1
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Sinha SK, Nicholas SB. Pathomechanisms of Diabetic Kidney Disease. J Clin Med 2023; 12:7349. [PMID: 38068400 PMCID: PMC10707303 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12237349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The worldwide occurrence of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is swiftly rising, primarily attributed to the growing population of individuals affected by type 2 diabetes. This surge has been transformed into a substantial global concern, placing additional strain on healthcare systems already grappling with significant demands. The pathogenesis of DKD is intricate, originating with hyperglycemia, which triggers various mechanisms and pathways: metabolic, hemodynamic, inflammatory, and fibrotic which ultimately lead to renal damage. Within each pathway, several mediators contribute to the development of renal structural and functional changes. Some of these mediators, such as inflammatory cytokines, reactive oxygen species, and transforming growth factor β are shared among the different pathways, leading to significant overlap and interaction between them. While current treatment options for DKD have shown advancement over previous strategies, their effectiveness remains somewhat constrained as patients still experience residual risk of disease progression. Therefore, a comprehensive grasp of the molecular mechanisms underlying the onset and progression of DKD is imperative for the continued creation of novel and groundbreaking therapies for this condition. In this review, we discuss the current achievements in fundamental research, with a particular emphasis on individual factors and recent developments in DKD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyesh K. Sinha
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
- College of Medicine, Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
| | - Susanne B. Nicholas
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
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2
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Sandholm N, Dahlström EH, Groop PH. Genetic and epigenetic background of diabetic kidney disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1163001. [PMID: 37324271 PMCID: PMC10262849 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1163001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a severe diabetic complication that affects up to half of the individuals with diabetes. Elevated blood glucose levels are a key underlying cause of DKD, but DKD is a complex multifactorial disease, which takes years to develop. Family studies have shown that inherited factors also contribute to the risk of the disease. During the last decade, genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have emerged as a powerful tool to identify genetic risk factors for DKD. In recent years, the GWASs have acquired larger number of participants, leading to increased statistical power to detect more genetic risk factors. In addition, whole-exome and whole-genome sequencing studies are emerging, aiming to identify rare genetic risk factors for DKD, as well as epigenome-wide association studies, investigating DNA methylation in relation to DKD. This article aims to review the identified genetic and epigenetic risk factors for DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niina Sandholm
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Emma H. Dahlström
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Per-Henrik Groop
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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3
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Wang Q, Qi H, Wu Y, Yu L, Bouchareb R, Li S, Lassén E, Casalena G, Stadler K, Ebefors K, Yi Z, Shi S, Salem F, Gordon R, Lu L, Williams RW, Duffield J, Zhang W, Itan Y, Böttinger E, Daehn I. Genetic susceptibility to diabetic kidney disease is linked to promoter variants of XOR. Nat Metab 2023; 5:607-625. [PMID: 37024752 PMCID: PMC10821741 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-023-00776-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
The lifetime risk of kidney disease in people with diabetes is 10-30%, implicating genetic predisposition in the cause of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Here we identify an expression quantitative trait loci (QTLs) in the cis-acting regulatory region of the xanthine dehydrogenase, or xanthine oxidoreductase (Xor), a binding site for C/EBPβ, to be associated with diabetes-induced podocyte loss in DKD in male mice. We examine mouse inbred strains that are susceptible (DBA/2J) and resistant (C57BL/6J) to DKD, as well as a panel of recombinant inbred BXD mice, to map QTLs. We also uncover promoter XOR orthologue variants in humans associated with high risk of DKD. We introduced the risk variant into the 5'-regulatory region of XOR in DKD-resistant mice, which resulted in increased Xor activity associated with podocyte depletion, albuminuria, oxidative stress and damage restricted to the glomerular endothelium, which increase further with type 1 diabetes, high-fat diet and ageing. Therefore, differential regulation of Xor contributes to phenotypic consequences with diabetes and ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pharmacy, Chongqing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Haiying Qi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yiming Wu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Liping Yu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rihab Bouchareb
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shuyu Li
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emelie Lassén
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gabriella Casalena
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Krisztian Stadler
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Kerstin Ebefors
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Zhengzi Yi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shaolin Shi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fadi Salem
- Pathology, Molecular and Cell based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ronald Gordon
- Pathology, Molecular and Cell based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lu Lu
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Robert W Williams
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Weijia Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yuval Itan
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Erwin Böttinger
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Hasso Plattner Institute for Digital Heath at Mount Sinai, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Digital Health Center, Hasso Plattner Institut, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Ilse Daehn
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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4
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Simeone CA, Wilkerson JL, Poss AM, Banks JA, Varre JV, Guevara JL, Hernandez EJ, Gorsi B, Atkinson DL, Turapov T, Frodsham SG, Morales JCF, O'Neil K, Moore B, Yandell M, Summers SA, Krolewski AS, Holland WL, Pezzolesi MG. A dominant negative ADIPOQ mutation in a diabetic family with renal disease, hypoadiponectinemia, and hyperceramidemia. NPJ Genom Med 2022; 7:43. [PMID: 35869090 PMCID: PMC9307825 DOI: 10.1038/s41525-022-00314-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Adiponectin, encoded by ADIPOQ, is an insulin-sensitizing, anti-inflammatory, and renoprotective adipokine that activates receptors with intrinsic ceramidase activity. We identified a family harboring a 10-nucleotide deletion mutation in ADIPOQ that cosegregates with diabetes and end-stage renal disease. This mutation introduces a frameshift in exon 3, resulting in a premature termination codon that disrupts translation of adiponectin's globular domain. Subjects with the mutation had dramatically reduced circulating adiponectin and increased long-chain ceramides levels. Functional studies suggest that the mutated protein acts as a dominant negative through its interaction with non-mutated adiponectin, decreasing circulating adiponectin levels, and correlating with metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Simeone
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Joseph L Wilkerson
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah College of Health, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Annelise M Poss
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah College of Health, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - James A Banks
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah College of Health, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Joseph V Varre
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah College of Health, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Jose Lazaro Guevara
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Edgar Javier Hernandez
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
- Utah Center for Genetic Discovery, Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Bushra Gorsi
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
- Utah Center for Genetic Discovery, Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Donald L Atkinson
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah College of Health, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Tursun Turapov
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah College of Health, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Scott G Frodsham
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Julio C Fierro Morales
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Kristina O'Neil
- Section on Genetics and Epidemiology, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Barry Moore
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
- Utah Center for Genetic Discovery, Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Mark Yandell
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
- Utah Center for Genetic Discovery, Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Scott A Summers
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah College of Health, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Andrzej S Krolewski
- Section on Genetics and Epidemiology, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - William L Holland
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah College of Health, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Marcus G Pezzolesi
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA.
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, USA.
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5
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Guo J, Rackham OJL, Sandholm N, He B, Österholm AM, Valo E, Harjutsalo V, Forsblom C, Toppila I, Parkkonen M, Li Q, Zhu W, Harmston N, Chothani S, Öhman MK, Eng E, Sun Y, Petretto E, Groop PH, Tryggvason K. Whole-Genome Sequencing of Finnish Type 1 Diabetic Siblings Discordant for Kidney Disease Reveals DNA Variants associated with Diabetic Nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2020; 31:309-323. [PMID: 31919106 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2019030289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several genetic susceptibility loci associated with diabetic nephropathy have been documented, but no causative variants implying novel pathogenetic mechanisms have been elucidated. METHODS We carried out whole-genome sequencing of a discovery cohort of Finnish siblings with type 1 diabetes who were discordant for the presence (case) or absence (control) of diabetic nephropathy. Controls had diabetes without complications for 15-37 years. We analyzed and annotated variants at genome, gene, and single-nucleotide variant levels. We then replicated the associated variants, genes, and regions in a replication cohort from the Finnish Diabetic Nephropathy study that included 3531 unrelated Finns with type 1 diabetes. RESULTS We observed protein-altering variants and an enrichment of variants in regions associated with the presence or absence of diabetic nephropathy. The replication cohort confirmed variants in both regulatory and protein-coding regions. We also observed that diabetic nephropathy-associated variants, when clustered at the gene level, are enriched in a core protein-interaction network representing proteins essential for podocyte function. These genes include protein kinases (protein kinase C isoforms ε and ι) and protein tyrosine kinase 2. CONCLUSIONS Our comprehensive analysis of a diabetic nephropathy cohort of siblings with type 1 diabetes who were discordant for kidney disease points to variants and genes that are potentially causative or protective for diabetic nephropathy. This includes variants in two isoforms of the protein kinase C family not previously linked to diabetic nephropathy, adding support to previous hypotheses that the protein kinase C family members play a role in diabetic nephropathy and might be attractive therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Guo
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Programme, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore
| | - Owen J L Rackham
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Programme, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore
| | - Niina Sandholm
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland.,Abdominal Center Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bing He
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anne-May Österholm
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Programme, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore
| | - Erkka Valo
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland.,Abdominal Center Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Valma Harjutsalo
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland.,Abdominal Center Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Carol Forsblom
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland.,Abdominal Center Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Iiro Toppila
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland.,Abdominal Center Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maija Parkkonen
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland.,Abdominal Center Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Qibin Li
- Complex Disease Research Center, BGI Genomics, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenjuan Zhu
- Complex Disease Research Center, BGI Genomics, Shenzhen, China
| | - Nathan Harmston
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Programme, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore.,Science Division, Yale-National University of Singapore College, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sonia Chothani
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Programme, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore
| | - Miina K Öhman
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Programme, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore
| | - Eudora Eng
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Programme, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore
| | - Yang Sun
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Programme, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore
| | - Enrico Petretto
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Programme, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore; .,MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Per-Henrik Groop
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland; .,Abdominal Center Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and
| | - Karl Tryggvason
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; .,Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Programme, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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Tziastoudi M, Stefanidis I, Stravodimos K, Zintzaras E. Identification of Chromosomal Regions Linked to Diabetic Nephropathy: A Meta-Analysis of Genome-Wide Linkage Scans. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2019; 23:105-117. [DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2018.0209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Tziastoudi
- Department of Biomathematics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Ioannis Stefanidis
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Stravodimos
- 1st University Department of Urology, Laiko General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian Athens University, Athens, Greece
| | - Elias Zintzaras
- Department of Biomathematics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
- The Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
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Abstract
Diabetic vascular complications (DVCs) affecting several important organ systems of human body such as cardiovascular system contribute a major public health problem. Genetic factors contribute to the risk of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Genetics variants, structural variants (copy number variation) and epigenetic changes play important roles in the development of DN. Apart from nucleus genome, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) plays critical roles in regulation of development of DN. Epigenetic studies have indicated epigenetic changes in chromatin affecting gene transcription in response to environmental stimuli, which provided a large body of evidence of regulating development of diabetes mellitus. This review focused on the current knowledge of the genetic and epigenetic basis of DN. Ultimately, identification of genes or genetic loci, structural variants and epigenetic changes contributed to risk or protection of DN will benefit uncovering the complex mechanism underlying DN, with crucial implications for the development of personalized medicine to diabetes mellitus and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Hui Tang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
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8
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Lipner EM, Tomer Y, Noble JA, Monti MC, Lonsdale JT, Corso B, Greenberg DA. Linkage Analysis of Genomic Regions Contributing to the Expression of Type 1 Diabetes Microvascular Complications and Interaction with HLA. J Diabetes Res 2015; 2015:694107. [PMID: 26539552 PMCID: PMC4619952 DOI: 10.1155/2015/694107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
We conducted linkage analysis to follow up earlier work on microvascular complications of type 1 diabetes (T1D). We analyzed 415 families (2,008 individuals) previously genotyped for 402 SNP markers spanning chromosome 6. We did linkage analysis for the phenotypes of retinopathy and nephropathy. For retinopathy, two linkage peaks were mapped: one located at the HLA region and another novel locus telomeric to HLA. For nephropathy, a linkage peak centromeric to HLA was mapped, but the linkage peak telomeric to HLA seen in retinopathy was absent. Because of the strong association of T1D with DRB1*03:01 and DRB1*04:01, we stratified our analyses based on families whose probands were positive for DRB1*03:01 or DRB1*04:01. When analyzing the DRB1*03:01-positive retinopathy families, in addition to the novel telomeric locus, one centromeric to HLA was identified at the same location as the nephropathy peak. When we stratified on DRB1*04:01-positive families, the HLA telomeric peak strengthened but the centromeric peak disappeared. Our findings showed that HLA and non-HLA loci on chromosome 6 are involved in T1D complications' expression. While the HLA region is a major contributor to the expression of T1D, our results suggest an interaction between specific HLA alleles and other loci that influence complications' expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ettie M. Lipner
- Integrated Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Yaron Tomer
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY 10013, USA
| | - Janelle A. Noble
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA 94702, USA
| | - Maria C. Monti
- National Research Council, Neuroscience Institute, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - John T. Lonsdale
- National Disease Research Interchange, Philadelphia, PA 19103, USA
| | - Barbara Corso
- National Research Council, Neuroscience Institute, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - David A. Greenberg
- Battelle Center for Mathematical Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43215, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
- *David A. Greenberg:
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9
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Yadav AK, Kumar V, Dutta P, Bhansali A, Jha V. Variations in CCR5, but not HFE, ELMO1, or SLC12A3, are associated with susceptibility to kidney disease in north Indian individuals with type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes 2014; 6:547-55. [PMID: 24433479 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.12128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic nephropathy (DN), the leading cause of end-stage renal disease worldwide, may have a genetic component. In the present study, we investigated variations in a set of genes with susceptibility to DN in a north Indian population. METHODS Four genes (HFE, ELMO1, SLC12A3, and CCR5) were selected on the basis of reported association with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. In all, 417 diabetic subjects (215 without kidney disease [DM] and 202 with DN) and 197 healthy controls (HC) were evaluated for variations in HFE (845 G>A and 187G>C), SLC12A3 (g.34372G>A), CCR5 (59029A>G), and ELMO1 (+9170 G>A). Polymorphism analysis was performed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism and Taqman allele discrimination assays. RESULTS Significant differences were found in genotype and allelic frequency in SLC12A3 (g.34372G>A) between diabetic subjects and HC (P < 0.03). There were no differences in the SLC12A3 g.34372G>A (AA+GA) genotype between diabetic subjects with and without nephropathy. However, the CCR5 59029AA genotype and A allele were significantly more frequent in diabetics compared with the HC (P = 0.01 and 0.03, respectively) and subjects with DN versus DM (P = 0.002 and 0.01, respectively). For ELMO1 (+9170 G>A), the GG genotype frequency was higher in the diabetic versus HC group. There were no differences in the frequency of HFE-845 G>A and HFE-187G>C among the groups. CONCLUSION This study shows that the CCR5 AA genotype is over-represented in subjects with kidney disease due to type 2 diabetes. The CCR5 59029G>A and ELMO1 (+9170 G>A) loci are more frequent, and the SLC12A3 34372 AA genotype is associated with a reduced risk of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok K Yadav
- Department of Nephrology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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10
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11
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Brennan E, McEvoy C, Sadlier D, Godson C, Martin F. The genetics of diabetic nephropathy. Genes (Basel) 2013; 4:596-619. [PMID: 24705265 PMCID: PMC3927570 DOI: 10.3390/genes4040596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Up to 40% of patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes will develop diabetic nephropathy (DN), resulting in chronic kidney disease and potential organ failure. There is evidence for a heritable genetic susceptibility to DN, but despite intensive research efforts the causative genes remain elusive. Recently, genome-wide association studies have discovered several novel genetic variants associated with DN. The identification of such variants may potentially allow for early identification of at risk patients. Here we review the current understanding of the key molecular mechanisms and genetic architecture of DN, and discuss the merits of employing an integrative approach to incorporate datasets from multiple sources (genetics, transcriptomics, epigenetic, proteomic) in order to fully elucidate the genetic elements contributing to this serious complication of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eoin Brennan
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Caitríona McEvoy
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | | | - Catherine Godson
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Finian Martin
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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12
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Wang L, Teng Z, Cai S, Wang D, Zhao X, Yu K. The association between the PPARγ2 Pro12Ala polymorphism and nephropathy susceptibility in type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis based on 9,176 subjects. Diagn Pathol 2013; 8:118. [PMID: 23856170 PMCID: PMC3751054 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-8-118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The polymorphism Pro12Ala in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorγ2 gene (PPARγ2) has been reported to be associated with diabetic nephropathy (DN) in some studies, though the results remain inconclusive. To explore this relationship between PPARγ2 Pro12Ala polymorphism and the susceptibility for DN, a cumulative meta-analysis was performed in this study. Method PubMed, Medline, Embase and Web of Science databases have been systematically searched to identify relevant studies. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Results 18 studies were included in this meta-analysis, involving 3,361 cases and 5,815 controls. The PPARγ2 Ala12 allele was significantly associated with decreased risk of DN based on dominant model (OR=0.778; 95%CI=0.618–0.981; Pheterogeneity=0.008; P=0.034). In the stratified analysis by ethnicity, significantly decreased risks were found among Caucasians for dominant model (OR=0.674; 95%CI=0.500–0.909; Pheterogeneity=0.079; P=0.010), while there was no significant association was found in Asians. Conclusions The results from the present meta-analysis indicated that the Pro12Ala polymorphism in PPARγ2 gene is not a risk factor for DN in type 2 diabetes (T2D). Further large and well-designed studies are needed to confirm this conclusion. Virtual slides The virtual slides for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/7491348341027320.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, the First Hospital of China Medical University, NO,155, North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang 110001 China.
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13
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Witasp A, Rydén M, Carrero JJ, Qureshi AR, Nordfors L, Näslund E, Hammarqvist F, Arefin S, Kublickiene K, Stenvinkel P. Elevated circulating levels and tissue expression of pentraxin 3 in uremia: a reflection of endothelial dysfunction. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63493. [PMID: 23658833 PMCID: PMC3643920 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated systemic pentraxin 3 (PTX3) levels appear to be a powerful marker of inflammatory status and a superior outcome predictor in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). As previous data imply that PTX3 is involved in vascular pathology and that adipose tissue mass may influence circulating PTX3 levels, we aimed to study the importance of adipose tissue expression of PTX3 in the uremic milieu and its relation to endothelial dysfunction parameters. Plasma PTX3 and abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) PTX3 mRNA levels were quantified in 56 stage 5 CKD patients (median age 57 [range 25-75] years, 30 males) and 40 age and gender matched controls (median age 58 [range 20-79] years, 27 males). Associations between PTX3 measures and an extensive panel of clinical parameters, including surrogate markers of endothelial function, were assessed. Functional ex vivo studies on endothelial status and immunohistochemical staining for PTX3 were conducted in resistance subcutaneous arteries isolated from SAT. SAT PTX3 mRNA expression correlated with plasma PTX3 concentrations (rho = 0.54, p = 0.0001) and was increased (3.7 [0.4-70.3] vs. 1.2 [0.2-49.3] RQ, p = 0.02) in CKD patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD), but was not significantly different between patients and controls. The association to CVD was lost after adjustments. SAT PTX3 mRNA levels were independently correlated to asymmetric dimethylarginine and basal resistance artery tone developed after inhibition with nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase (rho = -0.58, p = 0.002). Apparent positive PTX3 immunoreactivity was observed in both patient and control arteries. In conclusion, fat PTX3 mRNA levels are associated with measures of endothelial cell function in patients with CKD. PTX3 may be involved in adipose tissue-orchestrated mechanisms that are restricted to the uremic milieu and modify inflammation and vascular complications in CKD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Witasp
- Divisions of Renal Medicine and Baxter Novum, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael Rydén
- Department of Medicine (H7), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Juan Jesús Carrero
- Divisions of Renal Medicine and Baxter Novum, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Gender Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Abdul Rashid Qureshi
- Divisions of Renal Medicine and Baxter Novum, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Louise Nordfors
- Divisions of Renal Medicine and Baxter Novum, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik Näslund
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Folke Hammarqvist
- Division of Surgery, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Samsul Arefin
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karolina Kublickiene
- Center for Gender Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Stenvinkel
- Divisions of Renal Medicine and Baxter Novum, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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14
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He B, Österholm AM, Ojala JRM, Andersson AC, Tryggvason K. A remote cis-acting variant at 3q links glomerular NCK1 to diabetic nephropathy. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56414. [PMID: 23441190 PMCID: PMC3575385 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported genetic association of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs1866813, at 3q locus with increased risk of diabetic nephropathy (DN). The SNP is located approximately 70 kb downstream of a cluster of four genes. This raises a question how the remote noncoding polymorphism affects the risk of DN. In this study, we tested a long-range regulatory potential of this variant by a series of experiments. In a luciferase assay, two alleles of the SNP showed differential effects on the luciferase activity in transfected cells in vitro. Using transgenic zebrafish, we further demonstrated in vivo that two alleles of the SNP differentially regulated GFP expression in zebrafish podocytes. Immunofluorescence staining and Western blotting verified that only Nck1 of the four nearby genes was predominantly expressed in mouse glomeruli as well as in podocytes. Furthermore, genotypes of the SNP rs1866813 were correlated with NCK1 expression in immortalized lymphocytes from diabetic patients. The risk allele was associated with increased NCK1 expression compared to the non-risk allele, consistent with the results of the reporter-based studies. Interestingly, differential expression of glomerular Nck1 between mouse strains carrying the nephropathy-prone 129/Sv allele and nephropathy-resistant C57BL/6 allele was also observed. Our results show that the DN-associated SNP rs1866813 is a remote cis-acting variant differentially regulating glomerular NCK1 expression. This finding implicates an important role for glomerular NCK1 in DN pathogenesis under hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing He
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anne-May Österholm
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Juha R. M. Ojala
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ann-Charlotte Andersson
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karl Tryggvason
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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15
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Chen K, Jin X, Li Q, Wang W, Wang Y, Zhang J. Association of TRPC1 gene polymorphisms with type 2 diabetes and diabetic nephropathy in Han Chinese population. Endocr Res 2013; 38:59-68. [PMID: 23544998 PMCID: PMC3619450 DOI: 10.3109/07435800.2012.681824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The recent genome-wide association studies reveal that chromosome 3q resides within the linkage region for diabetic nephropathy (DN) in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T1D and T2D). The TRPC1 gene is on chromosome 3q22-24, and it has been demonstrated that TRPC1 expression is reduced in the kidney of diabetic animal models. Genetic association of TRPC1 polymorphism with T1D and DN has been reported in European Americans. However, there are no studies reporting the association of TRPC1 genetic polymorphism with T2D with and without DN in Chinese population. This study aimed to demonstrate the genetic role of TRPC1 in the development of T2D with and without DN in Chinese Han population. A genetic association study of TRPC1 was performed in T2D cases and in nondiabetic controls from Han population located in Northern Chinese areas. Six tag single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers derived from HapMap data were genotyped. Among the six SNPs, only rs7638459 was suspected as risk factor of T2D without DN, fitting the log-additive model. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) for the CC genotyping was 2.39 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.00-5.68), compared with the TT genotyping. In addition, rs953239 was found to be a protective factor of getting DN in T2D, also fitting the log-additive model. When compared with the AA genotyping for SNP rs953239, the adjusted OR for CC genotyping was 0.63 (95% CI = 0.44-0.99). To summarize, this study shows that TRPC1 genetic polymorphisms are associated with T2D and DN in T2D in the Han Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelin Chen
- Departmentof Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xuehua Jin
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Daqing Oil Field General Hospital, Daqing, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Departmentof Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Departmentof Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Daqing Oil Field General Hospital, Daqing, China
| | - Jinchao Zhang
- Departmentof Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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16
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Abstract
For more than 20 years, evidence in favor of a genetic basis for the susceptibility of DN in T2D has provided a foundation for studies aimed at identifying the causal genes responsible for its development. During this period, strategies used to map genes for DN have been driven by our understanding of variation across our genome and the technologies available to interrogate it; as both have evolved, so to have our approaches. The advent of next-generation sequencing technology and increased interest in the search for rare variants has begun to swing the pendulum of these efforts away from population-based studies and back to studies of pedigrees. As the field moves forward, family based approaches should greatly facilitate efforts to identify variants in genes that have a major affect on the risk of DN in T2D. To be successful, the ascertainment and comprehensive study of families with multiple affected members is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus G Pezzolesi
- Section on Genetics and Epidemiology, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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17
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Does Familial Clustering of Risk Factors for Long-Term Diabetic Complications Leave Any Place for Genes That Act independently? J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2012; 5:388-98. [DOI: 10.1007/s12265-012-9385-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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18
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Yu R, Bo H, Huang S. Association Between the PPARG Gene Polymorphism and the Risk of Diabetic Nephropathy: A Meta-Analysis. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2012; 16:429-34. [PMID: 22103651 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2011.0242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- RuiChao Yu
- Department of Nephrology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Bo
- Department of Nephrology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - SongMing Huang
- Department of Nephrology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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19
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Towards understanding the inherited susceptibility for nephropathy in diabetes. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2012; 21:195-202. [DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0b013e328350313e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Graham S, Yuan JP, Ma R. Canonical transient receptor potential channels in diabetes. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2012; 237:111-8. [PMID: 22282397 DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2011.011208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Canonical transient receptor potential (TRPC) channel proteins have been identified as downstream molecules in a G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway and are involved in a variety of cell functions due to their ability to regulate intracellular calcium signaling. TRPC channel physiology has been an increasingly interesting and relevant topic over the last decade, and the outcomes from various studies have advanced our understanding of TRPC function in the normal state. Recently, attention has turned to whether or not TRPC proteins are implicated in diseases. Emerging evidence suggests a significant contribution of several isoforms of TRPC proteins to cardiovascular as well as renal diseases. This review focuses on the implication of TRPC proteins as they pertain to diabetes. We summarize the recent findings by other investigators as well as ourselves and additionally discuss the important role of TRPC proteins in the development of various diabetic complications, such as diabetic nephropathy and diabetic vasculopathy. The underlying mechanisms which contribute to these complications are also outlined. Lastly, we elaborate on the role of TRPC proteins as a potential therapeutic target for treating diabetes-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarabeth Graham
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
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21
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Zhang D, Gu T, Forsberg E, Efendic S, Brismar K, Gu HF. Genetic and functional effects of membrane metalloendopeptidase on diabetic nephropathy development. Am J Nephrol 2011; 34:483-90. [PMID: 22024547 DOI: 10.1159/000333006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Vasopeptidase as an agent inhibits membrane metalloendopeptidase (MME, also known as neutral endopeptidase). MME is widely distributed in the body and particularly abundant in the kidney. The MME gene is located on chromosome 3q25.1 within a linkage region for diabetic nephropathy (DN). The present study aims to evaluate the genetic and functional effects of MME in the development of DN. METHODS A case-control genetic study of the MME gene in type 1 diabetes (T1D) patients with and without DN (n = 578/599) was performed. All subjects were selected from the Genetics of Kidneys in Diabetes study. Genotyping was performed with TagMan allelic discrimination. Mme mRNA and protein expression levels in kidney tissues of db/db mice at the ages of 5, 12 and 26 weeks were analyzed with TaqMan real-time RT-PCR and Western blot. RESULTS The haplotype A-C constructed with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs3796268A/G and rs3773885C/T in the MME gene was found to be associated with DN (p = 0.015, OR = 1.33, 95% CI 1.05-1.68) in female T1D patients. Further analyses of renal traits in T1D patients with DN and end-stage renal disease according to the genotypes of SNP rs3773885 indicated that the C allele carriers had higher serum creatinine levels compared to the subjects carrying T allele in both females and males. Mme expression at mRNA and protein levels was upregulated in kidneys of db/db mice at the ages of 12 and 26 weeks (p = 0.017 and <0.001) but not at the age of 5 weeks compared to the controls. CONCLUSIONS The present study provides the first evidence that MME has genetic and biological effects on the development of DN, and suggests that the inhibition of MME expression in the kidney with the agent of vasopeptidase may be a useful therapeutic approach for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongying Zhang
- Rolf Luft Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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22
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Evaluation of Sox2 genetic effect on the development of type 2 diabetes. Gene 2011; 486:94-6. [PMID: 21803132 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2011.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Revised: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Sox2 is a transcription factor, which plays an important role in the induction of pluripotent stem cells from somatic cells. The Sox2 gene is located in chromosome 3q26.33 and resides in a linkage region of diabetes. In the present study, we attempted to evaluate the genetic effect of Sox2 in the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D). A total of 1598 Swedish subjects of T2D, pre-diabetes and non-diabetic control subjects were enrolled in the present study. Genotyping experiments for allelic discrimination of SNP rs11915160 were performed with TaqMan allelic discrimination. Sox2 mRNA expression levels in pancreatic islets of T2D patients (n=16) and control subjects (n=8) were detected by using real time RT-PCR. Among the non-diabetic control subjects with and without family history of diabetes (FHD, i.e. at least one first degree relative with diabetes or at least two second degree relatives with diabetes), the A allele frequency in Sox2 rs11915160 were 12.3% and 12.9%. This allele frequency was increased to 13.4% in T2D patients with FHD selected from SDPP and 17.9% in the patients with FHD from Kronan study, while the patients without FHD had the allele frequency at 12.4%. The difference of mRNA expression levels of the Sox2 gene in pancreatic islets between T2D patients and controls was not statistically significant. The present study thus suggests that Sox2 is unlikely to exert the genetic effect on the development of T2D.
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Wessman M, Forsblom C, Kaunisto MA, Söderlund J, Ilonen J, Sallinen R, Hiekkalinna T, Parkkonen M, Maxwell AP, Tarnow L, Parving HH, Hadjadj S, Marre M, Peltonen L, Groop PH. Novel susceptibility locus at 22q11 for diabetic nephropathy in type 1 diabetes. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24053. [PMID: 21909410 PMCID: PMC3164698 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetic nephropathy (DN) affects about 30% of patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and contributes to serious morbidity and mortality. So far only the 3q21–q25 region has repeatedly been indicated as a susceptibility region for DN. The aim of this study was to search for new DN susceptibility loci in Finnish, Danish and French T1D families. Methods and Results We performed a genome-wide linkage study using 384 microsatellite markers. A total of 175 T1D families were studied, of which 94 originated from Finland, 46 from Denmark and 35 from France. The whole sample set consisted of 556 individuals including 42 sib-pairs concordant and 84 sib-pairs discordant for DN. Two-point and multi-point non-parametric linkage analyses were performed using the Analyze package and the MERLIN software. A novel DN locus on 22q11 was identified in the joint analysis of the Finnish, Danish and French families by genome-wide multipoint non-parametric linkage analysis using the Kong and Cox linear model (NPLpairs LOD score 3.58). Nominal or suggestive evidence of linkage to this locus was also detected when the three populations were analyzed separately. Suggestive evidence of linkage was found to six additional loci in the Finnish and French sample sets. Conclusions This study identified a novel DN locus at chromosome 22q11 with significant evidence of linkage to DN. Our results suggest that this locus may be of importance in European populations. In addition, this study supports previously indicated DN loci on 3q21–q25 and 19q13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maija Wessman
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Biomedicum Helsinki, Research Program in Molecular Medicine and Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail: (MW); (P-HG)
| | - Carol Forsblom
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mari A. Kaunisto
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Biomedicum Helsinki, Research Program in Molecular Medicine and Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jenny Söderlund
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jorma Ilonen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Riitta Sallinen
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tero Hiekkalinna
- Biomedicum Helsinki, Research Program in Molecular Medicine and Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maija Parkkonen
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alexander P. Maxwell
- Nephrology Research Group, Centre for Public Health, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | | | - Hans-Henrik Parving
- Department of Medical Endocrinology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Samy Hadjadj
- Service de Médecine Interne, Endocrinologie et Maladies Métaboliques, Centre d'Investigation Clinique, Inserm CIC0802, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France and Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Michel Marre
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Bichat-Claude Bernard University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Leena Peltonen
- Biomedicum Helsinki, Research Program in Molecular Medicine and Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hingston, United Kingdom
| | - Per-Henrik Groop
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail: (MW); (P-HG)
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) is characterized histologically by a collapsing form of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), microcystic tubular dilation, interstitial inflammation and fibrosis. In this review, we provide a summary of the current state of knowledge about the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of HIVAN. RECENT FINDINGS Two variants in the ApoL1 gene have been identified as the susceptibility alleles that account for a majority of the increased risk of FSGS and nondiabetic end-stage renal disease in blacks. HIVAN1 and HIVAN2 are the other host susceptibility genes that have been identified in animal models for HIVAN. HIV infects renal tubular epithelial cells likely through direct cell-cell transmission. Both in-vivo and in-vitro evidence suggests that Nef and Vpr are the key viral genes mediating HIVAN. Nef induces podocyte dysfunction, whereas Vpr induces renal tubular epithelial cell apoptosis. SUMMARY HIVAN results from direct infection by HIV-1 and expression of viral genes, especially Nef and Vpr, in renal epithelial cells in a genetically susceptible host. The infected renal epithelium acts as a separate viral compartment from the blood and facilitates evolution of strains distant from blood. Dysregulation of several host cellular pathways, including those involved in cell cycle and apoptosis, ultimately results in the unique histopathological syndrome of HIVAN.
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25
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Chua S, Li Y, Liu SM, Liu R, Chan KT, Martino J, Zheng Z, Susztak K, D'Agati VD, Gharavi AG. A susceptibility gene for kidney disease in an obese mouse model of type II diabetes maps to chromosome 8. Kidney Int 2010; 78:453-62. [PMID: 20520596 PMCID: PMC3998677 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2010.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Most mouse models of diabetes do not fully reproduce features of human diabetic nephropathy, limiting their utility in inferring mechanisms of human disease. Here we performed detailed phenotypic and genetic characterization of leptin-receptor (Lepr) deficient mice on the FVB/NJ background (FVB(db/db)), an obese model of type II diabetes, to determine their suitability to model human diabetic nephropathy. These mice have sustained hyperglycemia, significant albuminuria and characteristic diabetic renal findings including mesangial sclerosis and nodular glomerulosclerosis after 6 months of age. In contrast, equally obese, hyperglycemic Lepr/Sur1 deficient C57BL/6J (Sur1 has defective insulin secretion) mice have minimal evidence of nephropathy. A genome-wide scan in 165 Lepr deficient backcross progeny derived from FVB/NJ and C57BL/6J identified a major locus influencing nephropathy and albuminuria on chromosome 8B1-C5 (Dbnph1 locus, peak lod score 5.0). This locus was distinct from those contrasting susceptibility to beta cell hypertrophy and HIV-nephropathy between the same parental strains, indicating specificity to diabetic kidney disease. Genome-wide expression profiling showed that high and low risk Dbnph1 genotypes were associated with significant enrichment for oxidative phosphorylation and lipid clearance, respectively; molecular pathways shared with human diabetic nephropathy. Hence, we found that the FVB(db/db) mouse recapitulates many clinical, histopathological and molecular features of human diabetic nephropathy. Identifying underlying susceptibility gene(s) and downstream dysregulated pathways in these mice may provide insight into the disease pathogenesis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Streamson Chua
- Department of Medicine and Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, 10461
| | - Yifu Li
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10023
| | - Shun Mei Liu
- Department of Medicine and Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, 10461
| | - Ruijie Liu
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10023
| | - Ka Tak Chan
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10023
| | - Jeremiah Martino
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10023
| | - Zongyu Zheng
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10023
| | - Katalin Susztak
- Department of Medicine and Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, 10461
| | - Vivette D D'Agati
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10023
| | - Ali G. Gharavi
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10023
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Pezzolesi MG, Skupien J, Mychaleckyj JC, Warram JH, Krolewski AS. Insights to the genetics of diabetic nephropathy through a genome-wide association study of the GoKinD collection. Semin Nephrol 2010; 30:126-40. [PMID: 20347642 DOI: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2010.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The Genetics of Kidneys in Diabetes (GoKinD) study was initiated to facilitate research aimed at identifying genes involved in diabetic nephropathy (DN) in type 1 diabetes. In this review, we present an overview of this study and the various reports that have used its collection. At the forefront of these efforts is the recent genome-wide association scan implemented on the GoKinD collection. We highlight the results from our analysis of these data and describe compelling evidence from animal models that further support the potential role of associated loci in the susceptibility of DN. To enhance our analysis of genetic associations in GoKinD, using genome-wide imputation, we expanded our analysis of this collection to include genotype data from more than 2.4 million common single nucleotide polymorphisms. We illustrate the added utility of this enhanced dataset through the comprehensive fine-mapping of candidate genomic regions previously linked with DN and the targeted investigation of genes involved in candidate pathways implicated in its pathogenesis. Collectively, genome-wide association and genome-wide imputation data from the GoKinD collection will serve as a springboard for future investigations into the genetic basis of DN in type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus G Pezzolesi
- Section on Genetics and Epidemiology, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Adler S, Pahl M, Abboud H, Nicholas S, Ipp E, Seldin M. Mexican-American admixture mapping analyses for diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Semin Nephrol 2010; 30:141-9. [PMID: 20347643 DOI: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2010.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy is a classic complex trait, whose development in a given individual reflects contributions from multiple genes and whose expression is modulated by environmental factors. Numerous genetic strategies have been used to identify common disease risk loci and genes, including candidate gene analyses, linkage analysis, transmission disequilibrium testing (a family based association test to identify linkage between a genetic marker and a biological trait or disease), and admixture mapping (also referred to as mapping by admixture linkage disequilibrium). Choosing the best genetic strategy to identify susceptibility genes in a disease is dependent on knowing whether the disorder is monogenic (the result of one gene), oligogenic (the result of a few genes), or polygenic (the result of many genes). The likelihood of finding risk loci for a disease with a putative genetic contribution is in part owing to the disease recurrence risk ratio (the risk of expressing the disease phenotype in siblings of the proband divided by the risk observed in the general population), the genotypic risk ratio (the risk of expressing the phenotype if the gene is present divided by the risk if the gene is not present), the number of susceptibility genes, how the susceptibility genes interact, how much of the disease risk is contributed by environmental factors, and the disease penetrance (the likelihood that the phenotype will be expressed if the gene is present).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Adler
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA.
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Effects of MCF2L2, ADIPOQ and SOX2 genetic polymorphisms on the development of nephropathy in type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2010; 11:116. [PMID: 20667095 PMCID: PMC2919463 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-11-116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background MCF2L2, ADIPOQ and SOX2 genes are located in chromosome 3q26-27, which is linked to diabetic nephropathy (DN). ADIPOQ and SOX2 genetic polymorphisms are found to be associated with DN. In the present study, we first investigated the association between MCF2L2 and DN, and then evaluated effects of these three genes on the development of DN. Methods A total of 1177 type 1 diabetes patients with and without DN from the GoKinD study were genotyped with TaqMan allelic discrimination. All subjects were of European descent. Results Leu359Ile T/G variant in the MCF2L2 gene was found to be associated with DN in female subjects (P = 0.017, OR = 0.701, 95%CI 0.524-0.938) but not in males. The GG genotype carriers among female patients with DN had tendency decreased creatinine and cystatin levels compared to the carriers with either TT or TG genotypes. This polymorphism MCF2L2-rs7639705 together with SNPs of ADIPOQ-rs266729 and SOX2-rs11915160 had combined effects on decreased risk of DN in females (P = 0.001). Conclusion The present study provides evidence that MCF2L2, ADIPOQ and SOX2 genetic polymorphisms have effects on the resistance of DN in female T1D patients, and suggests that the linkage with DN in chromosome 3q may be explained by the cumulated genetic effects.
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Pei D, Huang YJ, Hsieh CH, Kuo SW, Liou YH, Wu LSH. The Genetic Background Difference Between Diabetic Patients with and without Nephropathy in a Taiwanese Population by Linkage Disequilibrium Mapping Using 382 Autosomal STR Markers. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2010; 14:433-8. [DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2009.0179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dee Pei
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Cardinal Tien Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jen Huang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Hsun Hsieh
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shi-Wen Kuo
- Division of Endocrinology, Buddhist Xindian Tzu Chi General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Huei Liou
- Research Development Division, Vita Genomics Inc., Taipei, Taiwan
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Metabolic memory and diabetic nephropathy: potential role for epigenetic mechanisms. Nat Rev Nephrol 2010; 6:332-41. [PMID: 20421885 DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2010.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Many clinical studies have shown that intensive glycemic control in patients with diabetes can reduce the incidence and progression of diabetic nephropathy and can also reduce the incidence of other complications. These beneficial effects persist after patients return to usual (often worse) glycemic control. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial was the first to refer to this phenomenon as 'metabolic memory'. Many patients with diabetes, however, still develop diabetic nephropathy despite receiving intensified glycemic control. Preliminary work in endothelial cells has shown that transient episodes of hyperglycemia can induce changes in gene expression that are dependent on modifications to histone tails (for example, methylation), and that these changes persist after return to normoglycemia. The persistence of such modifications cannot yet be fully explained, but certain epigenetic changes, as well as biochemical mechanisms such as advanced glycation, may provide new and interesting clues towards explaining the pathogenesis of this phenomenon. Further elucidation of the molecular events that enable prior glycemic control to result in end-organ protection in diabetes may lead to the development of new approaches for reducing the burden of diabetic nephropathy.
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Gayathri SB, Radha V, Vimaleswaran KS, Mohan V. Association of the PPARGC1A Gene Polymorphism With Diabetic Nephropathy in an Asian Indian Population (CURES-41). Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2010; 8:119-26. [DOI: 10.1089/met.2009.0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sakthi Baby Gayathri
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, and Dr. Mohan’s Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Noncommunicable Diseases Prevention Control, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India
| | - Venkatesan Radha
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, and Dr. Mohan’s Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Noncommunicable Diseases Prevention Control, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India
| | | | - Viswanathan Mohan
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, and Dr. Mohan’s Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Noncommunicable Diseases Prevention Control, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India
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McKnight AJ, Currie D, Maxwell AP. Unravelling the genetic basis of renal diseases; from single gene to multifactorial disorders. J Pathol 2010; 220:198-216. [PMID: 19882676 DOI: 10.1002/path.2639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease is common with up to 5% of the adult population reported to have an estimated glomerular filtration rate of < 60 ml/min/1.73 m(2). A large number of pathogenic mutations have been identified that are responsible for 'single gene' renal disorders, such as autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease and X-linked Alport syndrome. These single gene disorders account for < 15% of the burden of end-stage renal disease that requires dialysis or kidney transplantation. It has proved more difficult to identify the genetic susceptibility underlying common, complex, multifactorial kidney conditions, such as diabetic nephropathy and hypertensive nephrosclerosis. This review describes success to date and explores strategies currently employed in defining the genetic basis for a number of renal disorders. The complementary use of linkage studies, candidate gene and genome-wide association analyses are described and a collation of renal genetic resources highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy J McKnight
- Nephrology Research Group, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AB, Northern Ireland, UK
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Endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene polymorphisms and diabetic nephropathy: a HuGE review and meta-analysis. Genet Med 2009; 11:695-706. [PMID: 19773668 DOI: 10.1097/gim.0b013e3181b2046b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Candidate-gene association studies that examined the association between polymorphisms of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS3) gene (G894T, 4b/a, and T786C) and diabetic nephropathy or diabetes leading to severe nephropathy produced inconclusive results. Thus, a meta-analysis of all candidate-gene association studies with endothelial nitric oxide synthase genotyping (7401 cases and 8046 controls) was conducted. Other study designs, such as family-based association studies and genome-wide linkage and association studies were also reviewed for supportive evidence of implication of endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene in diabetic nephropathy. The meta-analysis showed that G894T is significantly associated with diabetic nephropathy and diabetes leading to severe nephropathy in type 2 diabetics and in East Asians, respectively. Concerning the 4b/a polymorphism and its relationship to diabetes leading to severe nephropathy, a significant association was shown for East Asians. Heterogeneity between studies was in general high. There was no differential magnitude of effect in large versus small studies. One genome-wide linkage scan provided evidence of linkage nearby the endothelial nitric oxide synthase locus. Studies exploring gene and environment interactions with endothelial nitric oxide synthase polymorphisms may help understand better the genetics of diabetic nephropathy.
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Abstract
Adiponectin is secreted by white adipose tissue and exists as the most abundant adipokine in the human plasma. Recent research has indicated that plasma adiponectin levels are inversely correlated with body mass index (BMI) and insulin resistance. Reduction of plasma adiponectin levels is commonly observed in the patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and/or in those who are obese in comparison with healthy control individuals. The adiponectin (AdipoQ) gene has a moderate linkage disequilibrium (LD), but two small LD blocks are observed, respectively, in the promoter region and the boundary of exon 2-intron 2. Genetic association studies have demonstrated that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) +45G15G(T/G) in exon 2 and +276G/T in intron 2 of the AdipoQ gene confer the risk susceptibility to the development of T2D, obesity and diabetic nephropathy (DN). The SNPs in the promoter region, including −11426A/G, −11377C/G and −11391G/A, are found to be associated with T2D and DN. Recent research has indicated that the promoter polymorphisms interfere with the AdipoQ promoter activity. The haplotypes constructed by the promoter polymorphisms and SNP +276G/T in intron 2 are associated with circulating adiponectin levels. This review summarises genetic and pathophysiological relevancies of adiponectin and discusses about the biomarkers of adiponectin plasma protein variation and genomic DNA polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvest F Gu
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Hu Y, Kaisaki PJ, Argoud K, Wilder SP, Wallace KJ, Woon PY, Blancher C, Tarnow L, Groop PH, Hadjadj S, Marre M, Parving HH, Farrall M, Cox RD, Lathrop M, Vionnet N, Bihoreau MT, Gauguier D. Functional annotations of diabetes nephropathy susceptibility loci through analysis of genome-wide renal gene expression in rat models of diabetes mellitus. BMC Med Genomics 2009; 2:41. [PMID: 19586551 PMCID: PMC2717999 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-2-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2008] [Accepted: 07/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperglycaemia in diabetes mellitus (DM) alters gene expression regulation in various organs and contributes to long term vascular and renal complications. We aimed to generate novel renal genome-wide gene transcription data in rat models of diabetes in order to test the responsiveness to hyperglycaemia and renal structural changes of positional candidate genes at selected diabetic nephropathy (DN) susceptibility loci. METHODS Both Affymetrix and Illumina technologies were used to identify significant quantitative changes in the abundance of over 15,000 transcripts in kidney of models of spontaneous (genetically determined) mild hyperglycaemia and insulin resistance (Goto-Kakizaki-GK) and experimentally induced severe hyperglycaemia (Wistar-Kyoto-WKY rats injected with streptozotocin [STZ]). RESULTS Different patterns of transcription regulation in the two rat models of diabetes likely underlie the roles of genetic variants and hyperglycaemia severity. The impact of prolonged hyperglycaemia on gene expression changes was more profound in STZ-WKY rats than in GK rats and involved largely different sets of genes. These included genes already tested in genetic studies of DN and a large number of protein coding sequences of unknown function which can be considered as functional and, when they map to DN loci, positional candidates for DN. Further expression analysis of rat orthologs of human DN positional candidate genes provided functional annotations of known and novel genes that are responsive to hyperglycaemia and may contribute to renal functional and/or structural alterations. CONCLUSION Combining transcriptomics in animal models and comparative genomics provides important information to improve functional annotations of disease susceptibility loci in humans and experimental support for testing candidate genes in human genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaomin Hu
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Pamela J Kaisaki
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Karène Argoud
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Steven P Wilder
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Karin J Wallace
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Peng Y Woon
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Christine Blancher
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | | | - Per-Henrik Groop
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Helsinki University Central Hospital and Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Samy Hadjadj
- CHU Poitiers, University Hospital, Endocrinology and INSERM, ERM 324, Poitiers, France
| | - Michel Marre
- Department of Diabetology, Bichat Hospital and INSERM, U695, Xavier Bichat University of Medicine, Paris, France
| | - Hans-Henrik Parving
- Department of Medical Endocrinology, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Farrall
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Roger D Cox
- MRC Mammalian Genome Unit, Harwell OX11 0RD, UK
| | | | - Nathalie Vionnet
- INSERM, UMR S 525, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Thérèse Bihoreau
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Dominique Gauguier
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- INSERM, U872, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
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Zhang D, Ma J, Brismar K, Efendic S, Gu HF. A single nucleotide polymorphism alters the sequence of SP1 binding site in the adiponectin promoter region and is associated with diabetic nephropathy among type 1 diabetic patients in the Genetics of Kidneys in Diabetes Study. J Diabetes Complications 2009; 23:265-72. [PMID: 18599322 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2008.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2008] [Revised: 04/17/2008] [Accepted: 05/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The adiponectin promoter single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) -11391G/A is found to be associated with nephropathy in type 1 diabetic (T1D) patients among Danish, but not French, Finnish, and Swedish populations. In the present study, we identified the binding sites for transcriptional factors in the adiponectin promoter region and also evaluated the association between adiponectin promoter polymorphisms and diabetic nephropathy (DN) in T1D patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three adiponectin promoter SNPs, including -11377C/G, -11391G/A, and -11426A/G, were genotyped with dynamic allele-specific hybridization. The subjects included 1177 American T1D patients (622 females/555 males) with or without DN. All patients are of European descent and selected from the Genetics of Kidneys in Diabetes (GoKinD) study. RESULTS We identified four binding sites of transcriptional stimulatory protein (SP1) in the adiponectin putative promoter and found that the G allele of SNP -11377C/G altered the sequence for one of the SP1 binding sites. This polymorphism was significantly associated with DN in female T1D patients (P=.022, OR=1.352, 95% CI=1.044-1.752). Further analyses indicated the common diplotype (haplotypic genotype) H1/H1, constructed with SNPs -11377C/G and -11391G/A, was significantly associated with DN in females (P=.013), while the association of another diplotype H1/H2 with DN in females was of borderline significance (P=.071). CONCLUSIONS The present study thus provides the first evidence that SNP -11377C/G alters the sequence in one of the SP1 binding sites in the adiponectin promoter region. This polymorphism, together with another promoter SNP -11391G/A, may confer susceptibility to the development of DN in T1D patients among the GoKinD population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongying Zhang
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Rolf Luft Center for Diabetes Research, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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McKnight AJ, O'Donoghue D, Peter Maxwell A. Annotated chromosome maps for renal disease. Hum Mutat 2009; 30:314-20. [PMID: 19085929 DOI: 10.1002/humu.20885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A combination of linkage analyses and association studies are currently employed to promote the identification of genetic factors contributing to inherited renal disease. We have standardized and merged complex genetic data from disparate sources, creating unique chromosomal maps to enhance genetic epidemiological investigations. This database and novel renal maps effectively summarize genomic regions of suggested linkage, association, or chromosomal abnormalities implicated in renal disease. Chromosomal regions associated with potential intermediate clinical phenotypes have been integrated, adding support for particular genomic intervals. More than 500 reports from medical databases, published scientific literature, and the World Wide Web were interrogated for relevant renal-related information. Chromosomal regions highlighted for prioritized investigation of renal complications include 3q13-26, 6q22-27, 10p11-15, 16p11-13, and 18q22. Combined genetic and physical maps are effective tools to organize genetic data for complex diseases. These renal chromosome maps provide insights into renal phenotype-genotype relationships and act as a template for future genetic investigations into complex renal diseases. New data from individual researchers and/or future publications can be readily incorporated to this resource via a user-friendly web-form accessed from the website: www.qub.ac.uk/neph-res/CORGI/index.php.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Jayne McKnight
- Nephrology Research Group, Queen's University of Belfast, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
Genetic susceptibility has been proposed as an important factor for the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy, and research efforts have been invested worldwide to identify the susceptibility gene for diabetic nephropathy. Although, several candidate genes were shown to be associated with the disease, the results were not always consistent; most of the genes conferring susceptibility to diabetic nephropathy remain to be identified. Recent development of the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) typing technology and collation of information on linkage disequilibrium in the human genome have facilitated genome-wide association studies (GWASs) for investigating novel disease-susceptibility genes across the entire human genome. GWASs are considered a powerful and promising approach and are expected to be useful for identifying convincing susceptibility genes for several common diseases; however, to date, these studies have not been able to completely cover the entire human genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Maeda
- Laboratory for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.
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He B, Österholm AM, Hoverfält A, Forsblom C, Hjörleifsdóttir EE, Nilsson AS, Parkkonen M, Pitkäniemi J, Hreidarsson Á, Sarti C, McKnight AJ, Maxwell AP, Tuomilehto J, Groop PH, Tryggvason K. Association of genetic variants at 3q22 with nephropathy in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Am J Hum Genet 2009; 84:5-13. [PMID: 19084216 PMCID: PMC2668055 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2008] [Revised: 11/18/2008] [Accepted: 11/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the primary cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and affects about 30% of these patients. We have previously localized a DN locus on chromosome 3q with suggestive linkage in Finnish individuals. Linkage to this region has also been reported earlier by several other groups. To fine map this locus, we conducted a multistage case-control association study in T1DM patients, comprising 1822 cases with nephropathy and 1874 T1DM patients free of nephropathy, from Finland, Iceland, and the British Isles. At the screening stage, we genotyped 3072 tag SNPs, spanning a 28 Mb region, in 234 patients and 215 controls from Finland. SNPs that met the significance threshold of p < 0.01 at this stage were followed up by a series of sample sets. A genetic variant, rs1866813, in the noncoding region at 3q22 was associated with increased risk of DN (overall p = 7.07 x 10(-6), combined odds ratio [OR] of the allele = 1.33). The estimated genotypic ORs of this variant in all Finnish samples suggested a codominant effect, resulting in significant association, with a p value of 4.7 x 10(-5) (OR = 1.38; 95% confidence interval = 1.18-1.62). Additionally, an 11 kb segment flanked by rs62408925 and rs1866813, two strongly correlated variants (r(2) = 0.95), contains three elements highly conserved across multiple species. Independent replication will clarify the role of the associated variants at 3q22 in influencing the risk of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing He
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anne-May Österholm
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Hoverfält
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Biomedicum Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland and the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, 00029 HUS, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Carol Forsblom
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Biomedicum Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland and the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, 00029 HUS, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eyrún Edda Hjörleifsdóttir
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ann-Sofie Nilsson
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maikki Parkkonen
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Biomedicum Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland and the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, 00029 HUS, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Janne Pitkäniemi
- Finnish National Public Health Institute, 00300 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Cinzia Sarti
- Finnish National Public Health Institute, 00300 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Amy Jayne McKnight
- Nephrology Research Group, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AB, Northern Ireland
| | - A. Peter Maxwell
- Nephrology Research Group, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AB, Northern Ireland
| | | | - Per-Henrik Groop
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Biomedicum Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland and the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, 00029 HUS, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Karl Tryggvason
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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Zhang D, Freedman BI, Flekac M, Santos E, Hicks PJ, Bowden DW, Efendic S, Brismar K, Gu HF. Evaluation of genetic association and expression reduction of TRPC1 in the development of diabetic nephropathy. Am J Nephrol 2008; 29:244-51. [PMID: 18802326 DOI: 10.1159/000157627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2008] [Accepted: 07/29/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The TRPC1 gene on chromosome 3q22-24 resides within the linkage region for diabetic nephropathy (DN) in type 1 (T1D) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). A recent study has demonstrated that TRPC1 expression is reduced in the kidney of diabetic ZDF- and STZ-treated rats. The present study aimed to evaluate the genetic and functional role of TRPC1 in the development of DN. METHODS Genetic association study was performed with two independent cohorts, including 1,177 T1D European Americans with or without DN from GoKinD population and 850 African-American subjects with T2D-associated end-stage renal disease (ESRD), or with hypertensive (non-diabetic) ESRD, and nondiabetic controls. Seven tag SNP markers derived from HapMap data (phase II) were genotyped. TRPC1 gene expression was examined using real time RT-PCR. RESULTS No significant association of TRPC1 DNA polymorphisms with DN or ERSD was found in GoKinD and African-American populations. TRPC1 gene mRNA expression in kidney was found to be trendily reduced in 12-week and significantly in 26-week-old db/db mice. CONCLUSIONS TRPC1 genetic polymorphism may not fundamentally contribute to the development of DN, while reduction of the gene expression in kidney may be a late phenomenon of DN as seen in diabetic animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongying Zhang
- Rolf Luft Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
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Rogus JJ, Poznik GD, Pezzolesi MG, Smiles AM, Dunn J, Walker W, Wanic K, Moczulski D, Canani L, Araki S, Makita Y, Warram JH, Krolewski AS. High-density single nucleotide polymorphism genome-wide linkage scan for susceptibility genes for diabetic nephropathy in type 1 diabetes: discordant sibpair approach. Diabetes 2008; 57:2519-26. [PMID: 18559660 PMCID: PMC2518505 DOI: 10.2337/db07-1086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2007] [Accepted: 06/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Epidemiological and family studies have demonstrated that susceptibility genes play an important role in the etiology of diabetic nephropathy, defined as persistent proteinuria or end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in type 1 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS To efficiently search for genomic regions harboring diabetic nephropathy genes, we conducted a scan using 5,382 informative single nucleotide polymorphisms on 100 sibpairs concordant for type 1 diabetes but discordant for diabetic nephropathy. In addition to being powerful for detecting linkage to diabetic nephropathy, this design allows linkage analysis on type 1 diabetes via traditional affected sibpair (ASP) analysis. In weighing the evidence for linkage, we considered maximum logarithm of odds score (maximum likelihood score [MLS]) values and corresponding allelic sharing patterns, calculated and viewed graphically using the software package SPLAT. RESULTS Our primary finding for diabetic nephropathy, broadly defined, is on chromosome 19q (MLS = 3.1), and a secondary peak exists on chromosome 2q (MLS = 2.1). Stratification of discordant sibpairs based on whether disease had progressed to ESRD suggested four tertiary peaks on chromosome 1q (ESRD only), chromosome 20p (proteinuria only), and chromosome 3q (two loci 58 cm apart, one for ESRD only and another for proteinuria only). Additionally, analysis of 130 ASPs for type 1 diabetes confirmed the linkage to the HLA region on chromosome 6p (MLS = 9.2) and IDDM15 on chromosome 6q (MLS = 3.1). CONCLUSIONS This study identified several novel loci as candidates for diabetic nephropathy, none of which appear to be the sole genetic determinant of diabetic nephropathy in type 1 diabetes. In addition, this study confirms two previously reported type 1 diabetes loci.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 20
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/epidemiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetic Nephropathies/epidemiology
- Diabetic Nephropathies/genetics
- Family Health
- Female
- Genetic Linkage
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease/epidemiology
- Genomics
- Humans
- Kidney Failure, Chronic/epidemiology
- Kidney Failure, Chronic/genetics
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Siblings
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Affiliation(s)
- John J. Rogus
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - G. David Poznik
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marcus G. Pezzolesi
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Adam M. Smiles
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jonathon Dunn
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - William Walker
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Krzysztof Wanic
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dariusz Moczulski
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Dialysis, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Luis Canani
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Endocrinology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Shinichi Araki
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Makita
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - James H. Warram
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrzej S. Krolewski
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Mottl AK, Vupputuri S, Cole SA, Almasy L, Göring HHH, Diego VP, Laston S, Franceschini N, Shara NM, Lee ET, Best LG, Fabsitz RR, MacCluer JW, Umans JG, North KE. Linkage analysis of glomerular filtration rate in American Indians. Kidney Int 2008; 74:1185-91. [PMID: 18854848 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2008.410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
American Indians have a disproportionately high rate of kidney disease likely due to a combination of environmental and genetic factors. We performed a genome wide scan of estimated glomerular filtration rate in 3665 participants of the Strong Heart Family Study to localize genes influencing kidney disease risk factors. The participants were men and women from 13 American Indian tribes recruited from 3 centers located in Arizona, the Dakotas and Oklahoma. Multipoint variance component linkage analysis was performed for each center and on the entire cohort after controlling for center effects. Modeling strategies that incorporated age, gender and interaction terms (model 1) and another that also controlled for diabetes mellitus, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, body mass index, low density and high density lipoproteins, triglycerides and smoking status (model 2) were used. Significant evidence for linkage in the Arizona group was found on chromosome 12p12.2 at 39cM (nearest marker D12S310) using model 1. Additional loci with very suggestive evidence for linkage were detected at 1p36.31 for all groups using both models and at 2q33.3 and 9q34.2 for the Dakotas group each using model 1. No significant evidence for additive interaction with diabetes, hypertension or obesity was noted. This evidence for linkage of a quantitative trait locus influencing estimated glomerular filtration rate to a region of chromosome 12p in a large cohort of American Indians will be worth studying in more detail in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy K Mottl
- UNC Kidney Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7155, USA.
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43
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Lambie M, Richards N, Smith S. Ethnicity, age and incidence rates for renal replacement therapy (RRT) in Birmingham, UK: 1990-2004. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008; 23:3983-7. [PMID: 18596133 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfn366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Birmingham is a densely populated, industrial city with a high social deprivation index and large black (B) and Indo-Asian (I) populations. End stage renal failure is known to be more common in ethnic minorities and urban communities. Workforce planning requires accurate epidemiological data but most studies of the effect of ethnicity in the UK are from the early 1990s. METHODS RRT acceptance rates for adults (>16 years) in Birmingham were calculated for the 5-year periods 1990-5 and 1999-2004 using the 1991 and 2001 UK population census datasets and local programmes data. RESULTS The adult population of Birmingham Health Authority increased slightly (961,041 in 1991 v 977,099 in 2001) but the proportion of W fell (82.7% to 74.3%) while B (5.3% to 7.0%) and I (10.4% to 17.2%) both increased.Median age was lower for I (33.5 1991, 32.9 2001) than B(33.8 1991, 37.4 2001) and W (45.1 1991, 45.9 2001).Numbers of new patients increased by 29% in W, 98% in B and 109% in I. There was also a substantial increase in acceptance rates (W 92 to 129 pmp, I 175 to 243 pmp, B 191 to 278 pmp) but the proportional increase in I (26.9%) was less than in W (41.5%) or B (48.2%). This is because almost all the increase in RRT acceptance rates for all ethnic groups was seen in the over 55 age group (256 pmp 1991, 481 pmp 2001) but 85% of the population growth for I was in the under 55 age group. In all ethnic groups there was a striking increase in acceptance rates for the over 70's (W 177 to 440 pmp, I 536 to 1711 pmp, B 301 to 1858 pmp). CONCLUSIONS All acceptance rates were equivalent to the highest previously described in the UK. This may be due to local factors including social deprivation, availability of care and physicians attitudes. The increase in patient numbers was due to rising ethnic minority populations and increasing acceptance rates, especially in the elderly.The take-on rate is likely to rise disproportionately for I as the population ages over the next 10 years. This indicates that the future need for RRT in UK inner city areas, especially those with a large elderly ethnic population, will be greater than previously estimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Lambie
- Renal Unit, Walsgrave Hospital, United Kingdom.
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44
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Jorsal A, Tarnow L, Lajer M, Ek J, Hansen T, Pedersen O, Parving HH. The PPAR gamma 2 Pro12Ala variant predicts ESRD and mortality in patients with type 1 diabetes and diabetic nephropathy. Mol Genet Metab 2008; 94:347-51. [PMID: 18467141 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2008.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2008] [Revised: 03/25/2008] [Accepted: 03/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The Pro12Ala polymorphism in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma 2 gene is suggested to associate with diabetic nephropathy and cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to investigate the polymorphism in relation to diabetic nephropathy, end-stage renal disease (ESRD), mortality and cardiovascular (CVD) events in type 1 diabetic patients. This prospective observational follow-up study included 415 type 1 diabetic patients with overt diabetic nephropathy (252 men; age 42.2+/-10.4 years [mean+/-SD], duration of diabetes 28.3+/-8.8 years, GFR 66+/-8.8 ml/min) and 428 patients with longstanding type 1 diabetes and persistent normoalbuminuria (230 men; age 45.4+/-11.6 years, duration of diabetes 27.8+/-10.1 years). FOLLOW-UP 8.1 (0.0-12.8) years (median [range]). There where no significant differences between cases and controls in genotype (p=0.51) or allele frequencies (p=0.25). Cox regression analysis revealed a covariate-adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for all-cause mortality in patients with the Ala/Ala genotype of 2.44 (1.23-4.84). The Pro12Ala polymorphism did not predict CVD events. However, the Ala/Ala genotype predicts ESRD (covariate-adjusted HR 2.60 (1.11-6.07)). Furthermore, Carriers of the Ala-allele had a higher rate of decline in GFR (p=0.040). In conclusion, the Pro12Ala polymorphism is not associated with type 1 diabetic nephropathy. The Ala-allele is associated with enhanced decline in GFR and predicts ESRD and all-cause mortality in patients with nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jorsal
- Steno Diabetes Center, Niels Steensens Vej 2, 2820 Gentofte, Denmark.
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45
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Buraczynska M. Genetic predictors of renal failure. EXPERT OPINION ON MEDICAL DIAGNOSTICS 2008; 2:651-664. [PMID: 23495776 DOI: 10.1517/17530059.2.6.651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both environmental and genetic factors contribute to the development and progression of chronic kidney disease. The completion of the human genome sequence and advances in genomic technology make possible identification of gene variants associated with renal failure. OBJECTIVE This review discusses the relevant genetic studies in chronic kidney disease, with particular emphasis on the most common causes of end stage renal failure, diabetic nephropathy and glomerulonephritis. METHODS Most of the studies presented were performed in recent years and employed association studies, both population-based and with candidate genes, as well as the genome-wide association and genome-wide scan approaches. RESULTS/CONCLUSION Increasing evidence supports an important role of genetic susceptibility in the development and progression of renal failure. Identification of disease genes will allow the identification of patients at high risk and the development of new strategies to prevent or delay the renal disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Buraczynska
- Professor of Medical Sciences Medical University of Lublin, Laboratory for DNA Analysis and Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Nephrology, Dr K Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954 Lublin, Poland +48 81 7244 716 ; +48 81 7244 716 ;
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46
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Promoter polymorphism of the erythropoietin gene in severe diabetic eye and kidney complications. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:6998-7003. [PMID: 18458324 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0800454105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant morbidity and mortality among patients with diabetes mellitus result largely from a greatly increased incidence of microvascular complications. Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and end stage renal disease (ESRD) are two of the most common and severe microvascular complications of diabetes. A high concordance exists in the development of PDR and ESRD in diabetic patients, as well as strong familial aggregation of these complications, suggesting a common underlying genetic mechanism. However, the precise gene(s) and genetic variant(s) involved remain largely unknown. Erythropoietin (EPO) is a potent angiogenic factor observed in the diabetic human and mouse eye. By a combination of case-control association and functional studies, we demonstrate that the T allele of SNP rs1617640 in the promoter of the EPO gene is significantly associated with PDR and ESRD in three European-American cohorts [Utah: P = 1.91 x 10(-3); Genetics of Kidneys in Diabetes (GoKinD) Study: P = 2.66 x 10(-8); and Boston: P = 2.1 x 10(-2)]. The EPO concentration in human vitreous body was 7.5-fold higher in normal subjects with the TT risk genotype than in those with the GG genotype. Computational analysis suggests that the risk allele (T) of rs1617640 creates a matrix match with the EVI1/MEL1 or AP1 binding site, accounting for an observed 25-fold enhancement of luciferase reporter expression as compared with the G allele. These results suggest that rs1617640 in the EPO promoter is significantly associated with PDR and ESRD. This study identifies a disease risk-associated gene and potential pathway mediating severe diabetic microvascular complications.
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47
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Sharma K, RamachandraRao S, Qiu G, Usui HK, Zhu Y, Dunn SR, Ouedraogo R, Hough K, McCue P, Chan L, Falkner B, Goldstein BJ. Adiponectin regulates albuminuria and podocyte function in mice. J Clin Invest 2008; 118:1645-56. [PMID: 18431508 PMCID: PMC2323186 DOI: 10.1172/jci32691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2007] [Accepted: 02/20/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased albuminuria is associated with obesity and diabetes and is a risk factor for cardiovascular and renal disease. However, the link between early albuminuria and adiposity remains unclear. To determine whether adiponectin, an adipocyte-derived hormone, is a communication signal between adipocytes and the kidney, we performed studies in a cohort of patients at high risk for diabetes and kidney disease as well as in adiponectin-knockout (Ad(-/-)) mice. Albuminuria had a negative correlation with plasma adiponectin in obese patients, and Ad(-/-) mice exhibited increased albuminuria and fusion of podocyte foot processes. In cultured podocytes, adiponectin administration was associated with increased activity of AMPK, and both adiponectin and AMPK activation reduced podocyte permeability to albumin and podocyte dysfunction, as evidenced by zona occludens-1 translocation to the membrane. These effects seemed to be caused by reduction of oxidative stress, as adiponectin and AMPK activation both reduced protein levels of the NADPH oxidase Nox4 in podocytes. Ad(-/-) mice treated with adiponectin exhibited normalization of albuminuria, improvement of podocyte foot process effacement, increased glomerular AMPK activation, and reduced urinary and glomerular markers of oxidant stress. These results suggest that adiponectin is a key regulator of albuminuria, likely acting through the AMPK pathway to modulate oxidant stress in podocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Sharma
- Translational Research in Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California, USA.
Center for Novel Therapies in Kidney Disease, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, and
Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolic Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.
Center for Hypertension, Division of Nephrology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Satish RamachandraRao
- Translational Research in Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California, USA.
Center for Novel Therapies in Kidney Disease, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, and
Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolic Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.
Center for Hypertension, Division of Nephrology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gang Qiu
- Translational Research in Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California, USA.
Center for Novel Therapies in Kidney Disease, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, and
Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolic Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.
Center for Hypertension, Division of Nephrology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hitomi Kataoka Usui
- Translational Research in Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California, USA.
Center for Novel Therapies in Kidney Disease, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, and
Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolic Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.
Center for Hypertension, Division of Nephrology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yanqing Zhu
- Translational Research in Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California, USA.
Center for Novel Therapies in Kidney Disease, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, and
Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolic Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.
Center for Hypertension, Division of Nephrology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stephen R. Dunn
- Translational Research in Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California, USA.
Center for Novel Therapies in Kidney Disease, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, and
Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolic Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.
Center for Hypertension, Division of Nephrology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Raogo Ouedraogo
- Translational Research in Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California, USA.
Center for Novel Therapies in Kidney Disease, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, and
Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolic Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.
Center for Hypertension, Division of Nephrology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kelly Hough
- Translational Research in Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California, USA.
Center for Novel Therapies in Kidney Disease, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, and
Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolic Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.
Center for Hypertension, Division of Nephrology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Peter McCue
- Translational Research in Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California, USA.
Center for Novel Therapies in Kidney Disease, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, and
Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolic Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.
Center for Hypertension, Division of Nephrology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lawrence Chan
- Translational Research in Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California, USA.
Center for Novel Therapies in Kidney Disease, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, and
Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolic Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.
Center for Hypertension, Division of Nephrology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bonita Falkner
- Translational Research in Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California, USA.
Center for Novel Therapies in Kidney Disease, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, and
Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolic Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.
Center for Hypertension, Division of Nephrology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Barry J. Goldstein
- Translational Research in Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California, USA.
Center for Novel Therapies in Kidney Disease, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, and
Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolic Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.
Center for Hypertension, Division of Nephrology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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48
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Bogdanović R. Diabetic nephropathy in children and adolescents. Pediatr Nephrol 2008; 23:507-25. [PMID: 17940807 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-007-0583-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2007] [Revised: 07/09/2007] [Accepted: 07/12/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) commonly occurs in childhood or adolescence, although the rising prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in these age groups is now being seen worldwide. Diabetic nephropathy (DN) develops in 15-20% of subjects with T1DM and in similar or higher percentage of T2DM patients, causing increased morbidity and premature mortality. Although overt DN or kidney failure caused by either type of diabetes are very uncommon during childhood or adolescence, diabetic kidney disease in susceptible patients almost certainly begins soon after disease onset and may accelerate during adolescence, leading to microalbuminuria or incipient DN. Therefore, all diabetics warrant ongoing assessment of kidney function and screening for the earliest manifestations of renal injury. Pediatric health care professionals ought to understand about risk factors, strategy for prevention, method for screening, and treatment of early DN. This review considers each form of diabetes separately, including natural history, risk factors for development, screening for early manifestations, and strategy recommended for prevention and treatment of DN in children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radovan Bogdanović
- The Institute of Mother and Child Healthcare of Serbia Dr Vukan Cupic, Belgrade, Serbia.
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49
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Niehof M, Borlak J. HNF4 alpha and the Ca-channel TRPC1 are novel disease candidate genes in diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes 2008; 57:1069-77. [PMID: 18184923 DOI: 10.2337/db07-1065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The nuclear receptor hepatic nuclear factor 4 alpha (HNF 4 alpha) is a master regulatory protein and an essential player in the control of a wide range of metabolic processes. Dysfunction of HNF 4 alpha is associated with metabolic disorders including diabetes. We were particularly interested in investigating molecular causes associated with diabetic nephropathy. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Novel disease candidate genes were identified by the chromatin immunoprecipitation-cloning assay and by sequencing of immunoprecipitated DNA. Expression of candidate genes was analyzed in kidney and liver of Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) and of streptozotocin (STZ)-administered rats and after siRNA-mediated silencing of HNF 4 alpha. RESULTS We identified the calcium-permeable nonselective transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily C, member 1 (TRPC1) as a novel HNF 4 alpha gene target. Strikingly, TRPC1 is localized on human chromosome 3q22-24, i.e., a region considered to be a hotspot for diabetic nephropathy. We observed a significant reduction of TRPC1 gene expression in kidney and liver of diabetic ZDF and of STZ-administered rats as a result of HNF 4 alpha dysfunction. We found HNF 4 alpha and TRPC1 protein expression to be repressed in kidneys of diabetic patients diagnosed with nodular glomerulosceloris as evidenced by immunohistochemistry. Finally, siRNA-mediated functional knock down of HNF 4 alpha repressed TRPC1 gene expression in cell culture experiments. CONCLUSIONS Taken collectively, results obtained from animal studies could be translated to human diabetic nephropathy; there is evidence for a common regulation of HNF 4 alpha and TRPC1 in human and rat kidney pathologies. We propose dysregulation of HNF 4 alpha and TRPC1 as a possible molecular rationale in diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Niehof
- Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Center of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Nikolai-Fuchs-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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Corrêa-Giannella ML, Vieira SM. A predisposição genética para o desenvolvimento da microangiopatia no DM1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 52:375-86. [DOI: 10.1590/s0004-27302008000200026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2007] [Accepted: 12/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Acredita-se que o controle glicêmico e a duração do diabetes sejam os fatores de risco mais importantes para o desenvolvimento das microangiopatias diabéticas, contudo, as velocidades de progressão da nefropatia, da retinoaptia e da polineuropatia variam consideravelmente entre os pacientes. Além da presença de fatores de risco, como a hipertensão arterial, a dislipidemia e o fumo, existem evidências sugerindo que uma predisposição genética desempenha um papel na susceptibilidade para as complicações microvasculares. Com base na patogênese dessas complicações crônicas do diabetes, polimorfismos de vários genes candidatos que atuam em diferentes vias desse processo têm sido investigados, como os genes relacionados aos mecanismos dos danos induzidos pela hiperglicemia (os produtos finais de glicação avançada, o aumento na formação de espécies reativas de oxigênio e a atividade aumentada da via da aldose-redutase), os genes relacionados ao sistema renina-angiotensina; os genes que codificam a síntese das citoquinas, dos fatores de crescimento e dos seus receptores e dos transportadores de glicose entre muitos outros. Este artigo discute alguns estudos que corroboram com a importância da predisposição genética no desenvolvimento da microangiopatia diabética.
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