorectal) by using MTT assay. Among the series compound 9h and 9 m demonstrated significant potency against the PANC-1 (human pancreatic cancer cells) with IC50 value 7.4 μM and 4.3 μM respectively. While compound 9 m was found to be equipotent to standard Gomitabine (IC50 = 4.2 μM). The detailed biological assays revealed S phase cell cycle arrest and their ability to propagate apoptosis by activating caspase 3 and 9 enzymes which was confirmed by Annexin-FITC assay and caspase assay. Moreover, docking study suggested their binding modes and interactions with caspase-3. In addition, in silico studies revealed that they exhibit good pharmacokinetics and drug likeliness properties. Furthermore, 3D-QSAR was carried out to achieve a pharmacophoric model with CoMFA (q2 = 0.631, r2 = 0.977) and CoMSIA (q2 = 0.686, r2 = 0.954) on PANC-1 cancer cells which were established, generated and validated to be reliable models for further design and optimization of newer molecules with enhanced anticancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irfan Khan
- Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, India.
| | - Thipparapu Ganapathi
- Stem Cell Research Division, National Institute of Nutrition (NIN), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India.
| | - Md Muzaffar-Ur- Rehman
- Catalysis and Fine Chemicals Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, India.
| | - Mohd Adil Shareef
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, India; Centre for Fluoro-Agrochemicals, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka 500007, Hyderabad, India.
| | - C Ganesh Kumar
- Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Ahmed Kamal
- Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, India; School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (SPER), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.
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6
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Shahar N, Larisch S. Inhibiting the inhibitors: Targeting anti-apoptotic proteins in cancer and therapy resistance. Drug Resist Updat 2020; 52:100712. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2020.100712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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7
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Single and dual target inhibitors based on Bcl-2: Promising anti-tumor agents for cancer therapy. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 201:112446. [PMID: 32563811 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) proteins family is an essential checkpoint in apoptosis. Extensive evidences suggested that overexpression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins can be observed in multiple cancer cell lines and primary tumor biopsy samples, which is an important reason for tumor cells to evade apoptosis and further acquire drug resistance for chemotherapy. Hence, down-regulation of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins is effective for the treatment of cancers. In view that Bcl-2 inhibitors and some other anti-tumor agents, such as HDAC inhibitors and Mdm2 inhibitors, exert synergy effects in tumor cells, it is pointed out that dual-targeting therapies based on these targets are regarded as rational strategies to enhance the effectiveness of single target agents for cancer treatment. This review briefly introduces the apoptosis, the structure of Bcl-2 family proteins, and focuses on the current status and recent advances of Bcl-2 inhibitors and the corresponding SARs of them. Moreover, we discuss the synergisms between Bcl-2 and other anti-tumor targets, and summarize the current dual-target agents.
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8
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Park C, Cha HJ, Lee H, Hwang-Bo H, Ji SY, Kim MY, Hong SH, Jeong JW, Han MH, Choi SH, Jin CY, Kim GY, Choi YH. Induction of G2/M Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis by Genistein in Human Bladder Cancer T24 Cells through Inhibition of the ROS-Dependent PI3k/Akt Signal Transduction Pathway. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8090327. [PMID: 31438633 PMCID: PMC6769882 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8090327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the anti-cancer effect of genistein, a soy-derived isoflavone, in human bladder transitional cell carcinoma T24 cells. According to our data, genistein induced G2/M phase arrest of the cell cycle and apoptosis. Genistein down-regulated the levels of cyclin A and cyclin B1, but up-regulated the levels of p21WAF1/CIP1, cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) inhibitor, that was complexed with Cdc2 and Cdk2. Furthermore, genistein induced the activation of caspases (caspase-3, -8 and -9), and cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage. However, genistein-induced apoptosis was significantly inhibited by a pan-caspase inhibitor, indicating that the induction of apoptosis by genestein was caspase-dependent. In addition, genistein increased the cytosolic release of cytochrome c by increasing the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and destroying mitochondria integrity. Moreover, genistein inactivated the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway, while LY294002, a PI3K/Akt inhibitor, increased the apoptosis-inducing effect of genistein. Genistein further increased the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which was significantly suppressed by N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), a ROS scavenger, and in particular, NAC prevented genistein-mediated inactivation of PI3K/Akt signaling, G2/M arrest and apoptosis. Therefore, the present results indicated that genistein promoted apoptosis induction in human bladder cancer T24 cells, which was associated with G2/M phase cell cycle arrest via regulation of ROS-dependent PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheol Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Dong-eui University, Busan 47340, Korea
| | - Hee-Jae Cha
- Department of Parasitology and Genetics, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 49267, Korea
| | - Hyesook Lee
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-eui University, Busan 47340, Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, Dong-eui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 47227, Korea
| | - Hyun Hwang-Bo
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-eui University, Busan 47340, Korea
- Freshwater Bioresources Utilization Bureau, Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources, Sangju 37242, Korea
| | - Seon Yeong Ji
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-eui University, Busan 47340, Korea
- Freshwater Bioresources Utilization Bureau, Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources, Sangju 37242, Korea
| | - Min Yeong Kim
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-eui University, Busan 47340, Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, Dong-eui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 47227, Korea
| | - Su Hyun Hong
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-eui University, Busan 47340, Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, Dong-eui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 47227, Korea
| | - Jin-Woo Jeong
- Freshwater Bioresources Utilization Bureau, Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources, Sangju 37242, Korea
| | - Min Ho Han
- National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seocheon 33662, Korea
| | - Sung Hyun Choi
- Department of System Management, Korea Lift College, Geochang 50141, Korea
| | - Cheng-Yun Jin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Henan 450001, China
| | - Gi-Young Kim
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-eui University, Busan 47340, Korea.
- Department of Biochemistry, Dong-eui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 47227, Korea.
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9
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Guo Y, Zhang X, Wu T, Hu X, Su J, Chen X. Autophagy in Skin Diseases. Dermatology 2019; 235:380-389. [PMID: 31269494 DOI: 10.1159/000500470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, or self-eating, is an evolutionarily conserved process in which cytosol and organelles are sequestered within double-membrane vesicles that deliver the contents to the lysosome/vacuole for the degradation and recycling of cytoplasmic components in eukaryotes. It is well recognized that autophagy plays an important role in maintaining cellular homeostasis under physiological and pathophysiological con-ditions and the upregulation of autophagy may serve as an adaptive process to provide nutrients and energy when under stresses. Recently, studies have illustrated that autophagy is intricately related to skin diseases. This review provides a brief synopsis of the process of autophagy and aims to elucidate the roles of autophagy in different skin diseases and to highlight the need for increased research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeye Guo
- Department of Dermatology, XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tianhao Wu
- Department of Dermatology, XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xing Hu
- Department of Dermatology, XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Juan Su
- Department of Dermatology, XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China, .,Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Central South University, Changsha, China,
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Dermatology, XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Micewicz ED, Nguyen C, Micewicz A, Waring AJ, McBride WH, Ruchala P. Position of lipidation influences anticancer activity of Smac analogs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:1628-1635. [PMID: 31047753 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A small group of lipid-conjugated Smac mimetics was synthesized to probe the influence of the position of lipidation on overall anti-cancer activity. Specifically, new compounds were modified with lipid(s) in position 3 and C-terminus. Previously described position 2 lipidated analog M11 was also synthesized. The resulting mini library of Smacs lipidated in positions 2, 3 and C-terminus was screened extensively in vitro against a total number of 50 diverse cancer cell lines revealing that both the position of lipidation as well as the type of lipid, influence their anti-cancer activity and cancer type specificity. Moreover, when used in combination therapy with inhibitor of menin-MLL1 protein interactions, position 2 modified analog SM2 showed strong synergistic anti-cancer properties. The most promising lipid-conjugated analogs SM2 and SM6, showed favorable pharmacokinetics and in vivo activity while administered subcutaneously in the preclinical mouse model. Collectively, our findings suggest that lipid modification of Smacs may be a viable approach in the development of anti-cancer therapeutic leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa D Micewicz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California at Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Christine Nguyen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California at Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Alina Micewicz
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Volunteering Program, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Alan J Waring
- Department of Medicine, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1000 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - William H McBride
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California at Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Piotr Ruchala
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles, 760 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA; The Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, The Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, 760 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA.
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11
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Ishikawa C, Senba M, Hashimoto T, Imaizumi A, Mori N. Expression and significance of Pim-3 kinase in adult T-cell leukemia. Eur J Haematol 2017; 99:495-504. [PMID: 28833639 DOI: 10.1111/ejh.12940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) causes adult T-cell leukemia (ATL). Viral Tax protein plays a major role in ATL development. Pim family of serine/threonine kinases is composed of Pim-1, -2, and -3. The potential of Pim family as a target in ATL was analyzed. METHODS RT-PCR and Western blotting were used to determine the expression of Pim kinases, Tax, and intracellular signal molecules. Knockdown of Pim-3 and RelA was performed using small interfering RNA. The effects on cell proliferation, viability, cell cycle, and apoptosis were analyzed by WST-8, propidium iodide, and APO2.7 assay. NF-κB DNA binding activity was investigated by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. RESULTS Pim-3 expression was restricted to HTLV-1-infected T-cell lines. Tax induced Pim-3 expression through NF-κB. Knockdown of Pim-3 showed growth inhibition of HTLV-1-infected T cells. NJC97-NH, a novel inhibitor of the Pim-1/3 kinases, inhibited cell viability. NJC97-NH induced G2/M cell cycle arrest associated with downregulation of cyclin A and cyclin B1 expression, as well as apoptosis accompanied with downregulation of XIAP and Mcl-1 expression through inhibition of NF-κB pathway, mediated through decrease in IκBα and RelA phosphorylation. CONCLUSION Pim-3 is a potentially suitable target for the development of novel therapeutic agents against ATL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chie Ishikawa
- Department of Microbiology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan.,Transdisciplinary Research Organization for Subtropics and Island Studies, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Masachika Senba
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | | | | | - Naoki Mori
- Department of Microbiology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
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12
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Prabhu KS, Siveen KS, Kuttikrishnan S, Iskandarani A, Tsakou M, Achkar IW, Therachiyil L, Krishnankutty R, Parray A, Kulinski M, Merhi M, Dermime S, Mohammad RM, Uddin S. Targeting of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein and PI3-kinase/AKT signaling by embelin suppresses growth of leukemic cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180895. [PMID: 28704451 PMCID: PMC5509148 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) is a viable molecular target for anticancer drugs that overcome apoptosis-resistance of malignant cells. XIAP is an inhibitor of apoptosis, mediating through its association with BIR3 domain of caspase 9. Embelin, a quinone derivative isolated from the Embelia ribes plant, has been shown to exhibit chemopreventive, anti-inflammatory, and apoptotic activities via inhibiting XIAP activity. In this study, we found that embelin causes a dose-dependent suppression of proliferation in leukemic cell lines K562 and U937. Embelin mediated inhibition of proliferation correlates with induction of apoptosis. Furthermore, embelin treatment causes loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and release of cytochrome c, resulting in subsequent activation of caspase-3 followed by polyadenosin-5’-diphosphate-ribose polymerase (PARP) cleavage. In addition, embelin treatment of leukemic cells results in a decrease of constitutive phosphorylations/activation level of AKT and downregulation of XIAP. Gene silencing of XIAP and AKT expression showed a link between XIAP expression and activated AKT in leukemic cells. Interestingly, targeting of XIAP and PI3-kinase/AKT signaling augmented inhibition of proliferation and induction of apoptosis in leukemic cells. Altogether these findings raise the possibility that embelin alone or in combination with inhibitors of PI3-kinase/AKT pathway may have therapeutic usage in leukemia and possibly other malignancies with up-regulated XIAP pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirti S. Prabhu
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, State of Qatar
| | - Kodappully S. Siveen
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, State of Qatar
| | - Shilpa Kuttikrishnan
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, State of Qatar
| | - Ahmad Iskandarani
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, State of Qatar
| | - Magdalini Tsakou
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, State of Qatar
| | - Iman W. Achkar
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, State of Qatar
| | - Lubna Therachiyil
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, State of Qatar
| | - Roopesh Krishnankutty
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, State of Qatar
| | - Aijaz Parray
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, State of Qatar
| | - Michal Kulinski
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, State of Qatar
| | - Maysaloun Merhi
- Translational Cancer Research Facility, National Center for Cancer Care and Research (NCCCR), Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, State of Qatar
| | - Said Dermime
- Translational Cancer Research Facility, National Center for Cancer Care and Research (NCCCR), Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, State of Qatar
| | - Ramzi M. Mohammad
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, State of Qatar
| | - Shahab Uddin
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, State of Qatar
- * E-mail:
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13
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Choi EO, Park C, Hwang HJ, Hong SH, Kim GY, Cho EJ, Kim WJ, Choi YH. Baicalein induces apoptosis via ROS-dependent activation of caspases in human bladder cancer 5637 cells. Int J Oncol 2016; 49:1009-18. [PMID: 27571890 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Baicalein is a flavonoid derived originally from the root of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, which has been used in Oriental medicines for treating various diseases. Although this compound has been reported to have anticancer activities in several human cancer cell lines, the therapeutic effects of baicalein on human bladder cancer and its mechanisms of action have not been extensively studied. This study investigated the proapoptotic effects of baicalein in human bladder cancer 5637 cells. For this study, cell viability and apoptosis were evaluated using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthia-zol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, trypan blue dye exclusion assay 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining, and flow cytometry. Measurements of the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), caspase activity assays and western blots were conducted to determine whether 5637 cell death occurred by apoptosis. Treatment with baicalein resulted in a concentration-dependent growth inhibition coupled with apoptosis induction, as indicated by the results of nuclei morphology examination and flow cytometry analyses. The induction of the apoptotic cell death of 5637 cells by baicalein exhibited a correlation with the downregulation of members of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family, including cIAP-1 and cIAP-2, and the activation of caspase-9 and -3 accompanied by proteolytic degradation of poly(ADP-ribose)-polymerase. The study also showed that baicalein decreases the expression of the proapoptotic protein Bax, increases antiapoptotic Bcl-2 expression, and noticeably aggravates the loss of MMP. Concomitantly, the data showed that baicalein increases the levels of death receptors and their associated ligands and enhances the activation of caspase-8 and truncation of Bid. However, the pan-caspase inhibitor can reverse baicalein-induced apoptosis, demonstrating that it is a caspase-dependent pathway. Moreover, it was found that baicalein can induce the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and that pretreatment with the antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine significantly attenuates the baicalein effects on the loss of MMP and activation of caspase. In addition, the blocking of ROS generation decreases the apoptotic activity and antiproliferative effect of baicalein, indicating that baicalein induces apoptosis of 5637 cells through the ROS-dependent activation of caspases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ok Choi
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dongeui University, Busan 614-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences and Human Ecology, Dongeui University, Busan 614-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Hwang
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dongeui University, Busan 614-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Hyun Hong
- Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 614-052, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Young Kim
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ju Cho
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Wun-Jae Kim
- Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dongeui University, Busan 614-714, Republic of Korea
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Lee TK, Park C, Jeong SJ, Jeong MJ, Kim GY, Kim WJ, Choi YH. Sanguinarine Induces Apoptosis of Human Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma KB Cells via Inactivation of the PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway. Drug Dev Res 2016; 77:227-40. [PMID: 27363951 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Preclinical Research Sanguinarine, an alkaloid isolated from the root of Sanguinaria canadensis and other plants of the Papaveraceae family, selectively induces apoptotic cell death in a variety of human cancer cells, but its mechanism of action requires further elaboration. The present study investigated the pro-apoptotic effects of sanguinarine in human oral squamous cell carcinoma KB cells. Sanguinarine treatment increased DR5/TRAILR2 (death receptor 5/TRAIL receptor 2) expression and enhanced the activation of caspase-8 and cleavage of its substrate, Bid. Sanguinarine also induced the mitochondrial translocation of pro-apoptotic Bax, mitochondrial dysfunction, cytochrome c release to the cytosol, and activation of caspase-9 and -3. However, a pan-caspase inhibitor, z-VAD-fmk, reversed the growth inhibition and apoptosis induced by sanguinarine. Sanguinarine also suppressed the phosphorylation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and Akt in KB cells, while co-treatment of cells with sanguinarine and a PI3K inhibitor revealed synergistic apoptotic effects. However, pharmacological inhibition of AMP-activated protein kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinases did not reduce or enhance sanguinarine-induced growth inhibition and apoptosis. Collectively, these findings indicate that the pro-apoptotic effects of sanguinarine in KB cells may be regulated by a caspase-dependent cascade via activation of both intrinsic and extrinsic signaling pathways and inactivation of PI3K/Akt signaling. Drug Dev Res 77 : 227-240, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Kyung Lee
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, 10012, USA
| | - Cheol Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences and Human Ecology, Dongeui University, Busan, 614-714, South Korea
| | - Soon-Jeong Jeong
- Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Health Sciences, Youngsan University, Yangsan, 626-790, South Korea
| | - Moon-Jin Jeong
- Department of Oral Histology and Developmental Biology, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju, 501-759, South Korea
| | - Gi-Young Kim
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju, 690-756, South Korea
| | - Wun-Jae Kim
- Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University, College of Medicine and Institute for Tumor Research, Cheongju, 28644, South Korea
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dongeui University, Busan, 614-714, South Korea.,Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan, 614-714, South Korea
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15
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Lee MH, Hong SH, Park C, Kim GY, Leem SH, Choi SH, Keum YS, Hyun JW, Kwon TK, Hong SH, Choi YH. Hwang-Heuk-San induces apoptosis in HCT116 human colorectal cancer cells through the ROS-mediated activation of caspases and the inactivation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Oncol Rep 2016; 36:205-14. [PMID: 27221553 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.4812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Hwang-Heuk-San (HHS) is a polyherbal formulation that has been used in traditional Korean medicine for hundreds of years to treat gastrointestinal malignancy. However, to date, the mechanisms responsible for the anticancer effects remain unclear. In the present study, we investigated the anticancer effects of HHS using HCT116 human colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. Our results showed that HHS treatment significantly reduced cell survival and increased apoptotic cell death in a concentration-dependent manner. The treatment of HCT116 cells with HHS also significantly elevated the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which was followed by the attenuation of the mitochondrial membrane potential through the upregulation of Bax and the downregulation of Bcl-2, which was accompanied by the release of cytochrome c to the cytosol. In addition, HHS treatment caused the truncation of Bid and activated the caspases (caspase-8, -9 and -3), which was associated with the induction of the Fas ligand, the death receptors (DRs), DR4 and DR5, downregulation of the inhibitors of protein expression in the apoptosis protein family, and the degradation of poly(ADP-ribose)-polymerase. However, a pan-caspase inhibitor reversed the HHS-induced apoptosis and growth suppression, indicating that HHS induces apoptosis though a caspase-dependent intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathway in HCT116 cells. Moreover, HHS treatment inhibited the activation of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling, and a pharmacological inhibitor of PI3K significantly potentiated the apoptotic effects of HHS when employed in combination in HCT116 cells. Furthermore, the blocking of ROS generation by antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine attenuated the HHS-induced release of cytochrome c, caspase activation and PI3K/Akt inactivation, thereby preventing HHS-induced apoptosis and reduction in cell viability. These findings suggest that HHS-induced ROS generation is required for caspase-dependent apoptotic cell death involving inhibition of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in HCT116 cells. Overall, our findings suggest that HHS may be an effective treatment for CRC cancer, and further studies are required to identify the active compounds in HHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon Hee Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 614-052, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Hyun Hong
- Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 614-052, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, Dongeui University, Busan 614-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Young Kim
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Hee Leem
- Department of Biological Science, Dong-A University, Busan 604‑714, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hyun Choi
- Department of Safety and System Management, Korea Lift College, Geochang 670-802, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Sam Keum
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang 410-773, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Won Hyun
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 609-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeg Kyu Kwon
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 704-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 614-052, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 614-052, Republic of Korea
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16
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PARK CHEOL, JEONG JISUK, JEONG JINWOO, KIM YONGJOO, JUNG YEONKWON, GO GEUNBAE, KIM SUNGOK, KIM GIYOUNG, HONG SUHYUN, YOO YOUNGHYUN, CHOI YUNGHYUN. Ethanol extract of Kalopanax septemlobus leaf induces caspase-dependent apoptosis associated with activation of AMPK in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Int J Oncol 2015; 48:261-70. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.3233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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17
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Micewicz ED, Ratikan JA, Waring AJ, Whitelegge JP, McBride WH, Ruchala P. Lipid-conjugated Smac analogues. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:4419-27. [PMID: 26384289 PMCID: PMC4592835 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A small library of monovalent and bivalent Smac mimics was synthesized based on 2 types of monomers, with general structure NMeAla-Xaa-Pro-BHA (Xaa=Cys or Lys). Position 2 of the compounds was utilized to dimerize both types of monomers employing various bis-reactive linkers, as well as to modify selected compounds with lipids. The resulting library was screened in vitro against metastatic human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231, and the two most active compounds selected for in vivo studies. The most active lipid-conjugated analogue M11, showed in vivo activity while administered both subcutaneously and orally. Collectively, our findings suggest that lipidation may be a viable approach in the development of new Smac-based therapeutic leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa D Micewicz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California at Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Josephine A Ratikan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California at Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Alan J Waring
- Department of Medicine, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1000 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90502, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, 1001 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Julian P Whitelegge
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles, 760 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA; The Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, The Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, 760 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | - William H McBride
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California at Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Piotr Ruchala
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles, 760 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA; The Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, The Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, 760 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA.
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18
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Lucchesi C, Sheikh MS, Huang Y. Negative regulation of RNA-binding protein HuR by tumor-suppressor ECRG2. Oncogene 2015; 35:2565-73. [PMID: 26434587 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Esophageal cancer-related gene 2 (ECRG2) is a newer tumor suppressor whose function in the regulation of cell growth and apoptosis remains to be elucidated. Here we show that ECRG2 expression was upregulated in response to DNA damage, and increased ECRG2 expression induced growth suppression in cancer cells but not in non-cancerous epithelial cells. ECRG2-mediated growth suppression was associated with activation of caspases and marked reduction in the levels of apoptosis inhibitor, X chromosome-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP). ECRG2, via RNA-binding protein human antigen R (HuR), regulated XIAP mRNA stability and expression. Furthermore, ECRG2 increased HuR ubiquitination and degradation but was unable to modulate the non-ubiquitinable mutant form of HuR. We also identified missense and frame-shift ECRG2 mutations in various human malignancies and noted that, unlike wild-type ECRG2, one cancer-derived ECRG2 mutant harboring glutamic acid instead of valine at position 30 (V30E) failed to induce cell death and activation of caspases. This naturally occurring V30E mutant also did not suppress XIAP and HuR. Importantly, the V30E mutant overexpressing cancer cells acquired resistance against multiple anticancer drugs, thus suggesting that ECRG2 mutations appear to have an important role in the acquisition of anticancer drug resistance in a subset of human malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lucchesi
- Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - M S Sheikh
- Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Y Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
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19
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Choi YH. Induction of apoptosis by an ethanol extract of Poria cocos Wolf. in human leukemia U937 cells. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:2533-40. [PMID: 26353048 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Poria cocos Wolf., which belongs to the Polyporaceae family, has been widely used as an Oriental traditional herbal medicine for centuries. Its sclerotium has been reported to possess a wide spectrum of pharmacological activities, including free-radical scavenging, anti-viral, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of apoptosis induction by P. cocos in human cancer cells are poorly understood. In the present study, we investigated the pro-apoptotic potential of an ethanol extract of P. cocos sclerotium (EEPC) in human leukemia U937 cells in vitro. We found that EEPC induced anti-proliferative effects in U937 cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, which was due to apoptotic induction, as evident from morphological changes and flow cytometric assays. EEPC-induced apoptosis of U937 cells was associated with an increase in the Bax:Bcl-2 ratio, the release of cytochrome c to the cytosol, and a decrease in the expression of an inhibitor of the apoptosis family of proteins. The events were accompanied by activation of caspase-8, -9 and -3, and cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, suggesting the involvement of both the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic cascades. In addition, the overexpression of Bcl-2 caused a significant attenuation of EEPC-induced caspase activation, degradation of PARP, and the collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential, and thereby reversed EEPC-induced cell apoptosis and growth inhibition. Collectively, these data provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying EEPC-induced apoptosis in U937 cells, suggesting that EEPC may be a new therapeutic option for the treatment of leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung Hyun Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 614-052, Republic of Korea
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20
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ZHANG HONG, LI ZHIHONG, WANG KAIZHONG, REN PING. Combined treatment of XIAP-targeting shRNA and celecoxib synergistically inhibits the tumor growth of non-small cell lung cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Oncol Rep 2014; 33:1079-88. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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21
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Choi AR, Kim JH, Yoon S. Thioridazine specifically sensitizes drug-resistant cancer cells through highly increase in apoptosis and P-gp inhibition. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:9831-8. [PMID: 24989930 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2278-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to identify conditions that induce an increase in the sensitivity of drug-resistant cancer cells compared to sensitive cells. Using cell proliferation assays and microscopic observation, thioridazine (THIO) was found to induce higher sensitization in drug-resistant KBV20C cancer cells compared to sensitive KB parent cells. By studying cleaved PARP, annexin V staining, and Hoechst staining, we found that THIO largely increased apoptosis specifically in KBV20C cells, suggesting that the difference in sensitization between the resistant and sensitive cells can be attributed to the ability of THIO to induce apoptosis. THIO could also inhibit p-glycoprotein (P-gp) activity in the resistant KBV20C cells. These observations suggest that the mechanisms underlying THIO sensitization in resistant KBV20C cells involve both apoptosis and P-gp inhibition. Furthermore, co-treatment with THIO and vinblastine (VIB) induces higher sensitization in KBV20C cells than KB cells. As observed in a single treatment with THIO, the sensitization mechanism induced by the co-treatment also involves both apoptosis and P-gp inhibition. These results suggest that the THIO sensitization mechanism is generally conserved. Our findings may contribute to the development of THIO-based therapies for patients presenting resistance to antimitotic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ae-Ran Choi
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, 809 Madu 1-dong, Ilsan-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 411-764, Republic of Korea
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22
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Abstract
The quest for potent and selective targeted therapies in anticancer research is taking advantage of apoptosis-related mechanisms of action to identify a number of novel clinical candidates. This review is chemically focused on small molecules and deals with five target families that influence caspase-dependent apoptosis: caspase-3, Bcl-2 and IAP protein family members, p53 and the proteasome. Each target class is briefly described at first in terms of its involvement and relevance in tumor initiation and progression. Drug candidates currently undergoing clinical trials are then presented for each target class, followed by a quick summary of target-modulating chemotypes that have appeared in patent literature since 2006. Finally, future trends likely to become significant in apoptosis-targeted cancer therapies are presented and discussed.
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23
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Fucoidan inhibits the proliferation of human urinary bladder cancer T24 cells by blocking cell cycle progression and inducing apoptosis. Molecules 2014; 19:5981-98. [PMID: 24818577 PMCID: PMC6271230 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19055981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although fucoidan has been shown to exert anticancer activity against several types of cancer cell lines, no reports have explored fucoidan-affected cell growth in human urinary bladder cancer cells. In this study, we investigated the anti-proliferative effects of fucoidan in human bladder cancer T24 cells. Our results indicated that fucoidan decreased the viability of T24 cells through the induction of G1 arrest and apoptosis. Fucoidan-induced G1 arrest is associated with the enhanced expression of the Cdk inhibitor p21WAF1/CIP1 and dephosphorylation of the pRB along with enhanced binding of p21 to Cdk4/6 as well as pRB to the transcription factor E2Fs. Further investigations showed the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria to cytosol, proving mitochondrial dysfunction upon fucoidan treatment with a corresponding increase in the Bax/Bcl-2 expression ratio. Fucoidan-triggered apoptosis was also accompanied by the up-regulation of Fas and truncated Bid as well as the sequential activation of caspase-8. Furthermore, a significant increased activation of caspase-9/-3 was detected in response to fucoidan treatment with the decreased expression of IAPs and degradation of PARP, whereas a pan-caspase inhibitor significantly suppressed apoptosis and rescued the cell viability reduction. In conclusion, these observations suggest that fucoidan attenuates G1-S phase cell cycle progression and serves as an important mediator of crosstalk between caspase-dependent intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways in T24 cells.
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24
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REN YI, HAN XUEDONG, YU KUN, SUN SU, ZHEN LINLIN, LI ZHI, WANG SHUI. microRNA-200c downregulates XIAP expression to suppress proliferation and promote apoptosis of triple-negative breast cancer cells. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:315-21. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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25
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Nagalingam A, Kuppusamy P, Singh SV, Sharma D, Saxena NK. Mechanistic elucidation of the antitumor properties of withaferin a in breast cancer. Cancer Res 2014; 74:2617-29. [PMID: 24732433 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-2081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Withaferin A (WFA) is a steroidal lactone with antitumor effects manifested at multiple levels that are mechanistically obscure. Using a phospho-kinase screening array, we discovered that WFA activated phosphorylation of the S6 kinase RSK (ribosomal S6 kinase) in breast cancer cells. Pursuing this observation, we defined activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-RSK and ETS-like transcription factor 1 (Elk1)-CHOP (C-EBP homologous protein) kinase pathways in upregulating transcription of the death receptor 5 (DR5). Through this route, WFA acted as an effective DR5 activator capable of potentiating the biologic effects of celecoxib, etoposide, and TRAIL. Accordingly, WFA treatment inhibited breast tumor formation in xenograft and mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV)-neu mouse models in a manner associated with activation of the ERK/RSK axis, DR5 upregulation, and elevated nuclear accumulation of Elk1 and CHOP. Together, our results offer mechanistic insight into how WFA inhibits breast tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arumugam Nagalingam
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore Maryland; and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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26
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Micewicz ED, Luong HT, Jung CL, Waring AJ, McBride WH, Ruchala P. Novel dimeric Smac analogs as prospective anticancer agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:1452-7. [PMID: 24582479 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A small library of monovalent Smac mimics with general structure NMeAla-Tle-(4R)-4-Benzyl-Pro-Xaa-cysteamide, was synthesized (Xaa=hydrophobic residue). The library was screened in vitro against human breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231, and two most active compounds oligomerized via S-alkylation giving bivalent and trivalent derivatives. The most active bivalent analogue SMAC17-2X was tested in vivo and in physiological conditions (mouse model) it exerted a potent anticancer effect resulting in ∼23.4days of tumor growth delay at 7.5mg/kg dose. Collectively, our findings suggest that bivalent Smac analogs obtained via S-alkylation protocol may be a suitable platform for the development of new anticancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa D Micewicz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California at Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Hai T Luong
- Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Chun-Ling Jung
- Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Alan J Waring
- Department of Medicine, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1000 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90502, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, 1001 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - William H McBride
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California at Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Piotr Ruchala
- Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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27
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Mingozzi M, Manzoni L, Arosio D, Dal Corso A, Manzotti M, Innamorati F, Pignataro L, Lecis D, Delia D, Seneci P, Gennari C. Synthesis and biological evaluation of dual action cyclo-RGD/SMAC mimetic conjugates targeting αvβ3/αvβ5 integrins and IAP proteins. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:3288-302. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob00207e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Dual action cyclo-RGD/SMAC mimetic conjugates endowed with in vitro activity against anti-apoptotic IAPs and pro-angiogenetic integrins are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Mingozzi
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Milan, Italy
| | - L. Manzoni
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
- I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - D. Arosio
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
- I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - A. Dal Corso
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Milan, Italy
| | - M. Manzotti
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Milan, Italy
| | - F. Innamorati
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Milan, Italy
| | - L. Pignataro
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Milan, Italy
| | - D. Lecis
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori
- Dipartimento di Oncologia Sperimentale e Medicina Molecolare
- I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - D. Delia
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori
- Dipartimento di Oncologia Sperimentale e Medicina Molecolare
- I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - P. Seneci
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Milan, Italy
| | - C. Gennari
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Milan, Italy
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LEE JOONWOO, PARK CHEOL, HAN MINHO, HONG SUHYUN, LEE TAEKYUNG, LEE SHINHWA, KIM GIYOUNG, CHOI YUNGHYUN. Induction of human leukemia U937 cell apoptosis by an ethanol extract of Dendropanax morbifera Lev. through the caspase-dependent pathway. Oncol Rep 2013; 30:1231-8. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Liu S, Zhang P, Chen Z, Liu M, Li X, Tang H. MicroRNA-7 downregulates XIAP expression to suppress cell growth and promote apoptosis in cervical cancer cells. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:2247-53. [PMID: 23742934 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Our study demonstrated the functions of microRNA-7 (miR-7) in cervical cancer. The overexpression of miR-7 in the cervical cancer cell lines HeLa and C-33A suppressed cell viability and promoted cell apoptosis, whereas the inhibition of miR-7 had opposite effects. Furthermore, an oncogene, X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP), was identified as a new target of miR-7, and the ectopic expression of XIAP rescued the effects induced by miR-7 in HeLa and C-33A cells. These results indicate that miR-7 targeted and downregulated the oncogene XIAP to regulate the effect of miR-7 on apoptosis and malignant behaviors of HeLa and C-33A cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang Liu
- Tianjin Life Science Research Center and Basic Medical School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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30
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Park HY, Kim GY, Kwon TK, Hwang HJ, Kim ND, Yoo YH, Choi YH. Apoptosis induction of human leukemia U937 cells by 7,8-dihydroxyflavone hydrate through modulation of the Bcl-2 family of proteins and the MAPKs signaling pathway. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2013; 751:101-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 11/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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31
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Wang K, Lin B. Pathophysiological Significance of Hepatic Apoptosis. ISRN HEPATOLOGY 2012; 2013:740149. [PMID: 27335822 PMCID: PMC4890876 DOI: 10.1155/2013/740149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is a classical pathological feature in liver diseases caused by various etiological factors such as drugs, viruses, alcohol, and cholestasis. Hepatic apoptosis and its deleterious effects exacerbate liver function as well as involvement in fibrosis/cirrhosis and carcinogenesis. An imbalance between apoptotic and antiapoptotic capabilities is a prominent characteristic of liver injury. The regulation of apoptosis and antiapoptosis can be a pivotal step in the treatment of liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewei Wang
- Departments of Surgery and Pediatrics, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL 61605, USA
| | - Bingliang Lin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
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Shin DY, Kim GY, Lee JH, Choi BT, Yoo YH, Choi YH. Apoptosis induction of human prostate carcinoma DU145 cells by diallyl disulfide via modulation of JNK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2012. [PMID: 23203057 PMCID: PMC3509573 DOI: 10.3390/ijms131114158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Diallyl disulfide (DADS), a sulfur compound derived from garlic, has various biological properties, such as anticancer, antiangiogenic and anti-inflammatory effects. However, the mechanisms of action underlying the compound’s anticancer activity have not been fully elucidated. In this study, the apoptotic effects of DADS were investigated in DU145 human prostate carcinoma cells. Our results showed that DADS markedly inhibited the growth of the DU145 cells by induction of apoptosis. Apoptosis was accompanied by modulation of Bcl-2 and inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family proteins, depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP, ΔΨm) and proteolytic activation of caspases. We also found that the expression of death-receptor 4 (DR4) and Fas ligand (FasL) proteins was increased and that the level of intact Bid proteins was down-regulated by DADS. Moreover, treatment with DADS induced phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), including extracellular-signal regulating kinase (ERK), p38 MAPK and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). A specific JNK inhibitor, SP600125, significantly blocked DADS-induced-apoptosis, whereas inhibitors of the ERK (PD98059) and p38 MAPK (SB203580) had no effect. The induction of apoptosis was also accompanied by inactivation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and the PI3K inhibitor LY29004 significantly increased DADS-induced cell death. These findings provide evidence demonstrating that the proapoptotic effect of DADS is mediated through the activation of JNK and the inhibition of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in DU145 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Yeok Shin
- Dongnam Institute of Radiological & Medicine Sciences, Busan 619-953, Korea; E-Mail:
| | - Gi-Young Kim
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Korea; E-Mail:
| | - Jun Hyuk Lee
- Biotechnology Examination Division, Chemistry and Biotechnology Examination Bureau, Korean Intellectual Property Office, Daejeon 302-701, Korea; E-Mail:
| | - Byung Tae Choi
- Division of Meridian and Structural Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Korea; E-Mail:
| | - Young Hyun Yoo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Mitochondria Hub Regulation Center, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan 602-714, Korea
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (Y.H.Y.); (Y.H.C.); Tel.: +82-51-240-2637 (Y.H.Y.); Fax: +82-51-243-0116 (Y.H.Y.); Tel./Fax: +82-51-850-7413 (Y.H.C.)
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Oriental Medicine and Anti-Aging Research Center, Dongeui University, Busan 614-052, Korea
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (Y.H.Y.); (Y.H.C.); Tel.: +82-51-240-2637 (Y.H.Y.); Fax: +82-51-243-0116 (Y.H.Y.); Tel./Fax: +82-51-850-7413 (Y.H.C.)
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Manzoni L, Belvisi L, Bianchi A, Conti A, Drago C, de Matteo M, Ferrante L, Mastrangelo E, Perego P, Potenza D, Scolastico C, Servida F, Timpano G, Vasile F, Rizzo V, Seneci P. Homo- and heterodimeric Smac mimetics/IAP inhibitors as in vivo-active pro-apoptotic agents. Part I: Synthesis. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:6687-708. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2012] [Revised: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Fang Y, Yu Y, Hou Q, Zheng X, Zhang M, Zhang D, Li J, Wu XR, Huang C. The Chinese herb isolate isorhapontigenin induces apoptosis in human cancer cells by down-regulating overexpression of antiapoptotic protein XIAP. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:35234-35243. [PMID: 22896709 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.389494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the Chinese herb Gnetum cleistostachyum has been used as a remedy for cancers for hundred years, the active compounds and molecular mechanisms underlying its anti-cancer activity have not been explored. Recently a new derivative of stilbene compound, isorhapontigenin (ISO), was isolated from this Chinese herb. In the present study, we examined the potential of ISO in anti-cancer activity and the mechanisms involved in human cancer cell lines. We found that ISO exhibited significant inhibitory effects on human bladder cancer cell growth that was accompanied by marked apoptotic induction as well as down-regulation of the X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP). Further studies have shown that ISO down-regulation of XIAP protein expression was only observed in endogenous XIAP, but not in constitutionally exogenously expressed XIAP in the same cells, excluding the possibility of ISO regulating XIAP expression at the level of protein degradation. We also identified that ISO down-regulated XIAP gene transcription via inhibition of Sp1 transactivation. There was no significant effect of ISO on apoptosis and colony formation of cells transfected with exogenous HA-tagged XIAP. Collectively, current studies, for the first time to the best of our knowledge, identify ISO as a major active compound for the anti-cancer activity of G. cleistostachyum by down-regulation of XIAP expression and induction of apoptosis through specific targeting of a SP1 pathway, and cast new light on the treatment of the cancer patients with XIAP overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Fang
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York 10987; Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, ZheJiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China
| | - Yonghui Yu
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York 10987
| | - Qi Hou
- Materia Medica of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiao Zheng
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York 10987
| | - Min Zhang
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York 10987
| | - Dongyun Zhang
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York 10987
| | - Jingxia Li
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York 10987
| | - Xue-Ru Wu
- Department of Urology and Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
| | - Chuanshu Huang
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York 10987.
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Jiang C, Yi XP, Shen H, Li YX. Targeting X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein inhibits pancreatic cancer cell growth through p-Akt depletion. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:2956-65. [PMID: 22736919 PMCID: PMC3380323 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i23.2956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Revised: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To determine whether lentivirus-mediated shRNA targeting the X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) gene could be exploited in the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
METHODS: Human pancreatic cancer cells Panc-1, Mia-paca2, Bxpc-3 and SW1990, infected with lentivirus, were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Western blotting was used to examine XIAP protein levels, survivin and p-Akt to confirm the result of real-time PCR and determine the possible mechanism. The 3-(4,5-cimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used to measure IC50 to determine chemosensitivity to the chemotherapeutic drugs 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and gemcitabine. A colony assay, MTT assay and a tumorigenicity experiment were used to study cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Caspase-3/7 activity, 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole-staining and flow cytometric measurements were used to study apoptosis in SW1990 cells.
RESULTS: XIAP proteins were found to be differentially expressed among pancreatic cancer cell lines Panc-1, Mia-paca2, Bxpc-3 and SW1990. Data of real-time PCR and Western blotting showed that XIAP was reduced persistently and markedly by lentivirus-mediated shRNA. Downregulation of XIAP by transfection with XIAP shRNA resulted in decreased p-Akt expression. XIAP shRNA also inhibited the growth of pancreatic cancer cells in vitro and in vivo, enhanced drug-induced apoptosis and increased chemosensitivity to 5-FU and gemcitabine. Results also suggest that inhibition of XIAP and subsequent p-Akt depletion may have an anti-tumor effect through attenuating the ability of cancer cells to survive.
CONCLUSION: Lentivirus-mediated gene therapy is an attractive strategy in the treatment of pancreatic cancer and justifies the use of lentivirus in pancreatic cancer gene therapy studies.
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Elhasid R, Larisch S. ARTS-based anticancer therapy: taking aim at cancer stem cells. Future Oncol 2012; 7:1185-94. [PMID: 21992730 DOI: 10.2217/fon.11.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis related protein in TGF-β signaling pathway (ARTS/septin 4 isoform 2) hereforth referred to as ARTS, was originally found to promote apoptosis induced by TGF-β, but later was shown to promote apoptosis induced by a wide variety of apoptotic stimuli. In vivo and in vitro studies revealed that ARTS-induced apoptosis is mainly executed through direct binding and antagonizing XIAP. High levels of XIAP are found in many types of cancers and often correlate with poor prognosis. ARTS was shown to function as a tumor-suppressor protein in human patients and mouse-tumor models. In particular, Septin 4/ARTS-deficient mice have increased tumor susceptibility and contain increased numbers of stem cells (SCs) and progenitor cells, apparently owing to their resistance towards apoptosis. Based on these results we propose that loss of proapoptotic ARTS may act as the 'first hit' initiating tumorigenesis in two distinct ways. First, loss of ARTS-mediated apoptosis leads to increased numbers of normal SCs. Elevated numbers of normal SCs may lead to increased cancer risk due to higher numbers of cellular targets available for transforming mutations. Second, after these SCs acquire additional transforming mutations and become cancer SC (CSCs), they are more likely to survive in the absence of ARTS owing to increased resistance toward apoptosis. A combination of these two mechanisms, over time, is expected to significantly increase tumor risk. Because CSCs appear to share phenotypic markers with normal SCs, targeting the signaling pathways that affect normal SC development and maintenance can serve as a useful approach towards true eradication of cancer. In this article we describe the role of ARTS in apoptosis and cancer, with focus on its potential role as a CSC marker and as a potential target for anticancer and anti-CSC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronit Elhasid
- Pediatric Hemato-Oncology Unit, 'Dana' Children's Hospital, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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Bianchi A, Ugazzi M, Ferrante L, Lecis D, Scavullo C, Mastrangelo E, Seneci P. Rational design, synthesis and characterization of potent, drug-like monomeric Smac mimetics as pro-apoptotic anticancer agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:2204-8. [PMID: 22342627 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.01.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A set of phenyl-substituted Smac mimetics/IAP inhibitor analogues of lead compound 2a was synthesized, aiming to retain its strong cell-free potency while increasing its bioavailability. Seventeen compounds 2b-r were prepared and characterized in vitro, using cell-free and cellular assays. Among them, the p-CF(3) substituted analogue 2m showed the best permeability through cell membranes, and was selected for further in vitro and in vivo studies due to its strong, sub-micromolar cellular potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Bianchi
- CISI scrl, Via Fantoli 16/15, I-20138 Milan, Italy
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38
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Downregulation of RPL6 by siRNA inhibits proliferation and cell cycle progression of human gastric cancer cell lines. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26401. [PMID: 22043320 PMCID: PMC3197136 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous study revealed that human ribosomal protein L6 (RPL6) was up-regulated in multidrug-resistant gastric cancer cells and over-expression of RPL6 could protect gastric cancer from drug-induced apoptosis. It was further demonstrated that up-regulation of RPL6 accelerated growth and enhanced in vitro colony forming ability of GES cells while down-regulation of RPL6 exhibited the opposite results. The present study was designed to investigate the potential role of RPL6 in therapy of gastric cancer for clinic. The expression of RPL6 and cyclin E in gastric cancer tissues and normal gastric mucosa was evaluated by immunohistochemisty. It was found that RPL6 and cyclin E were expressed at a higher level in gastric cancer tissues than that in normal gastric mucosa and the two were correlative in gastric cancer. Survival time of postoperative patients was analyzed by Kaplan- Meier analysis and it was found that patients with RPL6 positive expression showed shorter survival time than patients that with RPL6 negative expression. RPL6 was then genetically down-regulated in gastric cancer SGC7901 and AGS cell lines by siRNA. It was demonstrated that down-regulation of RPL6 reduced colony forming ability of gastric cancer cells in vitro and reduced cell growth in vivo. Moreover, down-regulation of RPL6 could suppress G1 to S phase transition in these cells. Further, we evidenced that RPL6 siRNA down-regulated cyclin E expression in SGC7901 and AGS cells. Taken together, these data suggested that RPL6 was over-expressed in human gastric tissues and caused poor prognosis. Down-regulation of RPL6 could suppress cell growth and cell cycle progression at least through down-regulating cyclin E and which might be used as a novel approach to gastric cancer therapy.
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Stool-fermented Plantago ovata husk induces apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells independently of molecular phenotype. Br J Nutr 2011; 107:1591-602. [PMID: 22018732 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114511004910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have suggested that the partially fermentable fibre Plantago ovata husk (PO) may have a protective effect on colorectal cancer (CRC). We studied the potentially pro-apoptotic effect of PO and the implicated mechanisms in CRC cells with different molecular phenotypes (Caco-2, HCT116, LoVo, HT-29, SW480) after PO anaerobic fermentation with colonic bacteria as it occurs in the human colon. The fermentation products of PO induced apoptosis in all primary tumour and metastatic cell lines, independent of p53, adenomatous polyposis coli, β-catenin or cyclo-oxygenase-2 status. Apoptosis was caspase-dependent and both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways were implicated. The intrinsic pathway was activated through a shift in the balance towards a pro-apoptotic environment with an up-regulation of B-cell lymphoma protein 2 homologous antagonist killer (BAK) and a down-regulation of B-cell lymphoma-extra large (Bcl-xL) seen in HCT116 and LoVo cells. This resulted in mitochondrial membrane depolarisation, increased expression of caspase activators second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases (Smac)/Diablo, death effector apoptosis-inducing factor, apoptosome member apoptotic protease activating factor 1 and down-regulation of inhibitors of apoptosis Survivin and X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis in most cells. The extrinsic pathway was activated presumably through the up-regulation of death receptor (DR5). Some important differences were seen between primary tumour and metastatic CRC cells. Thus, metastatic PO-treated LoVo cells had a remarkable up-regulation of TNF-α ligand along with death-inducing signalling complex components receptor interacting protein and TNF-α receptor 1-associated death domain protein. The extrinsic pathway modulator FCICE-inhibitory protein (FLIP), an inhibitor of both spontaneous death ligand-independent and death receptor-mediated apoptosis, was significantly down-regulated after PO treatment in all primary tumour cells, but not in metastatic LoVo. These findings suggest that PO could potentially be a useful chemotherapy adjuvant.
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Lipkowitz S, Weissman AM. RINGs of good and evil: RING finger ubiquitin ligases at the crossroads of tumour suppression and oncogenesis. Nat Rev Cancer 2011; 11:629-43. [PMID: 21863050 PMCID: PMC3542975 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system has numerous crucial roles in physiology and pathophysiology. Fundamental to the specificity of this system are ubiquitin-protein ligases (E3s). Of these, the majority are RING finger and RING finger-related E3s. Many RING finger E3s have roles in processes that are central to the maintenance of genomic integrity and cellular homeostasis, such as the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), the SKP1-cullin 1-F-box protein (SCF) E3s, MDM2, BRCA1, Fanconi anaemia proteins, CBL proteins, von Hippel-Lindau tumour suppressor (VHL) and SIAH proteins. As a result, many RING finger E3s are implicated in either the suppression or the progression of cancer. This Review summarizes current knowledge in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley Lipkowitz
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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41
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Kim JH, Chae M, Kim WK, Kim YJ, Kang HS, Kim HS, Yoon S. Salinomycin sensitizes cancer cells to the effects of doxorubicin and etoposide treatment by increasing DNA damage and reducing p21 protein. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 162:773-84. [PMID: 20973777 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01089.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Salinomycin (Sal) has recently been shown to inhibit various cancer stem cells. Here, we investigated whether Sal could sensitize cancer cells to the effects of doxorubicin (DOX) or etoposide (ETO). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Using the Comet assay, immunocytochemistry and Western blot analysis, we assessed the ability of Sal to increase DNA breakage. We performed a cell proliferation assay to determine cell viability, cellular detachment, increased pre-G1 region, Annexin V staining and TUNEL assay to measure the ability of Sal to increase apoptosis. KEY RESULTS Sal increased DNA breakage and phosphorylated levels of p53 and H2AX. Sal also induced the formation of DNA foci with pH2AX and 53BP1. Furthermore, Sal increased the sensitivity of cancer cells to the apoptotic effects of DOX or ETO. We found that pH2AX, pBRCA1, p53BP1 and pChk1 levels were greatly increased after co-treatment of Sal with DOX or ETO. The level of anti-apoptotic p21 protein was increased by DOX or ETO but decreased by Sal, which increased proteasome activity. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS This is the first study to report that Sal increases DNA damage, and this effect plays an important role in the increased apoptosis caused by Sal. Overall, we demonstrated that the ability of Sal to sensitize cancer cells to the effects of DOX or ETO is associated with an increase in DNA damage and a decrease in anti-apoptotic protein p21 levels. These results may contribute to the development of Sal-based chemotherapy for cancer patients receiving DOX or ETO treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Hwa Kim
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Ilsan-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
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Clioquinol induces cytoplasmic clearance of the X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP): therapeutic indication for prostate cancer. Biochem J 2011; 436:481-91. [PMID: 21426304 DOI: 10.1042/bj20110123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Clioquinol (5-chloro-7-iodo-8-quinolinol) is a copper ionophore that was used primarily during the 1950-1970s as an oral antimicrobial agent. It has been established that clioquinol displays toxicity towards malignant cells, inducing caspase-dependent apoptosis. In the present study we therefore investigated the effect of clioquinol on the XIAP [X-linked IAP (inhibitor of apoptosis protein)], as one of its primary functions is to hinder caspase activity and suppress apoptotic cell death. Clioquinol treatment caused cytoplasmic XIAP to rapidly relocate to the nucleus in multiple human transformed (hyperplasic and carcinoma) prostate lines. Clioquinol also caused the cytoplasmic clearance of other IAP family members (cIAP1 and cIAP2). Copper, and no other relevant bivalent metal (e.g. zinc or iron), was exclusively required for clioquinol to elicit an effect on XIAP. We further demonstrated that clioquinol selectively targets and rapidly destroys transformed prostate lines without harming primary prostate epithelial cells. The toxicity of clioquinol was copper-dependent, positively correlated with the level of extracellular copper and could be abrogated by using the copper chelator TTM (tetrathiomolybdate). Clioquinol forced the profound accumulation of intracellular copper with ensuing toxicity influenced by key regulators of cellular copper homoeostasis. Taken together, our results provide significant insight into clioquinol toxicity and reveal an exciting therapeutic approach for the treatment of prostate cancer.
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Schumacher M, Cerella C, Reuter S, Dicato M, Diederich M. Anti-inflammatory, pro-apoptotic, and anti-proliferative effects of a methanolic neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf extract are mediated via modulation of the nuclear factor-κB pathway. GENES AND NUTRITION 2010; 6:149-60. [PMID: 21484152 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-010-0194-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Azadirachta indica (neem tree) is used in traditional Indian medicine for its pharmacological properties including cancer prevention and treatment. Here, we studied a neem extract's anti-inflammatory potential via the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway, linked to cancer, inflammation, and apoptosis. Cultured human leukemia cells were treated with a methanolic neem leaf extract with or without tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α stimulation. Inhibition of NF-κB activity was demonstrated by luciferase assay and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). Inhibition of viability by neem extracts was assessed by luminescent assays. Western blot analysis allowed assessing the inhibitory effect of the neem extract on TNF-α-induced degradation of inhibitor of κB (IκB) and nuclear translocation of the NF-κB p50/p65 heterodimer. Inhibition of IκB kinase (IKK) activity was shown as well as the effect of neem extract on the induction of apoptotic cell death mechanisms by nuclear fragmentation analysis and flow cytometry analysis. In conclusion, our data provide evidence for a strong effect of the neem extract on pro-inflammatory cell signaling and apoptotic cell death mechanisms, contributing to a better understanding of the mechanisms triggered by Azadirachta indica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Schumacher
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du Cancer, Hôpital Kirchberg, 9, rue Edward Steichen, L-2540, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
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Gu LQ, Li FY, Zhao L, Liu Y, Chu Q, Zang XX, Liu JM, Ning G, Zhao YJ. Association of XIAP and P2X7 receptor expression with lymph node metastasis in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Endocrine 2010; 38:276-82. [PMID: 20972735 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-010-9384-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The expression of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) and the P2X7 receptor were demonstrated in a variety of tumors. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the associations of XIAP and P2X7 receptor expression with the clinicopathological features of patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). In this cross-sectional study, a total of 62 cases were examined, including 43 patients with PTCs and 19 with benign nodular goiters. XIAP and P2X7 receptor expression were examined by immunohistochemical methods on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded thyroid tissues. The staining intensity and extent were evaluated and scored using a semi-quantitative method. The immunohistochemical staining score integrating the intensity and extent of XIAP and P2X7 receptors in PTCs was higher than in nodular goiters. XIAP (OR: 5.6, 95% CI: 1.5-21.1, P=0.009) and P2X7 receptor (OR: 6.1, 95% CI: 1.5-24.4, P=0.007) expression were associated with lymph node metastasis in PTCs. In logistic regression analysis, P2X7 receptor expression, tumor size, and capsular infiltration were predictors for lymph node metastasis (P=0.001). Our results suggested that XIAP and P2X7 receptor expression may predict the aggressiveness of PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Qun Gu
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Clinical Center For Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Rui-jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-tong University School of Medicine, 197 Rui-jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
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Antitumor effect of betulinic acid on human acute leukemia K562 cells in vitro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 30:453-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s11596-010-0448-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Tunquist BJ, Woessner RD, Walker DH. Mcl-1 Stability Determines Mitotic Cell Fate of Human Multiple Myeloma Tumor Cells Treated with the Kinesin Spindle Protein Inhibitor ARRY-520. Mol Cancer Ther 2010; 9:2046-56. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-10-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Kanekura T, Chen X. CD147/basigin promotes progression of malignant melanoma and other cancers. J Dermatol Sci 2010; 57:149-54. [PMID: 20060267 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2009.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2009] [Revised: 12/03/2009] [Accepted: 12/11/2009] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
CD147/basigin, a transmembrane protein belonging to the immunoglobulin super family, was originally cloned as a carrier of Lewis X carbohydrate antigen. CD147 is strongly related to cancer progression; it is highly expressed by various cancer cells including malignant melanoma (MM) cells and it plays important roles in tumor invasiveness, metastasis, cellular proliferation, and in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production, tumor cell glycolysis, and multi-drug resistance (MDR). CD147 on cancer cells induces matrix metalloproteinase expression by neighboring fibroblasts, leading to tumor cell invasion. In a nude mouse model of pulmonary metastasis from MM, the metastatic potential of CD147-expressing MM cells injected into the tail vein is abolished by CD147 silencing. CD147 enhances cellular proliferation and VEGF production by MM cells; it promotes tumor cell glycolysis by facilitating lactate transport in combination with monocarboxylate transporters, resulting in tumor progression. CD147 is responsible for the MDR phenotype via P-glycoprotein expression. These findings strongly suggest CD147 as a possible therapeutic target for overcoming metastasis and MDR, major obstacles to the effective treatment of malignant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuro Kanekura
- Department of Dermatology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan.
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Seneci P, Bianchi A, Battaglia C, Belvisi L, Bolognesi M, Caprini A, Cossu F, Franco ED, Matteo MD, Delia D, Drago C, Khaled A, Lecis D, Manzoni L, Marizzoni M, Mastrangelo E, Milani M, Motto I, Moroni E, Potenza D, Rizzo V, Servida F, Turlizzi E, Varrone M, Vasile F, Scolastico C. Rational design, synthesis and characterization of potent, non-peptidic Smac mimics/XIAP inhibitors as proapoptotic agents for cancer therapy. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:5834-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2009] [Revised: 07/01/2009] [Accepted: 07/05/2009] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Giros A, Grzybowski M, Sohn VR, Pons E, Fernandez-Morales J, Xicola RM, Sethi P, Grzybowski J, Goel A, Boland CR, Gassull MA, Llor X. Regulation of colorectal cancer cell apoptosis by the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids Docosahexaenoic and Eicosapentaenoic. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2009; 2:732-42. [PMID: 19638488 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-08-0197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have suggested that the n-3 fatty acids Docosahexaenoic (DHA) and Eicosapentaenoic (EPA) have an important protective effect on colorectal cancer, and this could be at least partly due to their proapoptotic activity. It is unclear, however, how this phenomenon is triggered and what mechanisms are implicated. Here, we show that both DHA and EPA have an important proapoptotic effect on colorectal cancer cells with different molecular phenotypes but not in noncancerous cells. Apoptosis is caspase dependent, and both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways are implicated. The dimerization of Bax and Bak, the depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane, and the subsequent release of cytochrome c and Smac/Diablo to the cytosol evidence the activation of the intrinsic pathway. The implication of the extrinsic pathway is shown by the activation of caspase-8, along with the down-regulation of FLIP. The timing of caspase-8 activation, and the oligomerization of Bid with Bax, suggest a cross-talk with the intrinsic pathway. None of the death receptors that commonly initiate the extrinsic pathway: FAS, TNF-R1, and TRAIL-R2 are found to be responsible for triggering the apoptosis cascade induced by DHA and EPA. Neither PPARgamma nor cyclooxygenase-2, two likely candidates to regulate this process, play a significant role. Our findings suggest that the down-regulation of two key regulatory elements of the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways, FLIP and XIAP, respectively, is determinant in the induction of apoptosis by DHA and EPA. These fatty acids could potentially be useful adjuvant anticancer agents in combination with other chemotherapeutic elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Giros
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 South Wood Street (M/C 716), Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Gill C, Dowling C, O'Neill AJ, Watson RWG. Effects of cIAP-1, cIAP-2 and XIAP triple knockdown on prostate cancer cell susceptibility to apoptosis, cell survival and proliferation. Mol Cancer 2009; 8:39. [PMID: 19549337 PMCID: PMC2706796 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-8-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2009] [Accepted: 06/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Manipulating apoptotic resistance represents an important strategy for the treatment of hormone refractory prostate cancer. We hypothesised that the Inhibitor of Apoptosis (IAP) Proteins may be mediating this resistance and knockdown of cIAP-1, cIAP-2 and XIAP would increase sensitivity to apoptosis. Methods cIAP-1, cIAP-2 and XIAP where knocked down either individually or in combination using siRNA in androgen independent prostate cancer PC-3 cells as confirmed by real-time PCR and western blotting. Cells were then treated with TRAIL, Etoposide, or Tunicamycin, and apoptosis assessed by PI DNA staining. Apoptosis was confirmed with Annexin V labelling and measurement of PARP cleavage, and was inhibited using the pan-caspase inhibitor, zVAD.fmk. Clonogenic assays and assessment of ID-1 expression by western blotting were used to measure recovery and proliferation. Results PC-3 are resistant to TRAIL induced apoptosis and have elevated expression of cIAP-1, cIAP-2 and XIAP. Combined knockdown sensitised PC-3 to TRAIL induced apoptosis, but not to Etoposide or Tunicmycin, with corresponding increases in caspase activity and PARP cleavage which was inhibited by ZVAD.fmk. Triple knock down decreased proliferation which was confirmed by decreased ID-1 expression. Conclusion Simultaneous knock down of the IAPs not only sensitised the PC-3 to TRAIL but also inhibited their proliferation rates and clonogenic survival. The inability to alter sensitivity to other triggers of apoptosis suggests that this effect is specific for death receptor pathways and knock down might facilitate immune-surveillance mechanisms to counter cancer progression and, in combination with therapeutic approaches using TRAIL, could represent an important treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Gill
- UCD School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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