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Hayashi S, Takeuchi Y, Hiratsuka K, Kitanaka Y, Toyoshima K, Nemoto T, Aung N, Hakariya M, Ikeda Y, Iwata T, Aoki A. Effects of various light-emitting diode wavelengths on periodontopathic bacteria and gingival fibroblasts: An in vitro study. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023; 44:103860. [PMID: 37884107 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, light has been used for bacterial control of periodontal diseases. This in vitro study evaluated the effects of light-emitting diode (LED) irradiation at different wavelengths on both Porphyromonas gingivalis and human gingival fibroblasts (HGF-1). METHODS P. gingivalis suspension was irradiated with LEDs of 365, 405, 450, 470, 565, and 625 nm at 50, 100, 150, and 200 mW/cm2 for 3 min (radiant exposure: 9, 18, 27, 36 J/cm2, respectively). Treated samples were anaerobically cultured on agar plates, and the number of colony-forming units (CFUs) was determined. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were measured after LED irradiation. The viability and damage of HGF-1 were measured through WST-8 and lactate dehydrogenase assays, respectively. Gene expression in P. gingivalis was evaluated through quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS The greatest reduction in P. gingivalis CFUs was observed on irradiation at 365 nm with 150 mW/cm2 for 3 min (27 J/cm2), followed by 450 and 470 nm under the same conditions. While 365-nm irradiation significantly decreased the viability of HGF-1 cells, the cytotoxic effects of 450- and 470-nm irradiation were comparatively low and not significant. Further, 450-nm irradiation indicated increased ROS production and downregulated the genes related to gingipain and fimbriae. The 565- and 625-nm wavelength groups exhibited no antibacterial effects; rather, they significantly activated HGF-1 proliferation. CONCLUSIONS The 450- and 470-nm blue LEDs showed high antibacterial activity with low cytotoxicity to host cells, suggesting promising bacterial control in periodontal therapy. Additionally, blue LEDs may attenuate the pathogenesis of P. gingivalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakura Hayashi
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuo Takeuchi
- Department of Lifetime Oral Health Care Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Koichi Hiratsuka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yutaro Kitanaka
- Department of Oral Diagnosis of General Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keita Toyoshima
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Nemoto
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nay Aung
- Laser Light Dental Clinic Periodontal and Implant Center, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Masahiro Hakariya
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichi Ikeda
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takanori Iwata
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Aoki
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan.
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Retout M, Amer L, Yim W, Creyer MN, Lam B, Trujillo DF, Potempa J, O'Donoghue AJ, Chen C, Jokerst JV. A Protease-Responsive Polymer/Peptide Conjugate and Reversible Assembly of Silver Clusters for the Detection of Porphyromonas gingivalis Enzymatic Activity. ACS NANO 2023; 17:17308-17319. [PMID: 37602819 PMCID: PMC10561899 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c05268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
We report the reversible aggregation of silver nanoparticle (AgNP) assemblies using the combination of a cationic arginine-based peptide and sulfur-capped polyethylene glycol (PEG). The formation and dissociation of the aggregates were studied by optical methods and electron microscopy. The dissociation of silver clusters depends on the peptide sequence and PEG size. A molecular weight of 1 kDa for PEG was optimal for the dissociation. The most important feature of this dissociation method is that it can operate in complex biofluids such as plasma, saliva, bile, urine, cell media, or even seawater without a significant decrease in performance. Moreover, the peptide-particle assemblies are highly stable and do not degrade (or express of loss of signal upon dissociation) when dried and resolubilized, frozen and thawed, or left in daylight for a month. Importantly, the dissociation capacity of PEG can be reduced via the conjugation of a peptide-cleavable substrate. The dissociation capacity is restored in the presence of an enzyme. Based on these findings, we designed a PEG-peptide hybrid molecule specific to the Porphyromonas gingivalis protease RgpB. Our motivation was that this bacterium is a key pathogen in periodontitis, and RgpB activity has been correlated with chronic diseases including Alzheimer's disease. The RgpB limit of detection was 100 pM RgpB in vitro. This system was used to measure RgpB in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples with a detection rate of 40% with 0% false negatives versus PCR for P. gingivalis (n = 37). The combination of PEG-peptide and nanoparticles dissociation method allows the development of convenient protease sensing that can operate independently of the media composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurice Retout
- Department of Nano and Chemical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Lubna Amer
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Wonjun Yim
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Matthew N Creyer
- Department of Nano and Chemical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Benjamin Lam
- Department of Nano and Chemical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Diego F Trujillo
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jan Potempa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow 30-387, Poland
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, United States
| | - Anthony J O'Donoghue
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Casey Chen
- Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, 925 West 34th Street, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Jesse V Jokerst
- Department of Nano and Chemical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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Sundar S, Piramanayagam S, Natarajan J. A comprehensive review on human disease-causing bacterial proteases and their impeding agents. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:276. [PMID: 37414902 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03618-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Proteases are enzymes that catalyze the amide bond dissociation in polypeptide and protein peptide units. They are categorized into seven families and are responsible for a wide spectrum of human ailments, such as various types of cancers, skin infections, urinary tract infections etc. Specifically, the bacterial proteases cause a huge impact in the disease progression. Extracellular bacterial proteases break down the host defense proteins, while intracellular proteases are essential for pathogens virulence. Due to its involvement in disease pathogenesis and virulence, bacterial proteases are considered to be potential drug targets. Several studies have reported potential bacterial protease inhibitors in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative disease causing pathogens. In this study, we have comprehensively reviewed about the various human disease-causing cysteine, metallo, and serine bacterial proteases as well as their potential inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shobana Sundar
- Department of Biotechnology, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore, India
| | | | - Jeyakumar Natarajan
- Data Mining and Text Mining Laboratory, Department of Bioinformatics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Ricciardi RM, Cipollone A, D'Ardes D, Di Giacomo D, Pignatelli P, Cipollone F, Curia MC, Magni P, Bucci M. Risk Factors and Immunoinflammatory Mechanisms Leading to Atherosclerosis: Focus on the Role of Oral Microbiota Dysbiosis. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1479. [PMID: 37374981 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD), including myocardial infarction and stroke, are currently the leading cause of morbidity, disability and mortality worldwide. Recently, researchers have focused their attention on the alterations of the gut and oral microbiota, investigating the possible role of their dysbiosis in the pathogenesis and/or progression of CVD. In this regard, it has been shown that endothelial dysfunction, a major feature of CVD, can also be induced by chronic periodontal infection, due to a systemic pro-inflammatory condition, as suggested by increased plasma levels of acute phase proteins, IL-6 and fibrinogen. Moreover, proatherogenic dysfunctions can also be promoted by direct bacterial invasion of the endothelium. This review reports the current evidence about the possible role of oral microbiota dysbiosis and the related immunoinflammatory components in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis and associated CVD. It is concluded that integration of oral microbiota sampling into clinical practice may result in a more accurate assessment of CV risk in patients and even modify their prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Mattia Ricciardi
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, Università degli Studi "Gabriele d'Annunzio" di Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Regional Center for the Study of Atherosclerosis, Hypertension and Dyslipidemia, "SS Annunziata" Hospital-ASL, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Alessia Cipollone
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, Università degli Studi "Gabriele d'Annunzio" di Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Regional Center for the Study of Atherosclerosis, Hypertension and Dyslipidemia, "SS Annunziata" Hospital-ASL, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Damiano D'Ardes
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, Università degli Studi "Gabriele d'Annunzio" di Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Regional Center for the Study of Atherosclerosis, Hypertension and Dyslipidemia, "SS Annunziata" Hospital-ASL, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Davide Di Giacomo
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, Università degli Studi "Gabriele d'Annunzio" di Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Regional Center for the Study of Atherosclerosis, Hypertension and Dyslipidemia, "SS Annunziata" Hospital-ASL, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Pamela Pignatelli
- COMDINAV DUE, Nave Cavour, Italian Navy, Stazione Navale Mar Grande-Viale Jonio, 74122 Taranto, Italy
| | - Francesco Cipollone
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, Università degli Studi "Gabriele d'Annunzio" di Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Regional Center for the Study of Atherosclerosis, Hypertension and Dyslipidemia, "SS Annunziata" Hospital-ASL, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Curia
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, Università degli Studi "Gabriele d'Annunzio" di Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Paolo Magni
- Epidemiology and Preventive Pharmacology Service (SEFAP), Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
- IRCCS MultiMedica, Sesto S. Giovanni, 20099 Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Bucci
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, Università degli Studi "Gabriele d'Annunzio" di Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Regional Center for the Study of Atherosclerosis, Hypertension and Dyslipidemia, "SS Annunziata" Hospital-ASL, 66100 Chieti, Italy
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Kong C, Zhang H, Li L, Liu Z. Effects of green tea extract epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) on oral disease-associated microbes: a review. J Oral Microbiol 2022; 14:2131117. [PMID: 36212989 PMCID: PMC9542882 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2022.2131117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
For thousands of years, caries, periodontitis and mucosal diseases, which are closely related to oral microorganisms, have always affected human health and quality of life. These complex microbiota present in different parts of the mouth can cause chronic infections in the oral cavity under certain conditions, some of which can also lead to acute and systemic diseases. With the mutation of related microorganisms and the continuous emergence of drug-resistant strains, in order to prevent and treat related diseases, in addition to the innovation of diagnosis and treatment technology, the development of new antimicrobial drugs is also important. Catechins are polyphenolic compounds in green tea, some of which are reported to provide health benefits for a variety of diseases. Studies have shown that epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is the most abundant and effective active ingredient in green tea catechins, which acts against a variety of gram-positive and negative bacteria, as well as some fungi and viruses. This review aims to summarize the research progress on the activity of EGCG against common oral disease-associated organisms and discuss the mechanisms of these actions, hoping to provide new medication strategies for the prevention and treatment of oral infectious diseases, the future research of EGCG and its translation into clinical practice are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Kong
- Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Huili Zhang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Lingfeng Li
- Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zhihui Liu
- Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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Chow YC, Yam HC, Gunasekaran B, Lai WY, Wo WY, Agarwal T, Ong YY, Cheong SL, Tan SA. Implications of Porphyromonas gingivalis peptidyl arginine deiminase and gingipain R in human health and diseases. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:987683. [PMID: 36250046 PMCID: PMC9559808 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.987683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a major pathogenic bacterium involved in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Citrullination has been reported as the underlying mechanism of the pathogenesis, which relies on the interplay between two virulence factors of the bacterium, namely gingipain R and the bacterial peptidyl arginine deiminase. Gingipain R cleaves host proteins to expose the C-terminal arginines for peptidyl arginine deiminase to citrullinate and generate citrullinated proteins. Apart from carrying out citrullination in the periodontium, the bacterium is found capable of citrullinating proteins present in the host synovial tissues, atherosclerotic plaques and neurons. Studies have suggested that both virulence factors are the key factors that trigger distal effects mediated by citrullination, leading to the development of some non-communicable diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, and Alzheimer’s disease. Thus, inhibition of these virulence factors not only can mitigate periodontitis, but also can provide new therapeutic solutions for systematic diseases involving bacterial citrullination. Herein, we described both these proteins in terms of their unique structural conformations and biological relevance to different human diseases. Moreover, investigations of inhibitory actions on the enzymes are also enumerated. New approaches for identifying inhibitors for peptidyl arginine deiminase through drug repurposing and virtual screening are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoke Chan Chow
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Tunku Abdul Rahman University College, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hok Chai Yam
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Baskaran Gunasekaran
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Weng Yeen Lai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Weng Yue Wo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Tarun Agarwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Guntur, India
| | - Yien Yien Ong
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Tunku Abdul Rahman University College, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Siew Lee Cheong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- *Correspondence: Sheri-Ann Tan, ; Siew Lee Cheong,
| | - Sheri-Ann Tan
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Tunku Abdul Rahman University College, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- *Correspondence: Sheri-Ann Tan, ; Siew Lee Cheong,
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7
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Purification of RgpA from external outer membrane vesicles of Porphyromonas gingivalis. Anaerobe 2022; 77:102647. [PMID: 36116685 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2022.102647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Purification of native gingipains is challenging because these proteases are frequently associated with the cell surface, which affects yield. This study aimed to purify native Arg-gingipain (RgpA) from Porphyromonas gingivalis Outer Membrane Vesicles (OMV). METHODS Native RgpA was purified from P. gingivalis strain ATCC33277 OMV using a strategy including ultracentrifugation, sonication, and successive anionic and cationic fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC). The presence and purity of the protease were confirmed by SDS-PAGE and detection of protease activity using fluorogenic substrates. Rat antibodies produced against the unique adhesin hemagglutinin (H1) domain of RgpA (amino acids 719-865) were titrated by ELISA at a 1:100 dilution using whole P. gingivalis lysate as an antigen and western blotting to detect a 75 kDa band corresponding to RgpA. RESULTS Double anionic-cationic FLPC yielded prominent peaks with evident amidolytic gingipain activity of the appropriate molecular weight, as confirmed by western blotting. The final RgpA yield from 1 L of bacterial culture with colony forming unit (CFU) (Log10) 7.4 ± 0.08/mL was of 12.6% (2 mg/mL), with 3.2 FU/μg of amidolytic activity. CONCLUSIONS This protocol allows purification of native RgpA from OMV that retains protease activity.
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Kim S, Bando Y, Chang C, Kwon J, Tarverti B, Kim D, Lee SH, Ton-That H, Kim R, Nara PL, Park NH. Topical application of Porphyromonas gingivalis into the gingival pocket in mice leads to chronic‑active infection, periodontitis and systemic inflammation. Int J Mol Med 2022; 50:103. [PMID: 35703359 PMCID: PMC9242655 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2022.5159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), one of the 'red-complex' perio-pathogens known to play a critical role in the development of periodontitis, has been used in various animal models to mimic human bacteria-induced periodontitis. In order to achieve a more realistic animal model of human Pg infection, the present study investigated whether repeated small-volume topical applications of Pg directly into the gingival pocket can induce local infection, including periodontitis and systemic vascular inflammation in wild-type mice. Freshly cultured Pg was topically applied directly into the gingival pocket of the second molars for 5 weeks (3 times/week). After the final application, the mice were left in cages for 4 or 8 weeks and sacrificed. The status of Pg colony formation in the pocket, gingival inflammation, alveolar bone loss, the expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the serum and aorta, the presence of anti-Pg lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and gingipain (Kpg and RgpB) antibodies in the serum, as well as the accumulation of Pg LPS and gingipain aggregates in the gingiva and arterial wall were evaluated. The topical application of Pg into the gingival pocket induced the following local and systemic pathohistological changes in mice when examined at 4 or 8 weeks after the final topical Pg application: Pg colonization in the majority of gingival pockets; increased gingival pocket depths; gingival inflammation indicated by the increased expression of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β; significant loss of alveolar bone at the sites of topical Pg application; and increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-17, IL-13, KC and IFN-γ in the serum in comparison to those from mice receiving PBS. In addition, the Pg application/colonization model induced anti-Pg LPS and gingipain antibodies in serum, as well as the accumulation of Pg LPS and gingipain aggregates in the gingivae and arterial walls. To the best of our knowledge, this mouse model represents the first example of creating a more sustained local infection in the gingival tissues of wild-type mice and may prove to be useful for the investigation of the more natural and complete pathogenesis of the bacteria in the development of local oral and systemic diseases, such as atherosclerosis. It may also be useful for the determination of a treatment/prevention/efficacy model associated with Pg-induced colonization periodontitis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Kim
- The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yasuhiko Bando
- The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Chungyu Chang
- Section of Oral Biology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jeonga Kwon
- The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Berta Tarverti
- The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Doohyun Kim
- The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sung Hee Lee
- The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Hung Ton-That
- Section of Oral Biology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Reuben Kim
- The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Peter L Nara
- Keystone Bio Incorporated, Suite 200, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - No-Hee Park
- The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Vaillancourt K, Ben Lagha A, Grenier D. Effects of a Berry Polyphenolic Fraction on the Pathogenic Properties of Porphyromonas gingivalis. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2022; 3:923663. [PMID: 35784661 PMCID: PMC9245044 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2022.923663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis expresses a broad array of virulence factors that enable it to play a central role in the etiopathogenesis of periodontitis. The objective of the present study was to assess the effects of a berry polyphenolic fraction (Orophenol®) composed of extracts from cranberry, wild blueberry, and strawberry on the main pathogenic determinants of P. gingivalis. Orophenol® attenuated the growth of P. gingivalis and decreased its hemolytic activity, its adherence to a basement membrane matrix model, and its proteinase activities. The berry polyphenolic fraction also impaired the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by oral keratinocytes stimulated with P. gingivalis. Lastly, using an in vitro model of oral keratinocyte barrier, the fraction exerted a protective effect against the damages mediated by P. gingivalis. In conclusion, the berry polyphenolic fraction investigated in the present study attenuated several pathogenic properties of P. gingivalis. Although future clinical investigations are required, our study provided evidence that the polyphenols contained in this fraction may represent bioactive molecules of high interest for the prevention and/or treatment of periodontal disease.
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Vaillancourt K, Ben Lagha A, Grenier D. A Phenolic-rich Extract of Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) Beans Impairs the Pathogenic Properties of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Attenuates the Activation of Nuclear Factor Kappa B in a Monocyte Model. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2022; 3:867793. [PMID: 35392377 PMCID: PMC8980215 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2022.867793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis, an inflammatory disease that affects tooth-supporting tissues, is the result of a polymicrobial infection involving mainly Gram negative anaerobic bacteria. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of a phenolic-rich extract of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) beans on the pathogenic properties of Porphyromonas gingivalis, which is well-known as a keystone pathogen in the development of periodontitis. The effect of the cocoa extract on P. gingivalis-induced activation of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) transcription factor in a monocyte model was also assessed. The cocoa extract, whose major phenolic compound was epicatechin, inhibited the growth, hemolytic activity, proteolytic activities, and adherence properties (basement membrane matrix, erythrocytes) of P. gingivalis in a dose-dependent manner. It also protected the barrier function of a keratinocyte model against the deleterious effects mediated by P. gingivalis, and attenuated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by oral keratinocytes treated with P. gingivalis. Lastly, the cocoa extract showed an anti-inflammatory property by preventing P. gingivalis-induced NF-κB activation in monocytes. In conclusion, this in vitro study highlighted the potential value of an epicatechin-rich extract of cocoa beans for preventing and/or treating periodontal diseases.
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Braun ML, Tomek MB, Grünwald-Gruber C, Nguyen PQ, Bloch S, Potempa JS, Andrukhov O, Schäffer C. Shut-Down of Type IX Protein Secretion Alters the Host Immune Response to Tannerella forsythia and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:835509. [PMID: 35223555 PMCID: PMC8869499 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.835509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tannerella forsythia and Porphyromonas gingivalis target distinct virulence factors bearing a structurally conserved C-terminal domain (CTD) to the type IX protein secretion system (T9SS). The T9SS comprises an outer membrane translocation complex which works in concert with a signal peptidase for CTD cleavage. Among prominent T9SS cargo linked to periodontal diseases are the TfsA and TfsB components of T. forsythia’s cell surface (S-) layer, the bacterium’s BspA surface antigen and a set of cysteine proteinases (gingipains) from P. gingivalis. To assess the overall role of the bacterial T9SS in the host response, human macrophages and human gingival fibroblasts were stimulated with T. forsythia and P. gingivalis wild-type bacteria and T9SS signal peptidase-deficient mutants defective in protein secretion, respectively. The immunostimulatory potential of these bacteria was compared by analyzing the mRNA expression levels of the pro-inflammatory mediators IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1 and TNF-α by qPCR and by measuring the production of the corresponding proteins by ELISA. Shot-gun proteomics analysis of T. forsythia and P. gingivalis outer membrane preparations confirmed that several CTD-bearing virulence factors which interact with the human immune system were depleted from the signal peptidase mutants, supportive of effective T9SS shut-down. Three and, more profoundly, 16 hours post stimulation, the T. forsythia T9SS mutant induced significantly less production of cytokines and the chemokine in human cells compared to the corresponding parent strain, while the opposite was observed for the P. gingivalis T9SS mutant. Our data indicate that T9SS shut-down translates into an altered inflammatory response in periodontal pathogens. Thus, the T9SS as a potential novel target for periodontal therapy needs further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias L. Braun
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, NanoGlycobiology Unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus B. Tomek
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, NanoGlycobiology Unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Clemens Grünwald-Gruber
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Phuong Q. Nguyen
- Competence Center for Periodontal Research, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Susanne Bloch
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, NanoGlycobiology Unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jan S. Potempa
- Oral Health and Systemic Disease Group, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Oleh Andrukhov
- Competence Center for Periodontal Research, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Christina Schäffer, ; Oleh Andrukhov,
| | - Christina Schäffer
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, NanoGlycobiology Unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Christina Schäffer, ; Oleh Andrukhov,
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12
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Complementation in trans of Porphyromonas gingivalis Lipopolysaccharide Biosynthetic Mutants Demonstrates Lipopolysaccharide Exchange. J Bacteriol 2021; 203:JB.00631-20. [PMID: 33685973 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00631-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis, a bacterial pathogen contributing to human periodontitis, exports and anchors cargo proteins to its surface, enabling the production of black pigmentation using a type IX secretion system (T9SS) and conjugation to anionic lipopolysaccharide (A-LPS). To determine whether T9SS components need to be assembled in situ for correct secretion and A-LPS modification of cargo proteins, combinations of nonpigmented mutants lacking A-LPS or a T9SS component were mixed to investigate in trans complementation. Reacquisition of pigmentation occurred only between an A-LPS mutant and a T9SS mutant, which coincided with A-LPS modification of cargo proteins detected by Western blotting and coimmunoprecipitation/quantitative mass spectrometry. Complementation also occurred using an A-LPS mutant mixed with outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) or purified A-LPS. Fluorescence experiments demonstrated that OMVs can fuse with and transfer lipid to P. gingivalis, leading to the conclusion that complementation of T9SS function occurred through A-LPS transfer between cells. None of the two-strain crosses involving only the five T9SS OM component mutants produced black pigmentation, implying that the OM proteins cannot be transferred in a manner that restores function and surface pigmentation, and hence, a more ordered temporal in situ assembly of T9SS components may be required. Our results show that LPS can be transferred between cells or between cells and OMVs to complement deficiencies in LPS biosynthesis and hemin-related pigmentation to reveal a potentially new mechanism by which the oral microbial community is modulated to produce clinical consequences in the human host.IMPORTANCE Porphyromonas gingivalis is a keystone pathogen contributing to periodontitis in humans, leading to tooth loss. The oral microbiota is essential in this pathogenic process and changes from predominantly Gram-positive (health) to predominantly Gram-negative (disease) species. P. gingivalis uses its type IX secretion system (T9SS) to secrete and conjugate virulence proteins to anionic lipopolysaccharide (A-LPS). This study investigated whether components of this secretion system could be complemented and found that it was possible for A-LPS biosynthetic mutants to be complemented in trans both by strains that had the A-LPS on the cell surface and by exogenous sources of A-LPS. This is the first known example of LPS exchange in a human bacterial pathogen which causes disease through complex microbiota-host interactions.
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13
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Oleoresins and naturally occurring compounds of Copaifera genus as antibacterial and antivirulence agents against periodontal pathogens. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4953. [PMID: 33654123 PMCID: PMC7925542 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84480-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasion of periodontal tissues by Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans can be associated with aggressive forms of periodontitis. Oleoresins from different copaifera species and their compounds display various pharmacological properties. The present study evaluates the antibacterial and antivirulence activity of oleoresins obtained from different copaifera species and of ten isolated compounds against two causative agents of periodontitis. The following assays were performed: determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), determination of the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and determination of the antibiofilm activity by inhibition of biofilm formation and biofilm eradication tests. The antivirulence activity was assessed by hemagglutination, P. gingivalis Arg-X and Lis-X cysteine protease inhibition assay, and A. actinomycetemcomitans leukotoxin inhibition assay. The MIC and MBC of the oleoresins and isolated compounds 1, 2, and 3 ranged from 1.59 to 50 μg/mL against P. gingivalis (ATCC 33277) and clinical isolates and from 6.25 to 400 μg/mL against A. actinomycetemcomitans (ATCC 43717) and clinical isolates. About the antibiofilm activity, the oleoresins and isolated compounds 1, 2, and 3 inhibited biofilm formation by at least 50% and eradicated pre-formed P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans biofilms in the monospecies and multispecies modes. A promising activity concerning cysteine protease and leucotoxin inhibition was also evident. In addition, molecular docking analysis was performed. The investigated oleoresins and their compounds may play an important role in the search for novel sources of agents that can act against periodontal pathogens.
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14
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Farrugia C, Stafford GP, Potempa J, Wilkinson RN, Chen Y, Murdoch C, Widziolek M. Mechanisms of vascular damage by systemic dissemination of the oral pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis. FEBS J 2021; 288:1479-1495. [PMID: 32681704 PMCID: PMC9994420 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have shown a clear association between periodontal disease and increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), a key oral pathogen, and its cell surface-expressed gingipains, induce oedema in a zebrafish larvae infection model although the mechanism of these vascular effects is unknown. Here, we aimed to determine whether Pg-induced vascular damage is mediated by gingipains. In vitro, human endothelial cells from different vascular beds were invaded by wild-type (W83) but not gingipain-deficient (ΔK/R-ab) Pg. W83 infection resulted in increased endothelial permeability as well as decreased cell surface abundance of endothelial adhesion molecules PECAM-1 and VE-cadherin compared to infection with ΔK/R-ab. In agreement, when transgenic zebrafish larvae expressing fluorescently labelled PECAM-1 or VE-cadherin were systemically infected with W83 or ΔK/R-ab, a significant reduction in adhesion molecule fluorescence was observed specifically in endothelium proximal to W83 bacteria through a gingipain-dependent mechanism. Furthermore, this was associated with increased vascular permeability in vivo when assessed by dextran leakage microangiography. These data are the first to show that Pg directly mediates vascular damage in vivo by degrading PECAM-1 and VE-cadherin. Our data provide a molecular mechanism by which Pg might contribute to cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cher Farrugia
- School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Jan Potempa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.,Department of Oral Immunity and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, KY, USA
| | | | - Yan Chen
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Medical School, University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Craig Murdoch
- School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Magdalena Widziolek
- School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, UK.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.,Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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15
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Ben Lagha A, Pellerin G, Vaillancourt K, Grenier D. Effects of a tart cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) phenolic extract on Porphyromonas gingivalis and its ability to impair the oral epithelial barrier. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246194. [PMID: 33497417 PMCID: PMC7837497 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontal diseases, including gingivitis and periodontitis, are a global oral health problem. Porphyromonas gingivalis, a key pathogen involved in the onset of periodontitis, is able to colonize the subgingival epithelium and invade the underlying connective tissue due to the contribution of cysteine proteases known as gingipains. In this study, we investigated the effects of a phenolic extract prepared from tart cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) juice on the growth, adherence, and protease activity of P. gingivalis. We also assessed the protective effect of the tart cherry extract on the disruption of the oral epithelial barrier induced by P. gingivalis. The tart cherry extract that contains procyanidins and quercetin and its derivatives (rutinoside, glucoside) as the most important phenolic compounds attenuated P. gingivalis growth, reduced adherence to an experimental basement membrane matrix model, and decreased the protease activities of P. gingivalis. The tart cherry extract also exerted a protective effect on the integrity of the oral epithelial barrier in an in vitro model infected with P. gingivalis. More specifically, the extract prevented a decrease in transepithelial electrical resistance as well as the destruction of tight junction proteins (zonula occludens-1 and occludin). These results suggest that the tart cherry phenolic extract may be a promising natural product for the treatment of periodontitis through its ability to attenuate the virulence properties of P. gingivalis and curtail the ability of this pathogen to impair the oral epithelial barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amel Ben Lagha
- Oral Ecology Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Geneviève Pellerin
- Oral Ecology Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Katy Vaillancourt
- Oral Ecology Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Daniel Grenier
- Oral Ecology Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- * E-mail:
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16
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Pierce JV, Fellows JD, Anderson DE, Bernstein HD. A clostripain-like protease plays a major role in generating the secretome of enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis. Mol Microbiol 2020; 115:290-304. [PMID: 32996200 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Bacteroides fragilis toxin (BFT) is a protein secreted by enterotoxigenic (ETBF) strains of B. fragilis. BFT is synthesized as a proprotein (proBFT) that is predicted to be a lipoprotein and that is cleaved into two discrete fragments by a clostripain-like protease called fragipain (Fpn). In this study, we obtained evidence that Fpn cleaves proBFT following its transport across the outer membrane. Remarkably, we also found that the disruption of the fpn gene led to a strong reduction in the level of >100 other proteins, many of which are predicted to be lipoproteins, in the culture medium of an ETBF strain. Experiments performed with purified Fpn provided direct evidence that the protease releases at least some of these proteins from the cell surface. The observation that wild-type cells outcompeted an fpn- strain in co-cultivation assays also supported the notion that Fpn plays an important role in cell physiology and is not simply dedicated to toxin biogenesis. Finally, we found that purified Fpn altered the adhesive properties of HT29 intestinal epithelial cells. Our results suggest that Fpn is a broad-spectrum protease that not only catalyzes the protein secretion on a wide scale but that also potentially cleaves host cell proteins during colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica V Pierce
- Genetics and Biochemistry Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Justin D Fellows
- Genetics and Biochemistry Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - D Eric Anderson
- Advanced Mass Spectrometry Facility, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Harris D Bernstein
- Genetics and Biochemistry Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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17
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Nemoto TK, Ohara Nemoto Y. Dipeptidyl-peptidases: Key enzymes producing entry forms of extracellular proteins in asaccharolytic periodontopathic bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis. Mol Oral Microbiol 2020; 36:145-156. [PMID: 33006264 PMCID: PMC8048996 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis, a pathogen of chronic periodontitis, is an asaccharolytic microorganism that solely utilizes nutritional amino acids as its energy source and cellular constituents. The bacterium is considered to incorporate proteinaceous nutrients mainly as dipeptides, thus exopeptidases that produce dipeptides from polypeptides are critical for survival and proliferation. We present here an overview of dipeptide production by P. gingivalis mediated by dipeptidyl-peptidases (DPPs), e.g., DPP4, DPP5, DPP7, and DPP11, serine exopeptidases localized in periplasm, which release dipeptides from the N-terminus of polypeptides. Additionally, two other exopeptidases, acylpeptidyl-oligopeptidase (AOP) and prolyl tripeptidyl-peptidase A (PTP-A), which liberate N-terminal acylated di-/tri-peptides and tripeptides with Pro at the third position, respectively, provide polypeptides in an acceptable form for DPPs. Hence, a large fraction of dipeptides is produced from nutritional polypeptides by DPPs with differential specificities in combination with AOP and PTP-A. The resultant dipeptides are then incorporated across the inner membrane mainly via a proton-dependent oligopeptide transporter (POT), a member of the major facilitator superfamily. Recent studies also indicate that DPP4 and DPP7 directly link between periodontal and systemic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and coagulation abnormality, respectively. Therefore, these dipeptide-producing and incorporation molecules are considered to be potent targets for prevention and treatment of periodontal and related systemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki K Nemoto
- Department of Oral Molecular Biology, Course of Medical and Dental Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yuko Ohara Nemoto
- Department of Oral Molecular Biology, Course of Medical and Dental Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
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18
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Nunes JM, Fillis T, Page MJ, Venter C, Lancry O, Kell DB, Windberger U, Pretorius E. Gingipain R1 and Lipopolysaccharide From Porphyromonas gingivalis Have Major Effects on Blood Clot Morphology and Mechanics. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1551. [PMID: 32793214 PMCID: PMC7393971 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:Porphyromonas gingivalis and its inflammagens are associated with a number of systemic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes (T2DM). The proteases, gingipains, have also recently been identified in the brains of Alzheimer's disease patients and in the blood of Parkinson's disease patients. Bacterial inflammagens, including lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) and various proteases in circulation, may drive systemic inflammation. Methods: Here, we investigate the effects of the bacterial products LPS from Escherichia coli and Porphyromonas gingivalis, and also the P. gingivalis gingipain [recombinant P. gingivalis gingipain R1 (RgpA)], on clot architecture and clot formation in whole blood and plasma from healthy individuals, as well as in purified fibrinogen models. Structural analysis of clots was performed using confocal microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and AFM-Raman imaging. We use thromboelastography® (TEG®) and rheometry to compare the static and dynamic mechanical properties of clots. Results: We found that these inflammagens may interact with fibrin(ogen) and this interaction causes anomalous blood clotting. Conclusions: These techniques, in combination, provide insight into the effects of these bacterial products on cardiovascular health, and particularly clot structure and mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Massimo Nunes
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Tristan Fillis
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Martin J Page
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Chantelle Venter
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Ophélie Lancry
- HORIBA Scientific, HORIBA FRANCE SAS, Villeneuve-d'Ascq, France
| | - Douglas B Kell
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ursula Windberger
- Decentralised Biomedical Facilities, Centre for Biomedical Research, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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19
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Trinh NTT, Tran HQ, Van Dong Q, Cambillau C, Roussel A, Leone P. Crystal structure of Type IX secretion system PorE C-terminal domain from Porphyromonas gingivalis in complex with a peptidoglycan fragment. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7384. [PMID: 32355178 PMCID: PMC7192894 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64115-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis, the major human pathogen associated to periodontal diseases, utilizes the Bacteroidetes-specific type IX secretion system (T9SS) to export virulence factors. PorE is a periplasmic multi-domain lipoprotein associated to the outer membrane that was recently identified as essential for T9SS function. Little is known on T9SS at the structural level, and in particular its interaction with peptidoglycan. This prompted us to carry out structural studies on PorE full length as well as on its four isolated domains. Here we report the crystal structure of the C-terminal OmpA_C-like putative peptidoglycan-binding domain at 1.55 Å resolution. An electron density volume was identified in the protein cleft, making it possible to build a naturally-occurring peptidoglycan fragment. This result suggests that PorE interacts with peptidoglycan and that PorE could anchor T9SS to the cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhung Thi Trang Trinh
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 7257, 163 Avenue de Luminy, Case 932, 13009, Marseille, France.,Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7257, 163 Avenue de Luminy, Case 932, 13009, Marseille, France.,Faculty of Medical Technology, PHENIKAA University, Yen Nghia, Ha Dong, Hanoi 12116, Vietnam.,PHENIKAA Research and Technology Institute (PRATI), A&A Green Phoenix Group JSC, No. 167 Hoang Ngan, Trung Hoa, Cau Giay, Hanoi 11313, Vietnam
| | - Hieu Quang Tran
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 7257, 163 Avenue de Luminy, Case 932, 13009, Marseille, France.,Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7257, 163 Avenue de Luminy, Case 932, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Quyen Van Dong
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology. 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Ha Noi, Vietnam.,University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology. 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Christian Cambillau
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 7257, 163 Avenue de Luminy, Case 932, 13009, Marseille, France.,Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7257, 163 Avenue de Luminy, Case 932, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Alain Roussel
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 7257, 163 Avenue de Luminy, Case 932, 13009, Marseille, France.,Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7257, 163 Avenue de Luminy, Case 932, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Leone
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 7257, 163 Avenue de Luminy, Case 932, 13009, Marseille, France. .,Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7257, 163 Avenue de Luminy, Case 932, 13009, Marseille, France.
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20
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Hočevar K, Vizovišek M, Wong A, Kozieł J, Fonović M, Potempa B, Lamont RJ, Potempa J, Turk B. Proteolysis of Gingival Keratinocyte Cell Surface Proteins by Gingipains Secreted From Porphyromonas gingivalis - Proteomic Insights Into Mechanisms Behind Tissue Damage in the Diseased Gingiva. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:722. [PMID: 32411104 PMCID: PMC7198712 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis, the main etiologic agent of periodontitis, secretes cysteine proteases named gingipains. HRgpA and RgpB gingipains have Arg-specificity, while Kgp gingipain is Lys-specific. Together they can cleave an array of proteins and importantly contribute to the development of periodontitis. In this study we focused on gingipain-exerted proteolysis at the cell surface of human gingival epithelial cells [telomerase immortalized gingival keratinocytes (TIGK)] in order to better understand the molecular mechanisms behind tissue destruction in periodontitis. Using mass spectrometry, we investigated the whole sheddome/degradome of TIGK cell surface proteins by P. gingivalis strains differing in gingipain expression and by purified gingipains, and performed the first global proteomic analysis of gignpain proteolysis at the membrane. Incubation of TIGK cells with P. gingivalis resulted in massive degradation of proteins already at low multiplicity of infection, whereas incubating cells with purified gingipains resulted in more discrete patterns, indicative of a combination of complete degradation and shedding of membrane proteins. Most of the identified gingipain substrates were molecules involved in adhesion, suggesting that gingipains may cause tissue damage through cleavage of cell contacts, resulting in cell detachment and rounding, and consequently leading to anoikis. However, HRgpA and RgpB gingipains differ in their mechanism of action. While RgpB rapidly degraded the proteins, HRgpA exhibited a much slower proteolysis indicative of ectodomain shedding, as demonstrated for the transferrin receptor protein 1 (TFRC). These results reveal a molecular underpinning to P. gingivalis-induced tissue destruction and enhance our knowledge of the role of P. gingivalis proteases in the pathobiology of periodontitis. Proteomics data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD015679.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Hočevar
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- International Postgraduate School Jožef Stefan, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matej Vizovišek
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Alicia Wong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Joanna Kozieł
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marko Fonović
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Barbara Potempa
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Richard J. Lamont
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Jan Potempa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Boris Turk
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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21
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Hočevar K, Potempa J, Turk B. Host cell-surface proteins as substrates of gingipains, the main proteases of Porphyromonas gingivalis. Biol Chem 2019; 399:1353-1361. [PMID: 29927743 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Gingipains are extracellular cysteine proteases of the oral pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis and are its most potent virulence factors. They can degrade a great variety of host proteins, thereby helping the bacterium to evade the host immune response, deregulate signaling pathways, trigger anoikis and, finally, cause tissue destruction. Host cell-surface proteins targeted by gingipains are the main focus of this review and span three groups of substrates: immune-regulatory proteins, signaling pathways regulators and adhesion molecules. The analysis of published data revealed that gingipains predominantly inactivate their substrates by cleaving them at one or more sites, or through complete degradation. Sometimes, gingipains were even found to initially shed their membrane substrates, but this was mostly just the first step in the degradation of cell-surface proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Hočevar
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.,International Postgraduate School Jožef Stefan, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jan Potempa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.,Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Boris Turk
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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22
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Bryzek D, Ciaston I, Dobosz E, Gasiorek A, Makarska A, Sarna M, Eick S, Puklo M, Lech M, Potempa B, Potempa J, Koziel J. Triggering NETosis via protease-activated receptor (PAR)-2 signaling as a mechanism of hijacking neutrophils function for pathogen benefits. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007773. [PMID: 31107907 PMCID: PMC6544335 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil-derived networks of DNA-composed extracellular fibers covered with antimicrobial molecules, referred to as neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), are recognized as a physiological microbicidal mechanism of innate immunity. The formation of NETs is also classified as a model of a cell death called NETosis. Despite intensive research on the NETs formation in response to pathogens, the role of specific bacteria-derived virulence factors in this process, although postulated, is still poorly understood. The aim of our study was to determine the role of gingipains, cysteine proteases responsible for the virulence of P. gingivalis, on the NETosis process induced by this major periodontopathogen. We showed that NETosis triggered by P. gingivalis is gingipain dependent since in the stark contrast to the wild-type strain (W83) the gingipain-null mutant strain only slightly induced the NETs formation. Furthermore, the direct effect of proteases on NETosis was documented using purified gingipains. Notably, the induction of NETosis was dependent on the catalytic activity of gingipains, since proteolytically inactive forms of enzymes showed reduced ability to trigger the NETs formation. Mechanistically, gingipain-induced NETosis was dependent on proteolytic activation of protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2). Intriguingly, both P. gingivalis and purified Arg-specific gingipains (Rgp) induced NETs that not only lacked bactericidal activity but instead stimulated the growth of bacteria species otherwise susceptible to killing in NETs. This protection was executed by proteolysis of bactericidal components of NETs. Taken together, gingipains play a dual role in NETosis: they are the potent direct inducers of NETs formation but in the same time, their activity prevents P. gingivalis entrapment and subsequent killing. This may explain a paradox that despite the massive accumulation of neutrophils and NETs formation in periodontal pockets periodontal pathogens and associated pathobionts thrive in this environment. Periodontitis, or gum disease, is characterized by chronic inflammation and erosion of the tooth-supporting tissues. The condition is fuelled by bacterial accumulation on the tooth surface below the gum line that resists the host innate immune response, including massive accumulation of neutrophils. Despite possessing a formidable array of bactericidal machineries, including neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation whereby neutrophils release DNA-composed fibers decorated with bactericidal proteins and peptides to efficiently trap and kill bacteria. Nevertheless, neutrophils in periodontitis are unable to clear the infection due to the presence of key periodontal pathogens, including Porphyromonas gingivalis. This bacterium secretes a variety of virulence factors, including proteases (gingipains) that allow the organism to manipulate the host immune response to benefit the entire dysbiotic microbial community. Here, we describe a unique strategy whereby P. gingivalis trigger NET formation through gingipain-dependent cleavage of Protease Activated Receptor (PAR)-2 on the neutrophil surface. Importantly, NETs formed in this way are deficient in antibacterial activity but instead, supports bacterial growth due to degradation of bactericidal components by gingipains. This finding may explain a paradox that dysbiotic bacteria flourished in periodontal pockets in spite of massive accumulation of neutrophils and abundant NETs formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danuta Bryzek
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Izabela Ciaston
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewelina Dobosz
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Gasiorek
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Makarska
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Michal Sarna
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Sigrun Eick
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Magdalena Puklo
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Maciej Lech
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Department of Nephrology, Munich, Germany
| | - Barbara Potempa
- Department of Oral Immunity and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Jan Potempa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Department of Oral Immunity and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JP); (JK)
| | - Joanna Koziel
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- * E-mail: (JP); (JK)
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The Role of the Microbiota in the Diabetic Peripheral Artery Disease. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:4128682. [PMID: 31205450 PMCID: PMC6530226 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4128682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular complications of diabetes mellitus represent a major public health problem. Although many steps forward have been made to define the causes and to find the best possible therapies, the problem remains crucial. In recent years, more and more evidences have defined a link between microbiota and the initiation, promotion, and evolution of atherosclerotic disease, even in the diabetic scenario. There is an urgency to develop the knowledge of modern medicine about the link between gut microbiota and its host's metabolic pathways, and it would be useful to understand and justify the interindividual diversity of clinical disease presentation of diabetic vascular complication even if an optimization of pharmacological treatment has been made or in the case of young patients where hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes are not able to justify a very quick progress of atherosclerotic process. The aim of the present review is to gather all the best available evidence in this regard and to define a new role of the microbiota in this field, from biomarker to possible therapeutic target.
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Miller DP, Hutcherson JA, Wang Y, Nowakowska ZM, Potempa J, Yoder-Himes DR, Scott DA, Whiteley M, Lamont RJ. Genes Contributing to Porphyromonas gingivalis Fitness in Abscess and Epithelial Cell Colonization Environments. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:378. [PMID: 28900609 PMCID: PMC5581868 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is an important cause of serious periodontal diseases, and is emerging as a pathogen in several systemic conditions including some forms of cancer. Initial colonization by P. gingivalis involves interaction with gingival epithelial cells, and the organism can also access host tissues and spread haematogenously. To better understand the mechanisms underlying these properties, we utilized a highly saturated transposon insertion library of P. gingivalis, and assessed the fitness of mutants during epithelial cell colonization and survival in a murine abscess model by high-throughput sequencing (Tn-Seq). Transposon insertions in many genes previously suspected as contributing to virulence showed significant fitness defects in both screening assays. In addition, a number of genes not previously associated with P. gingivalis virulence were identified as important for fitness. We further examined fitness defects of four such genes by generating defined mutations. Genes encoding a carbamoyl phosphate synthetase, a replication-associated recombination protein, a nitrosative stress responsive HcpR transcription regulator, and RNase Z, a zinc phosphodiesterase, showed a fitness phenotype in epithelial cell colonization and in a competitive abscess infection. This study verifies the importance of several well-characterized putative virulence factors of P. gingivalis and identifies novel fitness determinants of the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Miller
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of LouisvilleLouisville, KY, United States
| | - Justin A Hutcherson
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of LouisvilleLouisville, KY, United States
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of LouisvilleLouisville, KY, United States
| | - Zuzanna M Nowakowska
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian UniversityKrakow, Poland
| | - Jan Potempa
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of LouisvilleLouisville, KY, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian UniversityKrakow, Poland.,Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian UniversityKrakow, Poland
| | | | - David A Scott
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of LouisvilleLouisville, KY, United States
| | - Marvin Whiteley
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at AustinAustin, TX, United States
| | - Richard J Lamont
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of LouisvilleLouisville, KY, United States
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26
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Glew MD, Veith PD, Chen D, Gorasia DG, Peng B, Reynolds EC. PorV is an Outer Membrane Shuttle Protein for the Type IX Secretion System. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8790. [PMID: 28821836 PMCID: PMC5562754 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09412-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a keystone pathogen associated with chronic periodontitis. Major virulence factors named gingipains (cysteine proteinases, RgpA, RgpB and Kgp) are secreted via the Type IX Secretion System (T9SS). These, together with approximately 30 other proteins, are secreted to the cell surface and anchored to the outer membrane by covalent modification to anionic lipopolysaccharide (A-LPS) via the novel Gram negative sortase, PorU. PorU is localised on the cell surface and cleaves the C-terminal domain signal (CTD) of T9SS substrates and conjugates their new C-termini to A-LPS. A 440 kDa-attachment complex was identified in the wild-type (WT) comprising of PorU:PorV:PorQ:PorZ. In mutant strains, sub-complexes comprising PorU:PorV or PorQ:PorZ were also identified at smaller native sizes suggesting that PorU and PorZ are anchored to the cell surface via interaction with the PorV and PorQ outer membrane proteins, respectively. Analysis of porU mutants and a CTD cleavage mutant revealed accumulation of immature T9SS substrates in a PorV-bound form. Quantitative label-free proteomics of WT whole cell lysates estimated that the proportion of secretion channels:attachment complexes:free PorV:T9SS substrates was 1:6:110:2000 supporting a role for PorV as a shuttle protein delivering secreted proteins to the attachment complex for CTD signal cleavage and A-LPS modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle D Glew
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Paul D Veith
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Dina Chen
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Dhana G Gorasia
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ben Peng
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Eric C Reynolds
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
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Nakayama M, Ohara N. Molecular mechanisms of Porphyromonas gingivalis-host cell interaction on periodontal diseases. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2017; 53:134-140. [PMID: 29201258 PMCID: PMC5703693 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) is a major oral pathogen and associated with periodontal diseases including periodontitis and alveolar bone loss. In this review, we indicate that two virulence factors, which are hemoglobin receptor protein (HbR) and cysteine proteases “gingipains”, expressed by P. gingivalis have novel functions on the pathogenicity of P. gingivalis. P. gingivalis produces three types of gingipains and concomitantly several adhesin domains. Among the adhesin domains, hemoglobin receptor protein (HbR), also called HGP15, has the function of induction of interleukin-8 (IL-8) expression in human gingival epithelial cells, indicating the possibility that HbR is associated with P. gingivalis-induced periodontal inflammation. On bacteria-host cells contact, P. gingivalis induces cellular signaling alteration in host cells. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and Akt are well known to play a pivotal role in various cellular physiological functions including cell survival and glucose metabolism in mammalian cells. Recently, we demonstrated that gingipains attenuate the activity of PI3K and Akt, which might have a causal influence on periodontal diseases by chronic infection to the host cells from the speculation of molecular analysis. In this review, we discuss new molecular and biological characterization of the virulence factors from P. gingivalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Nakayama
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.,The Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Dental School, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Naoya Ohara
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.,The Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Dental School, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
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28
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Abdi K, Chen T, Klein BA, Tai AK, Coursen J, Liu X, Skinner J, Periasamy S, Choi Y, Kessler BM, Palmer RJ, Gittis A, Matzinger P, Duncan MJ, Singh NJ. Mechanisms by which Porphyromonas gingivalis evades innate immunity. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182164. [PMID: 28771533 PMCID: PMC5542538 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The oral cavity is home to unique resident microbial communities whose interactions with host immunity are less frequently studied than those of the intestinal microbiome. We examined the stimulatory capacity and the interactions of two oral bacteria, Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) and Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum), on Dendritic Cell (DC) activation, comparing them to the effects of the well-studied intestinal microbe Escherichia coli (E. coli). Unlike F. nucleatum and E. coli, P. gingivalis failed to activate DCs, and in fact silenced DC responses induced by F. nucleatum or E. coli. We identified a variant strain of P. gingivalis (W50) that lacked this immunomodulatory activity. Using biochemical approaches and whole genome sequencing to compare the two substrains, we found a point mutation in the hagA gene. This protein is though to be involved in the alteration of the PorSS/gingipain pathway, which regulates protein secretion into the extracellular environment. A proteomic comparison of the secreted products of the two substrains revealed enzymatic differences corresponding to this phenotype. We found that P. gingivalis secretes gingipain(s) that inactivate several key proinflammatory mediators made by DCs and/or T cells, but spare Interleukin-1 (IL-1) and GM-CSF, which can cause capillary leaks that serve as a source of the heme that P. gingivalis requires for its survival, and GM-CSF, which can cause epithelial-cell growth. Taken together, our results suggest that P. gingivalis has evolved potent mechanisms to modulate its virulence factors and dampen the innate immune response by selectively inactivating most proinflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaveh Abdi
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Tsute Chen
- Department of Microbiology, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Brian A. Klein
- Department of Microbiology, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Albert K. Tai
- TUCF Genomics, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jill Coursen
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Xiangdong Liu
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jeff Skinner
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Saravanan Periasamy
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Youngnim Choi
- Department of Oromaxillofacial Infection & Immunity, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Benedikt M. Kessler
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J. Palmer
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Apostolos Gittis
- Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Polly Matzinger
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Margaret J. Duncan
- Department of Microbiology, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nevil J. Singh
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Baltimore, Maryland United States of America
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Nakayama M, Ohara N. Novel function of Porphyromonas gingivalis gingipains in the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. J Oral Biosci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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30
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Estemalik J, Demko C, Bissada NF, Joshi N, Bodner D, Shankar E, Gupta S. Simultaneous Detection of Oral Pathogens in Subgingival Plaque and Prostatic Fluid of Men With Periodontal and Prostatic Diseases. J Periodontol 2017; 88:823-829. [PMID: 28548883 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2017.160477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic prostatitis (CPr) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) are complex inflammatory conditions for which etiologic determinants are still poorly defined. Periodontitis is caused by subgingival colonizing bacteria in the oral cavity. The causal effect of periodontal disease on prostatic inflammation has not been established. The purpose of this study is to isolate oral pathogens from expressed prostatic secretions of patients with periodontal disease and CPr or BPH. METHODS Twenty-four men diagnosed with CPr/BPH participated in the study. A complete periodontal examination consisting of probing depth, bleeding on probing, tooth mobility, gingival index, and plaque index was performed on the men, and prostatic secretion was collected for the study. Dental plaque and prostatic secretion samples were used for analysis of bacterial DNA for Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Prevotella intermedia (Pi), Treponema denticola (Td), and Escherichia coli using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Six patients were diagnosed with severe, seven with moderate, and four with mild chronic periodontitis. Seventeen of 24 (70.8%) of the prostatic secretion samples showed one or more of the studied oral pathogens. Nine of 10 BPH and eight of 14 patients with CPr had at least one oral pathogen in their prostatic secretions. Pg was found in both prostatic secretion and plaque samples in six of 17 (35.3%) patients, Td was found in both samples in seven of 15 (46.7%) patients, and E. coli was found in both samples in three of 15 (20%) patients. Pi was detected in all dental plaque samples but not in the prostatic secretion. CONCLUSION An association between chronic inflammatory prostate and periodontal diseases has been demonstrated by the presence of similar bacterial DNA in both prostatic secretion and subgingival dental plaque from the same individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Estemalik
- Department of Periodontics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Catherine Demko
- Department of Community Dentistry, Case Western Reserve University
| | - Nabil F Bissada
- Department of Periodontics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Nishant Joshi
- Department of Periodontics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Donald Bodner
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University.,Urology Center, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH
| | - Eswar Shankar
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University.,Urology Center, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH
| | - Sanjay Gupta
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University.,Urology Center, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH
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31
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Flavan-3-ols and proanthocyanidins from Limonium brasiliense inhibit the adhesion of Porphyromonas gingivalis to epithelial host cells by interaction with gingipains. Fitoterapia 2017; 118:87-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Cao C, Luo X, Ji X, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang P, Zhong L. Osteopontin regulates the proliferation of rat aortic smooth muscle cells in response to gingipains treatment. Mol Cell Probes 2017; 33:51-56. [PMID: 28302392 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to explore the possible effects of osteopontin (OPN) in the proliferation of rat aortic smooth muscle cells (RASMCs) stimulated by gingipains. METHODS The proliferation of RASMCs in response to active gingipains treatment was evaluated by CCK-8 assay. OPN siRNA was designed, constructed and transfected into RASMCs at different concentrations. The cell cycle of RASMCs was analyzed by flow cytometry. OPN, α-SMA and calponin expression were examined by real-time PCR and western blot analysis. RESULTS Gingipains promoted the proliferation of RASMCs and OPN expression. With siRNA-mediated OPN expression knockdown, the cell cycle of RASMCs was blocked in the G0/G1 phase. Furthermore, the expression of specific differentiation markers, α-SMA and calponin, also decreased. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that OPN has an impact on the proliferation and differentiation of RASMCs stimulated by gingipains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Cao
- Department of Periodontology, Caochong Dental Clinic, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Xin Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, The Basic Medical Sciences College of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Xiaowei Ji
- Department of Periodontology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Stomatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Medical College of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; Department of Stomatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Pengtao Zhang
- Medical College of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; Department of Stomatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Liangjun Zhong
- Medical College of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; Department of Stomatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310015, China.
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33
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Vincent MS, Durand E, Cascales E. The PorX Response Regulator of the Porphyromonas gingivalis PorXY Two-Component System Does Not Directly Regulate the Type IX Secretion Genes but Binds the PorL Subunit. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:96. [PMID: 27630829 PMCID: PMC5005315 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The Type IX secretion system (T9SS) is a versatile multi-protein complex restricted to bacteria of the Bacteriodetes phylum and responsible for the secretion or cell surface exposition of diverse proteins that participate to S-layer formation, gliding motility or pathogenesis. The T9SS is poorly characterized but a number of proteins involved in the assembly of the secretion apparatus in the oral pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis have been identified based on genome substractive analyses. Among these proteins, PorY, and PorX encode typical two-component system (TCS) sensor and CheY-like response regulator respectively. Although the porX and porY genes do not localize at the same genetic locus, it has been proposed that PorXY form a bona fide TCS. Deletion of porX in P. gingivalis causes a slight decrease of the expression of a number of other T9SS genes, including sov, porT, porP, porK, porL, porM, porN, and porY. Here, we show that PorX and the soluble cytoplasmic domain of PorY interact. Using electrophoretic mobility shift, DNA-protein co-purification and heterologous host expression assays, we demonstrate that PorX does not bind T9SS gene promoters and does not directly regulate expression of the T9SS genes. Finally, we show that PorX interacts with the cytoplasmic domain of PorL, a component of the T9SS membrane core complex and propose that the CheY-like PorX protein might be involved in the dynamics of the T9SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxence S Vincent
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Macromoléculaires, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, Aix-Marseille Université - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UMR7255) Marseille, France
| | - Eric Durand
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Macromoléculaires, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, Aix-Marseille Université - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UMR7255) Marseille, France
| | - Eric Cascales
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Macromoléculaires, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, Aix-Marseille Université - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UMR7255) Marseille, France
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Reyes L, Herrera D, Kozarov E, Roldán S, Progulske-Fox A. Periodontal bacterial invasion and infection: contribution to atherosclerotic pathology. J Clin Periodontol 2016; 40 Suppl 14:S30-50. [PMID: 23627333 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this review was to perform a systematic evaluation of the literature reporting current scientific evidence for periodontal bacteria as contributors to atherosclerosis. METHODS Literature from epidemiological, clinical and experimental studies concerning periodontal bacteria and atherosclerosis were reviewed. Gathered data were categorized into seven "proofs" of evidence that periodontal bacteria: 1) disseminate from the oral cavity and reach systemic vascular tissues; 2) can be found in the affected tissues; 3) live within the affected site; 4) invade affected cell types in vitro; 5) induce atherosclerosis in animal models of disease; 6) non-invasive mutants of periodontal bacteria cause significantly reduced pathology in vitro and in vivo; and 7) periodontal isolates from human atheromas can cause disease in animal models of infection. RESULTS Substantial evidence for proofs 1 to 6 was found. However, proof 7 has not yet been fulfilled. CONCLUSIONS Despite the lack of evidence that periodontal bacteria obtained from human atheromas can cause atherosclerosis in animal models of infection, attainment of proofs 1 to 6 provides support that periodontal pathogens can contribute to atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Reyes
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry and Center for Molecular Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0424, USA
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Reyes L, Herrera D, Kozarov E, Roldá S, Progulske-Fox A. Periodontal bacterial invasion and infection: contribution to atherosclerotic pathology. J Periodontol 2016; 84:S30-50. [PMID: 23631583 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2013.1340012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this review was to perform a systematic evaluation of the literature reporting current scientific evidence for periodontal bacteria as contributors to atherosclerosis. METHODS Literature from epidemiological, clinical and experimental studies concerning periodontal bacteria and atherosclerosis were reviewed. Gathered data were categorized into seven "proofs" of evidence that periodontal bacteria: 1) disseminate from the oral cavity and reach systemic vascular tissues; 2) can be found in the affected tissues; 3) live within the affected site; 4) invade affected cell types in vitro; 5) induce atherosclerosis in animal models of disease; 6) non-invasive mutants of periodontal bacteria cause significantly reduced pathology in vitro and in vivo; and 7) periodontal isolates from human atheromas can cause disease in animal models of infection. RESULTS Substantial evidence for proofs 1 to 6 was found. However, proof 7 has not yet been fulfilled. CONCLUSIONS Despite the lack of evidence that periodontal bacteria obtained from human atheromas can cause atherosclerosis in animal models of infection, attainment proofs 1 to 6 provides support that periodontal pathogens can contribute to atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Reyes
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry and Center for Molecular Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Zhang R, Yang J, Wu J, Sun WB, Liu Y. Effect of deletion of the rgpA gene on selected virulence of Porphyromonas gingivalis. J Dent Sci 2016; 11:279-286. [PMID: 30894985 PMCID: PMC6395235 DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/purpose The most potent virulence factors of the periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis are gingipains, three cysteine proteases (RgpA, RgpB, and Kgp) that bind and cleave a wide range of host proteins. Considerable proof indicates that RgpA contributes to the entire virulence of the organism and increases the risk of periodontal disease by disrupting the host immune defense and destroying the host tissue. However, the functional significance of this proteinase is incompletely understood. It is important to analyze the effect of arginine-specific gingipain A gene (rgpA) on selected virulence and physiological properties of P. gingivalis. Materials and methods Electroporation and homologous recombination were used to construct an rgpA mutant of P. gingivalis ATCC33277. The mutant was verified by polymerase chain reaction and sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Cell structures of the mutant were examined by transmission electron microscopy and homotypic biofilm formation was examined by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Results Gene analysis revealed that the rgpA gene was deleted and replaced by a drug resistance gene marker. The defect of the gene resulted in a complete loss of RgpA proteinase, a reduction of out membrane vesicles and hemagglutination, and an increase in homotypic biofilm formation. Conclusion Our data indicate that an rgpA gene deficient strain of P. gingivalis is successfully isolated. RgpA may have a variety of physiological and pathological roles in P. gingivalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Department of Periodontology, Hospital of Stomatology, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Periodontology, Hospital of Stomatology, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Juan Wu
- Department of Periodontology, Hospital of Stomatology, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei-Bin Sun
- Department of Periodontology, Hospital of Stomatology, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Periodontology, Hospital of Stomatology, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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The outer-membrane export signal of Porphyromonas gingivalis type IX secretion system (T9SS) is a conserved C-terminal β-sandwich domain. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23123. [PMID: 27005013 PMCID: PMC4804311 DOI: 10.1038/srep23123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In the recently characterized Type IX Secretion System (T9SS), the conserved C-terminal domain (CTD) in secreted proteins functions as an outer membrane translocation signal for export of virulence factors to the cell surface in the Gram-negative Bacteroidetes phylum. In the periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis, the CTD is cleaved off by PorU sortase in a sequence-independent manner, and anionic lipopolysaccharide (A-LPS) is attached to many translocated proteins, thus anchoring them to the bacterial surface. Here, we solved the atomic structure of the CTD of gingipain B (RgpB) from P. gingivalis, alone and together with a preceding immunoglobulin-superfamily domain (IgSF). The CTD was found to possess a typical Ig-like fold encompassing seven antiparallel β-strands organized in two β-sheets, packed into a β-sandwich structure that can spontaneously dimerise through C-terminal strand swapping. Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) revealed no fixed orientation of the CTD with respect to the IgSF. By introducing insertion or substitution of residues within the inter-domain linker in the native protein, we were able to show that despite the region being unstructured, it nevertheless is resistant to general proteolysis. These data suggest structural motifs located in the two adjacent Ig-like domains dictate the processing of CTDs by the T9SS secretion pathway.
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Nemoto TK, Ohara-Nemoto Y. Exopeptidases and gingipains in Porphyromonas gingivalis as prerequisites for its amino acid metabolism. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2016; 52:22-29. [PMID: 28408952 PMCID: PMC5382784 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis, an asaccharolytic bacterium, utilizes amino acids as energy and carbon sources. Since amino acids are incorporated into the bacterial cells mainly as di- and tri-peptides, exopeptidases including dipeptidyl-peptidase (DPP) and tripeptidyl-peptidase are considered to be prerequisite components for their metabolism. We recently discovered DPP11, DPP5, and acylpeptidyl oligopeptidase in addition to previously reported DPP4, DPP7, and prolyl tripeptidyl peptidase A. DPP11 is a novel enzyme specific for acidic P1 residues (Asp and Glu) and distributed ubiquitously in eubacteria, while DPP5 is preferential for the hydrophobic P1 residue and the first entity identified in prokaryotes. Recently, acylpeptidyl oligopeptidase with a preference for hydrophobic P1 residues was found to release N-terminally blocked di- and tri-peptides. Furthermore, we also demonstrated that gingipains R and K contribute to P1-basic dipeptide production. These observations implicate that most, if not all, combinations of di- and tri-peptides are produced from extracellular oligopeptides even with an N-terminal modification. Here, we review P. gingivalis exopeptidases mainly in regard to their enzymatic characteristics. These exopeptidases with various substrate specificities benefit P. gingivalis for obtaining energy and carbon sources from the nutritionally limited subgingival environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki K. Nemoto
- Department of Oral Molecular Biology, Course of Medical and Dental Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan
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Fournier-Larente J, Morin MP, Grenier D. Green tea catechins potentiate the effect of antibiotics and modulate adherence and gene expression in Porphyromonas gingivalis. Arch Oral Biol 2016; 65:35-43. [PMID: 26849416 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A number of studies have brought evidence that green tea catechins may contribute to periodontal health. The objective of this study was to investigate the ability of a green tea extract and its principal constituent epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) to potentiate the antibacterial effects of antibiotics (metronidazole, tetracycline) against Porphyromonas gingivalis, and to modulate the adherence to oral epithelial cells and expression of genes coding for virulence factors and the high temperature requirement A (HtrA) stress protein in P. gingivalis. METHODS A broth microdilution assay was used to determine the antibacterial activity of the green tea extract and EGCG. The synergistic effects of either compounds in association with metronidazole or tetracycline were evaluated using the checkerboard technique. A fluorescent assay was used to determine bacterial adherence to oral epithelial cells. The modulation of gene expression in P. gingivalis was evaluated by quantitative RT-PCR. The Vibrio harveyi bioassay was used for monitoring quorum sensing inhibitory activity. RESULTS The MIC values of the green tea extract on P. gingivalis ranged from 250 to 1000 μg/ml, while those of EGCG ranged from 125 to 500 μg/ml. A marked synergistic effect on P. gingivalis growth was observed for the green tea extract or EGCG in combination with metronidazole. Both the green tea extract and EGCG caused a dose-dependent inhibition of P. gingivalis adherence to oral epithelial cells. On the one hand, green tea extract and EGCG dose-dependently inhibited the expression of several P. gingivalis genes involved in host colonization (fimA, hagA, hagB), tissue destruction (rgpA, kgp), and heme acquisition (hem). On the other hand, both compounds increased the expression of the stress protein htrA gene. The ability of the green tea extract and EGCG to inhibit quorum sensing may contribute to the modulation of gene expression. CONCLUSIONS This study explored the preventive and therapeutic potential of green tea catechins against periodontal disease. In addition to inhibit growth and adherence of P. gingivalis, a green tea extract and its main constituent EGCG was found to decrease the expression of genes coding for the major virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade Fournier-Larente
- Oral Ecology Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie-Pierre Morin
- Oral Ecology Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Daniel Grenier
- Oral Ecology Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.
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Inhibition of in vitro adhesion and virulence of Porphyromonas gingivalis by aqueous extract and polysaccharides from Rhododendron ferrugineum L. A new way for prophylaxis of periodontitis? Fitoterapia 2015; 107:105-113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Nguyen C, Kim J, Quan V, Nguyen B, Tran S. Periodontal associations in cardiovascular diseases: The latest evidence and understanding. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2015; 5:203-6. [PMID: 26587382 PMCID: PMC4623887 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are inflammatory diseases. Recent epidemiological studies have associated the effect of periodontitis on CVD progression. Findings of oral pathogens in carotid atheromas provided a plausible relationship between these two diseases. One possible mechanism is the infiltration of oral/periodontal pathogens through inflamed and ulcerated gingival epithelium. This results in translocation of oral pathogens throughout the systemic circulation affecting vascular tissues, and initiating a cascade of inflammatory reactions detrimental to the cardiovascular system. In addition, leakage of pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines from the ulcerated periodontium into the bloodstream may cause the production of hepatic acute-phase proteins. Moreover, as chronic bacteremia occurs, the adaptive immune system is activated. Antibodies produced in response to periodontal pathogens trigger a cross-reaction between endothelial cells and modified low-density lipoprotein to enhance the movement of lipids into cells within the vessel wall. Some antibodies and inflammatory cytokines promote the Th1 response, thereby further activating macrophages within the atheroma. These plausible mechanisms are contributing factors in initiating and propagating atherogenesis. This review discusses the current understanding of CVD pathology/periodontitis, potential underlying mechanisms regarding this association, and general guidelines for treating patients with CVD risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- C.M. Nguyen
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - V.H. Quan
- Department of Cardiology, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - B.H. Nguyen
- Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - S.D. Tran
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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Laheij AMGA, van Loveren C, Deng D, de Soet JJ. The impact of virulence factors of Porphyromonas gingivalis on wound healing in vitro. J Oral Microbiol 2015; 7:27543. [PMID: 26142460 PMCID: PMC4491305 DOI: 10.3402/jom.v7.27543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Porphyromonas gingivalis inhibits oral epithelial wound healing in vitro more strongly than other oral bacteria, but it is unknown why P. gingivalis is such a potent inhibitor of wound healing. Objective Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the influence of major virulence factors of P. gingivalis on wound healing in an in vitro wound-healing model. The influence of the capsular polysaccharide, the Arg- and Lys- gingipains, the major fimbriae and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was investigated. Design A standardized scratch was made in a confluent layer of human oral epithelial cells HO-1-N-1. The epithelial cells were then challenged with different concentrations of several P. gingivalis wild-type strains and knockout mutants. Closure of the scratch was determined after 17 h and compared to control conditions without bacteria. Results The P. gingivalis strains ATCC 33277, W83, and W50 significantly inhibited wound healing. The presence of a capsular polysaccharide lowered significantly the inhibition of epithelial cell migration, while gingipain activity significantly increased the inhibition of cell migration. LPS and the major fimbriae did not influence epithelial cell migration. None of the tested P. gingivalis strains completely prevented the inhibition of cell migration, suggesting that other characteristics of P. gingivalis also play a role in the inhibition of wound healing, and that further research is needed. Conclusions The capsular polysaccharide and the Arg- and Lys- gingipains of P. gingivalis influenced the capacity of P. gingivalis to hinder wound healing, while LPS and the major fimbriae had no effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa M G A Laheij
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Cor van Loveren
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dongmei Deng
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes J de Soet
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Schmuch J, Beckert S, Brandt S, Löhr G, Hermann F, Schmidt TJ, Beikler T, Hensel A. Extract from Rumex acetosa L. for prophylaxis of periodontitis: inhibition of bacterial in vitro adhesion and of gingipains of Porphyromonas gingivalis by epicatechin-3-O-(4β→8)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate (procyanidin-B2-Di-gallate). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120130. [PMID: 25803708 PMCID: PMC4372542 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aerial parts of Rumex acetosa L. have been used in traditional European medicine for inflammatory diseases of the mouth epithelial tissue. The following study aimed to investigate the influence of a proanthocyanidin-enriched extract from R. acetosa extract against the adhesion of Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), a pathogen strongly involved in chronic and aggressive periodontitis. A further goal was to define the bioactive lead structures responsible for a potential antiadhesive activity and to characterize the underlying molecular mechanisms of the antiadhesive effects. METHODOLOGY An extract of R. acetosa (RA1) with a defined mixture of flavan-3-ols, oligomeric proanthocyanidins and flavonoids, was used. Its impact on P. gingivalis adhesion to KB cells was studied by flow cytometry, confocal laser scanning microscopy and in situ adhesion assay using murine buccal tissue. RA1 and its compounds 1 to 15 were further investigated for additional effects on gingipain activity, hemagglutination and gene expression by RT-PCR. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS RA1 (5 to 15 μg/mL) reduced P. gingivalis adhesion in a dose-dependent manner to about 90%. Galloylated proanthocyanidins were confirmed to be responsible for this antiadhesive effect with epicatechin-3-O-gallate-(4β,8)-epicatechin-3'-O-gallate (syn. procyanidin B2-di-gallate) being the lead compound. Ungalloylated flavan-3-ols and oligomeric proanthocyanidins were inactive. RA1 and the galloylated proanthocyanidins strongly interact with the bacterial virulence factor Arg-gingipain, while the corresponding Lys-gingipain was hardly influenced. RA1 inhibited also hemagglutination. In silico docking studies indicated that epicatechin-3-O-gallate-(4β,8)-epicatechin-3'-O-gallate interacts with the active side of Arg-gingipain and hemaglutinin from P. gingivalis; the galloylation of the molecule seems to be responsible for fixation of the ligand to the protein. In conclusion, the proanthocyanidin-enriched extract RA1 and its main active constituent procyanidin B2-di-gallate protect cells from P. gingivalis infection by inhibiting bacterial adhesion to the host cell. RA1 and procyanidin B2-di-gallate appear to be promising candidates for future cytoprotective preparations for oral mouth care products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Schmuch
- University of Münster, Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, Münster, Germany
| | - Sabine Beckert
- University of Münster, Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, Münster, Germany
| | - Simone Brandt
- University of Münster, Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, Münster, Germany
| | - Gesine Löhr
- University of Münster, Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, Münster, Germany
| | - Fabian Hermann
- University of Münster, Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas J. Schmidt
- University of Münster, Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas Beikler
- Heinrich-Heine-University, Department of Operative Dentistry, Periodontics and Endodontics, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andreas Hensel
- University of Münster, Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, Münster, Germany
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Hamzeh-Cognasse H, Damien P, Chabert A, Pozzetto B, Cognasse F, Garraud O. Platelets and infections - complex interactions with bacteria. Front Immunol 2015; 6:82. [PMID: 25767472 PMCID: PMC4341565 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets can be considered sentinels of vascular system due to their high number in the circulation and to the range of functional immunoreceptors they express. Platelets express a wide range of potential bacterial receptors, including complement receptors, FcγRII, Toll-like receptors but also integrins conventionally described in the hemostatic response, such as GPIIb–IIIa or GPIb. Bacteria bind these receptors either directly, or indirectly via fibrinogen, fibronectin, the first complement C1q, the von Willebrand Factor, etc. The fate of platelet-bound bacteria is questioned. Several studies reported the ability of activated platelets to internalize bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus or Porphyromonas gingivalis, though there is no clue on what happens thereafter. Are they sheltered from the immune system in the cytoplasm of platelets or are they lysed? Indeed, while the presence of phagolysosome has not been demonstrated in platelets, they contain antimicrobial peptides that were shown to be efficient on S. aureus. Besides, the fact that bacteria can bind to platelets via receptors involved in hemostasis suggests that they may induce aggregation; this has indeed been described for Streptococcus sanguinis, S. epidermidis, or C. pneumoniae. On the other hand, platelets are able to display an inflammatory response to an infectious triggering. We, and others, have shown that platelet release soluble immunomodulatory factors upon stimulation by bacterial components. Moreover, interactions between bacteria and platelets are not limited to only these two partners. Indeed, platelets are also essential for the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps by neutrophils, resulting in bacterial clearance by trapping bacteria and concentrating antibacterial factors but in enhancing thrombosis. In conclusion, the platelet–bacteria interplay is a complex game; its fine analysis is complicated by the fact that the inflammatory component adds to the aggregation response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pauline Damien
- GIMAP-EA3064, Université de Lyon , Saint-Etienne , France
| | - Adrien Chabert
- GIMAP-EA3064, Université de Lyon , Saint-Etienne , France
| | - Bruno Pozzetto
- GIMAP-EA3064, Université de Lyon , Saint-Etienne , France
| | - Fabrice Cognasse
- GIMAP-EA3064, Université de Lyon , Saint-Etienne , France ; Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne-Loire , Saint-Etienne , France
| | - Olivier Garraud
- GIMAP-EA3064, Université de Lyon , Saint-Etienne , France ; Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine , Paris , France
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Nakayama M, Inoue T, Naito M, Nakayama K, Ohara N. Attenuation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt signaling pathway by Porphyromonas gingivalis gingipains RgpA, RgpB, and Kgp. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:5190-5202. [PMID: 25564612 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.591610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a major pathogen of periodontal diseases, including periodontitis. We have investigated the effect of P. gingivalis infection on the PI3K/Akt (protein kinase B) signaling pathway in gingival epithelial cells. Here, we found that live P. gingivalis, but not heat-killed P. gingivalis, reduced Akt phosphorylation at both Thr-308 and Ser-473, which implies a decrease in Akt activity. Actually, PI3K, which is upstream of Akt, was also inactivated by P. gingivalis. Furthermore, glycogen synthase kinase 3α/β, mammalian target of rapamycin, and Bad, which are downstream proteins in the PI3K/Akt cascade, were also dephosphorylated, a phenomenon consistent with Akt inactivation by P. gingivalis. However, these events did not require direct interaction between bacteria and host cells and were independent of P. gingivalis invasion into the cells. The use of gingipain-specific inhibitors and a gingipain-deficient P. gingivalis mutant KDP136 revealed that the gingipains and their protease activities were essential for the inactivation of PI3K and Akt. The associations between the PI3K regulatory subunit p85α and membrane proteins were disrupted by wild-type P. gingivalis. Moreover, PDK1 translocation to the plasma membrane was reduced by wild-type P. gingivalis, but not KDP136, indicating little production of phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate by PI3K. Therefore, it is likely that PI3K failed to transmit homeostatic extracellular stimuli to intracellular signaling pathways by gingipains. Taken together, our findings indicate that P. gingivalis attenuates the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway via the proteolytic effects of gingipains, resulting in the dysregulation of PI3K/Akt-dependent cellular functions and the destruction of epithelial barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Nakayama
- From the Department of Oral Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences and; the Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Dental School, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558 and
| | - Tetsuyoshi Inoue
- From the Department of Oral Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences and; the Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Dental School, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558 and
| | - Mariko Naito
- the Division of Microbiology and Oral Infection, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | - Koji Nakayama
- the Division of Microbiology and Oral Infection, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | - Naoya Ohara
- From the Department of Oral Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences and; the Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Dental School, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558 and.
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Stathopulos J, Cambillau C, Cascales E, Roussel A, Leone P. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of the C-terminal fragment of PorM, a subunit of the Porphyromonas gingivalis type IX secretion system. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2015; 71:71-4. [PMID: 25615973 PMCID: PMC4304752 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x1402559x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
PorM is a membrane protein involved in the assembly of the type IX secretion system (T9SS) from Porphyromonas gingivalis, a major bacterial pathogen responsible for periodontal disease in humans. The periplasmic domain of PorM was overexpressed in Escherichia coli and purified. A fragment of the purified protein was obtained by limited proteolysis. Crystals of this fragment belonged to the tetragonal space group P4(3)2(1)2. Native and MAD data sets were recorded to 2.85 and 3.1 Å resolution, respectively, using synchrotron radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Stathopulos
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB), UMR 7257 CNRS et Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Christian Cambillau
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB), UMR 7257 CNRS et Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Eric Cascales
- Laboratoire d’Ingénierie des Systèmes Macromoléculaires (LISM), UMR 7255 CNRS et Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Alain Roussel
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB), UMR 7257 CNRS et Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Leone
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB), UMR 7257 CNRS et Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
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Abstract
Oral colonising bacteria are highly adapted to the various environmental niches harboured within the mouth, whether that means while contributing to one of the major oral diseases of caries, pulp infections, or gingival/periodontal disease or as part of a commensal lifestyle. Key to these infections is the ability to adhere to surfaces via a range of specialised adhesins targeted at both salivary and epithelial proteins, their glycans and to form biofilm. They must also resist the various physical stressors they are subjected to, including pH and oxidative stress. Possibly most strikingly, they have developed the ability to harvest both nutrient sources provided by the diet and those derived from the host, such as protein and surface glycans. We have attempted to review recent developments that have revealed much about the molecular mechanisms at work in shaping the physiology of oral bacteria and how we might use this information to design and implement new treatment strategies.
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Glew MD, Veith PD, Chen D, Seers CA, Chen YY, Reynolds EC. Blue native-PAGE analysis of membrane protein complexes in Porphyromonas gingivalis. J Proteomics 2014; 110:72-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Olsen I, Potempa J. Strategies for the inhibition of gingipains for the potential treatment of periodontitis and associated systemic diseases. J Oral Microbiol 2014; 6:24800. [PMID: 25206939 PMCID: PMC4138498 DOI: 10.3402/jom.v6.24800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gingipains are the major virulence factors of Porphyromonas gingivalis, the main periodontopathogen. It is expected that inhibition of gingipain activity in vivo could prevent or slow down the progression of adult periodontitis. To date, several classes of gingipain inhibitors have been recognized. These include gingipain N-terminal prodomains, synthetic compounds, inhibitors from natural sources, antibiotics, antiseptics, antibodies, and bacteria. Several synthetic compounds are potent gingipain inhibitors but inhibit a broad spectrum of host proteases and have undesirable side effects. Synthetic compounds with high specificity for gingipains have unknown toxicity effects, making natural inhibitors more promising as therapeutic gingipain blockers. Cranberry and rice extracts interfere with gingipain activity and prevent the growth and biofilm formation of periodontopathogens. Although the ideal gingipain inhibitor has yet to be discovered, gingipain inhibition represents a novel approach to treat and prevent periodontitis. Gingipain inhibitors may also help treat systemic disorders that are associated with periodontitis, including cardiovascular disease, rheumatoid arthritis, aspiration pneumonia, pre-term birth, and low birth weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingar Olsen
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Potempa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland ; Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Disease, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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Tabeta K, Yoshie H, Yamazaki K. Current evidence and biological plausibility linking periodontitis to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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