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Zona D, Lafleur PM, Hufkens K, Gioli B, Bailey B, Burba G, Euskirchen ES, Watts JD, Arndt KA, Farina M, Kimball JS, Heimann M, Göckede M, Pallandt M, Christensen TR, Mastepanov M, López‐Blanco E, Dolman AJ, Commane R, Miller CE, Hashemi J, Kutzbach L, Holl D, Boike J, Wille C, Sachs T, Kalhori A, Humphreys ER, Sonnentag O, Meyer G, Gosselin GH, Marsh P, Oechel WC. Pan-Arctic soil moisture control on tundra carbon sequestration and plant productivity. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:1267-1281. [PMID: 36353841 PMCID: PMC10099953 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Long-term atmospheric CO2 concentration records have suggested a reduction in the positive effect of warming on high-latitude carbon uptake since the 1990s. A variety of mechanisms have been proposed to explain the reduced net carbon sink of northern ecosystems with increased air temperature, including water stress on vegetation and increased respiration over recent decades. However, the lack of consistent long-term carbon flux and in situ soil moisture data has severely limited our ability to identify the mechanisms responsible for the recent reduced carbon sink strength. In this study, we used a record of nearly 100 site-years of eddy covariance data from 11 continuous permafrost tundra sites distributed across the circumpolar Arctic to test the temperature (expressed as growing degree days, GDD) responses of gross primary production (GPP), net ecosystem exchange (NEE), and ecosystem respiration (ER) at different periods of the summer (early, peak, and late summer) including dominant tundra vegetation classes (graminoids and mosses, and shrubs). We further tested GPP, NEE, and ER relationships with soil moisture and vapor pressure deficit to identify potential moisture limitations on plant productivity and net carbon exchange. Our results show a decrease in GPP with rising GDD during the peak summer (July) for both vegetation classes, and a significant relationship between the peak summer GPP and soil moisture after statistically controlling for GDD in a partial correlation analysis. These results suggest that tundra ecosystems might not benefit from increased temperature as much as suggested by several terrestrial biosphere models, if decreased soil moisture limits the peak summer plant productivity, reducing the ability of these ecosystems to sequester carbon during the summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Zona
- Department BiologySan Diego State UniversitySan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Peter M. Lafleur
- School of the EnvironmentTrent UniversityPeterboroughOntarioCanada
| | | | - Beniamino Gioli
- National Research Council (CNR)Institute of BioEconomy (IBE)FlorenceItaly
| | - Barbara Bailey
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, San Diego State UniversitySan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - George Burba
- LI‐COR BiosciencesLincolnNebraskaUSA
- The Robert B. Daugherty Water for Food Global Institute and School of Natural ResourcesUniversity of NebraskaLincolnNebraskaUSA
| | | | - Jennifer D. Watts
- Woodwell Climate Research CenterFalmouthMassachusettsUSA
- W.A. Franke College of Forestry & ConservationThe University of MontanaMissoulaMontanaUSA
| | - Kyle A. Arndt
- Woodwell Climate Research CenterFalmouthMassachusettsUSA
| | - Mary Farina
- Woodwell Climate Research CenterFalmouthMassachusettsUSA
| | - John S. Kimball
- W.A. Franke College of Forestry & ConservationThe University of MontanaMissoulaMontanaUSA
| | - Martin Heimann
- Max Planck Institute for BiogeochemistryJenaGermany
- Faculty of Science, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR) / Physics, University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | | | | | - Torben R. Christensen
- Department of Ecoscience, Arctic Research CentreAarhus UniversityRoskildeDenmark
- Oulanka Research StationOulu UniversityKuusamoFinland
| | - Mikhail Mastepanov
- Department of Ecoscience, Arctic Research CentreAarhus UniversityRoskildeDenmark
- Oulanka Research StationOulu UniversityKuusamoFinland
| | - Efrén López‐Blanco
- Department of Ecoscience, Arctic Research CentreAarhus UniversityRoskildeDenmark
- Department of Environment and Minerals, Greenland Institute of Natural ResourcesNuukGreenland
| | | | - Roisin Commane
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lamont‐Doherty Earth ObservatoryColumbia UniversityPalisadesNew YorkUSA
| | - Charles E. Miller
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Josh Hashemi
- Department BiologySan Diego State UniversitySan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
- Environmental Meteorology, Institute of Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Lars Kutzbach
- Institute of Soil Science, Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability (CEN)Universität HamburgHamburgGermany
| | - David Holl
- Institute of Soil Science, Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability (CEN)Universität HamburgHamburgGermany
| | - Julia Boike
- Geography DepartmentHumboldt‐Universität zu BerlinBerlinGermany
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine ResearchPotsdamGermany
| | | | - Torsten Sachs
- GFZ German Research Centre for GeosciencesPotsdamGermany
| | - Aram Kalhori
- GFZ German Research Centre for GeosciencesPotsdamGermany
| | - Elyn R. Humphreys
- Department of Geography & Environmental StudiesCarleton UniversityOttawaOntarioCanada
| | - Oliver Sonnentag
- Département de GéographieUniversité de MontréalMontréalQuebecCanada
| | - Gesa Meyer
- Département de GéographieUniversité de MontréalMontréalQuebecCanada
| | | | - Philip Marsh
- Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Wilfrid Laurier UniversityWaterlooOntarioCanada
| | - Walter C. Oechel
- Department BiologySan Diego State UniversitySan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
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2
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He M, Pan Y, Zhou G, Barry KE, Fu Y, Zhou X. Grazing and global change factors differentially affect biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationships in grassland ecosystems. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:5492-5504. [PMID: 35737821 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Grazing and global change (e.g., warming, nitrogen deposition, and altered precipitation) both contribute to biodiversity loss and alter ecosystem structure and functioning. However, how grazing and global change interactively influence plant diversity and ecosystem productivity, and their relationship remains unclear at the global scale. Here, we synthesized 73 field studies to quantify the individual and/or interactive effects of grazing and global change factors on biodiversity-productivity relationship in grasslands. Our results showed that grazing significantly reduced plant richness by 3.7% and aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) by 29.1%, but increased belowground net primary productivity (BNPP) by 9.3%. Global change factors, however, decreased richness by 8.0% but increased ANPP and BNPP by 13.4% and 14.9%, respectively. Interestingly, the strength of the change in biodiversity in response to grazing was positively correlated with the strength of the change in BNPP. Yet, global change flipped these relationships from positive to negative even when combined with grazing. These results indicate that the impacts of global change factors are more dominant than grazing on the belowground biodiversity-productivity relationship, which is contrary to the pattern of aboveground one. Therefore, incorporating global change factors with herbivore grazing into Earth system models is necessary to accurately predict climate-grassland carbon cycle feedbacks in the Anthropocene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao He
- Center for Global Change and Ecological Forecasting, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Ecology and Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Institute of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Yuhan Pan
- Center for Global Change and Ecological Forecasting, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guiyao Zhou
- Center for Global Change and Ecological Forecasting, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kathryn E Barry
- Ecology and Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Institute of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Yuling Fu
- Center for Global Change and Ecological Forecasting, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuhui Zhou
- Center for Global Change and Ecological Forecasting, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Northeast Asia Ecosystem Carbon Sink Research Center (NACC), Center for Ecological Research, Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
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3
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Boyle JS, Angers-Blondin S, Assmann JJ, Myers-Smith IH. Summer temperature—but not growing season length—influences radial growth of Salix arctica in coastal Arctic tundra. Polar Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-022-03074-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
AbstractArctic climate change is leading to an advance of plant phenology (the timing of life history events) with uncertain impacts on tundra ecosystems. Although the lengthening of the growing season is thought to lead to increased plant growth, we have few studies of how plant phenology change is altering tundra plant productivity. Here, we test the correspondence between 14 years of Salix arctica phenology data and radial growth on Qikiqtaruk–Herschel Island, Yukon Territory, Canada. We analysed stems from 28 individuals using dendroecology and linear mixed-effect models to test the statistical power of growing season length and climate variables to individually predict radial growth. We found that summer temperature best explained annual variation in radial growth. We found no strong evidence that leaf emergence date, earlier leaf senescence date, or total growing season length had any direct or lagged effects on radial growth. Radial growth was also not explained by interannual variation in precipitation, MODIS surface greenness (NDVI), or sea ice concentration. Our results demonstrate that at this site, for the widely distributed species S. arctica, temperature—but not growing season length—influences radial growth. These findings challenge the assumption that advancing phenology and longer growing seasons will increase the productivity of all plant species in Arctic tundra ecosystems.
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4
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Grassland Phenology Response to Climate Conditions in Biobio, Chile from 2001 to 2020. REMOTE SENSING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/rs14030475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Plant phenology is affected by climate conditions and therefore provides a sensitive indicator to changes in climate. Studying the evolution and change in plant phenology aids in a better understanding of and predicting changes in ecosystems. Vegetation Indices (VIs) have been recognized for their utility in indicating vegetation activity. Understanding climatic variables and their relationship to VI support the knowledge base of how ecosystems are changing under a new climatic scenario. This study evaluates grassland growth phenology in the Biobio, Chile, biweekly with Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) time series. Four growth parameters for the six agro-climatic regions were analyzed from 2001 to 2020: start and end of the season, time and value of maximum NDVI. For this purpose, the NDVI time series were smoothed using Savitzky–Golay filtering. In addition, by using monthly gridded database climate data, we studied correlations between phenology markers and rainfall, maximum temperature and minimum temperature. The results show that both the start and end of the growing season did not significantly change; however, all agro-climatic regions grow faster and more vigorously. Thus, climatic conditions in Biobio have become more conducive to grassland growth over the 2001–2020 period.
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5
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Flint PL, Meixell B. Response of forage plants to alteration of temperature and spring thaw date: implications for geese in a warming Arctic. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paul L. Flint
- U.S. Geological Survey 4210 University Drive Anchorage Alaska 99508 USA
| | - Brandt Meixell
- U.S. Geological Survey 4210 University Drive Anchorage Alaska 99508 USA
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6
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Vázquez-Ramírez J, Venn SE. Seeds and Seedlings in a Changing World: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis from High Altitude and High Latitude Ecosystems. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10040768. [PMID: 33919792 PMCID: PMC8070808 DOI: 10.3390/plants10040768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The early life-history stages of plants, such as germination and seedling establishment, depend on favorable environmental conditions. Changes in the environment at high altitude and high latitude regions, as a consequence of climate change, will significantly affect these life stages and may have profound effects on species recruitment and survival. Here, we synthesize the current knowledge of climate change effects on treeline, tundra, and alpine plants’ early life-history stages. We systematically searched the available literature on this subject up until February 2020 and recovered 835 potential articles that matched our search terms. From these, we found 39 studies that matched our selection criteria. We characterized the studies within our review and performed a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the extracted meta-data regarding the climatic effects likely to change in these regions, including projected warming, early snowmelt, changes in precipitation, nutrient availability and their effects on seed maturation, seed dormancy, germination, seedling emergence and seedling establishment. Although the studies showed high variability in their methods and studied species, the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the extracted data allowed us to detect existing patterns and knowledge gaps. For example, warming temperatures seemed to favor all studied life stages except seedling establishment, a decrease in precipitation had a strong negative effect on seed stages and, surprisingly, early snowmelt had a neutral effect on seed dormancy and germination but a positive effect on seedling establishment. For some of the studied life stages, data within the literature were too limited to identify a precise effect. There is still a need for investigations that increase our understanding of the climate change impacts on high altitude and high latitude plants’ reproductive processes, as this is crucial for plant conservation and evidence-based management of these environments. Finally, we make recommendations for further research based on the identified knowledge gaps.
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7
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Hu X, Zhou W, Li X, Niklas KJ, Sun S. Changes in Community Composition Induced by Experimental Warming in an Alpine Meadow: Beyond Plant Functional Type. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.569422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate warming exerts profound effects on plant community composition. However, responses to climate warming are often reported at the community and functional type levels, but not at the species level. To test whether warming-induced changes are consistent among community, functional type, and species levels, we examined the warming-induced changes at different levels in an alpine meadow from 2015 to 2018. The warming was achieved by deploying six (open top) chambers [including three non-warmed chambers and three warmed chambers; 15 × 15 × 2.5 m (height) for each] that resulted in a small increase in mean annual temperature (0.3–0.5°C, varying with years) with a higher increase during the non-growing season (0.4–0.6°C) than in the growing season (0.03–0.47°C). The results show that warming increased plant aboveground biomass but did not change species richness, or Shannon diversity and evenness at the community level. At the functional type level, warming increased the relative abundance of grasses from 3 to 16%, but decreased the relative abundance of forbs from 89 to 79%; relative abundances of sedges and legumes were unchanged. However, for a given functional type, warming could result in contrasting effects on the relative abundance among species, e.g., the abundances of the forb species Geranium pylzowianum, Potentilla anserine, Euphrasia pectinate, and the sedge species Carex atrofusca increased in the warmed (compared to the non-warmed) chambers. More importantly, the difference in species identity between warmed and non-warmed chambers revealed warming-induced species loss. Specifically, four forb species were lost in both types of chambers, one additional forb species (Angelica apaensis) was lost in the non-warmed chambers, and two additional species (one forb species Saussurea stella and one sedge species Blysmus sinocompressus) were lost in the warmed chambers. Consequently, changes at the species level could not be deduced from the results at the community or functional type levels. These data indicate that species-level responses to climate changes must be more intensively studied. This work also highlights the importance of examining species identity (and not only species number) to study changes of community composition in response to climate warming.
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8
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Frei ER, Schnell L, Vitasse Y, Wohlgemuth T, Moser B. Assessing the Effectiveness of in-situ Active Warming Combined With Open Top Chambers to Study Plant Responses to Climate Change. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:539584. [PMID: 33329621 PMCID: PMC7714718 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.539584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Temperature manipulation experiments are an effective way for testing plant responses to future climate conditions, especially for predicting shifts in plant phenological events. While passive warming techniques are widely used to elevate temperature in low stature plant communities, active warming has been applied less frequently due to the associated resource requirements. In forest ecosystems, however, active warming is crucial to simulate projected air temperature rises of 3-5 K, especially at the warm (i.e., southern and low elevation) range edges of tree species. Moreover, the warming treatment should be applied to the complete height of the experimental plants, e.g., regenerating trees in the understory. Here, we combined open top chambers (OTCs) with active heat sources, an electric heater (OTC-EH) and warming cables (OTC-WC), and tested the effectiveness of these set-ups to maintain constant temperature differences compared to ambient temperature across 18 m2 plots. This chamber size is needed to grow tree saplings in mixture in forest gaps for 3 to 10 years. With passive warming only, an average temperature increase of approx. 0.4 K as compared to ambient conditions was achieved depending on time of the day and weather conditions. In the actively warmed chambers, average warming exceeded ambient temperatures by 2.5 to 2.8 K and was less variable over time. However, active warming also reduced air humidity by about 15%. These results underline the need to complement passive warming with active warming in order to achieve constant temperature differences appropriate for climate change simulations under all weather conditions in large OTCs. Since we observed considerable horizontal and vertical temperature variation within OTCs with temperature differences of up to 16.9 K, it is essential to measure and report within-plot temperature distribution as well as temporal temperature variation. If temperature distributions within large OTCs are well characterized, they may be incorporated in the experimental design helping to identify non-linear or threshold responses to warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther R. Frei
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Luc Schnell
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yann Vitasse
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Wohlgemuth
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Moser
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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9
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Hu X, Zhou W, Sun S. Responses of Plant Reproductive Phenology to Winter-Biased Warming in an Alpine Meadow. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:534703. [PMID: 33013961 PMCID: PMC7498618 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.534703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Climate warming is often seasonally asymmetric with a higher temperature increase toward winters than summers. However, the effect of winter-biased warming on plant reproductive phenology has been seldom investigated under natural field conditions. The goal of this study was to determine the effects of winter-biased warming on plant reproductive phenologies. In an alpine meadow of Tibetan Plateau, we deployed six large (15 m × 15 m × 2.5 m height) open top chambers (three warmed chambers and three non-warmed chambers) to achieve winter-biased warming (i.e., a small increase in annual mean temperature with a greater increase towards winter than summer). We investigated three phenophases (onset and offset times and duration) for both the flowering and fruiting phenologies of 11 common species in 2017 and 8 species in 2018. According to the vernalization theory, we hypothesized that mild winter-biased warming would delay flowering and fruiting phenologies. The data indicated that the phenological responses to warming were species-specific (including positive, neutral, and negative responses), and the number of plant species advancing flowering (by averagely 4.5 days) and fruiting onset times (by averagely 3.6 days) was higher than those delaying the times. These changes were inconsistent with the vernalization hypothesis (i.e. plants need to achieve a threshold of chilling before flowering) alone, but can be partly explained by the accumulated temperature hypothesis (i.e. plants need to achieve a threshold of accumulative temperature before flowering) and/or the overtopping hypothesis (i.e. plants need to reach community canopy layer before flowering). The interspecific difference in the response of reproductive phenology could be attributed to the variation in plant traits including plant height growth, the biomass ratio of root to shoot, and seed mass. These results indicate that a mild winter-biased warming may trigger significant change in plant reproductive phenology in an alpine meadow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Hu
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenlong Zhou
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shucun Sun
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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10
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May JL, Hollister RD, Betway KR, Harris JA, Tweedie CE, Welker JM, Gould WA, Oberbauer SF. NDVI Changes Show Warming Increases the Length of the Green Season at Tundra Communities in Northern Alaska: A Fine-Scale Analysis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1174. [PMID: 32849728 PMCID: PMC7412972 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
A warming Arctic has been associated with increases in aboveground plant biomass, specifically shrubs, and changes in vegetation cover. However, the magnitude and direction of changes in NDVI have not been consistent across different tundra types. Here we examine the responsiveness of fine-scale NDVI values to experimental warming at eight sites in northern Alaska, United States. Warming in our eight sites ranged in duration from 2‑23 seasons. Dry, wet and moist tundra communities were monitored for canopy surface temperatures and NDVI in ambient and experimentally-warmed plots at near-daily frequencies during the summer of 2017 to assess the impact of the warming treatment on the magnitude and timing of greening. Experimental warming increased canopy-level surface temperatures across all sites (+0.47 to +3.14˚C), with the strongest warming effect occurring during June and July and for the southernmost sites. Green-up was accelerated by warming at six sites, and autumn senescence was delayed at five sites. Warming increased the magnitude of peak NDVI values at five sites, decreased it at one site, and at two sites it did not change. Warming resulted in earlier peak NDVI at three sites and no significant change in the other sites. Shrub and graminoid cover was positively correlated with the magnitude of peak NDVI (r=0.37 to 0.60) while cryptogam influence was mixed. The magnitude and timing of peak NDVI showed considerable variability across sites. Warming extended the duration of the summer green season at most sites due to accelerated greening in the spring and delayed senescence in the autumn. We show that in a warmer Arctic (as simulated by our experiment) the timing and total period of carbon gain may change. Our results suggest these changes are dependent on community composition and abundance of specific growth forms and therefore will likely impact net primary productivity and trophic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy L. May
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Jeremy L. May,
| | - Robert D. Hollister
- Department of Biological Sciences, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI, United States
| | - Katlyn R. Betway
- Department of Biological Sciences, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI, United States
| | - Jacob A. Harris
- Department of Biological Sciences, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI, United States
| | - Craig E. Tweedie
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Jeffrey M. Welker
- Ecology and Genetics Research Unit, University of Oulu, Finland & UArctic, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK, United States
| | - William A. Gould
- USDA Forest Service International Institute of Tropical Forestry, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico
| | - Steven F. Oberbauer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
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11
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Meng F, Zhang L, Niu H, Suonan J, Zhang Z, Wang Q, Li B, Lv W, Wang S, Duan J, Liu P, Renzeng W, Jiang L, Luo C, Dorji T, Wang Z, Du M. Divergent Responses of Community Reproductive and Vegetative Phenology to Warming and Cooling: Asymmetry Versus Symmetry. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1310. [PMID: 31681391 PMCID: PMC6811613 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Few studies have focused on the response of plant community phenology to temperature change using manipulative experiments. A lack of understanding of whether responses of community reproductive and vegetative phenological sequences to warming and cooling are asymmetrical or symmetrical limits our capacity to predict responses under warming and cooling. A reciprocal transplant experiment was conducted for 3 years to evaluate response patterns of the temperature sensitivities of community phenological sequences to warming (transferred downward) and cooling (transferred upward) along four elevations on the Tibetan Plateau. We found that the temperature sensitivities of flowering stages had asymmetric responses to warming and cooling, whereas symmetric responses to warming and cooling were observed for the vegetative phenological sequences. Our findings showed that coverage changes of flowering functional groups (FFGs; i.e., early-spring FFG, mid-summer FFG, and late-autumn FFG) and their compensation effects combined with required accumulated soil temperatureto codetermined the asymmetric and symmetric responses of community phenological sequences to warming and cooling. These results suggest that coverage change in FFGs on warming and cooling processes can be a primary driver of community phenological variation and may lead to inaccurate phenlogical estimation at large scale, such as based on remote sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fandong Meng
- Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lirong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haishan Niu
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ji Suonan
- Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenhua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bowen Li
- Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wangwang Lv
- Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shiping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jichuang Duan
- Binhai Research Institute in Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Peipei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wangmu Renzeng
- Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Caiyun Luo
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China
| | - Tsechoe Dorji
- Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhezhen Wang
- University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences Division, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Mingyuan Du
- Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
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Zhang C, Ma Z, Zhou H, Zhao X. Long-term warming results in species-specific shifts in seed mass in alpine communities. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7416. [PMID: 31396451 PMCID: PMC6679644 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Global warming can cause variation in plant functional traits due to phenotypic plasticity or rapid microevolutionary change. Seed mass represents a fundamental axis of trait variation in plants, from an individual to a community scale. Here, we hypothesize that long-term warming can shift the mean seed mass of species. Methods We tested our hypothesis in plots that had been warmed over 18 years in alpine meadow communities with a history of light grazing (LG) and heavy grazing (HG) on the Qinghai-Tibet plateau. In this study, seeds were collected during the growing season of 2015. Results We found that warming increased the mean seed mass of 4 (n = 19) species in the LG meadow and 6 (n = 20) species in the HG meadow, while decreasing the mean seed mass of 6 species in the LG and HG meadows, respectively. For 7 species, grazing history modified the effect of warming on seed mass. Therefore, we concluded that long-term warming can shift the mean seed mass at the species level. However, the direction of this variation is species-specific. Our study suggests that mean seed mass of alpine plant species appears to decrease in warmer (less stressful) habitats based on life-history theory, but it also suggests there may be an underlying trade-off in which mean seed mass may increase due to greater thermal energy inputs into seed development. Furthermore, the physical and biotic environment modulating this trade-off result in complex patterns of variation in mean seed mass of alpine plant species facing global warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Restoration Ecology for Cold Regions in Qinghai Province, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Zhen Ma
- Key Laboratory of Restoration Ecology for Cold Regions in Qinghai Province, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Huakun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Restoration Ecology for Cold Regions in Qinghai Province, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Xinquan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Restoration Ecology for Cold Regions in Qinghai Province, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai, China
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13
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Zhou Y, Deng J, Tai Z, Jiang L, Han J, Meng G, Li MH. Leaf Anatomy, Morphology and Photosynthesis of Three Tundra Shrubs after 7-Year Experimental Warming on Changbai Mountain. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8080271. [PMID: 31394735 PMCID: PMC6724111 DOI: 10.3390/plants8080271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tundra is one of the most sensitive biomes to climate warming. Understanding plant eco-physiological responses to warming is critical because these traits can give feedback on the effects of climate-warming on tundra ecosystem. We used open-top chambers following the criteria of the International Tundra Experiment to passively warm air and soil temperatures year round in alpine tundra. Leaf size, photosynthesis and anatomy of three dominant species were investigated during the growing seasons after 7 years of continuous warming. Warming increased the maximal light-saturated photosynthetic rate (Pmax) by 43.6% for Dryas. octopetala var. asiatica and by 26.7% for Rhododendron confertissimum across the whole growing season, while warming did not significantly affect the Pmax of V. uliginosum. The leaf size of Dr. octopetala var. asiatica and Rh. confertissimum was increased by warming. No marked effects of warming on anatomical traits of Dr. octopetala var. asiatica were observed. Warming decreased the leaf thickness of Rh. confertissimum and Vaccinium uliginosum. This study highlights the species-specific responses to climate warming. Our results imply that Dr. octopetala var. asiatica could be more dominant because it, mainly in terms of leaf photosynthetic capacity and size, seems to have advantages over the other two species in a warming world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Zhou
- Ecological Technique and Engineering School, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Jifeng Deng
- Ecological Technique and Engineering School, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Zhijuan Tai
- Department of Tourism Economy, Changbai Mountain Academy of Sciences, Baihe 133633, China
| | - Lifen Jiang
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Jianqiu Han
- Ecological Technique and Engineering School, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Gelei Meng
- Ecological Technique and Engineering School, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Mai-He Li
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland.
- School of Geographical Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
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Mäkiranta P, Laiho R, Mehtätalo L, Straková P, Sormunen J, Minkkinen K, Penttilä T, Fritze H, Tuittila ES. Responses of phenology and biomass production of boreal fens to climate warming under different water-table level regimes. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:944-956. [PMID: 28994163 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Climate change affects peatlands directly through increased air temperatures and indirectly through changes in water-table level (WL). The interactions of these two still remain poorly known. We determined experimentally the separate and interactive effects of temperature and WL regime on factors of relevance for the inputs to the carbon cycle: plant community composition, phenology, biomass production, and shoot:root allocation in two wet boreal sedge-dominated fens, "southern" at 62°N and "northern" at 68°Ν. Warming (1.5°C higher average daily air temperature) was induced with open-top chambers and WL drawdown (WLD; 3-7 cm on average) by shallow ditches. Total biomass production varied from 250 to 520 g/m2 , with belowground production comprising 25%-63%. Warming was associated with minor effects on phenology and negligible effects on community composition, biomass production, and allocation. WLD clearly affected the contribution of different plant functional types (PFTs) in the community and the biomass they produced: shrubs benefited while forbs and mosses suffered. These responses did not depend on the warming treatment. Following WLD, aboveground biomass production decreased mainly due to reduced growth of mosses in the southern fen. Aboveground vascular plant biomass production remained unchanged but the contribution of different PFTs changed. The observed changes were also reflected in plant phenology, with different PFTs showing different responses. Belowground production increased following WLD in the northern fen only, but an increase in the contributions of shrubs and forbs was observed in both sites, while sedge contribution decreased. Moderate warming alone seems not able to drive significant changes in plant productivity or community composition in these wet ecosystems. However, if warming is accompanied by even modest WL drawdown, changes should be expected in the relative contribution of PFTs, which could lead to profound changes in the function of fens. Consequently, hydrological scenarios are of utmost importance when estimating their future function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Päivi Mäkiranta
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Raija Laiho
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lauri Mehtätalo
- School of Computing, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Petra Straková
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Janne Sormunen
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kari Minkkinen
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo Penttilä
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannu Fritze
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland
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15
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Short-Term Impacts of the Air Temperature on Greening and Senescence in Alaskan Arctic Plant Tundra Habitats. REMOTE SENSING 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/rs9121338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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16
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Sandvik SM, Totland Ø. Short-term effects of simulated environmental changes on phenology, reproduction, and growth in the late-flowering snowbed herbSaxifraga stellarisL. ECOSCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/11956860.2000.11682589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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17
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Sandvik SM, Heegaard E, Elven R, Vandvik V. Responses of alpine snowbed vegetation to long-term experimental warming. ECOSCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/11956860.2004.11682819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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18
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Examination of Surface Temperature Modification by Open-Top Chambers along Moisture and Latitudinal Gradients in Arctic Alaska Using Thermal Infrared Photography. REMOTE SENSING 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/rs8010054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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19
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Maestre FT, Escolar C, Bardgett RD, Dungait JAJ, Gozalo B, Ochoa V. Warming reduces the cover and diversity of biocrust-forming mosses and lichens, and increases the physiological stress of soil microbial communities in a semi-arid Pinus halepensis plantation. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:865. [PMID: 26379642 PMCID: PMC4548238 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil communities dominated by lichens and mosses (biocrusts) play key roles in maintaining ecosystem structure and functioning in drylands worldwide. However, few studies have explicitly evaluated how climate change-induced impacts on biocrusts affect associated soil microbial communities. We report results from a field experiment conducted in a semiarid Pinus halepensis plantation, where we setup an experiment with two factors: cover of biocrusts (low [<15%] versus high [>50%]), and warming (control versus a ∼2°C temperature increase). Warming reduced the richness and cover (∼45%) of high biocrust cover areas 53 months after the onset of the experiment. This treatment did not change the ratios between the major microbial groups, as measured by phospholipid fatty acid analysis. Warming increased the physiological stress of the Gram negative bacterial community, as indicated by the cy17:0/16:1ω7 ratio. This response was modulated by the initial biocrust cover, as the increase in this ratio with warming was higher in areas with low cover. Our findings suggest that biocrusts can slow down the negative effects of warming on the physiological status of the Gram negative bacterial community. However, as warming will likely reduce the cover and diversity of biocrusts, these positive effects will be reduced under climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando T Maestre
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos Móstoles, Spain
| | - Cristina Escolar
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos Móstoles, Spain
| | | | - Jennifer A J Dungait
- Sustainable Soils and Grassland Systems Department, Rothamsted Research, North Wyke Okehampton, UK
| | - Beatriz Gozalo
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos Móstoles, Spain
| | - Victoria Ochoa
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos Móstoles, Spain
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Cheng H, Ren W, Ding L, Liu Z, Fang C. Responses of a rice–wheat rotation agroecosystem to experimental warming. Ecol Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-013-1078-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Chivers MR, Turetsky MR, Waddington JM, Harden JW, McGuire AD. Effects of Experimental Water Table and Temperature Manipulations on Ecosystem CO2 Fluxes in an Alaskan Rich Fen. Ecosystems 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-009-9292-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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23
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Cornelissen JHC, van Bodegom PM, Aerts R, Callaghan TV, van Logtestijn RSP, Alatalo J, Chapin FS, Gerdol R, Gudmundsson J, Gwynn-Jones D, Hartley AE, Hik DS, Hofgaard A, Jónsdóttir IS, Karlsson S, Klein JA, Laundre J, Magnusson B, Michelsen A, Molau U, Onipchenko VG, Quested HM, Sandvik SM, Schmidt IK, Shaver GR, Solheim B, Soudzilovskaia NA, Stenström A, Tolvanen A, Totland Ø, Wada N, Welker JM, Zhao X. Global negative vegetation feedback to climate warming responses of leaf litter decomposition rates in cold biomes. Ecol Lett 2007; 10:619-27. [PMID: 17542940 DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01051.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Whether climate change will turn cold biomes from large long-term carbon sinks into sources is hotly debated because of the great potential for ecosystem-mediated feedbacks to global climate. Critical are the direction, magnitude and generality of climate responses of plant litter decomposition. Here, we present the first quantitative analysis of the major climate-change-related drivers of litter decomposition rates in cold northern biomes worldwide. Leaf litters collected from the predominant species in 33 global change manipulation experiments in circum-arctic-alpine ecosystems were incubated simultaneously in two contrasting arctic life zones. We demonstrate that longer-term, large-scale changes to leaf litter decomposition will be driven primarily by both direct warming effects and concomitant shifts in plant growth form composition, with a much smaller role for changes in litter quality within species. Specifically, the ongoing warming-induced expansion of shrubs with recalcitrant leaf litter across cold biomes would constitute a negative feedback to global warming. Depending on the strength of other (previously reported) positive feedbacks of shrub expansion on soil carbon turnover, this may partly counteract direct warming enhancement of litter decomposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes H C Cornelissen
- Department of Systems Ecology, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Institute of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Ecosystem Responses to Warming and Interacting Global Change Factors. TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS IN A CHANGING WORLD 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-32730-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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DORREPAAL E, AERTS R, CORNELISSEN JHC, VAN LOGTESTIJN RSP, CALLAGHAN TV. Sphagnum modifies climate-change impacts on subarctic vascular bog plants. Funct Ecol 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2006.01076.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Schwaegerle KE. QUANTITATIVE GENETIC ANALYSIS OF PLANT GROWTH: BIASES ARISING FROM VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION. Evolution 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2005.tb01776.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Hollister RD, Webber PJ, Bay C. PLANT RESPONSE TO TEMPERATURE IN NORTHERN ALASKA: IMPLICATIONS FOR PREDICTING VEGETATION CHANGE. Ecology 2005. [DOI: 10.1890/04-0520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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