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Tovar-Lopez G, Evans S, Muñoz Gutiérrez JF, Moore AR, Sadar MJ. Multiple Myeloma with Aberrant CD3 Expression in a Red-Lored Amazon Parrot (Amazona autumnalis). J Avian Med Surg 2022; 36:316-324. [DOI: 10.1647/21-00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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What Is Your Diagnosis? J Avian Med Surg 2020; 34:403-408. [PMID: 33355419 DOI: 10.1647/1082-6742-34.4.403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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3
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Affiliation(s)
- M.H. Maxwell
- Roslin Institute (Edinburgh), Roslin, Midlothian EH 25 9PS, UK
| | - G.W. Robertson
- Roslin Institute (Edinburgh), Roslin, Midlothian EH 25 9PS, UK
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Abstract
Treatment options for animals with cancer are rapidly expanding, including in exotic animal medicine. Limited information is available about treatment effects in exotic pet species beyond individual case reports. Most cancer treatment protocols in exotic animals are extrapolated from those described in humans, dogs, and cats. This review provides an update on cancer treatment in exotic animal species. The Exotic Species Cancer Research Alliance accumulates clinical cases in a central location with standardized clinical information, with resources to help clinicians find and enter their cases for the collective good of exotic clinicians and their patients.
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Robat CS, Ammersbach M, Mans C. Avian Oncology: Diseases, Diagnostics, and Therapeutics. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2017; 20:57-86. [PMID: 27890293 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Companion birds are increasingly living longer due to improved husbandry, nutrition, and veterinary care. As a consequence, a growing number of geriatric disease conditions are diagnosed and managed by veterinarians. Awareness of bird owners of diagnostic and treatment options for neoplastic diseases in humans and domestic animals has led to increasing demand to provide advanced diagnostic and treatment modalities for companion birds diagnosed with neoplasia. Treatment remains challenging in many companion birds due to the lack of information regarding prognosis and efficacy of antineoplastic treatments in these species. There is no established standard of care for most tumors in companion birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia S Robat
- Veterinary Emergency Service, Veterinary Specialty Center, 1612 North High Point Road, Middleton, WI 53562, USA.
| | - Melanie Ammersbach
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Building 89, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Christoph Mans
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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Paudel S, Hess C, Wernsdorf P, Käser T, Meitz S, Jensen-Jarolim E, Hess M, Liebhart D. The systemic multiplication of Gallibacterium anatis in experimentally infected chickens is promoted by immunosuppressive drugs which have a less specific effect on the depletion of leukocytes. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2015; 166:22-32. [PMID: 26004945 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The progression of Gallibacterium anatis infection in immunosuppressed versus immunocompetent chickens was investigated. Before experimental infection, birds were treated with corticosterone for general immunosuppression, or 5-fluorouracil, cyclosporine-A, cyclophosphamide for depletion of specific leukocyte populations. Necropsy and sampling were performed at 0, 3, 7, 10 and 28 days post infection. The used drugs did not cause selected depletion of B cells, T cells, heterophils and monocytes/macrophages, as determined by quantification of leukocytes in blood and lymphoid organs using different technologies. Bacterial re-isolation and counts of colony forming units (CFU) showed that G. anatis colonization pattern in various organs, and the numbers of bacteria in trachea were not affected by immunosuppression. However, the treatments acutely increased CFU counts derived from the spleen, which demonstrates that chemically induced immunosuppression intensifies systemic multiplication of G. anatis in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surya Paudel
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department of Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - Claudia Hess
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department of Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - Patricia Wernsdorf
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department of Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - Tobias Käser
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - Sarah Meitz
- Comparative Medicine, Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, Austria
| | - Erika Jensen-Jarolim
- Comparative Medicine, Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, Austria; Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Hess
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department of Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - Dieter Liebhart
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department of Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria.
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Raj GD, Savage CE, Jones RC. Effect of heterophil depletion by 5-fluorouracil on infectious bronchitis virus infection in chickens. Avian Pathol 2012; 26:427-32. [PMID: 18483918 DOI: 10.1080/03079459708419224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
An anti-tumour drug, 5-fluorouracil (5 FU) was used to deplete heterophils in 11-day-old white leghorn chickens. The reduction in heterophil numbers was monitored by total and differential white cell counts in the peripheral blood. Three days after injection of 5 FU, when the heterophil numbers were significantly reduced, chickens were infected with the Massachusetts strain of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Following infection, although the numbers of birds exhibiting clinical signs (nasal exudate) were significantly higher in the 5 FU treated group, the consistency of the nasal exudate was characteristically thin and watery. No significant differences were seen in the virus titres in trachea, lung and kidney between normal and heteropaenic chickens infected with IBV. However, the epithelial cell damage in the tracheal sections was less in the heterophil-depleted chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Raj
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Liverpool, Neston, South Wirral, UK
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Schuijffel DF, van Empel PCM, Pennings AMMA, van Putten JPM, Nuijten PJM. Passive immunization of immune-suppressed animals: Chicken antibodies protect against Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale infection. Vaccine 2005; 23:3404-11. [PMID: 15837364 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.01.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2004] [Revised: 01/14/2005] [Accepted: 01/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Unravelling of the protective immunity acquired during a natural infection may contribute to vaccine development. To assess the role of antibody-mediated immunity in protection against Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale infection in chickens, a novel experimental method was applied that combined immune depletion and passive transfer of immunity within the same host. Administration of cyclophosphamide (CY) to broiler chickens successfully suppressed B lymphocyte development, and therefore humoral immunity, as confirmed by histological and serological analysis. Challenge of CY-treated birds with O. rhinotracheale revealed a significantly higher pathology score in comparison to immune-competent birds that received the same bacterial challenge. Measurement of serum immunoglobulin levels of immune-competent birds revealed a positive correlation between IgA and/or IgG production and protection against infection. Passive transfer of O. rhinotracheale-specific antiserum to the immune-suppressed birds prior to pathogen challenge significantly decreased morbidity. This protective effect was not observed after administration of control sera containing similar concentrations of immunoglobulins. Together, these results provide firm evidence that chicken humoral immunity to O. rhinotracheale is a key component in protection against infection. Our data confirm that the applied immune depletion and reconstitution approach is an attractive tool to analyse the nature of the protective immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- D F Schuijffel
- Intervet International BV, Bacteriology R&D, Wim de Körverstraat 35, Boxmeer 5830 AA, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Although there is little published data on successful treatment of neoplasia with chemotherapy drugs in exotic animal species, there has not been adequate research done, or even large case series on how these drugs should be dosed and which drugs are most appropriate to use for which tumor types. As people demand better treatment for their pets, hopefully more information will become available, and the reader is advised to keep track of the literature for new information as it becomes available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Kent
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Room 2112, Tupper Hall, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Reisen WK, Chiles RE, Martinez VM, Fang Y, Green EN. Encephalitis virus persistence in California birds: experimental infections in mourning doves (Zenaidura macroura). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2004; 41:462-466. [PMID: 15185951 DOI: 10.1603/0022-2585-41.3.462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
After-hatching and hatching year, mourning doves were infected by inoculation with either western equine encephalomyelitis (WEE) or St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) viruses; some birds in each group also were treated with the immunosuppressant cyclophosphamide before and during infection. Cyclophosphamide treatment significantly increased the WEE viremia but did not alterthe antibody response. In contrast, cyclophosphamide-treated and -untreated doves did not develop a detectable SLE viremia but became antibody positive. Antibody peaked at 10 wk after inoculation for both viruses and remained detectable in most birds throughout the 26-wk study. When treated with cyclophosphamide the following spring, birds did not relapse and develop a detectable viremia. Previously infected birds were protected when challenged with conspecific virus (i.e., none produced a detectable viremia), but there was no anamnestic antibody response to reinfection. In agreement with our failure to detect relapses, all birds were negative for viral RNA when sera, spleen, lung, and kidney tissues were tested by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction after necropsy. Our results indicated that adult mourning doves were an incompetent host for SLE virus and probably do not serve as a suitable overwintering or dispersal host for either WEE and SLE viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- William K Reisen
- Center for Vectorborne Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, University of California, CA 95616, USA.
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Reisen WK, Chiles RE, Green EN, Fang Y, Mahmood F, Martinez VM, Laver T. Effects of immunosuppression on encephalitis virus infection in the house finch, Carpodacus mexicanus. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2003; 40:206-214. [PMID: 12693850 DOI: 10.1603/0022-2585-40.2.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Immunosuppression of house finches was attempted by blood feeding Culex tarsalis Coquillett mosquitoes or by injecting birds with the corticosteroid dexamethasone or the immunosuppressant drug cyclophosphamide before and after inoculation with western equine encephalomyelitis or St. Louis encephalitis viruses. Mosquito bites (8-37 females blood feeding on each bird over a 3-d period) did not enhance the viremia response or increase the frequency of chronic infection. In contrast, dexamethasone and cyclophosphamide enhanced the amplitude and duration of the viremia response, but had no consistent effect on the antibody responses as measured by enzyme immunoassay or plaque reduction neutralization assay. Elevated viremias were followed by increases in the frequency of chronic infections with St. Louis encephalitis, but not western equine encephalomyelitis. Immunosuppression may provide a useful tool to study the chronic infection process of flaviviruses in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- William K Reisen
- Arbovirus Research Unit, Center for Vector-borne Disease Research, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Yeh HY, Rautenschlein S, Sharma JM. Protective immunity against infectious bursal disease virus in chickens in the absence of virus-specific antibodies. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2002; 89:149-58. [PMID: 12383646 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(02)00206-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The role of cell-mediated immunity (CMI) in pathogenesis of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) was investigated. One-day-old specific pathogen-free chickens were treated with 3mg of cyclophosphamide (Cy) per chicken for 4 consecutive days and, 3 weeks later, infected with the IBDV-IM strain. Chickens were examined for: (a) mitogenic response of splenocytes to ConA, as an indicator of T-cell functions in vitro, (b) antibody against IBDV by ELISA, (c) IBDV genome in various tissues by RT-PCR and (d) immunological memory. At the time of IBDV infection, Cy-treated chickens had depleted bursal tissue (an avian primary B-cell lymphoid organ), severely compromised antibody-producing ability, but normal T-cell response to ConA. In primary infection, no detectable antibody against IBDV antigen in Cy-treated, IBDV-infected chickens was observed up to 28 days post-infection (PI), while IBDV genome was detected by RT-PCR in spleen, thymus, liver and blood until 10 days PI. Like intact control chickens infected with IBDV, Cy-treated, IBDV-infected chickens suppressed splenocytes responses to ConA from 5 to 10 days PI, suggesting that intact control as well as Cy-treated chickens responded similarly to IBDV infection in the early phase. Following re-infection with IBDV, no detectable secondary antibody response to IBDV as well as IBDV genome in tissues were observed in Cy-treated chickens, while intact control chickens developed vigorous secondary antibody response. Similar to intact control chickens infected with IBDV, Cy-treated chickens after second infection with IBDV did not suppress splenocyte response to ConA. These results suggested that in the absence of detectable anti-IBDV antibodies, protection of Cy-treated chickens from IBDV infection may occur via immunological memory mediated by CMI. We concluded that under normal conditions, IBDV induces a protective antibody response, however, in the absence of antibody, CMI alone is adequate in protecting birds against virulent IBDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Yueh Yeh
- Department of Veterinary PathoBiology, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Avenue, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
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HÕrak P, Ots I, Murumägi A. Haematological health state indices of reproducing Great Tits: a response to brood size manipulation. Funct Ecol 2002. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2435.1998.00244.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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