1
|
Aldana JA, Moa B, Mattsson J, Russell JH, Hawkins BJ. Histological, chemical and gene expression differences between western redcedar seedlings resistant and susceptible to cedar leaf blight. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1309762. [PMID: 38379949 PMCID: PMC10878471 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1309762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Western redcedar (Thuja plicata) is an important species in the Cupressaceae both at economic and cultural levels in the Pacific Northwest of North America. In adult trees, the species produces one of the most weathering-resistant heartwoods among conifers, making it one of the preferred species for outdoor applications. However, young T. plicata plants are susceptible to infection with cedar leaf blight (Didymascella thujina), an important foliar pathogen that can be devastating in nurseries and small-spaced plantations. Despite that, variability in the resistance against D. thujina in T. plicata has been documented, and such variability can be used to breed T. plicata for resistance against the pathogen. Objective This investigation aimed to discern the phenotypic and gene expression differences between resistant and susceptible T. plicata seedlings to shed light on the potential constitutive resistance mechanisms against cedar leaf blight in western redcedar. Methods The study consisted of two parts. First, the histological differences between four resistant and four susceptible families that were never infected with the pathogen were investigated. And second, the differences between one resistant and one susceptible family that were infected and not infected with the pathogen were analyzed at the chemical (C, N, mineral nutrients, lignin, fiber, starch, and terpenes) and gene expression (RNA-Seq) levels. Results The histological part showed that T. plicata seedlings resistant to D. thujina had constitutively thicker cuticles and lower stomatal densities than susceptible plants. The chemical analyses revealed that, regardless of their infection status, resistant plants had higher foliar concentrations of sabinene and α-thujene, and higher levels of expression of transcripts that code for leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinases and for bark storage proteins. Conclusion The data collected in this study shows that constitutive differences at the phenotypic (histological and chemical) and gene expression level exist between T. plicata seedlings susceptible and resistant to D. thujina. Such differences have potential use for marker-assisted selection and breeding for resistance against cedar leaf blight in western redcedar in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan A. Aldana
- School of Arts, Science, and Education, Medicine Hat College, Medicine Hat, AB, Canada
| | - Belaid Moa
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Jim Mattsson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - John H. Russell
- British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Mesachie Lake, BC, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fadrique B, Baraloto C, Bravo‐Avila CH, Feeley KJ. Bamboo climatic tolerances are decoupled from leaf functional traits across an Andean elevation gradient. OIKOS 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.09229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Belen Fadrique
- School of Geography, Univ. of Leeds Leeds UK
- International Center for Tropical Botany, Dept of Biological Sciences, Florida International Univ. Miami FL USA
| | | | - Catherine H. Bravo‐Avila
- International Center for Tropical Botany, Dept of Biological Sciences, Florida International Univ. Miami FL USA
| | - Kenneth J. Feeley
- Dept of Biology, Univ. of Miami Miami FL USA
- International Center for Tropical Botany, Dept of Biological Sciences, Florida International Univ. Miami FL USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
A Comparative Analysis of the Hydraulic Strategies of Non-Native and Native Perennial Forbs in Arid and Semiarid Areas of China. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13020193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: Water transport systems play an important role in maintaining plant growth and development. The plasticity responses of the xylem anatomical traits of different species to the environment are different. Studies have shown that there are annual growth rings in the secondary root xylem of perennial herbaceous species. Studies on xylem anatomical traits, however, have mainly focused on woody species, with little attention given to herbaceous species. (2) Methods: We set 14 sampling sites along a rainfall gradient in arid and semiarid regions, and collected the main roots of native (Potentilla) and non-native (Medicago) perennial forbs. The xylem anatomical traits of the plant roots were obtained by paraffin section, and the relationships between the xylem traits of forbs were analyzed by a Pearson correlation. (3) Results: In the fixed measurement area (850 μm × 850 μm), the vessel number (NV) of Potentilla species was higher than that of Medicago species, while the hydraulic diameter (Dh) and mean vessel area (MVA) of Potentilla species were lower than those of Medicago species. With the increase in precipitation along the rainfall gradient, the Dh (R2 = 0.403, p = 0.03) and MVA (R2 = 0.489, p = 0.01) of Medicago species increased significantly, and NV (R2 = 0.252, p = 0.09) decreased, while the hydraulic traits of Potentilla species showed no significant trend with regard to the rainfall gradient. (4) Conclusions: The hydraulic efficiency of non-native Medicago forbs was higher than that of native Potentilla forbs, and the hydraulic safety of native Potentilla forbs was higher than that of non-native Medicago forbs. With the decrease in precipitation, the hydraulic strategies of non-native Medicago forbs changed from efficiency to safety, while native Potentilla forbs were not sensitive to variations in precipitation.
Collapse
|
4
|
Dong Q, Duan D, Zheng W, Huang D, Wang Q, Yang J, Liu C, Li C, Gong X, Li C, Ma F, Mao K. Overexpression of MdVQ37 reduces drought tolerance by altering leaf anatomy and SA homeostasis in transgenic apple. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:160-174. [PMID: 34328189 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Drought stress is an environmental factor that seriously threatens plant growth, development and yield. VQ proteins are transcriptional regulators that have been reported to be involved in plant growth, development and the responses to biotic and abiotic stressors. However, the relationship between VQ proteins and drought stress has not been well documented in plants. In this study, overexpressing the apple VQ motif-containing protein (MdVQ37) gene in apple plants markedly reduced the tolerance to drought. Physiological and biochemical studies further demonstrated lower enzymatic activities and decreased photosynthetic capacity in transgenic lines compared with wild-type (WT) plants under drought stress. Ultrastructural analysis of leaves showed that the leaves and palisade tissues from the transgenic lines were significantly thinner than those from WT plants. Salicylic acid (SA) analysis indicated that overexpression of MdVQ37 increased the accumulation of 2,5-DHBA by up-regulating the expression of the SA catabolic gene, which ultimately resulted to a significant reduction in endogenous SA content and the disruption of the SA-dependent signaling pathway under drought stress. Applying SA partially increased the survival rate of the transgenic lines under drought stress. These results demonstrate that the regulatory function of apple MdVQ37 is implicated in drought stress, through a change in leaf development and SA homeostasis. This study provides novel insight into understanding the multiple functions of VQ proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qinglong Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Dingyue Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Wenqian Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Dong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Jie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Changhai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Chao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqing Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Cuiying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Fengwang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Ke Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Du B, Zhu Y, Kang H, Liu C. Spatial variations in stomatal traits and their coordination with leaf traits in Quercus variabilis across Eastern Asia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 789:147757. [PMID: 34058578 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The stomatal traits influence ecosystem carbon-water fluxes and play essential roles that enable plants to adapt to changing environmental conditions. However, how stomatal traits vary along a large climate gradient and whether stomatal traits coordinated with other leaf functional traits in response to environmental changes remain unclear. We investigated the stomatal density (SD), stomatal size (SS), and leaf traits (leaf area (LA), leaf mass per area (LMA), and vein density (VD)) of 44 in situ Quercus variabilis populations across Eastern Asia (24 to 51.8°N, 99 to 137°E) and 15 populations grown in a common garden, and evaluated their relationships with environmental factors. Stepwise multiple regression showed that the SD was significantly associated with mean annual precipitation (MAP), LMA, and VD, and the SS with latitude, mean annual temperature (MAT), mean monthly solar radiation (MMSR), and VD. The SD was positively correlated with the LMA, while the SS was negatively correlated with the VD. The SD and LMA increased with decreasing precipitation, which indicated that they may coordinate to commonly enhance plant resistance against drought. The SS decreased; however, the VD increased with temperature. This implied that plants might further reduce their SS by increasing VD limitations under global warming. In the common garden, plants exhibited a higher SD and VD and lower SS and LA compared to those in the field; however, no relation between the stomatal and leaf traits was observed. Our results suggested that stomatal traits have high environmental plasticity and are highly coordinated with other leaf functional traits in response to environmental changes. Nevertheless, this coordination may have been formed through long-term adaptations, rather than over short time spans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baoming Du
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yanhua Zhu
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hongzhang Kang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; School of Design, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Chunjiang Liu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Urban Forest Ecosystem Research Station, State Forestry Administration, Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200240, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Didion‐Gency M, Bachofen C, Buchmann N, Gessler A, Morin X, Vicente E, Vollenweider P, Grossiord C. Interactive effects of tree species mixture and climate on foliar and woody trait variation in a widely distributed deciduous tree. Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Didion‐Gency
- Forest Dynamics Unit Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape WSL Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Christoph Bachofen
- Plant Ecology Research Laboratory PERL School of Architecture Civil and Environmental Engineering EPFL Lausanne Switzerland
- Community Ecology Unit Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape WSL Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Nina Buchmann
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences ETH Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Forest Dynamics Unit Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape WSL Birmensdorf Switzerland
- Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems ETH Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Xavier Morin
- CEFEUniversité de Montpellier—CNRSEPHEIRDUniv. Paul Valéry Montpellier 3 Montpellier France
| | - Eduardo Vicente
- Department of Ecology Joint Research Unit University of Alicante—CEAMUniversity of Alicante Alicante Spain
| | - Pierre Vollenweider
- Forest Dynamics Unit Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape WSL Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Charlotte Grossiord
- Plant Ecology Research Laboratory PERL School of Architecture Civil and Environmental Engineering EPFL Lausanne Switzerland
- Community Ecology Unit Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape WSL Lausanne Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Desmond SC, Garner M, Flannery S, Whittemore AT, Hipp AL. Leaf shape and size variation in bur oaks: an empirical study and simulation of sampling strategies. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2021; 108:1540-1554. [PMID: 34387858 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Leaf shape and size figure strongly in plants' adaptation to their environments. Among trees, oaks are notoriously variable in leaf morphology. Our study examines the degree to which within-tree, among-tree, and among-site variation contribute to latitudinal variation in leaf shape and size of bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa: Fagaceae), one of North America's most geographically widespread oak species. METHODS Samples were collected from four sites each at northern, central, and southern latitudes of the bur oak range. Ten leaf size traits were measured, and variance in these traits and eight ratios based on these traits was partitioned into tree and population components. Population means were regressed on latitude. We then parameterized a series of leaf collection simulations using empirical covariance among leaves on trees and trees at sites. We used the simulations to assess the efficiency of different collecting strategies for estimating among-population differences in leaf shape and size. RESULTS Leaf size was highly responsive to latitude. Site contributed more than tree to total variation in leaf shape and size. Simulations suggest that power to detect among-site variance in leaf shape and size increases with either more leaves per tree (10-11 leaves from each of 5 trees) or more trees per site (5 leaves from each of 10+ trees). CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates the utility of simulating sampling and controlling for variance in sampling for leaf morphology, whether the questions being addressed are ecological, evolutionary, or taxonomic. Simulation code is provided as an R package (traitsPopSim) to help researchers plan morphological sampling strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara C Desmond
- The Morton Arboretum, Center for Tree Science, 4100 Illinois Route 53, Lisle, IL 60532, USA
| | - Mira Garner
- The Morton Arboretum, Center for Tree Science, 4100 Illinois Route 53, Lisle, IL 60532, USA
| | - Seamus Flannery
- The Morton Arboretum, Center for Tree Science, 4100 Illinois Route 53, Lisle, IL 60532, USA
- The University of Chicago Laboratory Schools, 1362 East 59th St., Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Alan T Whittemore
- U.S. National Arboretum, 3501 New York Ave NE, Washington, D.C. 20002, USA
| | - Andrew L Hipp
- The Morton Arboretum, Center for Tree Science, 4100 Illinois Route 53, Lisle, IL 60532, USA
- The Field Museum, 1400 S Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Relationships between Leaf Anatomy and Physiological Functioning of Southern US Oak Species Differing in Flood Tolerance. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11010073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Research Highlights: Bottomland oaks receive less attention than upland species, however their adaptations to flooding and summer water stress will extend our understanding of the oak genus and links between physiology and leaf anatomy. Background and objectives: Determining links between leaf anatomy and physiology can aid in parameterizing dynamic global vegetation models for oak systems, therefore we sought to (1) compare leaf anatomic, nutrient, and physiological parameters for bottomland oaks differing in flood tolerance, (2) determine correlations across parameters and determine which anatomic and nutrient parameters best predict photosynthetic capacity metrics, and (3) compare these data with reported literature values for oaks across the globe. Materials and Methods: We measured CO2 response curves (A/Ci) on leaves from Nuttall, Shumard, swamp chestnut, water and white oak seedlings planted in the Southeastern United States (US) and estimated stomatal size and density, epidermal cell size, vein density, leaf mass per area (LMA) and nitrogen (N) concentrations. Principal component analysis among these leaf anatomic and nutrient parameters was used to determine the best predictors of photosynthetic parameters including Rubisco-limited carboxylation rate (VCmax) and electron transport limited carboxylation rate (Jmax). Results: We found that although physiological parameters were similar, flood-tolerant oaks had lower leaf N concentrations and larger, more infrequent stomata than less flood-tolerant species. Leaf epidermal properties were correlated with N concentrations and a principal component capturing this correlation as well as principal components correlated with mesophyll conductance and leaf carbon concentrations were found to best explain variation in VCmax and Jmax. These Southeastern US oaks exhibited similar leaf physiological parameters and LMA as oaks reported in the literature but differed in leaf epidermal and stomatal properties as well as leaf N concentrations increasing the reported range of these parameters within the oak genus. Conclusions: Therefore, leaf anatomy and nutrient parameters as opposed to physiology differed across flood tolerance and between bottomland oaks and broader literature values.
Collapse
|
9
|
Rumman R, Atkin OK, Bloomfield KJ, Eamus D. Variation in bulk-leaf 13 C discrimination, leaf traits and water-use efficiency-trait relationships along a continental-scale climate gradient in Australia. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:1186-1200. [PMID: 28949085 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Large spatial and temporal gradients in rainfall and temperature occur across Australia. This heterogeneity drives ecological differentiation in vegetation structure and ecophysiology. We examined multiple leaf-scale traits, including foliar 13 C isotope discrimination (Δ13 C), rates of photosynthesis and foliar N concentration and their relationships with multiple climate variables. Fifty-five species across 27 families were examined across eight sites spanning contrasting biomes. Key questions addressed include: (i) Does Δ13 C and intrinsic water-use efficiency (WUEi ) vary with climate at a continental scale? (ii) What are the seasonal and spatial patterns in Δ13 C/WUEi across biomes and species? (iii) To what extent does Δ13 C reflect variation in leaf structural, functional and nutrient traits across climate gradients? and (iv) Does the relative importance of assimilation and stomatal conductance in driving variation in Δ13 C differ across seasons? We found that MAP, temperature seasonality, isothermality and annual temperature range exerted independent effects on foliar Δ13 C/WUEi . Temperature-related variables exerted larger effects than rainfall-related variables. The relative importance of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance (gs ) in determining Δ13 C differed across seasons: Δ13 C was more strongly regulated by gs during the dry-season and by photosynthetic capacity during the wet-season. Δ13 C was most strongly correlated, inversely, with leaf mass area ratio among all leaf attributes considered. Leaf Nmass was significantly and positively correlated with MAP during dry- and wet-seasons and with moisture index (MI) during the wet-season but was not correlated with Δ13 C. Leaf Pmass showed significant positive relationship with MAP and Δ13 C only during the dry-season. For all leaf nutrient-related traits, the relationships obtained for Δ13 C with MAP or MI indicated that Δ13 C at the species level reliably reflects the water status at the site level. Temperature and water availability, not foliar nutrient content, are the principal factors influencing Δ13 C across Australia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rizwana Rumman
- Terrestrial Ecohydrology Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Owen K Atkin
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Keith J Bloomfield
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Derek Eamus
- Terrestrial Ecohydrology Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Morphological Characteristics and Water-Use Efficiency of Siberian Elm Trees (Ulmus pumila L.) within Arid Regions of Northeast Asia. FORESTS 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/f7110280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
11
|
Kellner KF, Swihart RK. Timber harvest and drought interact to impact oak seedling growth and survival in the Central Hardwood Forest. Ecosphere 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth F. Kellner
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana 47907 USA
| | - Robert K. Swihart
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana 47907 USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Du B, Jansen K, Kleiber A, Eiblmeier M, Kammerer B, Ensminger I, Gessler A, Rennenberg H, Kreuzwieser J. A coastal and an interior Douglas fir provenance exhibit different metabolic strategies to deal with drought stress. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 36:148-63. [PMID: 26491053 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpv105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Drought is a major environmental stress affecting growth and vitality of forest ecosystems. In the present study, foliar nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) metabolism of two Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) provenances with assumed different drought tolerance were investigated. We worked with 1-year-old seedlings of the interior provenance Fehr Lake (FEHR) originating from a dry environment and the coastal provenance Snoqualmie (SNO) from a more humid origin. Total C and N, structural N and the concentrations of soluble protein, total amino acids (TAAs) and individual amino acids as well as the relative abundance of polar, low-molecular-weight metabolites including antioxidants were determined in current-year needles exposed either to 42 days of drought or to 42 days drought plus 14 days of rewatering. The seedlings reacted in a provenance-specific manner to drought stress. Coastal provenance SNO showed considerably increased contents of TAAs, which were caused by increased abundance of the quantitatively most important amino acids arginine, ornithine and lysine. Additionally, the polyamine putrescine accumulated exclusively in drought-stressed trees of this provenance. In contrast, the interior provenance FEHR showed the opposite response, i.e., drastically reduced concentrations of these amino acids. However, FEHR showed considerably increased contents of pyruvate-derived and aromatic amino acids, and also higher drought-induced levels of the antioxidants ascorbate and α-tocopherol. In response to drought, both provenances produced large amounts of carbohydrates, such as glucose and fructose, most likely as osmolytes that can readily be metabolized for protection against osmotic stress. We conclude that FEHR and SNO cope with drought stress in a provenance-specific manner: the coastal provenance SNO was mainly synthesizing N-based osmolytes, a reaction not observed in the interior provenance FEHR; instead, the latter increased the levels of scavengers of reactive oxygen species. Our results underline the importance of provenance-specific reactions to abiotic stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baoguo Du
- Key Laboratory for Ecological Security and Protection of Sichuan Province, Mianyang Normal University, Mianxing Road West 166, 621000 Mianyang, China Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 53, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kirstin Jansen
- Institute for Landscape Biogeochemistry, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Eberswalderstr. 84, 15374 Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Anita Kleiber
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 53, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Monika Eiblmeier
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 53, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Kammerer
- Core Facility Metabolomics, Center for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Habsburgerstr. 49, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Ensminger
- Department of Biology, Graduate Programs in Cell and Systems Biology and Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, Canada L5L 1C6 Forstliche Versuchs- und Forschungsanstalt Baden-Württemberg, Wonnhaldestr. 4, 79100 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Institute for Landscape Biogeochemistry, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Eberswalderstr. 84, 15374 Müncheberg, Germany Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), 14195 Berlin, Germany Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Heinz Rennenberg
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 53, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Kreuzwieser
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 53, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lamont BB, Groom PK, Williams M, He T. LMA, density and thickness: recognizing different leaf shapes and correcting for their nonlaminarity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 207:942-947. [PMID: 25967596 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Byron B Lamont
- Department of Environment & Agriculture, Curtin University, PO Box U1987, Perth, WA, 6084, Australia
| | - Philip K Groom
- Department of Environment & Agriculture, Curtin University, PO Box U1987, Perth, WA, 6084, Australia
| | - Matthew Williams
- Science and Conservation Division, Department of Parks & Wildlife, Kensington, WA, 6151, Australia
| | - Tianhua He
- Department of Environment & Agriculture, Curtin University, PO Box U1987, Perth, WA, 6084, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hennig A, Kleinschmit JRG, Schoneberg S, Löffler S, Janßen A, Polle A. Water consumption and biomass production of protoplast fusion lines of poplar hybrids under drought stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:330. [PMID: 26042130 PMCID: PMC4436569 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Woody crops such as poplars (Populus) can contribute to meet the increasing energy demand of a growing human population and can therefore enhance the security of energy supply. Using energy from biomass increases ecological sustainability as biomass is considered to play a pivotal role in abating climate change. Because areas for establishing poplar plantations are often confined to marginal sites drought tolerance is one important trait for poplar genotypes cultivated in short rotation coppice. We tested 9-month-old plants of four tetraploid Populus tremula (L.) × P. tremuloides (Michx.) lines that were generated by protoplast fusion and their diploid counterpart for water consumption and drought stress responses in a greenhouse experiment. The fusion lines showed equivalent or decreased height growth, stem biomass and total leaf area compared to the diploid line. The relative height increment of the fusion lines was not reduced compared to the diploid line when the plants were exposed to drought. The fusion lines were distinguished from the diploid counterpart by stomatal characteristics such as increased size and lower density. The changes in the stomatal apparatus did not affect the stomatal conductance. When exposed to drought the carbohydrate concentrations increased more strongly in the fusion lines than in the diploid line. Two fusion lines consumed significantly less water with regard to height growth, producing equivalent or increased relative stem biomass under drought compared to their diploid relative. Therefore, these tetraploid fusion lines are interesting candidates for short rotation biomass plantation on dry sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Hennig
- Department for Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Büsgen-Institute, Georg-August University of GöttingenGöttingen, Germany
- Department Forest Genetic Resources, Northwest German Forest Research InstituteHann. Münden, Germany
| | - Jörg R. G. Kleinschmit
- Department Forest Genetic Resources, Northwest German Forest Research InstituteHann. Münden, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schoneberg
- Department Ecoinformatics, Biometrics and Forest Growth, Büsgen-Institute, Georg-August University of GöttingenGöttingen, Germany
| | - Sonja Löffler
- Department for Monitoring and Forest Development, Forest Research Institute EberswaldeEberswalde, Germany
| | - Alwin Janßen
- Department Forest Genetic Resources, Northwest German Forest Research InstituteHann. Münden, Germany
| | - Andrea Polle
- Department for Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Büsgen-Institute, Georg-August University of GöttingenGöttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Brown CE, Mickelbart MV, Jacobs DF. Leaf physiology and biomass allocation of backcross hybrid American chestnut (Castanea dentata) seedlings in response to light and water availability. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 34:1362-1375. [PMID: 25428828 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpu094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Partial canopy cover promotes regeneration of many temperate forest trees, but the consequences of shading on seedling drought resistance are unclear. Reintroduction of blight-resistant American chestnut (Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.) into eastern North American forests will often occur on water-limited sites and under partial canopy cover. We measured leaf pre-dawn water potential (Ψpd), leaf gas exchange, and growth and biomass allocation of backcross hybrid American chestnut seedlings from three orchard sources grown under different light intensities (76, 26 and 8% full photosynthetically active radiation (PAR)) and subjected to well-watered or mid-season water-stressed conditions. Seedlings in the water-stress treatment were returned to well-watered conditions after wilting to examine recovery. Seedlings growing under medium- and high-light conditions wilted at lower leaf Ψpd than low-light seedlings. Recovery of net photosynthesis (Anet) and stomatal conductance (gs) was greater in low and medium light than in high light. Seed source did not affect the response to water stress or light level in most cases. Between 26 and 8% full PAR, light became limiting to the extent that the effects of water stress had no impact on some growth and morphological traits. We conclude that positive and negative aspects of shading on seedling drought tolerance and recovery are not mutually exclusive. Partial shade may help American chestnut tolerate drought during early establishment through effects on physiological conditioning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caleb E Brown
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Hardwood Tree Improvement and Regeneration Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2061, USA
| | - Michael V Mickelbart
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2061, USA
| | - Douglass F Jacobs
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Hardwood Tree Improvement and Regeneration Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2061, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sá Junior JJDM, Rossatto DR, Kolb RM, Bruno OM. A computer vision approach to quantify leaf anatomical plasticity: a case study on Gochnatia polymorpha (Less.) Cabrera. ECOL INFORM 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoinf.2013.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
17
|
Gomes MP, Marques TCLLSEM, Martins GA, Carneiro MMLC, Soares ÂM. Cd-tolerance markers of Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng.) Pedersen plants: anatomical and physiological features. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s1677-04202012000400008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
18
|
LI YH, LU Q, WU B, ZHU YJ, LIU DJ, ZHANG JX, JIN ZH. A review of leaf morphology plasticity linked to plant response and adaptation characteristics in arid ecosystems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1258.2012.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
19
|
Ma J, Ji C, Han M, Zhang T, Yan X, Hu D, Zeng H, He J. Comparative analyses of leaf anatomy of dicotyledonous species in Tibetan and Inner Mongolian grasslands. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2012; 55:68-79. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-012-4268-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
|
20
|
Lewis JD, Phillips NG, Logan BA, Hricko CR, Tissue DT. Leaf photosynthesis, respiration and stomatal conductance in six Eucalyptus species native to mesic and xeric environments growing in a common garden. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 31:997-1006. [PMID: 21937672 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpr087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Trees adapted to mesic and xeric habits may differ in a suite of physiological responses that affect leaf-level carbon balance, including the relationship between photosynthesis (A) and respiration at night (R(n)). Understanding the factors that regulate physiological function in mesic and xeric species is critical for predicting changes in growth and distribution under changing climates. In this study, we examined the relationship between A and R(n), and leaf traits that may regulate A and R(n), in six Eucalyptus species native to mesic or xeric ecosystems, during two 24-h cycles in a common garden under high soil moisture. Peak A and R(n) generally were higher in xeric compared with mesic species. Across species, A and R(n) covaried, correlated with leaf mass per area, leaf N per unit area and daytime soluble sugar accumulation. A also covaried with g(s), which accounted for 93% of the variation in A within species. These results suggest that A and R(n) in these six Eucalyptus species were linked through leaf N and carbohydrates. Further, the relationship between A and R(n) across species suggests that differences in this relationship between mesic and xeric Eucalyptus species in their native habitats may be largely driven by environmental factors rather than inter-specific genetic variation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James D Lewis
- Hawkesbury Institute for Environment, University of Western Sydney, Richmond, NSW 2753, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hallik L, Niinemets Ü, Wright IJ. Are species shade and drought tolerance reflected in leaf-level structural and functional differentiation in Northern Hemisphere temperate woody flora? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2009; 184:257-274. [PMID: 19674334 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02918.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Leaf-level determinants of species environmental stress tolerance are still poorly understood. Here, we explored dependencies of species shade (T(shade)) and drought (T(drought)) tolerance scores on key leaf structural and functional traits in 339 Northern Hemisphere temperate woody species. In general, T(shade) was positively associated with leaf life-span (L(L)), and negatively with leaf dry mass (M(A)), nitrogen content (N(A)), and photosynthetic capacity (A(A)) per area, while opposite relationships were observed with drought tolerance. Different trait combinations responsible for T(shade) and T(drought) were observed among the key plant functional types: deciduous and evergreen broadleaves and evergreen conifers. According to principal component analysis, resource-conserving species with low N content and photosynthetic capacity, and high L(L) and M(A), had higher T(drought), consistent with the general stress tolerance strategy, whereas variation in T(shade) did not concur with the postulated stress tolerance strategy. As drought and shade often interact in natural communities, reverse effects of foliar traits on these key environmental stress tolerances demonstrate that species niche differentiation is inherently constrained in temperate woody species. Different combinations of traits among key plant functional types further explain the contrasting bivariate correlations often observed in studies seeking functional explanation of variation in species environmental tolerances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lea Hallik
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu EE-51014, Estonia
- Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 40 Lai St, EE-51005 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu EE-51014, Estonia
| | - Ian J Wright
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Niinemets Ü, Valladares F. TOLERANCE TO SHADE, DROUGHT, AND WATERLOGGING OF TEMPERATE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE TREES AND SHRUBS. ECOL MONOGR 2006. [DOI: 10.1890/0012-9615(2006)076[0521:ttsdaw]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 727] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
23
|
Sack L, Frole K. Leaf structural diversity is related to hydraulic capacity in tropical rain forest trees. Ecology 2006; 87:483-91. [PMID: 16637372 DOI: 10.1890/05-0710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The hydraulic resistance of the leaf (R1) is a major bottleneck in the whole plant water transport pathway and may thus be linked with the enormous variation in leaf structure and function among tropical rain forest trees. A previous study found that R1 varied by an order of magnitude across 10 tree species of Panamanian tropical lowland rain forest. Here, correlations were tested between R1 and 24 traits relating to leaf venation and mesophyll structure, and to gross leaf form. Across species, R1 was related to both venation architecture and mesophyll structure. R1 was positively related to the theoretical axial resistivity of the midrib, determined from xylem conduit numbers and dimensions, and R1 was negatively related to venation density in nine of 10 species. R1 was also negatively related to both palisade mesophyll thickness and to the ratio of palisade to spongy mesophyll. By contrast, numerous leaf traits were independent of R1, including area, shape, thickness, and density, demonstrating that leaves can be diverse in gross structure without intrinsic trade-offs in hydraulic capacity. Variation in both R1-linked and R1-independent traits related strongly to regeneration irradiance, indicating the potential importance of both types of traits in establishment ecology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lawren Sack
- Department of Botany, University of Hawai'i at Mănoa, Honolulu 96822, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Knight CA, Vogel H, Kroymann J, Shumate A, Witsenboer H, Mitchell-Olds T. Expression profiling and local adaptation of Boechera holboellii populations for water use efficiency across a naturally occurring water stress gradient. Mol Ecol 2006; 15:1229-37. [PMID: 16626450 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2006.02818.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We studied the physiological basis of local adaptation to drought in Boechera holboellii, a perennial relative of Arabidopsis thaliana, and used cDNA-AFLPs to identify candidate genes showing differential expression in these populations. We compared two populations of B. holboellii from contrasting water environments in a reciprocal transplant experiment, as well as in a laboratory dry-down experiment. We continuously measured the water content of soils using time domain reflectometery (TDR). We compared populations for their water use efficiency (WUE), root/shoot ratios (R:S) and leaf mass per unit area (LMA) in the field and in the laboratory, and identified candidate genes that (i) responded plastically to water stress and (ii) were differentially expressed between the two populations. Genotypes from the drier site had higher WUE, which was attributable to a large reduction in transpirational water loss. The xeric-adapted population also had increased investment in root biomass and greater leaf mass per unit area. Reciprocal transplants in the field had significantly greater survival in their native habitat. In total, 450 cDNA-AFLP fragments showed significant changes between drought and control treatments. Furthermore, some genes showed genotype (population)-specific patterns of up- or down-regulation in response to drought. Three hundred cDNA-AFLP bands were sequenced leading to the identification of cDNAs coding for proteins involved in signal transduction, transcriptional regulation, redox regulation, oxidative stress and pathways involved in stress adaptation. Some of these proteins could contribute a physiological advantage under drought, making them potential targets for natural selection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles A Knight
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans Knoell Strasse 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Newman GS, Arthur MA, Muller RN. Above- and Belowground Net Primary Production in a Temperate Mixed Deciduous Forest. Ecosystems 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-006-0015-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
26
|
|
27
|
Preston KA, Ackerly DD. Hydraulic architecture and the evolution of shoot allometry in contrasting climates. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2003; 90:1502-12. [PMID: 21659103 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.90.10.1502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
We used pairs of congeneric shrub species from contrasting habitats to test for repeated evolutionary divergence in leaf-stem allometry and shoot hydraulic architecture in response to water availability. Allometric relationships and mean ratios between leaf size (individual and total area and mass per shoot) and stem cross-sectional area were compared between habitats using six species pairs representing three genera (Arctostaphylos, Baccharis, Ceanothus). We measured correlations among evolutionary changes in allometric, morphological, and physiological traits using phylogenetic independent contrasts. Allometric analysis revealed habitat differences: slopes were homogeneous among species (=1.46), but the more mesic-adapted species generally supported more leaf area at a common stem cross-sectional area. Reducing bivariate allometry to a ratio obscured this pattern because ratios varied with stem size, which was unrelated to habitat. Mean individual leaf size also was not correlated with either water availability or leaf-stem allometry. Stem hydraulic conductivity was generally lower in the xeric-adapted species of each pair, and its evolution mirrored changes in shoot allometry. This study provides evidence for repeated evolutionary divergence in shoot allometry and hydraulic architecture associated with water availability and demonstrates the importance of shoot allometry to water relations, independent of leaf size.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Preston
- Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5020 USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
GULÍAS JAVIER, FLEXAS JAUME, MUS MAURICI, CIFRE JOSEP, LEFI ELKADRI, MEDRANO HIPÓLITO. Relationship between maximum leaf photosynthesis, nitrogen content and specific leaf area in balearic endemic and non-endemic mediterranean species. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2003; 92:215-22. [PMID: 12805082 PMCID: PMC4243646 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcg123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Gas exchange parameters, leaf nitrogen content and specific leaf area (SLA) were measured in situ on 73 C3 and five C4 plant species in Mallorca, west Mediterranean, to test whether species endemic to the Balearic Islands differed from widespread, non-endemic Mediterranean species and crops in their leaf traits and trait inter-relationships. Endemic species differed significantly from widespread species and crops in several parameters; in particular, photosynthetic capacity, on an area basis (A), was 20 % less in endemics than in non-endemics. Similar differences between endemics and non-endemics were found in parameters such as SLA and leaf nitrogen content per area (Na). Nevertheless, most of the observed differences were found only within the herbaceous deciduous species. These could be due to the fact that most of the non-endemic species within this group have adapted to ruderal areas, while none of the endemics occupies this kind of habitat. All the species-including the crops-showed a positive, highly significant correlation between photosynthetic capacity on a mass basis (Am), leaf nitrogen content on a mass basis (Nm) and SLA. However, endemic species had a lower Am for any given SLA and Nm. Hypotheses are presented to explain these differences, and their possible role in reducing the distribution of many endemic Balearic species is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- JAVIER GULÍAS
- Institut Mediterrani d’Estudis Avançats (CSIC–UIB), Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa, Km 7·5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - JAUME FLEXAS
- Institut Mediterrani d’Estudis Avançats (CSIC–UIB), Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa, Km 7·5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- * For correspondence. Fax number: +34 971 173184, e‐mail:
| | - MAURICI MUS
- Institut Mediterrani d’Estudis Avançats (CSIC–UIB), Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa, Km 7·5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - JOSEP CIFRE
- Institut Mediterrani d’Estudis Avançats (CSIC–UIB), Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa, Km 7·5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - ELKADRI LEFI
- Institut Mediterrani d’Estudis Avançats (CSIC–UIB), Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa, Km 7·5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - HIPÓLITO MEDRANO
- Institut Mediterrani d’Estudis Avançats (CSIC–UIB), Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa, Km 7·5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Lamont BB, Groom PK, Cowling RM. High leaf mass per area of related species assemblages may reflect low rainfall and carbon isotope discrimination rather than low phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations. Funct Ecol 2002. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2435.2002.00631.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
30
|
Reich PB, Ellsworth DS, Walters MB. Leaf structure (specific leaf area) modulates photosynthesis-nitrogen relations: evidence from within and across species and functional groups. Funct Ecol 2002. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2435.1998.00274.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 401] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
31
|
Roderick ML, Berry SL, Noble IR, Farquhar GD. A theoretical approach to linking the composition and morphology with the function of leaves. Funct Ecol 2002. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2435.1999.00368.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
32
|
Roderick ML, Berry SL, Noble IR. A framework for understanding the relationship between environment and vegetation based on the surface area to volume ratio of leaves. Funct Ecol 2001. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2435.2000.00438.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
33
|
Garnier E, Laurent G, Bellmann A, Debain S, Berthelier P, Ducout B, Roumet C, Navas ML. Consistency of species ranking based on functional leaf traits. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2001; 152:69-83. [PMID: 35974476 DOI: 10.1046/j.0028-646x.2001.00239.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
• Specific leaf area (leaf area to dry mass ratio), leaf dry matter content (leaf dry mass to saturated fresh mass ratio) and leaf nitrogen concentration (LNC) have been proposed as indicators of plant resource use in data bases of plant functional traits. • We tested whether species ranking based on these traits was repeatable by studying spatio-temporal variations in specific leaf area and leaf dry matter content of water-saturated leaves (SLASAT and LDMCSAT ), as well as in LNC, for 57 herbaceous and woody species (or subsets thereof) growing under the Mediterranean climate of southern France. • Interseason and intersite variations were more pronounced than interannual variations, but species ranking for a given trait remained mostly consistent in space and time. Classifications based on LDMCSAT were generally more repeatable across years and sites, whereas those based on SLASAT were more stable over seasons. LNC usually gave the least repeatable classifications. • Species rankings were not completely similar for the three traits. Discussion of reproducibility, ease of trait measurement, as well as trait-function relationships led us to propose that measurements of the leaf traits, SLASAT and/or LDMCSAT , were the most suitable in large screening programmes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Garnier
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CNRS-UPR 9056), 1919, Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - G Laurent
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CNRS-UPR 9056), 1919, Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - A Bellmann
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CNRS-UPR 9056), 1919, Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - S Debain
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CNRS-UPR 9056), 1919, Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - P Berthelier
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CNRS-UPR 9056), 1919, Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - B Ducout
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CNRS-UPR 9056), 1919, Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - C Roumet
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CNRS-UPR 9056), 1919, Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - M-L Navas
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CNRS-UPR 9056), 1919, Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
- UFR de Biologie et Pathologie Végétales, ENSA-M, Place Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex 2, France
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Dunlap JM, Stettler RF. Variation in leaf epidermal and stomatal traits of Populus trichocarpa from two transects across the Washington Cascades. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1139/b01-029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal and stomatal cell traits were examined on late leaves of 40 black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa Torr. & Gray) clones originating from the mesic Nisqually, and xeric Yakima river valleys of Washington. Four leaves per clone were collected from 1-year-old trees in two replicated common gardens located in Puyallup (western Washington) and Wenatchee (eastern Washington). In Puyallup-grown material, Yakima clones had abaxially 14% smaller epidermal cell diameters (CDIAM) and 27% greater cell densities (CDEN; No. per mm2), and 25% smaller leaves than Nisqually clones (p [Formula: see text] 0.03). Abaxial stomatal densities (STDEN; No. per mm2) were highest (206) in the lower elevation, xeric-origin Yakima clones, as compared with an average of 120 in Nisqually clones. A higher proportion of Yakima leaves had shorter stomates than those from the Nisqually at both sites (p [Formula: see text] 0.002). Besides shorter stomates (p [Formula: see text] 0.030), the lower elevation Yakima clones generally had higher STDEN and ratios of STDEN to CDEN than those clones from the upper group (p [Formula: see text] 0.098). Acclimation of Wenatchee-grown clones to the hotter, drier summer climate was also evident, as they generally had smaller CDIAM, and higher CDEN and STDEN than those grown at Puyallup. Genetic variances (among rivers, groups within river, and clones within group within river) ranged from 42 to 84% with clone being dominant for epidermal traits while the other two components were dominant for stomatal traits. In the Yakima leaves, much of the genetic variance (group and clone within group) resided in the group component. Broad-sense heritabilities averaged 72%, indicating moderately strong genetic control in most traits. This study provides further evidence of genetic variation in P. trichocarpa at the regional and local scales across the Washington Cascades.Key words: Populus trichocarpa, black cottonwood, stomata, adaptation, acclimation, genetic variation.
Collapse
|
35
|
|
36
|
Reich PB, Ellsworth DS, Walters MB, Vose JM, Gresham C, Volin JC, Bowman WD. GENERALITY OF LEAF TRAIT RELATIONSHIPS: A TEST ACROSS SIX BIOMES. Ecology 1999. [DOI: 10.1890/0012-9658(1999)080[1955:goltra]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 935] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
37
|
Modelling Terrestrial Carbon Exchange and Storage: Evidence and Implications of Functional Convergence in Light-use Efficiency. ADV ECOL RES 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2504(08)60029-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
38
|
|
39
|
Smith WK, Vogelmann TC, DeLucia EH, Bell DT, Shepherd KA. Leaf Form and Photosynthesis. Bioscience 1997. [DOI: 10.2307/1313100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
|
40
|
Ecophysiological analysis of woody species in contrasting temperate communities during wet and dry years. Oecologia 1994; 98:303-312. [PMID: 28313906 DOI: 10.1007/bf00324218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/1993] [Accepted: 04/14/1994] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This study employed an intensive sampling regime in which leaf gas exchange and tissue-water relations were measured simultaneously on the same leaf at midday on 19 tree species from three distinct forest communities during wet (1990) and dry (1991) growing seasons. The study sites were located on a xeric barrens, a misic valley floor, and a wet-mesic floodplain in central Pennsylvania, United States. The xeric, mesic, and wetmesic sties had drought-related decreases in gravimetric soil moisture of 53, 34 and 27%, respectively. During the wet year, xeric and mesic communities had high seasonal mean photosynthetic rates (A) and stomatal conductance of water vapor (g wv) and low midday leaf water potential (ψ), whereas the wet-mesic community had low A and g wv and high midday ψ. The mesic and wet-mesic communities had dry year decreases in predawn ψ, g wv and A with the greatest drought effect occurring in the mesic community. Regression analysis indicated that species from each site that exhibited high wet-year A and g wv tended to have low midday ψ. This trend was reversed only in the mesic community in the drought year. Despite differences in midday ψ, all three communities had similar midday leaf turgor pressure (ψp) in the wet year attributable to lower osmotic potential at zero turgor (ψ π0 ) with increasing site droughtiness. Lower wet year ψ π0 in the xeric community was due to low symplast volume rather than high solute content. Species with the lowest ψ π0 in the wet year often did not have the lowest ψ π100 possibly related to differences in tissue elasticity. Moreover, increased elasticity during drought may have masked osmotic adjustment in ψ π100 but not in ψ π0 , via dilution of solutes at full hydration in some species. Despite the sampling regime used, there were no relationships between gas exchange and osmotic and elastic parameters that were consistently significant among communities or years. This result questions the universal, direct effect of osmotic and elastic adjustments in the maintenance of photosynthesis during drought. By including a large number of species, this study provided new insight to the ecophysiology of contrasting forest communities, and the community-wide impact of drought on contrasting sites.
Collapse
|