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Yang G, Hong J, Park SB. Wearable device for continuous sweat lactate monitoring in sports: a narrative review. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1376801. [PMID: 38638276 PMCID: PMC11025537 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1376801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
In sports science, the use of wearable technology has facilitated the development of new approaches for tracking and assessing athletes' performance. This narrative review rigorously explores the evolution and contemporary state of wearable devices specifically engineered for continuously monitoring lactate levels in sweat, an essential biomarker for appraising endurance performance. Lactate threshold tests have traditionally been integral in tailoring training intensity for athletes, but these tests have relied on invasive blood tests that are impractical outside a laboratory setting. The transition to noninvasive, real-time monitoring through wearable technology introduces an innovative approach, facilitating continuous assessment without the constraints inherent in traditional methodologies. We selected 34 products from a pool of 246 articles found through a meticulous search of articles published up to January 2024 in renowned databases: PubMed, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect. We used keywords such as "sweat lactate monitoring," "continuous lactate monitoring," and "wearable devices." The findings underscore the capabilities of noninvasive sweat lactate monitoring technologies to conduct long-term assessments over a broad range of 0-100 mM, providing a safer alternative with minimal infection risks. By enabling real-time evaluations of the lactate threshold (LT) and maximal lactate steady state (MLSS), these technologies offer athletes various device options tailored to their specific sports and preferences. This review explores the mechanisms of currently available lactate monitoring technologies, focusing on electrochemical sensors that have undergone extensive research and show promise for commercialization. These sensors employ amperometric reactions to quantify lactate levels and detect changes resulting from enzymatic activities. In contrast, colorimetric sensors offer a more straightforward and user-friendly approach by displaying lactate concentrations through color alterations. Despite significant advancements, the relationship between sweat lactate and blood lactate levels remains intricate owing to various factors such as environmental conditions and the lag between exercise initiation and sweating. Furthermore, there is a marked gap in research on sweat lactate compared to blood lactate across various sports disciplines. This review highlights the need for further research to address these shortcomings and substantiate the performance of lactate sweat monitoring technologies in a broader spectrum of sports environments. The tremendous potential of these technologies to supplant invasive blood lactate tests and pioneer new avenues for athlete management and performance optimization in real-world settings heralds a promising future for integrating sports science and wearable technology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Junggi Hong
- *Correspondence: Seung-Bo Park, ; Junggi Hong,
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Li L, Lai X, Ni Y, Chen S, Qu Y, Hu Z, Sun J. The role of GPR81-cAMP-PKA pathway in endurance training-induced intramuscular triglyceride accumulation and mitochondrial content changes in rats. J Physiol Sci 2024; 74:8. [PMID: 38331728 PMCID: PMC10851531 DOI: 10.1186/s12576-024-00902-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
The athlete's paradox phenomenon involves the accumulation of intramuscular triglycerides (IMTG) in both insulin-resistant and insulin-sensitive endurance athletes. Nevertheless, a complete understanding of this phenomenon is yet to be achieved. Recent research indicates that lactate, a common byproduct of physical activity, may increase the accumulation of IMTG in skeletal muscle. This is achieved through the activation of G protein-coupled receptor 81 (GPR81) leads to the suppression of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate-protein kinase A (cAMP-PKA) pathway. The mechanism accountable for the increase in mitochondrial content in skeletal muscle triggered by lactate remains incomprehensible. Based on current research, our objective is to explore the role of the GPR81-inhibited cAMP-PKA pathway in the aggregation of IMTG and the increase in mitochondrial content as a result of prolonged exercise. The GPR81-cAMP-PKA-signaling pathway regulates the buildup of IMTG caused by extended periods of endurance training (ET). This is likely due to a decrease in proteins related to fat breakdown and an increase in proteins responsible for fat production. It is possible that the GPR81-cAMP-PKA pathway does not contribute to the long-term increase in mitochondrial biogenesis and content, which is induced by chronic ET. Additional investigation is required to explore the possible hindrance of the mitochondrial biogenesis and content process during physical activity by the GPR81-cAMP-PKA signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- Institute of Sports Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangdeng Lai
- Institute of Sports Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yihan Ni
- Institute of Sports Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Siyu Chen
- Institute of Sports Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaqian Qu
- Institute of Sports Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang Hu
- Institute of Sports Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingquan Sun
- Institute of Sports Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Physical Education, Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu, 610065, China.
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Niu Y, Buranarugsa R, Kuhirunyaratn P. Comparing the Effects of Bafa Wubu Tai Chi and Traditional He-Style Tai Chi Exercises on Physical Health Risk Factors in Overweight Male College Students: A Randomized Controlled Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6323. [PMID: 37510556 PMCID: PMC10379143 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20146323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Bafa Wubu Tai Chi (BW-TC) and traditional He-style Tai Chi (TH-TC) exercises on physical health risk factors in overweight male college students and to compare the effectiveness of the two Tai Chi exercise forms in improving these risk factors. METHODS Eighty-one overweight male university students between the ages of 18 and 23 were randomly assigned in a 1:1:1 ratio to the BW-TC group, TH-TC group, and control group (CG). The Tai Chi exercise training consisted of 12 weeks, three times a week, for 60 min per session. The CG attended three health lectures and maintained their normal study routine. The outcomes were body composition and blood lipids. Data were collected at baseline and post-intervention and analyzed using one-way ANOVA and mixed-design ANOVA. RESULTS At baseline, there were no significant differences in demographic characteristics and assessed parameters (p > 0.05) among the groups. The BW TC and TH TC groups both significantly decreased their body weight (2.69 kg, 2.04 kg, respectively), body mass index (0.90 kg/m2, 0.67 kg/m2, respectively), body fat percentage (1.46%, 1.10%, respectively), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (8.82 mg/dL, 9.27 mg/dL, respectively), total cholesterol (8.57 mg/dL, 9.34 mg/dL, respectively) and triglycerides (10.14 mg/dL, 10.63 mg/dL, respectively); and increased their muscle mass (-0.56 kg, -1.13 kg, respectively) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (-5.77 mg/dL, -6.37 mg/dL, respectively). Multiple comparisons showed that both Tai Chi groups were significantly better than the CG in improving the evaluated parameters. CONCLUSIONS Two types of Tai Chi interventions were effective in improving body composition and blood lipids in overweight university students, without significant differences between the two.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yantao Niu
- Exercise and Sport Sciences Program, Graduate School, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Faculty of Physical Education, Jiaozuo Normal College, Jiaozuo 454000, China
| | - Rojapon Buranarugsa
- Exercise and Sport Sciences Program, Graduate School, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Physical Education Program, Faculty of Education, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Piyathida Kuhirunyaratn
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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Shangguan R, Hu Z, Luo Y, Chen M, Lai X, Sun J, Chen S. Intramuscular mitochondrial and lipid metabolic changes of rats after regular high-intensity interval training (HIIT) of different training periods. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:2591-2601. [PMID: 36626064 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-08205-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-intensity Interval Training (HIIT) is a time-efficient form of exercise and has gained popularity in recent years. However, at molecular level, the understanding about the effects of HIIT is not comprehensive, and even less is elucidated about HIIT of different training duration cycles, although different durations always lead to different post-training consequences. METHOD In this study, by training SD rats using HIIT protocols lasting for different training duration cycles, we investigated the adaptive response of intramuscular triglyceride abundance as well as mitochondrial and lipid metabolic changes after HIIT training (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 weeks). We selected 72 h after the last session of training as the time point of sacrifice. RESULTS The suppressed activation of the cAMP-PKA pathway indicates that skeletal muscle was in the recovery phase at this time point. Intramuscular triglyceride abundance was significantly elevated after 2, 4, and 10 weeks of HIIT. However, the lipid metabolism-related proteins inconsistently changed in a chaotic trend (see Table 1). The expression levels of PGC1-α and COX IV decreased after 2 and 4 weeks of training and raised after 6 and 8 weeks of training. The expression level of citrate synthase (CS) decreased after 2, 4, 8, and 10 weeks of training, and showed an upward trend after 6 weeks of training. While the activity of CS decreased after 2 and 8 weeks of training and showed an upward trend after 6 weeks of HIIT. CONCLUSION Given the abovementioned changing trends, we propose two speculations: (A) the damaged mitochondria oxidation capacity might be one of the causes of IMTG accumulation observed after 2 and 4 weeks of HIIT. This phase might be similar to the condition of type 2 diabetes. (B) after 6-week HIIT, mitochondria function and biogenesis might be improved and the IMTG contents declined to baseline. This might be explained as: mitochondrial enhancement increased the capacity of lipid oxidation and then offset the increase in IMTG achieved during the first 4 weeks. For HIIT Rat Modelling, if the aim is to observe HIIT-induced positive effects, caution should be exercised when considering 2 and 4 weeks of training under our HIIT frame. Also, implementing six-week training is at least effective for mitochondrial enhancement when using similar HIIT frame of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruonan Shangguan
- Department of Physical Education, Chengdu University, 610106, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang Hu
- Institute of Sports Science, Sichuan University, Section 1, Southern Frist Ring Rd, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuzhen Luo
- Institute of Sports Science, Sichuan University, Section 1, Southern Frist Ring Rd, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Chen
- Institute of Sports Science, Sichuan University, Section 1, Southern Frist Ring Rd, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangdeng Lai
- Institute of Sports Science, Sichuan University, Section 1, Southern Frist Ring Rd, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingquan Sun
- Institute of Sports Science, Sichuan University, Section 1, Southern Frist Ring Rd, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, People's Republic of China.,Department of Physical Education, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Siyu Chen
- Institute of Sports Science, Sichuan University, Section 1, Southern Frist Ring Rd, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, People's Republic of China.
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Stokie JR, Abbott G, Howlett KF, Hamilton DL, Shaw CS. Intramuscular lipid utilization during exercise: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 134:581-592. [PMID: 36656983 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00637.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Intramuscular lipid (IMCL) utilization during exercise was controversial as numerous studies did not observe a decline in IMCL content post-exercise when assessed in muscle biopsies using biochemical techniques. Contemporary techniques including immunofluorescence microscopy and 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) offer advantages over biochemical techniques. The primary aim of this systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression was to examine the net degradation of IMCL in response to an acute bout of cycling exercise in humans, as assessed with different analytical approaches. A secondary aim was to explore the factors influencing IMCL degradation including feeding status, exercise variables, and participant characteristics. A total of 44 studies met the inclusion criteria using biochemical, immunofluorescence, and 1H-MRS techniques. A meta-analysis was completed using a random effects model and percentage change in IMCL content calculated from the standardized mean difference. Cycling exercise resulted in a net degradation of IMCL regardless of technique (total effect -23.7%, 95% CI = -28.7 to -18.7%) and there was no difference when comparing fasted versus fed-state exercise (P > 0.05). IMCL degradation using immunofluorescence techniques detected larger effects in type I fibers compared with whole muscle using biochemical techniques (P = 0.003) and in type I fibers compared with type II fibers (P < 0.001). Although IMCL degradation was associated with exercise duration, V̇o2max, and BMI, none of these factors independently related to the change in IMCL content. These findings provide strong evidence that the analytical approach can influence the assessment of IMCL degradation in human skeletal muscle in response to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayden R Stokie
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gavin Abbott
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kirsten F Howlett
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - David L Hamilton
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher S Shaw
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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Khanfir MA, Awicha HB, Masmoudi L, Hmadou FB, Dardouri W, Alardan S, Nouira S, Zouch M. Effects of Different Low-Intensity Exercise Types on Duration, Energy Expenditure and Perceived Exertion in Obese Individuals. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19084893. [PMID: 35457760 PMCID: PMC9032643 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19084893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Physical exercise is a common strategy in overweight and obesity management. Exercise type, intensity, duration, energy expenditure and the rate of perceived exertion (RPE) are the essential determinants of exercise efficiency. The purpose of the present study was to compare continuous and intermittent exercises targeted at the maximal fat oxidation intensity (FAT max) in obese individuals. Ten obese males (BMI > 30 kg/m2; age: 19 to 35 years) who maintained a sedentary lifestyle were recruited for this study to perform three separate exhaustive exercises: a continuous exercise at FAT max (CON), an intermittent exercise that alternates two minutes at FAT max −10% with one minute at FAT max +20% (INT½), and a second intermittent exercise that alternates four minutes at FAT max −10% with one minute at FAT max +40% (INT¼). The duration of the INT¼ exercise (65.1 min ± 13.4) was significantly longer than that of the CON exercise (55.4 min ± 6.0). No significant difference in the total amount of energy expenditure was observed across the three types of exercise (CON: 372 Kcal ± 98.2, INT¼: 398 Kcal ± 145.5, INT½: 374.4 Kcal ± 116.1). The fat oxidation rate after 45 min during the INT exercises (INT¼: 93.0 ± 19.1 mg/min, INT½: 71.1 ± 15.6 mg/min) was significantly higher than that of the CON exercise (36.1 ± 12.2 mg/min). The CON exercise was less well tolerated. The rate of perceived exertion (RPE) at the end of the CON (15.8 ± 2) was significantly higher than that of the INT exercises (13.5 ± 2 for the INT¼ and 13.1 ± 1.8 for the INT½). The INT exercises were more efficient in terms of duration, fat oxidation and RPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ali Khanfir
- Department of Sport Sciences and Physical Activity, College of Education, University of Hail, Hail 81411, Saudi Arabia; (W.D.); (S.A.); (M.Z.)
- Research Laboratory: Education, Motricity, Sport and Health, EM2S, LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia; (H.B.A.); (L.M.); (S.N.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Hassen Ben Awicha
- Research Laboratory: Education, Motricity, Sport and Health, EM2S, LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia; (H.B.A.); (L.M.); (S.N.)
| | - Liwa Masmoudi
- Research Laboratory: Education, Motricity, Sport and Health, EM2S, LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia; (H.B.A.); (L.M.); (S.N.)
| | - Faten Ben Hmadou
- Sectorial Center of Medicine and Sports Sciences, Sfax 3000, Tunisia;
| | - Wajdi Dardouri
- Department of Sport Sciences and Physical Activity, College of Education, University of Hail, Hail 81411, Saudi Arabia; (W.D.); (S.A.); (M.Z.)
| | - Sultan Alardan
- Department of Sport Sciences and Physical Activity, College of Education, University of Hail, Hail 81411, Saudi Arabia; (W.D.); (S.A.); (M.Z.)
| | - Sabeur Nouira
- Research Laboratory: Education, Motricity, Sport and Health, EM2S, LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia; (H.B.A.); (L.M.); (S.N.)
| | - Mohamed Zouch
- Department of Sport Sciences and Physical Activity, College of Education, University of Hail, Hail 81411, Saudi Arabia; (W.D.); (S.A.); (M.Z.)
- Research Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Pathophysiology: From Integral to Molecular “Biology, Medicine and Health” (LR19ES09), Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, University of Sousse, Sousse 4054, Tunisia
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Barrett JS, Whytock KL, Strauss JA, Wagenmakers AJM, Shepherd SO. High intramuscular triglyceride turnover rates and the link to insulin sensitivity: influence of obesity, type 2 diabetes and physical activity. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2022; 47:343-356. [PMID: 35061523 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2021-0631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Large intramuscular triglyceride (IMTG) stores in sedentary, obese individuals have been linked to insulin resistance, yet well-trained athletes exhibit high IMTG levels whilst maintaining insulin sensitivity. Contrary to previous assumptions, it is now known that IMTG content per se does not result in insulin resistance. Rather, insulin resistance is caused, at least in part, by the presence of high concentrations of harmful lipid metabolites, such as diacylglycerols and ceramides in muscle. Several mechanistic differences between obese sedentary individuals and their highly trained counterparts have been identified, which determine the differential capacity for IMTG synthesis and breakdown in these populations. In this review, we first describe the most up-to-date mechanisms by which a low IMTG turnover rate (both breakdown and synthesis) leads to the accumulation of lipid metabolites and results in skeletal muscle insulin resistance. We then explore current and potential exercise and nutritional strategies that target IMTG turnover in sedentary obese individuals, to improve insulin sensitivity. Overall, improving IMTG turnover should be an important component of successful interventions that aim to prevent the development of insulin resistance in the ever-expanding sedentary, overweight and obese populations. Novelty: A description of the most up-to-date mechanisms regulating turnover of the IMTG pool. An exploration of current and potential exercise/nutritional strategies to target and enhance IMTG turnover in obese individuals. Overall, highlights the importance of improving IMTG turnover to prevent the development of insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Barrett
- Research Institute for Sport & Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - K L Whytock
- Translational Research Institute, AdventHealth, Orlando, FL 32804, USA
| | - J A Strauss
- Research Institute for Sport & Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - A J M Wagenmakers
- Research Institute for Sport & Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - S O Shepherd
- Research Institute for Sport & Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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Blervaque L, Bowen M, Chatel B, Corbex E, Dalmais E, Messonnier LA. Is the Energy Cost of Rowing a Determinant Factor of Performance in Elite Oarsmen? Front Physiol 2022; 13:827932. [PMID: 35431985 PMCID: PMC9005883 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.827932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In elite oarsmen, the rowing ergometer is a valuable tool for both training and studying rowing performance determinants. However, the energy cost of rowing, often reported as a determinant of performance, has never been described for ergometer rowing. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize the energy cost of ergometer rowing (ECR) in elite oarsmen, its contribution to 2,000 m performance, and its determinants. This study was conducted on 21 elite oarsmen from the French national team. It included an incremental exercise test up to exhaustion and an all-out performance test over 2,000 m, both conducted on a rowing ergometer. Gas exchange analysis was performed to calculate oxygen uptake and substrate utilization rate. Whole blood lactate concentrations during the incremental test were obtained from the earlobe. During the incremental test, ECR displayed a significant linear increase up to a plateau that reached a mean rowing speed of 5.23 ± 0.02 m⋅s–1. The ECR values at 300, 350, and 400 W were positively correlated with performance expressed as the time required to perform the 2,000 m distance on the rowing ergometer. The same ECR values were found to be significantly related to fat oxidation (expressed in percentage of total energy supply) and blood lactate concentrations. This study provides the first description of ECR and of its relationship to exercise intensity on the rowing ergometer in elite oarsmen. ECR appeared to be a factor of performance and interestingly was related to energy supply from fat and blood lactate concentrations.
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Respiratory Exchange Ratio in Obese and Non-obese Sedentary Indian Young Adults in Moderate- and Vigorous-intensity Exercise. PHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.52547/phypha.27.1.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Klomklorm A, Ruangthai R, Vaithanomsat P, Sukatta U, Phoemsapthawee J. Concurrent training and Eri silkworm pupae ingestion improve resting and exercise fat oxidation and energy expenditure in obese adults. J Exerc Rehabil 2020; 16:467-479. [PMID: 33178649 PMCID: PMC7609851 DOI: 10.12965/jer.2040682.341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A randomized control trial was conducted to investigate the effects of combined concurrent training and Eri silkworm pupae ingestion on resting and exercise fat oxidation (FAO), as well as energy expenditure, and cardiometabolic risk markers in obese adults. Thirty-six sedentary, obese participants were divided into three groups: (1) placebo control group (CON, n=12), (2) Eri silkworm pupae ingestion group (ERI, n=12), and (3) combined concurrent training and Eri silkworm pupae ingestion group (CBT-ERI, n=12). Participants in the ERI and the CBT-ERI con-sumed 5-g Eri silkworm pupae/day (approximately 2.5-g linolenic acid). The concurrent training program comprised of supervised aerobic and resistance training: three 1-hr sessions/wk for 8 weeks. Body composi-tion, energy expenditure, and FAO at rest and during exercise, heart rate variability, and blood chemistry were measured before and after the 8-week interventions. Following the interventions, resting FAO, the natural logarithm of very low-frequency power (lnVLF), and high-sensi-tive C-reactive protein concentration significantly improved in both the ERI and the CBT-ERI. Only the CBT-ERI improved resting energy expen-diture, FAO during exercise, trunk and gynoid fat mass, total cholesterol concentration, the standard deviation of normal R-R intervals (SDNN), and the percentage difference between adjacent normal R-R intervals >50 ms. Furthermore, there were significant correlations between rest-ing energy expenditure and FAO, lnVLF and SDNN in the CBT-ERI. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that concurrent training together with dietary Eri silkworm pupae leads to increased energy expenditure through a significant increase in FAO at rest and during exercise, as well as reduced fat mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andaman Klomklorm
- Department of Sports Science and Health, Faculty of Sports Science, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Ratree Ruangthai
- Department of Sports Science and Health, Faculty of Sports Science, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Pilanee Vaithanomsat
- Kasetsart Agricultural and Agro-Industrial Product Improvement Institute, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Udomlak Sukatta
- Kasetsart Agricultural and Agro-Industrial Product Improvement Institute, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jatuporn Phoemsapthawee
- Department of Sports Science and Health, Faculty of Sports Science, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
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Gemmink A, Schrauwen P, Hesselink MKC. Exercising your fat (metabolism) into shape: a muscle-centred view. Diabetologia 2020; 63:1453-1463. [PMID: 32529413 PMCID: PMC7351830 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-020-05170-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acids are an important energy source during exercise. Training status and substrate availability are determinants of the relative and absolute contribution of fatty acids and glucose to total energy expenditure. Endurance-trained athletes have a high oxidative capacity, while, in insulin-resistant individuals, fat oxidation is compromised. Fatty acids that are oxidised during exercise originate from the circulation (white adipose tissue lipolysis), as well as from lipolysis of intramyocellular lipid droplets. Moreover, hepatic fat may contribute to fat oxidation during exercise. Nowadays, it is clear that myocellular lipid droplets are dynamic organelles and that number, size, subcellular distribution, lipid droplet coat proteins and mitochondrial tethering of lipid droplets are determinants of fat oxidation during exercise. This review summarises recent insights into exercise-mediated changes in lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity in relation to lipid droplet characteristics in human liver and muscle. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Gemmink
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick Schrauwen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Matthijs K C Hesselink
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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Rømer T, Thunestvedt Hansen M, Frandsen J, Larsen S, Dela F, Wulff Helge J. The relationship between peak fat oxidation and prolonged double-poling endurance exercise performance. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2020; 30:2044-2056. [PMID: 32654310 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The peak fat oxidation rate (PFO) and the exercise intensity that elicits PFO (Fatmax ) are associated with endurance performance during exercise primarily involving lower body musculature, but it remains elusive whether these associations are present during predominant upper body exercise. The aim was to investigate the relationship between PFO and Fatmax determined during a graded exercise test on a ski-ergometer using double-poling (GET-DP) and performance in the long-distance cross-country skiing race, Vasaloppet. Forty-three healthy men completed GET-DP and Vasaloppet and were divided into two subgroups: recreational (RS, n = 35) and elite (ES, n = 8) skiers. Additionally, RS completed a cycle-ergometer GET (GET-Cycling) to elucidate whether the potential relationships were specific to exercise modality. PFO (r2 = .10, P = .044) and Fatmax (r2 = .26, P < .001) were correlated with performance; however, V ˙ O 2 peak was the only independent predictor of performance (adj. R2 = .36) across all participants. In ES, Fatmax was the only variable associated with performance (r2 = .54, P = .038). Within RS, DP V ˙ O 2 peak (r2 = .11, P = .047) and ski-specific training background (r2 = .30, P = .001) were associated with performance. Between the two GETs, Fatmax (r2 = .20, P = .006) but not PFO (r2 = .07, P = .135) was correlated. Independent of exercise mode, neither PFO nor Fatmax were associated with performance in RS (P > .05). These findings suggest that prolonged endurance performance is related to PFO and Fatmax but foremost to V ˙ O 2 peak during predominant upper body exercise. Interestingly, Fatmax may be an important determinant of performance among ES. Among RS, DP V ˙ O 2 peak , and skiing experience appeared as performance predictors. Additionally, whole-body fat oxidation seemed specifically coupled to exercise modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tue Rømer
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mikkel Thunestvedt Hansen
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jacob Frandsen
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steen Larsen
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Flemming Dela
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Geriatrics, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørn Wulff Helge
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Escalante G, Barakat C. Fasted Versus Nonfasted Aerobic Exercise on Body Composition: Considerations for Physique Athletes. Strength Cond J 2020. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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14
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EMS-effect of Exercises with Music on Fatness and Biomarkers of Obese Elderly Women. MEDICINA-LITHUANIA 2020; 56:medicina56040158. [PMID: 32244777 PMCID: PMC7231244 DOI: 10.3390/medicina56040158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background and objectives: Electromyostimulation (EMS) has been shown to improve body composition, but what biomarkers it affects has not been investigated. The purpose of this study was to compare the EMS-effect of exercises with music on fatness and biomarker levels in obese elderly. Materials and Methods: Twenty-five women were randomly classified into a control group (CON) and EMS group (EMSG). EMS suits used in this study enabled the simultaneous activation of eight pairs with selectable intensities. Program sessions of EMS were combined with exercises of listening to music three times a week for eight weeks. Although both groups received the same program, CON did not receive electrical stimuli. Results: Compared with CON, a significant effect of the EMS intervention concerning decreased fatness, as well as an increased skeletal muscle mass and basal metabolic rate, were evident. Tumor necrosis factor-a, C-reactive protein, resistin, and carcinoembryonic antigen of biomarkers were significantly different in the groups by time interaction. Similarly, the positive changes caused by EMS were represented in lipoprotein-cholesterols. Conclusions: The results indicate that a significant effect due to the EMS intervention was found concerning body composition and biomarkers in obese elderly women.
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15
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Recent development in acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibitors and their potential as novel drugs. Future Med Chem 2020; 12:533-561. [PMID: 32048880 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2019-0312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), a critical enzyme in the regulation of fatty acid synthesis and metabolism, has emerged as an attractive target for a plethora of emerging diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, cancer, bacterial infections and so on. With decades of efforts in medicinal chemistry, significant progress has been made toward the design and discovery of a considerable number of inhibitors of this enzyme. In this review, we not only clarify the role of ACC in emerging diseases, but also summarize recent developments of potent ACC inhibitors and discuss their molecular mechanisms of action and potentials as novel drugs as well as future perspectives toward the design and discovery of novel ACC inhibitors.
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Shaw CS, Swinton C, Morales-Scholz MG, McRae N, Erftemeyer T, Aldous A, Murphy RM, Howlett KF. Impact of exercise training status on the fiber type-specific abundance of proteins regulating intramuscular lipid metabolism. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 128:379-389. [PMID: 31917629 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00797.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Endurance training enhances the capacity for fat oxidation during exercise due to increased utilization of intramuscular lipid (IMCL). This study quantitatively investigated the impact of exercise training status on muscle fiber type-specific abundance of regulatory proteins involved in IMCL utilization. Endurance-trained [n = 7 subjects, peak oxygen consumption (V̇o2peak) 62.6 ± 4.1 (SD) mL·min-1·kg-1] and non-endurance-trained (n = 8 subjects, V̇o2peak 44.9 ± 5.3 mL·min-1·kg-1) young men completed an incremental exercise test to determine maximal fat oxidation (MFO) and maximal oxygen uptake. Fiber type-specific IMCL content and protein abundance were assessed with immunofluorescence microscopy and immunoblot analysis of pooled single muscle fibers and whole muscle. Endurance-trained individuals displayed a higher MFO rate (0.45 ± 0.15 vs. 0.19 ± 0.07 g/min, P < 0.05), a greater proportion of type I muscle fibers, and higher IMCL content compared with untrained individuals (P < 0.05). Adipose triglyceride lipase, hormone-sensitive lipase, perilipin 2, perilipin 5, and hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase abundances were ~2-3-fold higher in type I muscle fibers compared with type IIa fibers (P < 0.05). Correspondingly, these lipid proteins and oxidative enzymes were higher in endurance-trained individuals when assessed in whole muscle. MFO rate was strongly related to the proportion of type I fibers (R = 0.81, P < 0.01). The abundance of proteins involved in the regulation of IMCL storage and oxidation is highly muscle fiber type specific. The increased capacity for fat oxidation in endurance-trained individuals corresponded with increased IMCL content and elevated abundance of lipolytic and oxidative enzymes in combination with a greater proportion of type I muscle fibers.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We have utilized contemporary techniques to compare the fiber type-specific characteristics of skeletal muscle from endurance-trained athletes and untrained individuals. We show that type I muscle fibers have a coordinated upregulation of proteins controlling intramuscular lipid storage, mobilization, and oxidation. Furthermore, the enhanced capacity for intramuscular lipid storage and utilization in endurance-trained individuals is related to the increased expression of lipid regulatory proteins combined with a greater proportion of type I muscle fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Shaw
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - C Swinton
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - M G Morales-Scholz
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - N McRae
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - T Erftemeyer
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - A Aldous
- Olympic Park Sports Medicine Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - R M Murphy
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - K F Howlett
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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Jee YS. The effect of high-impulse- electromyostimulation on adipokine profiles, body composition and strength: A pilot study. ISOKINET EXERC SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.3233/ies-183201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Seok Jee
- Research Institute of Sports and Industry Science, Hanseo University, #46 Hanseo 1-Ro, Haemi-myeon, Seosan 31962, Korea
- Department of Physical Activity Design, Hanseo University, #46 Hanseo 1-Ro, Haemi-myeon, Seosan 31962, Seosan, Korea
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18
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Fuller SE, Huang TY, Simon J, Batdorf HM, Essajee NM, Scott MC, Waskom CM, Brown JM, Burke SJ, Collier JJ, Noland RC. Low-intensity exercise induces acute shifts in liver and skeletal muscle substrate metabolism but not chronic adaptations in tissue oxidative capacity. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 127:143-156. [PMID: 31095457 PMCID: PMC6692746 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00820.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Adaptations in hepatic and skeletal muscle substrate metabolism following acute and chronic (6 wk; 5 days/wk; 1 h/day) low-intensity treadmill exercise were tested in healthy male C57BL/6J mice. Low-intensity exercise maximizes lipid utilization; therefore, we hypothesized pathways involved in lipid metabolism would be most robustly affected. Acute exercise nearly depleted liver glycogen immediately postexercise (0 h), whereas hepatic triglyceride (TAG) stores increased in the early stages after exercise (0-3 h). Also, hepatic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) gene expression and fat oxidation (mitochondrial and peroxisomal) increased immediately postexercise (0 h), whereas carbohydrate and amino acid oxidation in liver peaked 24-48 h later. Alternatively, skeletal muscle exhibited a less robust response to acute exercise as stored substrates (glycogen and TAG) remained unchanged, induction of PGC-1α gene expression was delayed (up at 3 h), and mitochondrial substrate oxidation pathways (carbohydrate, amino acid, and lipid) were largely unaltered. Peroxisomal lipid oxidation exhibited the most dynamic changes in skeletal muscle substrate metabolism after acute exercise; however, this response was also delayed (peaked 3-24 h postexercise), and expression of peroxisomal genes remained unaffected. Interestingly, 6 wk of training at a similar intensity limited weight gain, increased muscle glycogen, and reduced TAG accrual in liver and muscle; however, substrate oxidation pathways remained unaltered in both tissues. Collectively, these results suggest changes in substrate metabolism induced by an acute low-intensity exercise bout in healthy mice are more rapid and robust in liver than in skeletal muscle; however, training at a similar intensity for 6 wk is insufficient to induce remodeling of substrate metabolism pathways in either tissue. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Effects of low-intensity exercise on substrate metabolism pathways were tested in liver and skeletal muscle of healthy mice. This is the first study to describe exercise-induced adaptations in peroxisomal lipid metabolism and also reports comprehensive adaptations in mitochondrial substrate metabolism pathways (carbohydrate, lipid, and amino acid). Acute low-intensity exercise induced shifts in mitochondrial and peroxisomal metabolism in both tissues, but training at this intensity did not induce adaptive remodeling of metabolic pathways in healthy mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott E Fuller
- Skeletal Muscle Metabolism Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center , Baton Rouge, Louisiana
- School of Kinesiology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette , Lafayette, Louisiana
| | - Tai-Yu Huang
- Skeletal Muscle Metabolism Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center , Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Jacob Simon
- Skeletal Muscle Metabolism Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center , Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Heidi M Batdorf
- Skeletal Muscle Metabolism Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center , Baton Rouge, Louisiana
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Pennington Biomedical Research Center , Baton Rouge, Louisiana
- Laboratory of Islet Biology and Inflammation, Pennington Biomedical Research Center , Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Nabil M Essajee
- Skeletal Muscle Metabolism Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center , Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Matthew C Scott
- Skeletal Muscle Metabolism Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center , Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Callie M Waskom
- Skeletal Muscle Metabolism Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center , Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - John M Brown
- Skeletal Muscle Metabolism Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center , Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Susan J Burke
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Pennington Biomedical Research Center , Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - J Jason Collier
- Laboratory of Islet Biology and Inflammation, Pennington Biomedical Research Center , Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Robert C Noland
- Skeletal Muscle Metabolism Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center , Baton Rouge, Louisiana
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19
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Emerenziani GP, Ferrari D, Marocco C, Greco EA, Migliaccio S, Lenzi A, Baldari C, Guidetti L. Relationship between individual ventilatory threshold and maximal fat oxidation (MFO) over different obesity classes in women. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215307. [PMID: 30973930 PMCID: PMC6459513 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The use of the Individual Ventilatory Threshold (IVT), as parameter to prescribe exercise intensity in individuals with obesity, has become more frequent during the last years. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between IVT and Maximal Fat Oxidation (MFO) in women with obesity. Methods Fifty-two obese female adults (age = 43.6±10.9 years; BMI = 38.5±5.2 kg/m2) were included in this study. According to the BMI classification, subjects were divided into three groups: Obese Class I (OBI, n = 16); Obese Class II (OBII, n = 20) and Obese Class III (OBIII, n = 16). All subjects performed an incremental graded exercise test to evaluate peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), IVT and MFO. MFO was evaluated using a stoichiometric equation. Fat max zone was determined for each subject within 10% of fat oxidation rates at MFO. For each HR, %HRmax, VO2 and %VO2peak variable, Pearson’s correlation test was done between IVT and MFO exercise intensity. When statistical correlation was found we used a comparative statistical analysis to assess differences between IVT and MFO. Statistical significance was set at P ≤ 0.05. Results For each HR, %HRmax, VO2 and %VO2peak variable there was a positive significant correlation (P<0.01) between IVT and MFO. No significant differences were found for HR, %HRmax, and VO2 between IVT and MFO. %VO2peak was significantly higher at IVT than at MFO (P = 0.03). MFO rates were significantly higher in OBIII women than in women of the other two classes. In all subjects, IVT was within the fat max zone. Conclusion The use of HR and VO2 corresponding to IVT could be a useful parameter not only to improve cardiorespiratory fitness but also to prescribe physical activity that maximize fat oxidation in obese subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Pietro Emerenziani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Dafne Ferrari
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Section of Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Marocco
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Section of Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuela A. Greco
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Migliaccio
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Section of Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Lenzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Laura Guidetti
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Section of Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
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Aslankeser Z, Balcı ŞS. The Acute Effect of a Single Exhaustive Sprint Exercise Session on Post-Exercise Fat Oxidation Rate. BIOMEDICAL HUMAN KINETICS 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/bhk-2018-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
It is well known that substrate oxidation rates are increased by exercise. The present study had two main objectives: firstly, to examine the effect of a single exhaustive exercise session on post-exercise substrate oxidation and energy expenditure; and secondly, to determine the differences between athletes and non-athletes.
Material and methods: Eighteen healthy male athletes (mean ± SD age; 19.38 ± 2.26 years, VO2max; 60.57 ± 3.90 ml · kg-1 · min-1, n = 8) and non-athletes (age; 20.30 ± 1.26 years, VO2max; 44.97 ± 5.43 ml · kg-1 ·min-1, n = 10) volunteered to participate in the study. After an overnight fast, subjects performed a single sprint exercise session on a cycle ergometer with individual loads (0.075 kg per body weight) until volitional exhaustion. Energy expenditure (EE) and the substrate oxidation rate were measured at rest and during the post-exercise recovery period using indirect calorimetry. Results: Exhaustive exercise significantly increased post-exercise fat oxidation, energy expenditure and contribution of fat to EE (p < 0.05). Also, it significantly decreased post-exercise carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation and the contribution of CHO to EE (p < 0.05). However, the changes in the substrate oxidation rate and EE after the exercise test were not different between the groups (p > 0.05). Conclusions: The study results suggest that a single short-duration exhaustive exercise session causes a higher fat oxidation rate during recovery than at rest, whereas training status did not affect this situation
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Affiliation(s)
- Zübeyde Aslankeser
- Department of Recreation, Faculty of Sport Science, Selçuk University, Konya , Turkey
| | - Şükrü Serdar Balcı
- Department of Coaching Education, Faculty of Sport Science, Selçuk University, Konya , Turkey
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21
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Ko K, Woo J, Bae JY, Roh HT, Lee YH, Shin KO. Exercise training improves intramuscular triglyceride lipolysis sensitivity in high-fat diet induced obese mice. Lipids Health Dis 2018; 17:81. [PMID: 29661202 PMCID: PMC5902881 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-018-0730-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study was to determine whether regular exercise training enhances intramuscular triglyceride (IMTG) lipolysis sensitivity during consumption of a continued high-fat diet by exploring changes in biochemical factors activated by IMTG lipolysis. Methods Male C57BL/6 mice aged 4 weeks were randomly divided into a high-fat diet group (HF) to induce obesity for 6 weeks and a control (CO) group. Thereafter, the HF group was divided into a high-fat diet group (HF) and high-fat diet + training group (HFT). The HFT group was trained on an animal treadmill 40 min/day, 5 days/week for 8 weeks. PKA, Plin5, p-Plin5, CGI-58, ATGL, and HSL were analyzed to investigate IMTG sensitivity by western blotting. Results PKA, CGI-58, and HSL protein levels in the HF group were significantly lower than those in the CO group (p < 0.05). However, PKA, CGI-58, and HSL protein levels in the HFT group were significantly higher than those in the HF group, and ATGL and p-Plin5 protein levels as well as the p-Plin5/Plin5 ratio in the HFT group were significantly higher than those in the HF group (p < 0.05). In addition, the HF group showed a significantly higher IMTG volume than the CO and HFT groups (p < 0.05). Conclusions These results suggest that in an obese mouse model, 8 weeks of treadmill exercise contributes to decreased IMTG volume by activating lipolysis factors, such as PKA, PLIN5, CGI-58, and lipases. Therefore, regular exercise training may play an important role in obesity treatment by increasing IMTG lipolysis sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangeun Ko
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education, College of Arts and Physical Education, Dong-A University, 37 Nakdong-daero 550 beon-gil, Hadan-dong, Saha-gu, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhee Woo
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education, College of Arts and Physical Education, Dong-A University, 37 Nakdong-daero 550 beon-gil, Hadan-dong, Saha-gu, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Yong Bae
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education, College of Arts and Physical Education, Dong-A University, 37 Nakdong-daero 550 beon-gil, Hadan-dong, Saha-gu, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Tae Roh
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education, College of Arts and Physical Education, Dong-A University, 37 Nakdong-daero 550 beon-gil, Hadan-dong, Saha-gu, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Yul Hyo Lee
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education, College of Arts and Physical Education, Dong-A University, 37 Nakdong-daero 550 beon-gil, Hadan-dong, Saha-gu, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Ok Shin
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education, College of Arts and Physical Education, Dong-A University, 37 Nakdong-daero 550 beon-gil, Hadan-dong, Saha-gu, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea.
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Effects of aerobic exercise performed in fasted v. fed state on fat and carbohydrate metabolism in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Nutr 2016; 116:1153-1164. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114516003160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThis study aimed to verify the effect of aerobic exercise performed in the fasted v. fed states on fat and carbohydrate metabolism in adults. Searches were conducted in March 2015, and updated in July 2016, using PubMed®, Scopus and Cochrane databases (terms: ‘fasting’, ‘exercise’, ‘aerobic exercise’, ‘substrate’, ‘energy metabolism’, ‘fat’, ‘glucose’, ‘insulin’ and ‘adult’) and references from selected studies. Trials that compared the metabolic effects of aerobic exercise (duration ≤120 min) performed in the fasted v. fed states in adults were accepted. The outcomes evaluated were fat oxidation during exercise and the plasma concentrations of insulin, glucose and NEFA before and immediately after exercise; two independent reviewers extracted the data (A. F. V. and L. C.). The results were presented as weighted mean differences between treatments, with 95 % CI. Of 10 405 articles identified, twenty-seven studies – with a total of 273 participants – were included. There was a significant increase in fat oxidation during exercise performed in the fasted, compared with fed, state (−3·08 g; 95 % CI −5·38, −0·79; I2 39·1 %). The weighted mean difference of NEFA concentrations was not significantly different between states (0·00 mmol/l; 95 % CI −0·07, 0·08; I2 72·7 %). However, the weighted mean differences of glucose (0·78 mmol/l; 95 % CI 0·43, 1·14; I2 90·8 %) and insulin concentrations (104·5 pmol/l; 95 % CI 70·8, 138·2; I2 94·5 %) were significantly higher for exercise performed in the fed state. We conclude that aerobic exercise performed in the fasted state induces higher fat oxidation than exercise performed in the fed state.
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Stinkens R, Goossens GH, Jocken JWE, Blaak EE. Targeting fatty acid metabolism to improve glucose metabolism. Obes Rev 2015; 16:715-57. [PMID: 26179344 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Disturbances in fatty acid metabolism in adipose tissue, liver, skeletal muscle, gut and pancreas play an important role in the development of insulin resistance, impaired glucose metabolism and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Alterations in diet composition may contribute to prevent and/or reverse these disturbances through modulation of fatty acid metabolism. Besides an increased fat mass, adipose tissue dysfunction, characterized by an altered capacity to store lipids and an altered secretion of adipokines, may result in lipid overflow, systemic inflammation and excessive lipid accumulation in non-adipose tissues like liver, skeletal muscle and the pancreas. These impairments together promote the development of impaired glucose metabolism, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, intrinsic functional impairments in either of these organs may contribute to lipotoxicity and insulin resistance. The present review provides an overview of fatty acid metabolism-related pathways in adipose tissue, liver, skeletal muscle, pancreas and gut, which can be targeted by diet or food components, thereby improving glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Stinkens
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - G H Goossens
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - J W E Jocken
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - E E Blaak
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Bourbeau MP, Bartberger MD. Recent advances in the development of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) inhibitors for the treatment of metabolic disease. J Med Chem 2014; 58:525-36. [PMID: 25333641 DOI: 10.1021/jm500695e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The development of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) inhibitors for the treatment of metabolic disease has been pursued by the pharmaceutical industry for some time. A number of recent disclosures describing potent ACC inhibitors have been reported by multiple research groups. Unlike many prior publications in this area, more recent publications contain a significant amount of in vivo efficacy data generated by long-term experiments in rodent models of metabolic disease. Additionally, one compound has been advanced to human clinical studies. The results from these studies should allow researchers to better gauge the potential utility of ACC inhibition for the treatment of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Bourbeau
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, and Department of Molecular Structure and Characterization, Amgen, Inc. , 1 Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
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Shepherd SO, Cocks M, Tipton KD, Witard OC, Ranasinghe AM, Barker TA, Wagenmakers AJM, Shaw CS. Resistance training increases skeletal muscle oxidative capacity and net intramuscular triglyceride breakdown in type I and II fibres of sedentary males. Exp Physiol 2014; 99:894-908. [DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2014.078014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. O. Shepherd
- Research Institute for Sport & Exercise Sciences; Liverpool John Moores University; Liverpool UK
| | - M. Cocks
- Research Institute for Sport & Exercise Sciences; Liverpool John Moores University; Liverpool UK
| | - K. D. Tipton
- Health and Exercise Sciences Research Group; University of Stirling; Stirling UK
| | - O. C. Witard
- Health and Exercise Sciences Research Group; University of Stirling; Stirling UK
| | - A. M. Ranasinghe
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences; University of Birmingham; Birmingham UK
| | - T. A. Barker
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences; University of Birmingham; Birmingham UK
| | - A. J. M. Wagenmakers
- Research Institute for Sport & Exercise Sciences; Liverpool John Moores University; Liverpool UK
| | - C. S. Shaw
- Institute of Sport, Exercise & Active Living; Victoria University; Melbourne Victoria Australia
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Fatty acid-inducible ANGPTL4 governs lipid metabolic response to exercise. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E1043-52. [PMID: 24591600 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1400889111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical activity increases energy metabolism in exercising muscle. Whether acute exercise elicits metabolic changes in nonexercising muscles remains unclear. We show that one of the few genes that is more highly induced in nonexercising muscle than in exercising human muscle during acute exercise encodes angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4), an inhibitor of lipoprotein lipase-mediated plasma triglyceride clearance. Using a combination of human, animal, and in vitro data, we show that induction of ANGPTL4 in nonexercising muscle is mediated by elevated plasma free fatty acids via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-δ, presumably leading to reduced local uptake of plasma triglyceride-derived fatty acids and their sparing for use by exercising muscle. In contrast, the induction of ANGPTL4 in exercising muscle likely is counteracted via AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-mediated down-regulation, promoting the use of plasma triglycerides as fuel for active muscles. Our data suggest that nonexercising muscle and the local regulation of ANGPTL4 via AMPK and free fatty acids have key roles in governing lipid homeostasis during exercise.
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Holloszy JO. Regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and GLUT4 expression by exercise. Compr Physiol 2013; 1:921-40. [PMID: 23737207 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c100052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Endurance exercise training can induce large increases mitochondria and the GLUT4 isoform of the glucose transporter in skeletal muscle. For a long time after the discovery in the 1960s that exercise results in an increase in muscle mitochondria, there was no progress in elucidation of the mechanisms involved. The reason for this lack of progress was that nothing was known regarding how expression of the genes-encoding mitochondrial proteins is coordinately regulated. This situation changed rapidly after discovery of transcription factors that control transcription of genes-encoding mitochondrial proteins and, most importantly, the discovery of peroxisome proliferator-gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α). This transcription coactivator binds to and activates transcription factors that regulate transcription of genes-encoding mitochondrial proteins. Thus, PGC-1α activates and coordinates mitochondrial biogenesis. It is now known that exercise rapidly activates and induces increased expression of PGC-1α. The exercise-generated signals that lead to PGC-1α activation and increased expression are the increases in cytosolic Ca(2+) and decreases in ATP and creatine phosphate (∼P). Ca(2+) mediates its effect by activating CAMKII, while the decrease in ∼P mediates its effect via activation of AMPK. Expression of the GLUT4 isoform of the glucose transporter is regulated in parallel with mitochondrial biogenesis via the same signaling pathways. This review describes what is known regarding the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and GLUT4 expression by exercise. A major component of this review deals with the physiological and metabolic consequences of the exercise-induced increase in mitochondria and GLUT4.
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Affiliation(s)
- John O Holloszy
- Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
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Rostrup E, Slettom G, Seifert R, Bjørndal B, Berge RK, Nordrehaug JE. Effect of combined thermal and electrical muscle stimulation on cardiorespiratory fitness and adipose tissue in obese individuals. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2013; 21:1292-9. [DOI: 10.1177/2047487313483606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Espen Rostrup
- Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- University of Bergen, Bergen Norway
| | - Grete Slettom
- Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- University of Bergen, Bergen Norway
| | | | | | - Rolf K Berge
- Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- University of Bergen, Bergen Norway
| | - Jan Erik Nordrehaug
- Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- University of Bergen, Bergen Norway
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Rouffet D, Villars C, Fissoune R, Sappey-Marinier D, Laville M, Ibarrola D, Sothier M, Monnet MF, Ovize M, Bonnefoy M, Boesch C, Canet-Soulas E. Intramyocellular lipid variations in active older men: relationship with aerobic fitness. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2013; 207:516-23. [PMID: 23217190 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Revised: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) variations in older men are poorly explored. In young adults, IMCL can be influenced by both diet and exercise interventions; this flexibility is related to aerobic fitness. We evaluated in active older adults the influence of maximal aerobic capacity on short-term diet and exercise-induced variations in IMCL stores. METHODS Intramyocellular lipids were measured by (1) H magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1) H-MRS) after a 3-day fat depletion-replenishment diet (IMCL(FDR) ) and immediately after a 2-h exercise at 50% VO(2) max (IMCL(FDR) (_) (EX) ). To further explore diet influence, the protocol was repeated after a high-fat diet (HF), with both pre- and post-exercise measurements (IMCL(HF) and IMCL(HF) (_) (EX) ). RESULTS In active older men (69.8 ± 5.2 years), IMCL(FDR) was lowered by exercise (IMCL(FDR) = 3.45 ± 1.52 vs. IMCL(FDR) (_) (EX) = 2.74 ± 1.15 mmol kg(-1) wet weight, P < 0.05), and exercise-induced variations were correlated to the initial store (P < 0.05, r = -0.72). IMCL(FDR) was linked with aerobic fitness (P < 0.05, r = 0.76), when adjusted by fat mass. IMCL(HF) was lower than IMCL(FDR) (P < 0.05), decreased after exercise (P < 0.05) and varied also as a function of initial store (P < 0.05, r = -0.89), but without link with aerobic fitness. Finally, diet-induced IMCL store variations were positively linked to aerobic fitness (P < 0.05, r = 0.89). CONCLUSION Variations of the IMCL stores in physically active older adults appear related to aerobic fitness, with similarly fast adaptation to short-term interventions combining diet and exercise as young active adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - R. Fissoune
- University Lyon 1, CarMeN, U1060 INSERM, INSA Lyon, INRA; Lyon; France
| | | | - M. Laville
- CRNH RA and CENS, University Lyon 1; Lyon; France
| | | | - M. Sothier
- CRNH RA and CENS, University Lyon 1; Lyon; France
| | - M.-F. Monnet
- Department of Cardiology; Lyon EST Hospital; Hospices Civils of Lyon; Lyon; France
| | - M. Ovize
- Department of Cardiology; Lyon EST Hospital; Hospices Civils of Lyon; Lyon; France
| | - M. Bonnefoy
- Department of Geriatric Medicine; Lyon Sud Hospital; Hospices Civils of Lyon; Lyon; France
| | - C. Boesch
- Department of Clinical Research; University of Bern; Bern; Switzerland
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Carstens MT, Goedecke JH, Dugas L, Evans J, Kroff J, Levitt NS, Lambert EV. Fasting substrate oxidation in relation to habitual dietary fat intake and insulin resistance in non-diabetic women: a case for metabolic flexibility? Nutr Metab (Lond) 2013; 10:8. [PMID: 23317295 PMCID: PMC3561280 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-10-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Metabolic flexibility described as “the capacity of the body to match fuel oxidation to fuel availability” has been implicated in insulin resistance. We examined fasting substrate oxidation in relation to dietary macronutrient intake, and markers of insulin resistance in otherwise healthy women, with and without a family history of diabetes mellitus (FH DM). Methods We measured body composition (dual x-ray absorptiometry), visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue area (VAT, SAT, using Computerised Tomography), fasting [glucose], [insulin], [free fatty acids], [blood lipids], insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), resting energy expenditure (REE), respiratory exchange ratio(RER) and self-reported physical activity in a convenience sample of 180 women (18-45 yrs). A food frequency questionnaire was used to assess energy intake (EI) and calculate the RER: Food Quotient (FQ) ratio. Only those with EI:REE (1.05 -2.28) were included (N=140). Insulin resistance was defined HOMA-IR (>1.95). Results The Insulin Resistant (IR) group had higher energy, carbohydrate and protein intakes (p < 0.05) and lower PA levels than Insulin Sensitive (IS) group (P < 0.001), but there were no differences in RER or RER:FQ between groups. However, nearly 50% of the variance in HOMA-IR was explained by age, body fat %, VAT, RER:FQ and FH DM (adjusted R2 = 0.50, p < 0.0001). Insulin-resistant women, and those with FH DM had a higher RER:FQ than their counterparts (p < 0.01), independent of body fat % or distribution. Conclusion In these apparently healthy, weight-stable women, insulin resistance and FH DM were associated with lower fat oxidation in relation to dietary fat intake, suggesting lower metabolic flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madelaine T Carstens
- MRC/UCT Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, PO BOX 115, , Newlands, Cape Town, 7725, South Africa.
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Effects of supervised exercise training at the intensity of maximal fat oxidation in overweight young women. J Exerc Sci Fit 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Schrauwen-Hinderling VB, Kooi ME, Hesselink MKC, Moonen-Kornips E, Schaart G, Mustard KJ, Hardie DG, Saris WHM, Nicolay K, Schrauwen P. Intramyocellular Lipid Content and Molecular Adaptations in Response to a 1-Week High-Fat Diet. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 13:2088-94. [PMID: 16421342 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2005.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate molecular adaptations that accompany the elevation of intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) content on a high-fat (HF) diet for 1 week. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES Ten subjects consumed a normal-fat (NF) diet for 1 week, followed by an HF diet for another week. After both dietary periods, we determined the IMCL content by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the vastus lateralis muscle and quantified changes in gene expression, protein content, and activity in biopsy samples. We investigated genes involved in carbohydrate and fatty acid handling [lipoprotein lipase, acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC) 2, hormone-sensitive lipase, hexokinase II, and glucose transporter 4] and measured protein levels of CD36 and phosphorylated and unphosphorylated ACC2 and the activity of adenosine monophosphate-activated kinase. RESULTS IMCL content was increased by 54% after the HF period. Lipoprotein lipase mRNA concentration was increased by 33%, whereas ACC2 mRNA concentration tended to be increased after the HF diet. Hexokinase II, glucose transporter 4, and hormone-sensitive lipase mRNA were unchanged after the HF diet. ACC2 and CD36 protein levels, phosphorylation status of ACC2, and adenosine monophosphate-activated kinase activity did not change in response to the HF diet. DISCUSSION We found that IMCL content in skeletal muscle increased after 1 week of HF feeding, accompanied by molecular adaptations that favor fat storage in muscle rather than oxidation.
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Shepherd SO, Cocks M, Tipton KD, Ranasinghe AM, Barker TA, Burniston JG, Wagenmakers AJM, Shaw CS. Sprint interval and traditional endurance training increase net intramuscular triglyceride breakdown and expression of perilipin 2 and 5. J Physiol 2012; 591:657-75. [PMID: 23129790 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2012.240952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Intramuscular triglyceride (IMTG) utilization is enhanced by endurance training (ET) and is linked to improved insulin sensitivity. This study first investigated the hypothesis that ET-induced increases in net IMTG breakdown and insulin sensitivity are related to increased expression of perilipin 2 (PLIN2) and perilipin 5 (PLIN5). Second, we hypothesized that sprint interval training (SIT) also promotes increases in IMTG utilization and insulin sensitivity. Sixteen sedentary males performed 6 weeks of either SIT (4-6, 30 s Wingate tests per session, 3 days week(-1)) or ET (40-60 min moderate-intensity cycling, 5 days week(-1)). Training increased resting IMTG content (SIT 1.7-fold, ET 2.4-fold; P < 0.05), concomitant with parallel increases in PLIN2 (SIT 2.3-fold, ET 2.8-fold; P < 0.01) and PLIN5 expression (SIT 2.2-fold, ET 3.1-fold; P < 0.01). Pre-training, 60 min cycling at ∼65% pre-training decreased IMTG content in type I fibres (SIT 17 ± 10%, ET 15 ± 12%; P < 0.05). Following training, a significantly greater breakdown of IMTG in type I fibres occurred during exercise (SIT 27 ± 13%, ET 43 ± 6%; P < 0.05), with preferential breakdown of PLIN2- and particularly PLIN5-associated lipid droplets. Training increased the Matsuda insulin sensitivity index (SIT 56 ± 15%, ET 29 ± 12%; main effect P < 0.05). No training × group interactions were observed for any variables. In conclusion, SIT and ET both increase net IMTG breakdown during exercise and increase in PLIN2 and PLIN5 protein expression. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that increases in PLIN2 and PLIN5 are related to the mechanisms that promote increased IMTG utilization during exercise and improve insulin sensitivity following 6 weeks of SIT and ET.
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Affiliation(s)
- S O Shepherd
- School of Sport & Exercise Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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Abstract
Vascular endothelial dysfunction is determined by both genetic and environmental factors that cause decreased bioavailability of the vasodilator nitric oxide. This is a hallmark of atherosclerosis, hypertension, and coronary heart disease, which are major complications of metabolic disorders, including diabetes and obesity. Several therapeutic interventions, including changes in lifestyle as well as pharmacologic treatments, are useful for improving endothelial dysfunction in the face of lipotoxicity. This review discusses the current understanding of molecular and physiologic mechanisms underlying lipotoxicity-mediated endothelial dysfunction as well as relevant therapeutic approaches to ameliorate dyslipidemia and consequent endothelial dysfunction that have the potential to improve cardiovascular and metabolic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-a Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, UAB Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1808 7th Avenue South, BDB 777, Birmingham, AL 35294-0012, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1808 7th Avenue South, BDB 777, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Monica Montagnani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Pharmacology Section, University “Aldo Moro” at Bari, Policlinico, Piazza G. Cesare, 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Sruti Chandrasekran
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Nutrition, University of Maryland at Baltimore, 660 West Redwood Street, HH 495, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Michael J. Quon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Nutrition, University of Maryland at Baltimore, 660 West Redwood Street, HH 495, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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de Queiroz KB, Rodovalho GV, Guimarães JB, de Lima DC, Coimbra CC, Evangelista EA, Guerra-Sá R. Endurance training blocks uncoupling protein 1 up-regulation in brown adipose tissue while increasing uncoupling protein 3 in the muscle tissue of rats fed with a high-sugar diet. Nutr Res 2012; 32:709-17. [PMID: 23084644 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2012.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2012] [Revised: 06/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial uncoupling proteins (UCPs) of interscapular brown adipose tissue (iBAT) and of muscles play important roles in energy balance. For instance, the expression of UCP1 and UCP3 are modulated by free fatty acid gradients induced by high-sugar diets and acute exercise that is dependent on sympathetic stimulation. However, the effects of endurance training in animals fed with high-sugar diets are unknown. This study aims to evaluate the long-term effects of diet and exercise on UCP1 and UCP3 levels and energy balance efficiency. Rats fed with standard or high-sugar (HSD) diets were simultaneously subjected to running training over an 8-week period. After the training period, the rats were decapitated, and the iBAT and gastrocnemius muscle tissues were removed for evaluation of the β₃-receptor, Ucp1, and Ucp3 mRNA and protein expression, which were analyzed by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and Western blot, respectively. Groups fed with an HSD displayed a higher adiposity index and iBAT weight (P < .05), whereas exhibited an up-regulation of Ucp1 mRNA and protein levels (P < .05). Training increased β₃-receptor mRNA in iBAT and reduced the Ucp3 mRNA in muscle tissues. In association with an HSD, training restored the increasing β₃-receptor mRNA and greatly up-regulated the levels of Ucp3 mRNA. Therefore, training blocked the HSD-induced up-regulation of UCP1 expression in iBAT, whereas it up-regulated the expression of Ucp3 mRNA in muscle. These results suggest that training enhances the relationship between Ucp1/Ucp3 mRNA levels, which could result in higher energy efficiency, but not when HSD-induced elevated sympathetic activity is maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Barbosa de Queiroz
- Departmento de Ciências Biológicas-NUPEB, Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, ICEB-Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
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Mensink M, Blaak EE, Wagenmakers AJ, Saris WH. Lifestyle Intervention and Fatty Acid Metabolism in Glucose-Intolerant Subjects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 13:1354-62. [PMID: 16129717 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2005.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Free fatty acid (FFA) oxidation is reduced in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). Weight reduction does not improve these impairments. Because exercise training is known to increase fatty acid (FA) oxidation, we investigated whether a combined diet and physical activity intervention program can improve FA oxidation in subjects with IGT. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES Sixteen subjects with IGT were studied before and after 1 year of a lifestyle intervention program [nine intervention (INT) subjects, seven controls (CON)]. INT subjects received regular (i.e., every 3 months) dietary advice and were stimulated to increase their level of physical activity. Glucose tolerance, anthropometric characteristics, and substrate use at rest and during exercise were evaluated before and after 1 year. Substrate oxidation was measured at rest and during moderate intensity exercise using indirect calorimetry in combination with stable isotope infusion ([U-(13)C]palmitate and [6,6-(2)H(2)-]glucose). RESULTS After 1 year, no differences were seen in substrate use at rest. During exercise, total fat and plasma FFA oxidation were slightly increased in the INT group and decreased in the CON group, with the change being significantly different (change after 1 year: INT, +2.0 +/- 1.4 and +1.9 +/- 0.9 micromol/kg per minute; CON, -3.5 +/- 1.6 and -1.8 +/- 0.5 micromol/kg per minute for total and plasma FFA, respectively; p < 0.05). DISCUSSION A combined diet and physical activity intervention program can prevent further deterioration of impaired FA oxidation during exercise in subjects with IGT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Mensink
- Department of Human Biology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.
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Brun JF, Romain AJ, Mercier J. Maximal lipid oxidation during exercise (Lipoxmax): From physiological measurements to clinical applications. Facts and uncertainties. Sci Sports 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2011.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Shaw CS, Clark J, Wagenmakers AJM. The effect of exercise and nutrition on intramuscular fat metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Annu Rev Nutr 2010; 30:13-34. [PMID: 20373917 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.nutr.012809.104817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Intramuscular triacylglycerol (IMTG) is both a dynamic fat-storage depot that can expand during periods of elevated lipid availability and a fatty acid source that can be utilized during periods of increased energy expenditure in active individuals. Although many studies have investigated the lifestyle determinants of IMTG content, the results are far from consistent, and studies attempting to unravel the mechanisms behind IMTG metabolism are in their infancy. The limited evidence available suggests that the enzymes responsible for skeletal muscle lipolysis and IMTG synthesis play an important role in determining the fate of fatty acids and therefore the concentration of lipid metabolites and insulin sensitivity of skeletal muscle. This review provides a summary of current knowledge on the effects of acute and chronic exercise as well as energy intake and macronutrient composition of the diet upon the metabolism of IMTG and the implications for metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Shaw
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT United Kingdom.
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Burr JF, Rowan CP, Jamnik VK, Riddell MC. The role of physical activity in type 2 diabetes prevention: physiological and practical perspectives. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2010; 38:72-82. [PMID: 20424404 DOI: 10.3810/psm.2010.04.1764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lifestyle changes that include a nutritionally balanced diet and increased physical activity (PA) are effective intervention options for persons with prediabetes who want to prevent progression to type 2 diabetes mellitus. Although nutritional counseling is standard practice for patients in a clinical setting, an individualized PA prescription, including recommendations on the type, frequency, duration, and intensity, is much less likely to occur. This is surprising because lifestyle modifications including a PA program are at least as effective in diabetes prevention as any single pharmacological agent. The success of regular PA in improving glycemic control in persons with either prediabetes or type 2 diabetes likely results from adaptations that occur in several organs and tissues, including adipose, skeletal muscle, liver, and pancreas. Increased insulin sensitivity is an important link between increased PA, body composition, and metabolic health, and it is at this link where increases in PA and energy expenditure exert much of their effect on preventing metabolic disorders and improving symptoms of existing disease. In addition to improving insulin sensitivity, regular PA has several cardioprotective effects, especially for persons with metabolic dysfunction, and has been shown to elicit minimal adverse events in these populations. Effective PA prescription is contingent on an understanding of the underlying physiological adaptations and the differing responses to diverse modes and intensities of PA. This article highlights recent findings on the beneficial role of regular PA for improving and/or maintaining insulin sensitivity in persons with prediabetes. We also provide an evidence-informed prescription for the type, intensity, and duration of both resistance and aerobic PA in persons with prediabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie F Burr
- Physical Activity and Chronic Disease Unit, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada
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Maio G, Saraeb S, Marchiori A. Physical activity and PDE5 inhibitors in the treatment of erectile dysfunction: results of a randomized controlled study. J Sex Med 2010; 7:2201-2208. [PMID: 20367777 DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2010.01783.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Physical activity (PhA) has proven to be a protective factor for normal erectile function in numerous epidemiological studies. AIM The aim of this study was to establish if PhA could have a therapeutic role in the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED). METHODS This was a randomized, open-label study. A total of 60 patients complaining of ED were studied. Patients were assessed at baseline and after 3 months of study treatment. At baseline, patients were randomized to receive phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor (PDE5i) alone (group A) or PDE5i plus regular (≥3 hours/week), aerobic, non-agonistic PhA (group B). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES All subjects completed the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-15) questionnaire and performed total testosterone (TT). RESULTS Mean PhA was 3.4 hours/week in group B vs. 0.43 in group A; mean energy expenditure in group B was 1,868 kcal/ week or 22.8 metabolic equivalent (MET)/week. IIEF restoration of ED occurred in 77.8% (intervention group) vs. 39.3% (control) (P < 0.004). The IIEF-15 score resulted in statistical improvement in intervention group in all the domains but one (orgasm): erectile function 24.7 vs. 26.8 (P = 0.003); confidence (Q15) 3.53 vs. 4.07 (P = 0.006); sexual desire 6.46 vs. 7.18 (P = 0.028); intercourse satisfaction 9.85 vs. 11.25 (P = 0.001); total satisfaction 7.17 vs. 8.07 (P = 0.009); total score 56.2 vs. 61.07 (P = 0.007). TT was statistically similar in the two groups; separate analysis in each group showed statistical increase in group B 4.24 vs. 4.55 (P = 0.012). At multivariate logistic regression analysis, PhA was the only independent variable for normal erection (P = 0.010) (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.036-0.643), higher sexual satisfaction (P = 0.022) (95% CI 0.084-0.821) and normal total IIEF-15 score (P = 0.023) (95% CI 0.85-0.837). CONCLUSION In this randomized controlled pilot study, PDE5i plus PhA was more effective than PDE5i alone in the treatment of ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Maio
- Policlinico Abano Terme, Andrological Unit, Padova, Italy.
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Recent Advances in Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Inhibitors. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(10)45006-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
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Chenevière X, Malatesta D, Peters EM, Borrani F. A mathematical model to describe fat oxidation kinetics during graded exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009; 41:1615-25. [PMID: 19568198 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e31819e2f91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to develop a mathematical model (sine model, SIN) to describe fat oxidation kinetics as a function of the relative exercise intensity [% of maximal oxygen uptake (%VO2max)] during graded exercise and to determine the exercise intensity (Fatmax) that elicits maximal fat oxidation (MFO) and the intensity at which the fat oxidation becomes negligible (Fatmin). This model included three independent variables (dilatation, symmetry, and translation) that incorporated primary expected modulations of the curve because of training level or body composition. METHODS Thirty-two healthy volunteers (17 women and 15 men) performed a graded exercise test on a cycle ergometer, with 3-min stages and 20-W increments. Substrate oxidation rates were determined using indirect calorimetry. SIN was compared with measured values (MV) and with other methods currently used [i.e., the RER method (MRER) and third polynomial curves (P3)]. RESULTS There was no significant difference in the fitting accuracy between SIN and P3 (P = 0.157), whereas MRER was less precise than SIN (P < 0.001). Fatmax (44 +/- 10% VO2max) and MFO (0.37 +/- 0.16 g x min(-1)) determined using SIN were significantly correlated with MV, P3, and MRER (P < 0.001). The variable of dilatation was correlated with Fatmax, Fatmin, and MFO (r = 0.79, r = 0.67, and r = 0.60, respectively, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The SIN model presents the same precision as other methods currently used in the determination of Fatmax and MFO but in addition allows calculation of Fatmin. Moreover, the three independent variables are directly related to the main expected modulations of the fat oxidation curve. SIN, therefore, seems to be an appropriate tool in analyzing fat oxidation kinetics obtained during graded exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Chenevière
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Malatesta D, Werlen C, Bulfaro S, Chenevière X, Borrani F. Effect of high-intensity interval exercise on lipid oxidation during postexercise recovery. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009; 41:364-74. [PMID: 19151592 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3181857edo] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to examine whether lipid oxidation predominates during 3 h of postexercise recovery in high-intensity interval exercise as compared with moderate-intensity continuous exercise on a cycle ergometer in fit young men (n = 12; 24.6 +/- 0.6 yr). METHODS The energy substrate partitioning was evaluated during and after high-intensity submaximal interval exercise (INT, 1-min intervals at 80% of maximal aerobic power output [Wmax] with an intervening 1 min of active recovery at 40% Wmax) and 60-min moderate-intensity continuous exercise at 45% of maximal oxygen uptake (C45%) as well as a time-matched resting control trial (CON). Exercise bouts were matched for mechanical work output. RESULTS During exercise, a significantly greater contribution of CHO and a lower contribution of lipid to energy expenditure were found in INT (512.7 +/- 26.6 and 41.0 +/- 14.0 kcal, respectively) than in C45% (406.3 +/- 21.2 and 170.3 +/- 24.0 kcal, respectively; P < 0.001) despite similar overall energy expenditure in both exercise trials (P = 0.13). During recovery, there were no significant differences between INT and C45% in substrate turnover and oxidation (P > 0.05). On the other hand, the mean contribution of lipids to energy yield was significantly higher after exercise trials (C45% = 61.3 +/- 4.2 kcal; INT = 66.7 +/- 4.7 kcal) than after CON (51.5 +/- 3.4 kcal; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These findings show that lipid oxidation during postexercise recovery was increased by a similar amount on two isoenergetic exercise bouts of different forms and intensities compared with the time-matched no-exercise control trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Malatesta
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physical Education (ISSEP), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Roumen C, Blaak EE, Corpeleijn E. Lifestyle intervention for prevention of diabetes: determinants of success for future implementation. Nutr Rev 2009; 67:132-46. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00181.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Corpeleijn E, Saris WHM, Blaak EE. Metabolic flexibility in the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes: effects of lifestyle. Obes Rev 2009; 10:178-93. [PMID: 19207879 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789x.2008.00544.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lipotoxicity in skeletal muscle plays a critical role in the aetiology of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus by interference of lipid metabolites with insulin signalling and action. The dynamics of lipid oxidation and fine tuning with fatty acid uptake and intramyocellular triacylglycerol turnover may be very important to limit the accumulation of lipid intermediates. The use of metabolic inflexibility, defined as the impaired capacity to increase fat oxidation upon increased fatty acid availability and to switch between fat and glucose as the primary fuel source after a meal, does more justice to the complexity of changes in fuel oxidation during the day. Fatty acid availability, uptake and oxidation all play a role in metabolic flexibility and insulin resistance. During high fatty acid availability, fatty acid transporters may limit cellular and mitochondrial fatty acid uptake and thus limit fat oxidation. After a meal, when the demand for fatty acids as fuel is low, an increased fractional extraction of lipids from plasma may promote intramyocellular lipid accumulation and insulin resistance. Furthermore, defects in fuel switching cluster together with impaired mitochondrial content and/or function. Lifestyle changes in dietary fat intake, physical activity and weight loss may improve metabolic flexibility in skeletal muscle, and thereby contribute to the prevention of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Corpeleijn
- Department of Human Biology, The Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Indoor confinement and physical inactivity rather than the proportion of dry food are risk factors in the development of feline type 2 diabetes mellitus. Vet J 2009; 179:247-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2007] [Revised: 08/29/2007] [Accepted: 08/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Lazzer S, Molin M, Stramare D, Facchini S, Francescato MP. Effects of an eight-month weight-control program on body composition and lipid oxidation rate during exercise in obese children. J Endocrinol Invest 2008; 31:509-14. [PMID: 18591882 DOI: 10.1007/bf03346399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of an 8-month multidisciplinary weight-control program, including 2 h/week of moderate physical activity, nutritional education lessons and psychological follow-up, on body composition and lipid oxidation rate during exercise in obese children. DESIGN Nineteen (7 boys and 12 girls) obese children, aged 8-12 yr [mean body mass index (BMI) z-score: 2.3 and fat mass: 35.8%] participated in this study. Before and at the end of the weight-control period body composition was assessed by bioelectrical impedance, lipid oxidation rate by indirect calorimetry during a graded exercise test, and time devoted to various activities and energy intake in free-living conditions by questionnaire. RESULTS All children completed the study, at the end of which BMI decreased significantly by mean 0.6+/-0.5 and 0.5+/-0.8 kg/m2, in boys and girls, respectively (p<0.05), and fat mass (FM) decreased by 1.7+/-2.8 and 1.4+/-1.3 kg in boys and girls, respectively (p<0.05). In addition, lipid oxidation rate during exercise increased significantly throughout the graded exercise test up to 21% at maximal lipid oxidation rate which happened at 48+/-5% of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), corresponding to 64+/-5% of maximal heart rate. Time spent at sedentary and very light physical activities decreased (p<0.001) to the benefit of recreational activities at home. CONCLUSIONS Multidisciplinary weight-control program, with moderate-intensity physical activities, induced decreases in FM without decreases in free FM, increases in VO2max, lipid oxidation rate during exercise, and time devoted to recreational activities in free-living conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lazzer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technologies, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy.
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Venables MC, Jeukendrup AE. Endurance training and obesity: effect on substrate metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2008; 40:495-502. [PMID: 18379212 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e31815f256f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus are disease states associated with hallmark features such as insulin resistance and an impaired ability to oxidize lipids. It has recently been reported that an optimal exercise intensity for fat oxidation (FATmax) exists; we hypothesize that continuous exercise training at this specific intensity can lead to greater improvements in fat oxidation and insulin sensitivity than a eucaloric interval training program. METHODS In a counterbalanced, crossover design, eight sedentary, obese, but otherwise healthy male participants performed two 4-wk blocks of endurance training, either at a predetermined intensity eliciting maximal fat oxidation (TPCON) or at 5-min intervals of +/- 20% FATmax (TPINT). During the week preceding the exercise training and 48 h after the final exercise bout, an OGTT, V O2max test, steady-state exercise, and measurements of body composition were undertaken. Diet was controlled the day before all trials (50% carbohydrate, 35% fat, and 15% protein; approximately 2900 kcal.d). Variables were compared using two-way repeated-measures analyses of variance. RESULTS It was shown that fat oxidation rates were increased by 44% after TPCON (0.24 +/- 0.01 vs 0.35 +/- 0.03 g.min, P < 0.05) but not after TPINT, and the whole-body insulin sensitivity index was increased by 27% after TPCON (P < 0.05). These changes occurred despite no change in body weight, body mass index (BMI), waist to hip ratio (WHR), percent body fat (%BF), or V O2max. CONCLUSIONS A continuous exercise training protocol that can elicit high rates of fat oxidation increases the contribution of fat to substrate oxidation during exercise and can significantly increase insulin sensitivity compared with a eucaloric interval protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle C Venables
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK
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Solomon TPJ, Sistrun SN, Krishnan RK, Del Aguila LF, Marchetti CM, O'Carroll SM, O'Leary VB, Kirwan JP. Exercise and diet enhance fat oxidation and reduce insulin resistance in older obese adults. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2008; 104:1313-9. [PMID: 18323464 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00890.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Older, obese, and sedentary individuals are at high risk of developing diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Exercise training improves metabolic anomalies associated with such diseases, but the effects of caloric restriction in addition to exercise in such a high-risk group are not known. Changes in body composition and metabolism during a lifestyle intervention were investigated in 23 older, obese men and women (aged 66 +/- 1 yr, body mass index 33.2 +/- 1.4 kg/m(2)) with impaired glucose tolerance. All volunteers undertook 12 wk of aerobic exercise training [5 days/wk for 60 min at 75% maximal oxygen consumption (Vo(2max))] with either normal caloric intake (eucaloric group, 1,901 +/- 277 kcal/day, n = 12) or a reduced-calorie diet (hypocaloric group, 1,307 +/- 70 kcal/day, n = 11), as dictated by nutritional counseling. Body composition (decreased fat mass; maintained fat-free mass), aerobic fitness (Vo(2max)), leptinemia, insulin sensitivity, and intramyocellular lipid accumulation (IMCL) in skeletal muscle improved in both groups (P < 0.05). Improvements in body composition, leptin, and basal fat oxidation were greater in the hypocaloric group. Following the intervention, there was a correlation between the increase in basal fat oxidation and the decrease in IMCL (r = -0.53, P = 0.04). In addition, basal fat oxidation was associated with circulating leptin after (r = 0.65, P = 0.0007) but not before the intervention (r = 0.05, P = 0.84). In conclusion, these data show that exercise training improves resting substrate oxidation and creates a metabolic milieu that appears to promote lipid utilization in skeletal muscle, thus facilitating a reversal of insulin resistance. We also demonstrate that leptin sensitivity is improved but that such a trend may rely on reducing caloric intake in addition to exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P J Solomon
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave./NE-40, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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