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Setta A, Yehia N, Shaheen M, Shami A, Al-Saeed FA, Alsamghan A, Amin R, El-Saadony MT, El-Tarabily KA, Salem HM. Continuous clinicopathological and molecular recognition of very virulent infectious bursal disease virus in commercial broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103306. [PMID: 38228049 PMCID: PMC10823078 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Gumboro virus is one of the most dangerous immunosuppressant viruses that infect chickens and causes massive financial losses worldwide. The current study aims to conduct a molecular characterization of chicken farms for the infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). Based on postmortem (PM) lesions, 125 bursal samples from 25 farms were collected from clinically diseased commercial chicken farms with increased mortality and suspected Gumboro virus infection. Pooled bursal samples from suspected IBD-vaccinated flocks were tested for IBDV by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Fifteen out of 25 pooled specimens were found positive for IBDV, with a 60% detection rate, and confirmed positive for very virulent IBDV (vvIBDV) by sequence analysis. Nucleotide phylogenetic analysis of VP1 and VP2 genes was employed to compare the 5 chosen isolates with strains representing different governorates in Egypt during 2022. All strains were clustered with vvIBDV with no evidence of reassortment in the VP1 gene. The VP1 and VP2 genes are divided into groups (I, II). The strains in our study were related to group II, and it acquired a new mutation in the VP2 gene that clustered it into new subgroup B. By mutation analysis, the VP2 gene of all strains had a characteristic mutation to vvIBDV. It acquired new mutations in HVRs compared with HK46 in Y220F, A222T/V in all strains in our study, and Q221K that was found in IBD-EGY-AH5 and AH2 in the loop PBC in addition to G254S in all strains in our study and Q249k that found in IBD-EGY-AH1 and AH3 in the loop PDE. These mutations are important in the virulency and antigenicity of the virus. The VP1 had 242E, 390M, and 393D which were characteristic of vvIBDV and KpnI restriction enzyme (777GGTAC/C782) in addition to a new mutation (F243Y and N383H) in IBD-EGY-AH1 and AH4 strains. According to the current study, the strains were distinct from the vaccinal strain; they could be responsible for the most recent IBDV outbreaks observed in flocks instead of received vaccinations. The current study highlighted the importance of molecular monitoring to keep up to date on the circulating IBDV for regular evaluation of commercial vaccination programs against circulating field viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Setta
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt; Ceva Sante Animale, Al Sheikh Zayed, Giza, Egypt
| | - Nahed Yehia
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Momtaz Shaheen
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Ashwag Shami
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatimah A Al-Saeed
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Awad Alsamghan
- Family and Community Medicine Department, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mohamed T El-Saadony
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Khaled A El-Tarabily
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Heba M Salem
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
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2
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Aliyu HB, Hair-Bejo M, Omar AR, Ideris A. Genetic Diversity of Recent Infectious Bursal Disease Viruses Isolated From Vaccinated Poultry Flocks in Malaysia. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:643976. [PMID: 33959650 PMCID: PMC8093787 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.643976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is an essential component in controlling infectious bursal disease (IBD), however, there is a lack of information on the genetic characteristics of a recent infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) that was isolated from IBD vaccinated commercial flocks in Malaysia. The present study investigated 11 IBDV isolates that were isolated from commercial poultry farms. The isolates were detected using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) targeting the hypervariable region (HVR) of VP2. Based on the HVR sequences, five isolates (IBS536/2017, IBS624/2017, UPM766/2018, UPM1056/2018, and UPM1432/2019) were selected for whole-genome sequencing using the MiSeq platform. The nucleotide and amino acid (aa) sequences were compared with the previously characterized IBDV strains. Deduced aa sequences of VP2HVR revealed seven isolates with 94–99% aa identity to very virulent strains (genogroup 3), two isolates with 97–100% aa identity to variant strains (genogroup 2), and two strains with 100% identity to the vaccine strain (genogroup 1) of IBDV. The phylogenetic analysis also showed that the isolates formed clusters with the respective genogroups. The characteristic motifs 222T, 249K, 286I, and 318D are typical of the variant strain and were observed for UPM1219/2019 and UPM1432/2019. In comparison, very virulent residues such as 222A, 249Q, 286T, and 318G were found for the vvIBDV, except for the UPM1056/2018 strain with a A222T substitution. In addition, the isolate has aa substitutions such as D213N, G254D, S315T, S317R, and A321E that are not commonly found in previously reported vvIBDV strains. Unlike the other vvIBDVs characterized in this study, UPM766/2018 lacks the MLSL aa residues in VP5. The aa tripeptides 145/146/147 (TDN) of VP1 were conserved for the vvIBDV, while a different motif, NED, was observed for the Malaysian variant strain. The phylogenetic tree showed that the IBDV variant clustered with the American and Chinese variant viruses and are highly comparable to the novel Chinese variants, with 99.9% identity. Based on the sequences and phylogenetic analyses, this is the first identification of an IBDV variant being reported in Malaysia. Further research is required to determine the pathogenicity of the IBDV variant and the protective efficacy of the current IBD vaccines being used against the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayatuddeen Bako Aliyu
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.,Avian Unit, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Mohd Hair-Bejo
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Biomolecules, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.,Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Rahman Omar
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Biomolecules, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.,Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Aini Ideris
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.,Laboratory of Vaccine and Biomolecules, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
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3
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Alkaly B, Alpha AD, Mariette D, Fatou TL, Mbaye M, Moussa D, Yacine S, Mariame D, Modou, Yaya T, Jean LG, Rianatou BA. Genetic evolution of infectious bursal disease virus in Senegal. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.5897/jvmah2016.0521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Ojkic D, Martin E, Swinton J, Binnington B, Brash M. Genotyping of Canadian field strains of infectious bursal disease virus. Avian Pathol 2010; 36:427-33. [PMID: 17899469 DOI: 10.1080/03079450701598408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
For this retrospective study, infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) was detected in 134 bursal samples that originated from flocks with conditions such as airsacculitis, tracheitis, pneumonia, septicaemia, inclusion body hepatitis, coccidiosis, and/or a history of production problems without overt clinical symptoms. Samples were from seven Canadian provinces: Ontario, Quebec, Manitoba, British Columbia, Nova Scotia, Alberta, and Newfoundland and Labrador. Viral RNA was identified in bursae with moderate to severe and acute to chronic bursal damage. The ages of the flocks from which samples were collected ranged from 3 to 63 days. Following reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction the nucleotide sequence of the VP2 hypervariable region was determined and compared with sequences available in GenBank. The most common Canadian IBDV field strains were North-American variant viruses. Forty-four viruses were highly related (97.5% to 100.0%) to the US IBDV strain NC171. Moreover, 16 field viruses whose VP2 sequences were 99.2% to 100% identical to the South African 05SA8 IBDV strain appeared closely related to the NC171 group. Delaware E-related field viruses, 98.3% to 100.0% identical to the prototype virus, were identified in 33 samples. Thirty-four Canadian IBDVs showed the highest identity, 94.2% to 98.3%, to US IBDV strain 586. Five samples contained vaccine-related viruses, while two field strains showed the best match to Del A (United States) and IBDV strains SP_04_02 (Spain). Very virulent IBDVs were not detected in Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davor Ojkic
- Animal Health Laboratory, University of Guelph, Ontario, Guelph, Canada.
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5
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Kataria RS, Tiwari AK, Butchaiah G, Kataria JM, Skinner MA. Sequence analysis of the VP2 gene hypervariable region of infectious bursal disease viruses from India. Avian Pathol 2010; 30:501-7. [DOI: 10.1080/03079450120078699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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6
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Molecular epizootiology of infectious bursal disease (IBD) in Korea. Virus Genes 2009; 39:342-51. [PMID: 19728069 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-009-0394-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2009] [Accepted: 08/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We conducted a molecular epizootiological study of infectious bursal disease (IBD) in Korea by analyzing 85 IBD viruses (IBDVs) obtained from vaccinated or unvaccinated flocks between 1980 and 2007. Phylogenetic analysis of the partial nucleotide sequence of the hypervariable region of the VP2 gene (nucleotides 661-1020) and pathogenicity tests revealed more genetic and phenotypic diversity of IBDV in Korea than has been reported previously. We showed that very virulent IBDVs (vvIBDVs) were already present in Korea in 1986. Moreover, vvIBDVs were repeatedly detected in Korean poultry that had been vaccinated, which casts doubt on the IBD vaccine programs. We also identified novel putative antigenic variant (AV)-like IBDV isolates on the basis of their antigenic indices and the presence of amino acid changes (P222S or P222T-A321D) that are known to affect the antigenicity of VP2. These observations suggest that future studies examining the efficacy of conventional vaccines against atrophy of the bursa of Fabricius and vvIBDV shedding may be useful. Moreover, it will be of interest to determine the prevalence of putative Korean antigenic variants and whether these strains exert immunosuppressive effects in vaccinated birds.
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7
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Maas R, Venema S, Kant A, Oei H, Claassen I. Quantification of infectious bursal disease viral proteins 2 and 3 in inactivated vaccines as an indicator of serological response and measure of potency. Avian Pathol 2006; 33:126-32. [PMID: 15276978 DOI: 10.1080/03079450310001652121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Viral protein 2 and viral protein 3 (VP2 and VP3) were quantified in a series of inactivated infectious bursal disease oil emulsion vaccines using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the dependence of the serological response on vaccine antigen content was studied. Large differences in antigen content, up to 50-fold, were found between vaccines. Neutralizing antibody titres at 3 to 6 weeks after vaccination varied from 3 log2 to 16 log2. None of the vaccines induced an antibody titre equal to that of the reference serum used as an indicator of sufficient potency in the European Pharmacopoeia. Neutralizing antibody titres after vaccination correlated highly with the VP2 content of the vaccines. A significant correlation was also found between the VP3 content and the antibody response. Our data illustrate that the antigen content of inactivated infectious bursal disease vaccines is a reliable indicator of the protective serological response after vaccination, and consequently could be used as a measure of vaccine potency. This holds true for both VP2, the antigen that induces neutralizing antibodies, as well as for VP3, which does not induce neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riks Maas
- Central Institute of Animal Disease Control (CIDC) Lelystad, The Netherlands.
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8
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Sapats SI, Trinidad L, Gould G, Heine HG, van den Berg TP, Eterradossi N, Jackwood D, Parede L, Toquin D, Ignjatovic J. Chicken recombinant antibodies specific for very virulent infectious bursal disease virus. Arch Virol 2006; 151:1551-66. [PMID: 16514499 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-006-0729-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2005] [Accepted: 01/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A phage-displayed single chain variable fragment (scFv) antibody library was constructed from the immune spleen cells of chickens immunized with very virulent infectious bursal disease virus (vvIBDV) strain CS89. A library consisting of around 9.2 x 10(7) clones was subjected to 3 rounds of panning against captured CS89 virus. Analysis of individual clones by nucleotide sequencing revealed at least 22 unique scFv antibodies binding to vvIBDV in ELISA. Testing of the scFv antibody panel in ELISA against classical, variant or vaccine strains and a wide variety of vvIBDV isolates from the UK, China, France, Belgium, Africa, Brazil, Indonesia and the Netherlands identified one antibody, termed chicken recombinant antibody 88 (CRAb 88) that was specific for vvIBDV. CRAb 88 was capable of recognizing all vvIBDV strains tested regardless of their country of origin and showed no reactivity with classical, variant or vaccine strains, lending support to the use of this scFv as a powerful diagnostic tool for the differentiation of vvIBDV strains. Immunoprecipitation studies revealed that CRAb 88 was directed towards a highly conformational epitope located within the major neutralizing protein VP2. Sequence analysis of the hypervariable region of VP2 of the IBDV strains tested indicate that Ile(256) and Ile(294) may play roles in binding of CRAb 88. This is the first reagent of its type capable of positively distinguishing vvIBDV from other IBDV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- S I Sapats
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia.
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9
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Gomes AD, Abreu JT, Redondo RAF, Martins NRS, Resende JS, Resende M. Genotyping of infectious bursal disease virus strains by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the VP1, VP2, and VP3 genes. Avian Dis 2006; 49:500-6. [PMID: 16404990 DOI: 10.1637/7351-030205r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY. This study aimed to genotype infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) isolates from the Minas Gerais state poultry industry. RNA was extracted from bursae obtained from field cases without passage or commercial vaccines. Genetic subtyping of IBDV isolates and vaccine strains was carried out by the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. A 588-bp fragment in the VP1 gene, an 847-bp fragment in the VP2 gene, and a 320-bp fragment in the VP3 gene were amplified by PCR and digested with restriction enzymes PstI and ScaI (VP1); BamHI, BstEII, and PstI (VP2); and NcoI, ScaI, and XbaI (VP3). Our work shows that complementing the clinical history of the outbreaks with RT-PCR followed by RFLP analysis using PstI for VP1, BamHI for VP2, and XbaI for VP3 allowed an accurate classification of a causative agent as a very virulent IBDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Gomes
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Laboratório de Virologia Comparada Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, PO Box 486, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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10
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Jackwood DJ. Recent trends in the molecular diagnosis of infectious bursal disease viruses. Anim Health Res Rev 2005; 5:313-6. [PMID: 15984346 DOI: 10.1079/ahr200490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) causes an immunosuppressive disease in young chickens. Two serotypes of this double-stranded RNA virus exist but only serotype 1 viruses cause disease in chickens. Detection and strain identification of IBDV is important because antigenic subtypes found within serotype 1 make it necessary to tailor vaccination programs to the antigenic type found in the bird's environment. Because conventional virus isolation and characterization are not practical for routine diagnosis of IBDV, antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and molecular assays based on reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technology were developed. Compared with antigen-capture ELISA, RT-PCR assays have greater versatility and are more sensitive and specific. Strain identification has been accomplished using a variety of post-RT-PCR assays, including restriction enzyme digestion of the RT-PCR products. The resulting restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) are used to differentiate viruses into molecular groups that correlate with antigenic and pathogenic types. Recently, two types of real-time RT-PCR have been used to identify and differentiate strains of IBDV. Both methods use distance-dependent interaction between two dye molecules, known as fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). The dye molecules are attached to one or more nucleotide probes that detect specific nucleotide sequences of the virus. Our laboratory has used a two-probe assay to identify single-nucleotide mutations among IBDV strains. A mutation probe is used in this assay to detect substitution mutations in a region of the viral genome that encodes a neutralizing epitope of the virus. These assays are accurate, reliable and inexpensive compared with conventional RT-PCR because they do not require RFLP or other labor-intensive post-RT-PCR assays to distinguish viral strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daral J Jackwood
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio State University/OARDC, Wooster, Ohio 44691, USA.
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11
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Dolz R, Majó N, Ordóñez G, Porta R. Viral Genotyping of Infectious Bursal Disease Viruses Isolated from the 2002 Acute Outbreak in Spain and Comparison with Previous Isolates. Avian Dis 2005; 49:332-9. [PMID: 16252484 DOI: 10.1637/7299-110204r1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
An infectious bursal disease (IBD) outbreak occurred in the east region of Spain in the spring of 2002 and rapidly spread thorough the whole country, although proper vaccination programs were applied. In this report, 33 infectious bursal disease viruses (IBDVs) isolated from this outbreak were characterized by nucleotide sequencing of the VP2 gene hypervariable region and were compared with reference IBD strains and the 1990s Spanish IBDVs in order to determine possible emergence of IBDV isolates with modified antigenic or virulent properties. Moreover, histopathologic and immunohistochemical studies of those cases where bursal tissues were available were carried out. Of the 33 isolates, 23 were identified as very virulent IBDVs (vvIBDVs), whereas the other 10 isolates were classified as attenuated or intermediate virulence classical strains and could possibly be IBDV live vaccine strains used in the immunization of these chickens. Results of this study indicate that wIBDV isolates from the 2002 Spanish outbreak are closely related with those from the 1990s outbreak. However, acute IBD cases have not been reported in Spain during these 10 yr. Genetic, management, and environmental factors likely related with IBD reemergence in Spain are discussed. Moreover, our results indicate that good correlation exists between the IBDV subtype present in the field and the degree of lesions in bursa tissue, as well as the immunohistochemistry staining.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Dolz
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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Peters MA, Lin TL, Wu CC. Real-time RT-PCR differentiation and quantitation of infectious bursal disease virus strains using dual-labeled fluorescent probes. J Virol Methods 2005; 127:87-95. [PMID: 15893570 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2004] [Revised: 02/28/2005] [Accepted: 03/01/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A real-time RT-PCR assay was developed utilizing dual-labeled fluorescent probes binding to VP4 sequence that are specific to the classical (Cl), variant (V) and very virulent (vv) strains of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). The assay was highly sensitive and could detect as little as 3 x 10(2) to 3 x 10(3) copies of viral template. Viral genomic copy number could be accurately assayed over a broad range of 7-8 logs of viral genome. The variant sequence-specific probe was found to be highly specific in detecting isolates classified as variant A, D, E, G and GLS-5, and did not react with classical strains. A total of 130 field and experimental variant strain isolates were tested using this assay. The classical sequence-specific probe also demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity, and positively detected a total of 87 STC isolates, both field and experimental isolates, while differentiating between isolates that were variant and classical strains. The very virulent sequence-specific probe detected positively the Holland vvIBDV isolate and did not react with classical or variant strains. Rapid identification of viral strain is a primary concern to poultry flock health programs to ensure administered vaccines will protect against current strains of virus circulating in the flock. The ability to quantify virus concurrently is also of assistance in identifying the progression of disease outbreaks within the flock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Peters
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Purdue University, 406 S. University St., West Lafayette, IN 47907-2065, USA
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Banda A, Villegas P, El-Attrache J. Heteroduplex Mobility Assay for Genotyping Infectious Bursal Disease Virus. Avian Dis 2004; 48:851-62. [PMID: 15666866 DOI: 10.1637/7189-040204r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A heteroduplex mobility assay (HMA) was developed to genotype infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). This method analyzed 390-base pair (bp) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products, encompassing the hypervariable region of the VP2 gene. IBDV strains from the United States and other countries were analyzed. The HMA was able to differentiate standard, antigenic variants and very virulent strains of IBDV. Minor differences between different strains from the same subtype were also detected. Close relationships between field IBDV with vaccines prepared with Delaware E strain were determined by HMA. The results obtained by HMA were confirmed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and phylogenetic analysis of nucleotide sequences. The HMA proved to be a useful technique to rapidly genotype different field strains of IBDV and should prove to be a useful tool in epidemiologic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Banda
- Department of Avian Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-4875, USA
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Jackwood DJ, Spalding BD, Sommer SE. Real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction detection and analysis of nucleotide sequences coding for a neutralizing epitope on infectious bursal disease viruses. Avian Dis 2004; 47:738-44. [PMID: 14562905 DOI: 10.1637/6092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We used real-time reverse transcriptase (RT)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) strains. The LightCycler (Roche) and hybridization probe system (Roche, Molecular Biochemicals) were used. A mutation probe labeled with fluorescein and an anchor probe labeled with Red-640 dye were prepared for each of the STC, Del E, D78, and Bursine 2 viral sequences. The mutation probes were designed to hybridize to nucleotides that encode the hydrophilic B region of VP2 for each virus. The anchor probes were designed to a relatively conserved region immediately downstream from the mutation probes. When hybridized to the RT-PCR product, a mutation and anchor probe pair produced fluorescence resonance energy transfer that was detected by the LightCycler instrument. Because they were designed to have a lower melting temperature (Tm), the mutation probes dissociated from the template before the anchor probes. The Tm values of the four mutation probes for each of their homologous viruses (exact sequence match) were STC, 69.3 +/- 1.2 C; D78, 67.8 +/- 0.9 C; Del E, 65.5 +/- 0.6 C; and Bursine 2, 71.7 +/- 0.4 C. These values were compared with the Tm values observed for a particular probe and heterologous virus. If the Tm values observed for heterologous viruses were within two standard deviations of the Tm for the probe and its homologous virus, the nucleotide sequences of the viruses were considered to be similar. If they were below two standard deviations, they were considered to have one or more nucleotide mutations. The results indicated that the STC and Variant Vax BD viruses have similar genetic sequences at the hydrophilic B region. Likewise, Bursine 2, Bursine, Bursine+, BioBurs, BioBurs W, BioBurs AB, and IBDV Blen have similar nucleotide sequences in this region. The Tm values obtained for the D78 and Del E mutation probes with heterologous viruses indicated that none of the viruses tested had nucleotide sequences that matched these probes. Because the mutation probes were designed to bind to a region that encodes a neutralizing epitope, viruses with similar sequences were expected to have antigenically similar epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Jackwood
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
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Ozbes G, Ertas H, Muzo A. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of isolates of infectious bursal disease viruses from Turkey. VET MED-CZECH 2003; 48:359-362. [DOI: 10.17221/5790-vetmed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
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Pitcovski J, Gutter B, Gallili G, Goldway M, Perelman B, Gross G, Krispel S, Barbakov M, Michael A. Development and large-scale use of recombinant VP2 vaccine for the prevention of infectious bursal disease of chickens. Vaccine 2003; 21:4736-43. [PMID: 14585684 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(03)00525-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is the causative agent of Gumboro disease, an infectious disease of global economic importance in poultry. One of the most effective types of inactivated IBDV vaccine is produced by infecting young chickens with a virulent strain, sacrificing them and extracting the virus from the bursa of Fabricius. The goal of this study was to produce an effective subunit vaccine against IBDV thereby providing an effective means of combating the disease. In areas in which the bursa-derived vaccine is in use, this subunit vaccine would eliminate the use of live birds for the production of inactivated vaccines. The gene for viral protein 2 (VP2) of IBDV was cloned into a Pichia pastoris expression system. This efficient system allowed us to meet the need for inexpensive vaccines required by the poultry industry. Following expression and scale-up, the protein was used to vaccinate chickens, against either Gumboro disease alone or in combination with inactivated Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Full protection was conferred against IBDV following vaccination with the subunit recombinant vaccine. No untoward influence on the response to the NDV vaccine was recorded. Over 250 million birds have already been vaccinated with this vaccine. The advantages of a subunit vaccine over an inactivated one are discussed. This approach will enable rapid adjustment to new virulent strains if and when they appear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Pitcovski
- MIGAL, South Industrial Area, P.O. Box 831, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel.
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17
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Phong SF, Hair-Bejo M, Omar AR, Aini I. Sequence analysis of Malaysian infectious bursal disease virus isolate and the use of reverse transcriptase nested polymerase chain reaction enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of VP2 hypervariable region. Avian Dis 2003; 47:154-62. [PMID: 12713171 DOI: 10.1637/0005-2086(2003)047[0154:saomib]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The VP2 hypervariable region of P97/302 local infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) isolate was amplified by the reverse transcriptase (RT) nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and cloned. This region of P97/302 local isolate was sequenced and compared with eight other reported IBDV sequences. The result showed that P97/302 IBDV was most identical to the reported very virulent IBDV strains because it has amino acid substitutions at positions 222, 256, 294, and 299, which encode alanine, isoleucine, isoleucine, and serine, respectively. This region can be digested with restriction enzymes of Taq1, Sty1, Ssp1 but not with Sac1. The P97/302 isolate was then used for the optimization of RT nested PCR enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The RT nested PCR ELISA was able to detect 10(-4) dilution of the infected bursa homogenates and was 10 times more sensitive when compared with the agarose gel detection method. The RT nested PCR ELISA can detect up to 0.48 ng of the PCR product. The specificity of this nested PCR ELISA was also high (100%).
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Phong
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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18
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Abstract
Infectious bursal disease viruses (IBDVs) in 26 IBDV-positive bursa samples collected in Croatia during the period 1996-2000 and in two commercially available vaccines were differentiated by the presence or absence of the CfoI, SacI, SspI, StuI, and TaqI restriction sites in the 422-bp fragment of segment A of the VP2 gene (nt 732-1153). The fragments from 14 (54%) field isolates were TaqI+ StuI+ SspI+ and SacI- CfoI-, indicating their very virulent (vv) character. The presence of CfoI restriction site in 10 (38%) field isolates is uncommon for vvIBDV strains. It was detected in only the 88180 vvIBDV strain. Nevertheless, these isolates can be classified as vv strains according to TaqI+ StuI+ SspI+ SacI- restrictions. Two SacI+ StuI+ CfoI+ TaqI- SspI- field isolates (8%) could be classified as non-vvIBDVs. The StuI+ restriction is common to vvIBDV strains. However, the StuI recognition sequence is present in the F52/70 classic European and 002-73 attenuated strains as well. The SacI+ CfoI+ StuI- SspI- restrictions and the lack of the TaqI restriction at nt position 832 show that the IBDV in GUMBOKAL IM-SPF vaccine corresponds to the attenuated and/or vaccine strains. The TaqI restriction at nt position 875 suggests that the IBDV in GUMBOKAL SPF vaccine could belong to the mild strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Lojkić
- Department of Poultry Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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19
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Jackwood DJ, Sommer SE. Identification of infectious bursal disease virus quasispecies in commercial vaccines and field isolates of this double-stranded RNA virus. Virology 2002; 304:105-13. [PMID: 12490408 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2002.1724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Quasispecies of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) vaccine and wild-type strains were identified using real-time RT-PCR at a region of the viral genome known for sequence variability. The LightCycler (Idaho Technology, Inc.) and hybridization probe system (Roche, Molecular Biochemicals) were used. An anchor probe labeled with LightCycler Red 640 and mutation probe labeled with fluorescein were designed using the Del-E IBDV sequence. The sequence of the mutation probe included nucleotides in the hydrophilic B region of VP2 that are important to a viral neutralizing epitope. This Del-E mutation probe was allowed to hybridize to the RT-PCR products following amplification and its temperature of dissociation (T(m)) from each viral template was determined using the LightCycler melting peak analysis. The observed T(m) for the Del-E mutation probe with its homologous virus, Del-E, was usually 65.5 degrees C but ranged from 65 to 66.4 degrees C. Peak melting temperatures for the test viruses were inversely proportional to the number of mutations observed between the Del-E mutation probe and target virus sequence. All the IBDV vaccine strains tested and all but two of the wild-type strains exhibited more than one melting peak, indicating that genetic subpopulations or quasispecies of the viruses were present in the samples. Since the mutation probe was located at a site which encodes a neutralizing epitope of the virus, it is possible that the genetic differences observed are translated into antigenic changes in this VP2 epitope and contribute to antigenic diversity in the quasispecies cloud.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daral J Jackwood
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Deparment of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Ohio 44691, USA.
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20
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Majó N, El-Attrache J, Banda A, Villegas P, Ramis A, Pagès A, Ikuta N. Molecular characterization of Spanish infectious bursal disease virus field isolates. Avian Dis 2002; 46:859-68. [PMID: 12495046 DOI: 10.1637/0005-2086(2002)046[0859:mcosib]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Nine Spanish isolates of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) were characterized and classified after reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction of a 248-bp fragment of the VP2 gene hypervariable region and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). The restriction endonucleases (REs) used were BstNI, Sad, SspI, TaqI, DraI, and StyI. Sequencing of the amplified product and further comparison of these sequences with published sequence data from other IBDV strains were also performed. Very virulent and classic strains were identified. None of the strains identified had molecular characteristics similar to that of the American variant strains. Four very virulent strains (VG-248, 5939, 6145, and 7333) were digested by the TaqI, SspI, and StyI enzymes. The sequences of these strains were closely related to other European and Japanese very virulent IBDV (vvIBDV) strains. Strains VG-311, VG-262, and VG-208 were digested by the BstNI and Sad REs and were classified as classic strains. Strains VG-276 and VG-313 had unique RFLP patterns. VG-276 exhibited the SspI RE site, which has been reported as a characteristic of vvIBDV strains, whereas the VG-313 strain exhibited a Sad and StyI RE site indicative of the classic IBDV Edgar and 52-70 strains. However, nucleotide sequence analysis of the amplified hypervariable region strain VG-276 revealed a higher identity with the classic strains STC, 52/70, and 9109 IBDV strains, whereas strain VG-313 exhibited a higher identity with the vvIBDV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Majó
- Unitat d'Histologia i Anatomia Patològica, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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21
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To H, Yamaguchi T, Nguyen NT, Nguyen OT, Nguyen SV, Agus S, Kim HJ, Fukushi H, Hirai K. Sequence comparison of the VP2 variable region of infectious bursal disease virus isolates from Vietnam. J Vet Med Sci 1999; 61:429-32. [PMID: 10342297 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.61.429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The variable region in the VP2 gene of twenty-three infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) isolates, collected in Vietnam in 1997 and 1998, was amplified as cDNA by using the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and sequenced. Analysis of amino acid substitutions and phylogenetic relationships of the deduced amino acid sequences (residues 206-350) showed that the nineteen Vietnamese vv IBDVs clustered with the European vv IBDVs, Japanese vv IBDVs and Chinese vv strains, and that the four vietnamese virulent strains were closely related to European virulent strain 52/70. These results suggest that Vietnamese vv IBDVs, European vv IBDVs, Japanese vv IBDVs and Chinese vv strains have the same origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- H To
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Gifu University, Japan
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22
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Jackwood DJ, Jackwood RJ, Sommer SE. Identification and comparison of point mutations associated in classic and variant infectious bursal disease viruses. Virus Res 1997; 49:131-7. [PMID: 9213387 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1702(97)01465-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Restriction enzymes (RE) were used to identify point mutations in the nucleotide sequences of the infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) strains Del-E, Del-A, STC, IN, Bursine 2, and Bio-Burs. The point mutations at amino acid sites 222, 254 and 323 were identified using REs BstNI, StyI and MboI, respectively. The nucleotide sequences of STC, IN, Bursine 2 and Bio-Burs were determined at each of these sites. Nucleotide sequence analysis using this data and previously reported data for Del-E and Del-A was used to confirm the point mutation and predict the resulting amino acids. Although there were some exceptions, the BstNI and StyI enzymes detected point mutations in the first base of the 222 and 254 codons, respectively and could be used to predict an amino acid change in the viruses. MboI was detecting a mutation in the third base of codon 323 and could not reliably predict an amino acid change at that position. The results indicated that amino acids 222 and 254 were consistently mutated in the variant viruses examined and that amino acid 323 was not. Furthermore, point mutations resulting in amino acid changes at position 222 suggested that several groups of viruses may be defined by this site alone; proline for classic strains like STC, threonine for Del-E and GLS, serine for IN, Bursine 2, and Bio-Burs and glutamine for Del-A.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Jackwood
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio State University, Wooster 44691, USA
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