1
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Kaur A, Thakur S, Deswal G, Chopra B, Dhingra AK, Guarve K, Grewal AS. In silico docking based screening of constituents from Persian shallot as modulators of human glucokinase. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2023; 22:547-570. [PMID: 37255832 PMCID: PMC10225407 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-022-01176-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Small molecule glucokinase (GK) modulators not only decrease fasting and basal plasma sugar contents but also progress glucose tolerance. The hydro-ethanolic extract of the Persian shallot (Allium hirtifolium Boiss.) decreased blood glucose, improved plasma insulin and amplified GK action. The present study was proposed to screen phytoconstituents from Persian shallot as human GK activators using in silico docking studies. Methods A total of 91 phytoconstituents reported in Persian shallot (A. hirtifolium Boiss.) were assessed in silico for the prediction of drug-like properties and molecular docking investigations were carried out with human GK using AutoDock vina with the aim of exploring the binding interactions between the phytoconstituents and GK enzyme followed by in silico prediction of toxicity. Results Almost all the phytoconstituents tested showed good pharmacokinetic parameters for oral bioavailability and drug-likeness. In the docking analysis, cinnamic acid, methyl 3,4,5-trimethoxy benzoate, quercetin, kaempferol, kaempferol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1- > 4)-glucopyranoside, 5-hydroxy-methyl furfural, ethyl N-(O-anisyl) formimidate, 2-pyridinethione and ascorbic acid showed appreciable hydrogen bond and hydrophobic type interactions with the allosteric site residues of the GK enzyme. Conclusion These screened phytoconstituents may serve as promising hit molecules for further development of clinically beneficial and safe allosteric activators of the human GK enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anmol Kaur
- Guru Gobind Singh College of Pharmacy, Yamunanagar, Haryana India
| | - Shivani Thakur
- Guru Gobind Singh College of Pharmacy, Yamunanagar, Haryana India
| | - Geeta Deswal
- Guru Gobind Singh College of Pharmacy, Yamunanagar, Haryana India
| | - Bhawna Chopra
- Guru Gobind Singh College of Pharmacy, Yamunanagar, Haryana India
| | | | - Kumar Guarve
- Guru Gobind Singh College of Pharmacy, Yamunanagar, Haryana India
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2
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Grewal AS, Lather V, Charaya N, Sharma N, Singh S, Kairys V. Recent Developments in Medicinal Chemistry of Allosteric Activators of Human Glucokinase for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Therapeutics. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:2510-2552. [PMID: 32286938 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200414163148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucokinase (GK), a cytoplasmic enzyme catalyzes the metabolism of glucose to glucose- 6-phosphate with the help of ATP and aids in the controlling of blood glucose levels within the normal range in humans. In pancreatic β-cells, it plays a chief role by controlling the glucose-stimulated secretion of insulin and in liver hepatocyte cells, it controls the metabolism of carbohydrates. GK acts as a promising drug target for the pharmacological treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) as it plays an important role in the control of carbohydrate metabolism. METHODS Data used for this review was based on the search from several science databases as well as various patent databases. The main data search terms used were allosteric GK activators, diabetes mellitus, type 2 diabetes, glucokinase, glucokinase activators and human glucokinase. RESULTS This article discusses an overview of T2DM, the biology of GK, the role of GK in T2DM, recent updates in the development of small molecule GK activators reported in recent literature, mechanism of action of GK activators and their clinical status. CONCLUSION GK activators are the novel class of pharmacological agents that enhance the catalytic activity of GK enzyme and display their antihyperglycemic effects. Broad diversity of chemical entities including benzamide analogues, carboxamides, acrylamides, benzimidazoles, quinazolines, thiazoles, pyrimidines, pyridines, orotic acid amides, amino acid derivatives, amino phosphates and urea derivatives have been synthesized in past two decades as potent allosteric activators of GK. Presently, the pharmaceutical companies and researchers are focusing on the design and development of liver-selective GK activators for preventing the possible adverse effects associated with GK activators for the long-term treatment of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajmer S Grewal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Viney Lather
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Neha Charaya
- Jan Nayak Ch. Devi Lal Memorial College of Pharmacy, Haryana, India
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Visvaldas Kairys
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
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3
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Krumpe LRH, Wilson BAP, Marchand C, Sunassee SN, Bermingham A, Wang W, Price E, Guszczynski T, Kelley JA, Gustafson KR, Pommier Y, Rosengren KJ, Schroeder CI, O'Keefe BR. Recifin A, Initial Example of the Tyr-Lock Peptide Structural Family, Is a Selective Allosteric Inhibitor of Tyrosyl-DNA Phosphodiesterase I. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:21178-21188. [PMID: 33263997 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c10418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 1 (TDP1) is a molecular target for the sensitization of cancer cells to the FDA-approved topoisomerase inhibitors topotecan and irinotecan. High-throughput screening of natural product extract and fraction libraries for inhibitors of TDP1 activity resulted in the discovery of a new class of knotted cyclic peptides from the marine sponge Axinella sp. Bioassay-guided fractionation of the source extract resulted in the isolation of the active component which was determined to be an unprecedented 42-residue cysteine-rich peptide named recifin A. The native NMR structure revealed a novel fold comprising a four strand antiparallel β-sheet and two helical turns stabilized by a complex disulfide bond network that creates an embedded ring around one of the strands. The resulting structure, which we have termed the Tyr-lock peptide family, is stabilized by a tyrosine residue locked into three-dimensional space. Recifin A inhibited the cleavage of phosphodiester bonds by TDP1 in a FRET assay with an IC50 of 190 nM. Enzyme kinetics studies revealed that recifin A can specifically modulate the enzymatic activity of full-length TDP1 while not affecting the activity of a truncated catalytic domain of TDP1 lacking the N-terminal regulatory domain (Δ1-147), suggesting an allosteric binding site for recifin A on the regulatory domain of TDP1. Recifin A represents both the first of a unique structural class of knotted disulfide-rich peptides and defines a previously unseen mechanism of TDP1 inhibition that could be productively exploited for potential anticancer applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren R H Krumpe
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States.,Molecular Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research, NCI-Frederick, NIH, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Brice A P Wilson
- Molecular Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research, NCI-Frederick, NIH, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Christophe Marchand
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Suthananda N Sunassee
- Molecular Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research, NCI-Frederick, NIH, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Alun Bermingham
- Molecular Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research, NCI-Frederick, NIH, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Wenjie Wang
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Edmund Price
- Molecular Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research, NCI-Frederick, NIH, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Tad Guszczynski
- Molecular Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research, NCI-Frederick, NIH, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - James A Kelley
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, NCI-Frederick, NIH, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Kirk R Gustafson
- Molecular Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research, NCI-Frederick, NIH, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Yves Pommier
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - K Johan Rosengren
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Christina I Schroeder
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, NCI-Frederick, NIH, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States.,Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Barry R O'Keefe
- Molecular Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research, NCI-Frederick, NIH, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States.,Natural Products Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
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4
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Mollica L, Theret I, Antoine M, Perron-Sierra F, Charton Y, Fourquez JM, Wierzbicki M, Boutin JA, Ferry G, Decherchi S, Bottegoni G, Ducrot P, Cavalli A. Molecular Dynamics Simulations and Kinetic Measurements to Estimate and Predict Protein-Ligand Residence Times. J Med Chem 2016; 59:7167-76. [PMID: 27391254 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ligand-target residence time is emerging as a key drug discovery parameter because it can reliably predict drug efficacy in vivo. Experimental approaches to binding and unbinding kinetics are nowadays available, but we still lack reliable computational tools for predicting kinetics and residence time. Most attempts have been based on brute-force molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, which are CPU-demanding and not yet particularly accurate. We recently reported a new scaled-MD-based protocol, which showed potential for residence time prediction in drug discovery. Here, we further challenged our procedure's predictive ability by applying our methodology to a series of glucokinase activators that could be useful for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus. We combined scaled MD with experimental kinetics measurements and X-ray crystallography, promptly checking the protocol's reliability by directly comparing computational predictions and experimental measures. The good agreement highlights the potential of our scaled-MD-based approach as an innovative method for computationally estimating and predicting drug residence times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Mollica
- CompuNet, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Isabelle Theret
- Institut de Recherches Servier , 125 Chemin de Ronde, 78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Mathias Antoine
- Institut de Recherches Servier , 125 Chemin de Ronde, 78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | | | - Yves Charton
- Institut de Recherches Servier , 125 Chemin de Ronde, 78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Jean-Marie Fourquez
- Institut de Recherches Servier , 125 Chemin de Ronde, 78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Michel Wierzbicki
- Institut de Recherches Servier , 125 Chemin de Ronde, 78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Jean A Boutin
- Institut de Recherches Servier , 125 Chemin de Ronde, 78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Gilles Ferry
- Institut de Recherches Servier , 125 Chemin de Ronde, 78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Sergio Decherchi
- CompuNet, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy.,BiKi Technologies S.r.l. via XX Settembre 33/10 16121 Genova, Italy
| | - Giovanni Bottegoni
- CompuNet, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy.,BiKi Technologies S.r.l. via XX Settembre 33/10 16121 Genova, Italy
| | - Pierre Ducrot
- Institut de Recherches Servier , 125 Chemin de Ronde, 78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Andrea Cavalli
- CompuNet, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy.,Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna , via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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5
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Detection of secondary binding sites in proteins using fragment screening. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:15910-5. [PMID: 26655740 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1518946112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteins need to be tightly regulated as they control biological processes in most normal cellular functions. The precise mechanisms of regulation are rarely completely understood but can involve binding of endogenous ligands and/or partner proteins at specific locations on a protein that can modulate function. Often, these additional secondary binding sites appear separate to the primary binding site, which, for example for an enzyme, may bind a substrate. In previous work, we have uncovered several examples in which secondary binding sites were discovered on proteins using fragment screening approaches. In each case, we were able to establish that the newly identified secondary binding site was biologically relevant as it was able to modulate function by the binding of a small molecule. In this study, we investigate how often secondary binding sites are located on proteins by analyzing 24 protein targets for which we have performed a fragment screen using X-ray crystallography. Our analysis shows that, surprisingly, the majority of proteins contain secondary binding sites based on their ability to bind fragments. Furthermore, sequence analysis of these previously unknown sites indicate high conservation, which suggests that they may have a biological function, perhaps via an allosteric mechanism. Comparing the physicochemical properties of the secondary sites with known primary ligand binding sites also shows broad similarities indicating that many of the secondary sites may be druggable in nature with small molecules that could provide new opportunities to modulate potential therapeutic targets.
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6
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Du X, Hinklin RJ, Xiong Y, Dransfield P, Park J, Kohn TJ, Pattaropong V, Lai S, Fu Z, Jiao X, Chow D, Jin L, Davda J, Veniant MM, Anderson DA, Baer BR, Bencsik JR, Boyd SA, Chicarelli MJ, Mohr PJ, Wang B, Condroski KR, DeWolf WE, Conn M, Tran T, Yang J, Aicher TD, Medina JC, Coward P, Houze JB. C5-Alkyl-2-methylurea-Substituted Pyridines as a New Class of Glucokinase Activators. ACS Med Chem Lett 2014; 5:1284-9. [PMID: 25516785 DOI: 10.1021/ml500341w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucokinase (GK) activators represent a class of type 2 diabetes therapeutics actively pursued due to the central role that GK plays in regulating glucose homeostasis. Herein we report a novel C5-alkyl-2-methylurea-substituted pyridine series of GK activators derived from our previously reported thiazolylamino pyridine series. Our efforts in optimizing potency, enzyme kinetic properties, and metabolic stability led to the identification of compound 26 (AM-9514). This analogue showed a favorable combination of in vitro potency, enzyme kinetic properties, acceptable pharmacokinetic profiles in preclinical species, and robust efficacy in a rodent PD model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Du
- Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Ronald J. Hinklin
- Array BioPharma, 3200
Walnut Street, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Yumei Xiong
- Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Paul Dransfield
- Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jaehyeon Park
- Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Todd J. Kohn
- Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Vatee Pattaropong
- Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - SuJen Lai
- Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Zice Fu
- Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Xianyun Jiao
- Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - David Chow
- Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Lixia Jin
- Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jasmine Davda
- Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Murielle M. Veniant
- Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center
Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | | | - Brian R. Baer
- Array BioPharma, 3200
Walnut Street, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Josef R. Bencsik
- Array BioPharma, 3200
Walnut Street, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Steven A. Boyd
- Array BioPharma, 3200
Walnut Street, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | | | - Peter J. Mohr
- Array BioPharma, 3200
Walnut Street, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Bin Wang
- Array BioPharma, 3200
Walnut Street, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Kevin R. Condroski
- Array BioPharma, 3200
Walnut Street, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Walter E. DeWolf
- Array BioPharma, 3200
Walnut Street, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Marion Conn
- Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Thanhvien Tran
- Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jerry Yang
- Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Thomas D. Aicher
- Array BioPharma, 3200
Walnut Street, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Julio C. Medina
- Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Peter Coward
- Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jonathan B. Houze
- Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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7
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Hinklin RJ, Aicher TD, Anderson DA, Baer BR, Boyd SA, Condroski KR, DeWolf WE, Kraser CF, McVean M, Rhodes SP, Sturgis HL, Voegtli WC, Williams L, Houze JB. Discovery of 2-pyridylureas as glucokinase activators. J Med Chem 2014; 57:8180-6. [PMID: 25203462 DOI: 10.1021/jm501204z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glucokinase (GK) is the rate-limiting step for insulin release from the pancreas in response to high levels of glucose. Flux through GK also contributes to reducing hepatic glucose output. Since many individuals with type 2 diabetes appear to have an inadequacy or defect in one or both of these processes, identifying compounds that can allosterically activate GK may address this issue. Herein we report the identification and initial optimization of a novel series of glucokinase activators (GKAs). Optimization led to the identification of 33 as a compound that displayed activity in an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in normal and diabetic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J Hinklin
- Array BioPharma Inc. , 3200 Walnut Street, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
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8
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Martinez JA, Larion M, Conejo MS, Porter CM, Miller BG. Role of connecting loop I in catalysis and allosteric regulation of human glucokinase. Protein Sci 2014; 23:915-22. [PMID: 24723372 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Glucokinase (GCK, hexokinase IV) is a monomeric enzyme with a single glucose binding site that displays steady-state kinetic cooperativity, a functional characteristic that affords allosteric regulation of GCK activity. Structural evidence suggests that connecting loop I, comprised of residues 47-71, facilitates cooperativity by dictating the rate and scope of motions between the large and small domains of GCK. Here we investigate the impact of varying the length and amino acid sequence of connecting loop I upon GCK cooperativity. We find that sequential, single amino acid deletions from the C-terminus of connecting loop I cause systematic decreases in cooperativity. Deleting up to two loop residues leaves the kcat value unchanged; however, removing three or more residues reduces kcat by 1000-fold. In contrast, the glucose K0.5 and KD values are unaffected by shortening the connecting loop by up to six residues. Substituting alanine or glycine for proline-66, which adopts a cis conformation in some GCK crystal structures, does not alter cooperativity, indicating that cis/trans isomerization of this loop residue does not govern slow conformational reorganizations linked to hysteresis. Replacing connecting loop I with the corresponding loop sequence from the catalytic domain of the noncooperative isozyme human hexokinase I (HK-I) eliminates cooperativity without impacting the kcat and glucose K0.5 values. Our results indicate that catalytic turnover requires a minimal length of connecting loop I, whereas the loop has little impact upon the binding affinity of GCK for glucose. We propose a model in which the primary structure of connecting loop I affects cooperativity by influencing conformational dynamics, without altering the equilibrium distribution of GCK conformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana A Martinez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 4005 Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, 32306-4390
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9
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Al-aryahi S, Kamato D, Getachew R, Zheng W, Potocnik SJ, Cohen N, Guidone D, Osman N, Little PJ. Atherogenic, fibrotic and glucose utilising actions of glucokinase activators on vascular endothelium and smooth muscle. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2014; 13:80. [PMID: 24731772 PMCID: PMC4016772 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-13-80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pharmaceutical interventions for diabetes aim to control glycaemia and to prevent the development of complications, such as cardiovascular diseases. Some anti-hyperglycaemic drugs have been found to have adverse cardiovascular effects in their own right, limiting their therapeutic role. Glucokinase activity in the pancreas is critical in enhancing insulin release in response to hyperglycaemia. Glucokinase activators (GKAs) are novel agents for diabetes which act by enhancing the formation of glucose-6-phosphate leading to increased insulin production and subsequent suppression of blood glucose. Little, however, is known about the direct effects of GKAs on cardiovascular cells. Methods The effect of the GKAs RO28-1675 and Compound A on glucose utilisation in bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC) and rat MIN6 was observed by culturing the cells at high and low glucose concentration in the presence and absence of the GKAs and measuring glucose consumption. The effect of RO28-1675 at various concentrations on glucose-dependent signalling in BAEC was observed by measuring Smad2 phosphorylation by Western blotting. The effect of RO28-1675 on TGF-β stimulated proteoglycan synthesis was measured by 35S-SO4 incorporation and assessment of proteoglycan size by SDS-PAGE. The effects of RO28-1675 on TGF-β mediated Smad2C phosphorylation in BAEC was observed by measurement of pSmad2C levels. The direct actions of RO28-1675 on vascular reactivity were observed by measuring arteriole tone and lumen diameter. Results GKAs were demonstrated to increase glucose utilisation in pancreatic but not endothelial cells. Glucose-activated Smad2 phosphorylation was decreased in a dose-dependent fashion in the presence of RO28-1675. No effect of RO28-1675 was observed on TGF-β stimulated proteoglycan production. RO28-1675 caused a modest dilation in arteriole but not contractile sensitivity. Conclusions GKA RO28-1675 did not increase glucose consumption in endothelial cells indicating the absence of glucokinase in those cells. No direct deleterious actions, in terms of atherogenic changes or excessive vasoactive effects were seen on cells or vessels of the cardiovascular system in response to GKAs. If reflected in vivo, these drugs are unlikely to have their use compromised by direct cardiovascular toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Peter J Little
- Discipline of Pharmacy and Diabetes Complications Group, Health Innovations Research Institute, School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia.
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10
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Lenzen S. A fresh view of glycolysis and glucokinase regulation: history and current status. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:12189-94. [PMID: 24637025 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r114.557314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This minireview looks back at a century of glycolysis research with a focus on the mechanisms of flux regulation. Traditionally, glycolysis is regarded as a feeder pathway that prepares glucose for further catabolism and energy production. However, glycolysis is much more than that, in particular in those tissues that express the low affinity glucose-phosphorylating enzyme glucokinase. This enzyme equips the glycolytic pathway with a special steering function for the regulation of intermediary metabolism. In beta cells, glycolysis acts as a transducer for triggering and amplifying physiological glucose-induced insulin secretion. On the basis of these considerations, I have defined a glycolytic flux regulatory unit composed of the two fructose ester steps of this pathway with various enzymes and metabolites that regulate glycolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigurd Lenzen
- From the Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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11
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Zager MG, Kozminski K, Pascual B, Ogilvie KM, Sun S. Preclinical PK/PD modeling and human efficacious dose projection for a glucokinase activator in the treatment of diabetes. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2014; 41:127-39. [PMID: 24578187 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-014-9351-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human Hexokinase IV, or glucokinase (GK), is a regulator of glucose concentrations in the body. It plays a key role in pancreatic insulin secretion as well as glucose biotransformation in the liver, making it a potentially viable target for treatment of Type 2 diabetes. Allosteric activators of GK have been shown to decrease blood glucose concentrations in both animals and humans. Here, the development of a mathematical model is presented that describes glucose modulation in an ob/ob mouse model via administration of a potent GK activator, with the goal of projecting a human efficacious dose and plasma exposure. The model accounts for the allosteric interaction between GK, the activator, and glucose using a modified Hill function. Based on model simulations using data from the ob/ob mouse and in vitro studies, human projections of glucose response to the GK activator are presented, along with dose and regimen predictions to maintain clinically significant decreases in blood glucose in a Type 2 diabetic patient. This effort serves as a basis to build a detailed mechanistic understanding of GK and its role as a therapeutic target for Type 2 diabetes, and it highlights the benefits of using such an approach in a drug discovery setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Zager
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 10646 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA, USA,
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12
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Ashton KS, Andrews KL, Bryan MC, Bryan MC, Chen J, Chen K, Chen M, Chmait S, Croghan M, Cupples R, Fotsch C, Helmering J, Jordan SR, Kurzeja RJM, Michelsen K, Pennington LD, Poon SF, Sivits G, Van G, Vonderfecht SL, Wahl RC, Zhang J, Lloyd DJ, Hale C, St Jean DJ. Small molecule disruptors of the glucokinase-glucokinase regulatory protein interaction: 1. Discovery of a novel tool compound for in vivo proof-of-concept. J Med Chem 2014; 57:309-24. [PMID: 24405172 DOI: 10.1021/jm4016735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Small molecule activators of glucokinase have shown robust efficacy in both preclinical models and humans. However, overactivation of glucokinase (GK) can cause excessive glucose turnover, leading to hypoglycemia. To circumvent this adverse side effect, we chose to modulate GK activity by targeting the endogenous inhibitor of GK, glucokinase regulatory protein (GKRP). Disrupting the GK-GKRP complex results in an increase in the amount of unbound cytosolic GK without altering the inherent kinetics of the enzyme. Herein we report the identification of compounds that efficiently disrupt the GK-GKRP interaction via a previously unknown binding pocket. Using a structure-based approach, the potency of the initial hit was improved to provide 25 (AMG-1694). When dosed in ZDF rats, 25 showed both a robust pharmacodynamic effect as well as a statistically significant reduction in glucose. Additionally, hypoglycemia was not observed in either the hyperglycemic or normal rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate S Ashton
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery-Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Therapeutic Discovery-Molecular Structure and Characterization, §Department of Therapeutic Discovery-Protein Technologies, ∥Department of Metabolic Disorders, ⊥Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, #Department of Pathology, Amgen, Inc. , One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
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13
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Szlyk B, Braun CR, Ljubicic S, Patton E, Bird GH, Osundiji MA, Matschinsky FM, Walensky LD, Danial NN. A phospho-BAD BH3 helix activates glucokinase by a mechanism distinct from that of allosteric activators. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2013; 21:36-42. [PMID: 24317490 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Glucokinase (GK) is a glucose-phosphorylating enzyme that regulates insulin release and hepatic metabolism, and its loss of function is implicated in diabetes pathogenesis. GK activators (GKAs) are attractive therapeutics in diabetes; however, clinical data indicate that their benefits can be offset by hypoglycemia, owing to marked allosteric enhancement of the enzyme's glucose affinity. We show that a phosphomimetic of the BCL-2 homology 3 (BH3) α-helix derived from human BAD, a GK-binding partner, increases the enzyme catalytic rate without dramatically changing glucose affinity, thus providing a new mechanism for pharmacologic activation of GK. Remarkably, BAD BH3 phosphomimetic mediates these effects by engaging a new region near the enzyme's active site. This interaction increases insulin secretion in human islets and restores the function of naturally occurring human GK mutants at the active site. Thus, BAD phosphomimetics may serve as a new class of GKAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Szlyk
- 1] Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2]
| | - Craig R Braun
- 1] Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2]
| | - Sanda Ljubicic
- 1] Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elaura Patton
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gregory H Bird
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mayowa A Osundiji
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Franz M Matschinsky
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Loren D Walensky
- 1] Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Department of Pediatric Oncology, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nika N Danial
- 1] Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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14
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Antidiabetic effects of glucokinase regulatory protein small-molecule disruptors. Nature 2013; 504:437-40. [PMID: 24226772 DOI: 10.1038/nature12724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Glucose homeostasis is a vital and complex process, and its disruption can cause hyperglycaemia and type II diabetes mellitus. Glucokinase (GK), a key enzyme that regulates glucose homeostasis, converts glucose to glucose-6-phosphate in pancreatic β-cells, liver hepatocytes, specific hypothalamic neurons, and gut enterocytes. In hepatocytes, GK regulates glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis, suppresses glucose production, and is subject to the endogenous inhibitor GK regulatory protein (GKRP). During fasting, GKRP binds, inactivates and sequesters GK in the nucleus, which removes GK from the gluconeogenic process and prevents a futile cycle of glucose phosphorylation. Compounds that directly hyperactivate GK (GK activators) lower blood glucose levels and are being evaluated clinically as potential therapeutics for the treatment of type II diabetes mellitus. However, initial reports indicate that an increased risk of hypoglycaemia is associated with some GK activators. To mitigate the risk of hypoglycaemia, we sought to increase GK activity by blocking GKRP. Here we describe the identification of two potent small-molecule GK-GKRP disruptors (AMG-1694 and AMG-3969) that normalized blood glucose levels in several rodent models of diabetes. These compounds potently reversed the inhibitory effect of GKRP on GK activity and promoted GK translocation both in vitro (isolated hepatocytes) and in vivo (liver). A co-crystal structure of full-length human GKRP in complex with AMG-1694 revealed a previously unknown binding pocket in GKRP distinct from that of the phosphofructose-binding site. Furthermore, with AMG-1694 and AMG-3969 (but not GK activators), blood glucose lowering was restricted to diabetic and not normoglycaemic animals. These findings exploit a new cellular mechanism for lowering blood glucose levels with reduced potential for hypoglycaemic risk in patients with type II diabetes mellitus.
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15
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Shammas C, Neocleous V, Phelan MM, Lian LY, Skordis N, Phylactou LA. A report of 2 new cases of MODY2 and review of the literature: implications in the search for type 2 diabetes drugs. Metabolism 2013; 62:1535-42. [PMID: 23890519 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Glucokinase (GCK) acts as a glucose sensor and stimulates the release of insulin from pancreatic β-cells and any GCK gene mutations can lead to different forms of diabetes, such as GCK-monogenic diabetes of the young type 2 (MODY2), permanent neonatal diabetes and congenital hyperinsulinism. Many MODY2 causing mutations display a variation in the degree of severity, ranging from mild dietary-restricted forms to more detrimental presentation requiring insulin replacement. The present study reviews known and two novel GCK mutations in terms of molecular perturbation of the GCK atomic structure but also emphasizes the inactivating and activating properties of the GCK as treatment for T2DM. In silico analysis demonstrated that the newly discovered mutation p.Arg447Pro causes structural conformational changes that lead to the destabilization of the functional properties of the protein resulting in the reduction of glucose and MgATP2- affinity. The novel p.Glu440Stop nonsense mutation on the other hand inactivates the cytoplasmic enzymatic activity of the protein as it is responsible for the loss of the C-terminal end of the polypeptide that includes vital glucose-releasing residues. Based on the in silico models of existing structural data we identified several classes of GCK mutations and discuss their relation to disease outcome. GCK has a central role in controlling body glucose homeostasis and therefore is considered an outstanding drug target for developing new antidiabetic therapies using small molecular activators (GKAs). This study emphasizes the importance in understanding how inactivating and activating GCK mutations affect the mechanistic properties of this glucose sensor. Such information can become the basis for drug discovery of therapeutic compounds and the treatment of T2DM by targeting the GCK allosteric activator site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Shammas
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Function and Therapy, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, P.O. Box 23462, 1683 Nicosia, Cyprus
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16
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Bowler JM, Hervert KL, Kearley ML, Miller BG. Small-Molecule Allosteric Activation of Human Glucokinase in the Absence of Glucose. ACS Med Chem Lett 2013; 4. [PMID: 24294411 DOI: 10.1021/ml400061x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic allosteric activators of human glucokinase are receiving considerable attention as potential diabetes therapeutic agents. Although their mechanism of action is not fully understood, structural studies suggest that activator association requires prior formation of a binary enzyme-glucose complex. Here, we demonstrate that three previously described activators associate with glucokinase in a glucose-independent fashion. Transient-state kinetic assays reveal a lag in enzyme progress curves that is systematically reduced when the enzyme is preincubated with activators. Isothermal titration calorimetry demonstrates that activator binding is enthalpically driven for all three compounds, whereas the entropic changes accompanying activator binding can be favorable or unfavorable. Viscosity variation experiments indicate that the kcat value of glucokinase is almost fully limited by product release, both in the presence and absence of activators, suggesting that activators impact a step preceding product release. The observation of glucose-independent allosteric activation of glucokinase has important implications for the refinement of future diabetes therapeutics and for the mechanism of kinetic cooperativity of mammalian glucokinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M. Bowler
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Florida State University,
Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Katherine L. Hervert
- Department of Chemistry, Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, Ohio 43015, United
States
| | - Mark L. Kearley
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Florida State University,
Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Brian G. Miller
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Florida State University,
Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
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17
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Xiao Q, Jackson JJ, Basak A, Bowler JM, Miller BG, Zakarian A. Enantioselective synthesis of tatanans A-C and reinvestigation of their glucokinase-activating properties. Nat Chem 2013; 5:410-6. [PMID: 23609092 PMCID: PMC4126512 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.1597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The tatanans are members of a novel class of complex sesquilignan natural products recently isolated from the rhizomes of Acorus tatarinowii Schott plants. Tatanans A, B and C have previously been reported to have potent glucokinase-activating properties that exceed the in vitro activity of known synthetic antidiabetic agents. Here, using a series of sequential [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangements, we report the total synthesis of tatanan A in 13 steps and 13% overall yield. We also complete a concise enantioselective total synthesis of more complex, atropisomeric tatanans B and C via a distinct convergent strategy based on a palladium-catalysed diastereotopic aromatic group differentiation (12 steps, 4% and 8% overall yield, respectively). A plausible biosynthetic relationship between acyclic tatanan A and spirocyclic tatanans B and C is proposed and probed experimentally. With sufficient quantities of the natural products in hand, we undertake a detailed functional characterization of the biological activities of tatanans A-C. Contrary to previous reports, our assays utilizing pure recombinant human enzyme demonstrate that tatanans do not function as allosteric activators of glucokinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Xiao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Jeffrey J. Jackson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Ashok Basak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Joseph M. Bowler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, USA
| | - Brian G. Miller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, USA
| | - Armen Zakarian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
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18
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Jain N, Mundada AB, Pathak AK. QSAR studies of novel potent benzamide derivatives as glucokinase activators. Med Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-012-0435-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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19
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Dose selection using a semi-mechanistic integrated glucose-insulin-glucagon model: designing phase 2 trials for a novel oral glucokinase activator. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2012; 40:53-65. [PMID: 23263772 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-012-9286-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Selecting dosing regimens for phase 2 studies for a novel glucokinase activator LY2599506 is challenging due to the difficulty in modeling and assessing hypoglycemia risk. A semi-mechanistic integrated glucose-insulin-glucagon (GIG) model was developed in NONMEM based on pharmacokinetic, glucose, insulin, glucagon, and meal data obtained from a multiple ascending dose study in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with LY2599506 for up to 26 days. The series of differential equations from the NONMEM model was translated into an R script to prospectively predict 24-h glucose profiles following LY2599506 treatment for 3 months for a variety of doses and dosing regimens. The reduction in hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) at the end of the 3-month treatment was estimated using a transit compartment model based on the simulated fasting glucose values. Two randomized phase 2 studies, one with fixed dosing and the other employing conditional dose titration were conducted. The simulation suggested that (1) Comparable HbA1c lowering with lower hypoglycemia risk occurs with titration compared to fixed-dosing; and (2) A dose range of 50-400 mg BID provides either greater efficacy or lower hypoglycemia incidence or both than glyburide. The predictions were in reasonable agreement with the observed clinical data. The model predicted HbA1c reduction and hypoglycemia risk provided the basis for the decision to focus on the dose-titration trial and for the selection of doses for the demonstration of superiority of LY2599506 to glyburide. The integrated GIG model represented a valuable tool for the evaluation of hypoglycemia incidence.
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20
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Novel phenyl-urea derivatives as dual-target ligands that can activate both GK and PPARγ. Acta Pharm Sin B 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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21
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Zhang L, Chen X, Liu J, Zhu Q, Leng Y, Luo X, Jiang H, Liu H. Discovery of novel dual-action antidiabetic agents that inhibit glycogen phosphorylase and activate glucokinase. Eur J Med Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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Aicher TD, Boyd SA, McVean M, Celeste A. Novel therapeutics and targets for the treatment of diabetes. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2012; 3:209-29. [PMID: 22111568 DOI: 10.1586/ecp.10.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The microvascular complications of insufficiently controlled diabetes (neuropathy, retinopathy and nephropathy) and the marked increased risk of macrovascular events (e.g., stroke and myocardial infarction) have a dire impact on society in both human and economic terms. In Type 1 diabetes total β-cell loss occurs. In Type 2 diabetes, partial β-cell loss occurs before diagnosis, and the progressive β-cell loss during the life of the patient increases the severity of the disease. In patients with diabetes, increased insulin resistance in the muscle and liver are key pathophysiologic defects. In addition, defects in metabolic processes in the fat, GI tract, brain, pancreatic α-cells and kidney are detrimental to the overall health of the patient. This review addresses novel therapies for these deficiencies in clinical and preclinical evaluation, emphasizing their potential to address glucose homeostasis, β-cell mass and function, and the comorbidities of cardiovascular disease and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Aicher
- Principal Research Investigator, Array BioPharma Inc., 3200 Walnut Street, Boulder, CO 80301, USA.
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23
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Pfefferkorn JA, Tu M, Filipski KJ, Guzman-Perez A, Bian J, Aspnes GE, Sammons MF, Song W, Li JC, Jones CS, Patel L, Rasmusson T, Zeng D, Karki K, Hamilton M, Hank R, Atkinson K, Litchfield J, Aiello R, Baker L, Barucci N, Bourassa P, Bourbonais F, Bourbounais F, D'Aquila T, Derksen DR, MacDougall M, Robertson A. The design and synthesis of indazole and pyrazolopyridine based glucokinase activators for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:7100-5. [PMID: 23089526 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.09.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Glucokinase activators represent a promising potential treatment for patients with Type 2 diabetes. Herein, we report the identification and optimization of a series of novel indazole and pyrazolopyridine based activators leading to the identification of 4-(6-(azetidine-1-carbonyl)-5-fluoropyridin-3-yloxy)-2-ethyl-N-(5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)-2H-indazole-6-carboxamide (42) as a potent activator with favorable preclinical pharmacokinetic properties and in vivo efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Pfefferkorn
- Pfizer Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 620 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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24
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Verspohl EJ. Novel Pharmacological Approaches to the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes. Pharmacol Rev 2012; 64:188-237. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.003319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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25
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Mao W, Ning M, Liu Z, Zhu Q, Leng Y, Zhang A. Design, synthesis, and pharmacological evaluation of benzamide derivatives as glucokinase activators. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:2982-91. [PMID: 22459213 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A series of benzamide derivatives were assembled by using the privileged-fragment-merging (PFM) strategy and their SAR studies as glucokinase activators were described. Compounds 5 and 16b were identified having a suitable balance of potency and activation profile. They showed EC(50) values of 28.3 and 44.8 nM, and activation folds of 2.4 and 2.2, respectively. However, both compounds displayed a minor reduction in plasma glucose levels on imprinting control region (ICR) mice. Unfavorable pharmacokinetic profiles (PK) were also observed on these two compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Mao
- Synthetic Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
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26
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Doliba NM, Qin W, Najafi H, Liu C, Buettger CW, Sotiris J, Collins HW, Li C, Stanley CA, Wilson DF, Grimsby J, Sarabu R, Naji A, Matschinsky FM. Glucokinase activation repairs defective bioenergetics of islets of Langerhans isolated from type 2 diabetics. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 302:E87-E102. [PMID: 21952036 PMCID: PMC3328091 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00218.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
It was reported previously that isolated human islets from individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) show reduced glucose-stimulated insulin release. To assess the possibility that impaired bioenergetics may contribute to this defect, glucose-stimulated respiration (Vo(2)), glucose usage and oxidation, intracellular Ca(2+), and insulin secretion (IS) were measured in pancreatic islets isolated from three healthy and three type 2 diabetic organ donors. Isolated mouse and rat islets were studied for comparison. Islets were exposed to a "staircase" glucose stimulus, whereas IR and Vo(2) were measured. Vo(2) of human islets from normals and diabetics increased sigmoidally from equal baselines of 0.25 nmol/100 islets/min as a function of glucose concentration. Maximal Vo(2) of normal islets at 24 mM glucose was 0.40 ± 0.02 nmol·min(-1)·100 islets(-1), and the glucose S(0.5) was 4.39 ± 0.10 mM. The glucose stimulation of respiration of islets from diabetics was lower, V(max) of 0.32 ± 0.01 nmol·min(-1)·100 islets(-1), and the S(0.5) shifted to 5.43 ± 0.13 mM. Glucose-stimulated IS and the rise of intracellular Ca(2+) were also reduced in diabetic islets. A clinically effective glucokinase activator normalized the defective Vo(2), IR, and free calcium responses during glucose stimulation in islets from type 2 diabetics. The body of data shows that there is a clear relationship between the pancreatic islet energy (ATP) production rate and IS. This relationship was similar for normal human, mouse, and rat islets and the data for all species fitted a single sigmoidal curve. The shared threshold rate for IS was ∼13 pmol·min(-1)·islet(-1). Exendin-4, a GLP-1 analog, shifted the ATP production-IS curve to the left and greatly potentiated IS with an ATP production rate threshold of ∼10 pmol·min(-1)·islet(-1). Our data suggest that impaired β-cell bioenergetics resulting in greatly reduced ATP production is critical in the molecular pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai M Doliba
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, 415 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104-6140, USA
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27
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Petit P, Antoine M, Ferry G, Boutin JA, Lagarde A, Gluais L, Vincentelli R, Vuillard L. The active conformation of human glucokinase is not altered by allosteric activators. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D: BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2011; 67:929-35. [PMID: 22101819 DOI: 10.1107/s0907444911036729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Glucokinase (GK) catalyses the formation of glucose 6-phosphate from glucose and ATP. A specific feature of GK amongst hexokinases is that it can cycle between active and inactive conformations as a function of glucose concentration, resulting in a unique positive kinetic cooperativity with glucose, which turns GK into a unique key sensor of glucose metabolism, notably in the pancreas. GK is a target of antidiabetic drugs aimed at the activation of GK activity, leading to insulin secretion. Here, the first structures of a GK-glucose complex without activator, of GK-glucose-AMP-PNP and of GK-glucose-AMP-PNP with a bound activator are reported. All these structures are extremely similar, thus demonstrating that binding of GK activators does not result in conformational changes of the active protein but in stabilization of the active form of GK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Petit
- BioXtal, PX Unit, c/o AFMB, UMR 6098, Case 932, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille CEDEX 09, France
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28
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Eiki JI, Nagata Y, Futamura M, Sasaki-Yamamoto K, Iino T, Nishimura T, Chiba M, Ohyama S, Yoshida-Yoshimioto R, Fujii K, Hosaka H, Goto-Shimazaki H, Kadotani A, Ohe T, Lin S, Langdon RB, Berger JP. Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Properties of the Glucokinase Activator MK-0941 in Rodent Models of Type 2 Diabetes and Healthy Dogs. Mol Pharmacol 2011; 80:1156-65. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.111.074401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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29
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Lang M, Seifert MHJ, Wolf KK, Aschenbrenner A, Baumgartner R, Wieber T, Trentinaglia V, Blisse M, Tajima N, Yamashita T, Vitt D, Noda H. Discovery and hit-to-lead optimization of novel allosteric glucokinase activators. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:5417-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.06.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Revised: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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30
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Lin J, Chen A. Curcumin diminishes the impacts of hyperglycemia on the activation of hepatic stellate cells by suppressing membrane translocation and gene expression of glucose transporter-2. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 333:160-71. [PMID: 21195127 PMCID: PMC3039105 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2010.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2010] [Revised: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is featured by elevated levels of blood glucose, i.e. hyperglycemia, which might be a risk factor for hepatic fibrogenesis in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are the major effectors during hepatic fibrogenesis. This study was designed to evaluate impacts of high levels of glucose on HSC activation, assess roles of the phytochemical curcumin in attenuating the glucose impacts, and elucidate underlying mechanisms. In this report, levels of intracellular glucose were measured. Contents and gene expression of glucose transporter-2 (GLUT2) in cell fractions were examined. Levels of cellular glutathione and oxidative stress were analyzed. We observed that high levels of glucose induced cell proliferation, type I collagen production and expression of genes relevant to HSC activation, and elevated intracellular glucose levels in cultured HSCs. Curcumin eliminated the stimulatory impacts. Curcumin abrogated the membrane translocation of GLUT2 by interrupting the p38 MAPK signaling pathway. In addition, curcumin suppressed glut2 expression by stimulating the activity of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) and de novo synthesis of glutathione. In conclusion, hyperglycemia stimulated HSC activation in vitro by increasing intracellular glucose, which was eliminated by curcumin by blocking the membrane translocation of GLUT2 and suppressing glut2 expression. The latter was mediated by activating PPARγ and attenuating oxidative stress. Our results presented evidence to impacts of hyperglycemia on stimulating HSC activation and hepatic fibrogenesis, and provided novel insights into the mechanisms by which curcumin eliminated the hyperglycemia-caused HSC activation and potential therapeutic strategies for treatment of diabetes-associated hepatic fibrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anping Chen
- Corresponding author: Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, 1100 S. Grand Blvd, Edward A. Doisy Research Center, St. Louis, MO, 63104, Tel: 314-977-7832; Fax: 314-977-8499,
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Tang Y, Chen A. Curcumin prevents leptin raising glucose levels in hepatic stellate cells by blocking translocation of glucose transporter-4 and increasing glucokinase. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 161:1137-49. [PMID: 20977462 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00956.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Hyperleptinemia is commonly found in obese patients, associated with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and hepatic fibrosis. Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are the most relevant effectors during hepatic fibrogenesis. We recently reported that leptin stimulated HSC activation, which was eliminated by curcumin, a phytochemical from turmeric. This study was designed to explore the underlying mechanisms, focusing on their effects on intracellular glucose in HSCs. We hypothesized that leptin stimulated HSC activation by elevating the level of intracellular glucose, which was eliminated by curcumin by inhibiting the membrane translocation of glucose transporter-4 (GLUT4) and inducing the conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate (G-6-P). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Levels of intracellular glucose were measured in rat HSCs and immortalized human hepatocytes. Contents of GLUT4 in cell fractions were analysed by Western blotting analyses. Activation of signalling pathways was assessed by comparing phosphorylation levels of protein kinases. KEY RESULTS Leptin elevated the level of intracellular glucose in cultured HSCs, which was diminished by curcumin. Curcumin suppressed the leptin-induced membrane translocation of GLUT4 by interrupting the insulin receptor substrates/phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase/AKT signalling pathway. Furthermore, curcumin stimulated glucokinase activity, increasing conversion of glucose to G-6-P. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Curcumin prevented leptin from elevating levels of intracellular glucose in activated HSCs in vitro by inhibiting the membrane translocation of GLUT4 and stimulating glucose conversion, leading to the inhibition of HSC activation. Our results provide novel insights into mechanisms of curcumin in inhibiting leptin-induced HSC activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youcai Tang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, 1100 S.Grand Boulevard, St Louis, MO 63104, USA
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Liu Z, Zhu Q, Li F, Zhang L, Leng Y, Zhang A. N-(5-substituted thiazol-2-yl)-2-aryl-3-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl) propanamides as glucokinase activators. MEDCHEMCOMM 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1md00002k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Rideau N, Derouet M, Grimsby J, Simon J. Glucokinase activation induces potent hypoglycemia without recruiting insulin and inhibits food intake in chicken. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2010; 169:276-83. [PMID: 20850445 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2010.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Revised: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/09/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Glucose homeostasis exhibits several peculiarities in chickens (in short, presence of high glycemia and resistance to high doses of exogenous insulin). Though the full chicken glucokinase gene sequence is still lacking, several results suggest its existence. The functionality of chicken glucokinase (GK) has been further investigated using an activator of mammalian GK (GKA). In vitro, GKA decreased GK's S0.5(a) in a glucose-dependent manner in liver homogenates from either fasted or fed chickens; it also increased GK Vmax(a) in homogenates from fed chickens. In vivo, acute oral GKA administration (10-100 mg/kg) induced a potent and dose dependent hypoglycemic effect in fed chickens (starting between 15 and 45 min with a maximum effect at 40 mg/kg, P<0.0001). At this dose, plasma insulin levels showed erratic and minor changes in the early times (an increase at 5 min and a decrease at 10 min, P<0.05). At 90 min, when hypoglycemia had developed plasma insulin levels decreased under controls and plasma pancreatic glucagon levels increased over controls. Also at 40 mg/kg, GKA transiently inhibited food intake at about 3h (P<0.0001). In conclusion, GKA is a potent activator of chicken GK evidencing that the structure and the activity of chicken GK are similar to those of mammalian GK. At variance with results obtained in mammals, the potent GKA hypoglycemic action appears to rely mostly on an effect on liver GK in chicken. This fits with previous results and further support the hypothesis of a "deficient coupling" between Β-cell metabolism and insulin release in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Rideau
- INRA, UR83 Recherches Avicoles, 37380 Nouzilly, France.
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Haynes NE, Corbett WL, Bizzarro FT, Guertin KR, Hilliard DW, Holland GW, Kester RF, Mahaney PE, Qi L, Spence CL, Tengi J, Dvorozniak MT, Railkar A, Matschinsky FM, Grippo JF, Grimsby J, Sarabu R. Discovery, structure-activity relationships, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy of glucokinase activator (2R)-3-cyclopentyl-2-(4-methanesulfonylphenyl)-N-thiazol-2-yl-propionamide (RO0281675). J Med Chem 2010; 53:3618-25. [PMID: 20405948 DOI: 10.1021/jm100039a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Glucokinase (GK) is a glucose sensor that couples glucose metabolism to insulin release. The important role of GK in maintaining glucose homeostasis is illustrated in patients with GK mutations. In this publication, identification of the hit molecule 1 and its SAR development, which led to the discovery of potent allosteric GK activators 9a and 21a, is described. Compound 21a (RO0281675) was used to validate the clinical relevance of targeting GK to treat type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy-Ellen Haynes
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, USA
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Ohyama S, Takano H, Iino T, Nishimura T, Zhou YP, Langdon RB, Zhang BB, Eiki JI. A small-molecule glucokinase activator lowers blood glucose in the sulfonylurea-desensitized rat. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 640:250-6. [PMID: 20465996 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Revised: 04/07/2010] [Accepted: 04/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glucokinase activators increase insulin release from pancreatic beta-cells and hepatic glucose utilization by modifying the activity of glucokinase, a key enzyme in glucose-sensing and glycemic regulation. Sulfonylureas are antihyperglycemic agents that stimulate insulin secretion via a glucose-independent mechanism that is vulnerable to secondary failure through beta-cell desensitization. The present study determined whether glucokinase activator treatment retains its glucose-lowering efficacy in male, adult, non-diabetic Sprague-Dawley rats desensitized to sulfonylurea treatment and whether glucose-lowering during chronic glucokinase activator treatment is subject to secondary failure. Animals were given food containing either glimepiride (a sulfonylurea), Compound B (3-[(1S)-2-hydroxy-1-methylethoxy]-5-[4-(methylsulfonyl)phenoxy]-N-1,3-thiazol-2-ylbenzamide, an experimental glucokinase activator), or no drug for up to 5 weeks. Food containing 0.04% of either drug produced acute (within 4-8 h) and significant (P<0.05) reductions in blood glucose to approximately 50% of control levels. Chronic treatment with either 0.01% or 0.04% glimepiride resulted in complete failure of glucose-lowering efficacy within 3 days whereas the efficacy of Compound B was sustained throughout the entire study. Glipizide, also a sulfonylurea, had no glucose-lowering effect when given by gavage (3mg/kg) to glimepiride-desensitized animals whereas Compound B retained full glucose-lowering efficacy in glimepiride-desensitized animals. Oral glucose tolerance was significantly impaired, compared with controls, in animals treated with glimepiride for two weeks but was enhanced to a small extent in animals treated with Compound B. Compound B also significantly increased pancreatic insulin content, compared with controls. These findings suggest that Compound B has sustained glucose-lowering effects in a rat model of sulfonylurea failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumika Ohyama
- Tsukuba Research Institute, Banyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 3 Okubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan.
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Steri R, Schubert-Zsilavecz M. [New classes of drugs in the pipeline. New in the treatment of diabetes mellitus]. PHARMAZIE IN UNSERER ZEIT 2010; 39:142-146. [PMID: 20196042 DOI: 10.1002/pauz.201000362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Steri
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Zentrum für Arzneimittelforschung, Entwicklung und Sicherheit, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt
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Osbak KK, Colclough K, Saint-Martin C, Beer NL, Bellanné-Chantelot C, Ellard S, Gloyn AL. Update on mutations in glucokinase (GCK), which cause maturity-onset diabetes of the young, permanent neonatal diabetes, and hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia. Hum Mutat 2010; 30:1512-26. [PMID: 19790256 DOI: 10.1002/humu.21110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glucokinase is a key regulatory enzyme in the pancreatic beta-cell. It plays a crucial role in the regulation of insulin secretion and has been termed the glucose sensor in pancreatic beta-cells. Given its central role in the regulation of insulin release it is understandable that mutations in the gene encoding glucokinase (GCK) can cause both hyper- and hypoglycemia. Heterozygous inactivating mutations in GCK cause maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) subtype glucokinase (GCK), characterized by mild fasting hyperglycemia, which is present at birth but often only detected later in life during screening for other purposes. Homozygous inactivating GCK mutations result in a more severe phenotype presenting at birth as permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus (PNDM). A growing number of heterozygous activating GCK mutations that cause hypoglycemia have also been reported. A total of 620 mutations in the GCK gene have been described in a total of 1,441 families. There are no common mutations, and the mutations are distributed throughout the gene. The majority of activating mutations cluster in a discrete region of the protein termed the allosteric activator site. The identification of a GCK mutation in patients with both hyper- and hypoglycemia has implications for the clinical course and clinical management of their disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara K Osbak
- Diabetes Research Laboratories, Oxford Centre for Diabetes Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
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Zhang Y, Han Z, Li F, Ding K, Zhang A. Highly enantioselective hydrogenation of α-aryl-β-substituted acrylic acids catalyzed by Ir-SpinPHOX. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:156-8. [DOI: 10.1039/b919902k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Bebernitz GR, Beaulieu V, Dale BA, Deacon R, Duttaroy A, Gao J, Grondine MS, Gupta RC, Kakmak M, Kavana M, Kirman LC, Liang J, Maniara WM, Munshi S, Nadkarni SS, Schuster HF, Stams T, St Denny I, Taslimi PM, Vash B, Caplan SL. Investigation of functionally liver selective glucokinase activators for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. J Med Chem 2009; 52:6142-52. [PMID: 19746978 DOI: 10.1021/jm900839k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is a polygenic disease which afflicts nearly 200 million people worldwide and is expected to increase to near epidemic levels over the next 10-15 years. Glucokinase (GK) activators are currently under investigation by a number of pharmaceutical companies with only a few reaching early clinical evaluation. A GK activator has the promise of potentially affecting both the beta-cells of the pancreas, by improving glucose sensitive insulin secretion, as well as the liver, by reducing uncontrolled glucose output and restoring post-prandial glucose uptake and storage as glycogen. Herein, we report our efforts on a sulfonamide chemotype with the aim to generate liver selective GK activators which culminated in the discovery of 3-cyclopentyl-N-(5-methoxy-thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-yl)-2-[4-(4-methyl-piperazine-1-sulfonyl)-phenyl]-propionamide (17c). This compound activated the GK enzyme (alphaK(a) = 39 nM) in vitro at low nanomolar concentrations and significantly reduced glucose levels during an oral glucose tolerance test in normal mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory R Bebernitz
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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40
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Takahashi K, Hashimoto N, Nakama C, Kamata K, Sasaki K, Yoshimoto R, Ohyama S, Hosaka H, Maruki H, Nagata Y, Eiki JI, Nishimura T. The design and optimization of a series of 2-(pyridin-2-yl)-1H-benzimidazole compounds as allosteric glucokinase activators. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:7042-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2009] [Revised: 05/14/2009] [Accepted: 05/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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41
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Pal M. Recent advances in glucokinase activators for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Drug Discov Today 2009; 14:784-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2009.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2009] [Revised: 05/02/2009] [Accepted: 05/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Pfefferkorn JA, Lou J, Minich ML, Filipski KJ, He M, Zhou R, Ahmed S, Benbow J, Perez AG, Tu M, Litchfield J, Sharma R, Metzler K, Bourbonais F, Huang C, Beebe DA, Oates PJ. Pyridones as glucokinase activators: Identification of a unique metabolic liability of the 4-sulfonyl-2-pyridone heterocycle. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:3247-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.04.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2009] [Revised: 04/16/2009] [Accepted: 04/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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DeSouza C, Fonseca V. Therapeutic targets to reduce cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2009; 8:361-7. [DOI: 10.1038/nrd2872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Iino T, Hashimoto N, Sasaki K, Ohyama S, Yoshimoto R, Hosaka H, Hasegawa T, Chiba M, Nagata Y, Eiki JI, Nishimura T. Structure-activity relationships of 3,5-disubstituted benzamides as glucokinase activators with potent in vivo efficacy. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:3800-9. [PMID: 19427223 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2009] [Revised: 04/17/2009] [Accepted: 04/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The optimization of our lead GK activator 2a to 3-[(1S)-2-hydroxy-1-methylethoxy]-5-[4-(methylsulfonyl)phenoxy]-N-1,3-thiazol-2-ylbenzamide (6g), a potent GK activator with good oral availability, is described, including to uncouple the relationship between potency and hydrophobicity. Following oral administration, this compound exhibited robust glucose lowering in diabetic model rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoharu Iino
- Banyu Tsukuba Research Institute, Banyu Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Okubo-3, Tsukuba 300-2611, Ibaraki, Japan.
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Tilley JW. Glucokinase activators: Novo Nordisk's WO2008084044 and Array Biopharma's WO2008091770. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2009; 19:549-53. [DOI: 10.1517/13543770902735824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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