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Li P, Lyu T, Alkhuzam K, Spector E, Donahoo WT, Bost S, Wu Y, Hogan WR, Prosperi M, Schatz DA, Atkinson MA, Haller MJ, Shenkman EA, Guo Y, Bian J, Shao H. The role of health system penetration rate in estimating the prevalence of type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents using electronic health records. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2023; 31:165-173. [PMID: 37812771 PMCID: PMC10746308 DOI: 10.1093/jamia/ocad194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Having sufficient population coverage from the electronic health records (EHRs)-connected health system is essential for building a comprehensive EHR-based diabetes surveillance system. This study aimed to establish an EHR-based type 1 diabetes (T1D) surveillance system for children and adolescents across racial and ethnic groups by identifying the minimum population coverage from EHR-connected health systems to accurately estimate T1D prevalence. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a retrospective, cross-sectional analysis involving children and adolescents <20 years old identified from the OneFlorida+ Clinical Research Network (2018-2020). T1D cases were identified using a previously validated computable phenotyping algorithm. The T1D prevalence for each ZIP Code Tabulation Area (ZCTA, 5 digits), defined as the number of T1D cases divided by the total number of residents in the corresponding ZCTA, was calculated. Population coverage for each ZCTA was measured using observed health system penetration rates (HSPR), which was calculated as the ratio of residents in the corresponding ZTCA and captured by OneFlorida+ to the overall population in the same ZCTA reported by the Census. We used a recursive partitioning algorithm to identify the minimum required observed HSPR to estimate T1D prevalence and compare our estimate with the reported T1D prevalence from the SEARCH study. RESULTS Observed HSPRs of 55%, 55%, and 60% were identified as the minimum thresholds for the non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, and Hispanic populations. The estimated T1D prevalence for non-Hispanic White and non-Hispanic Black were 2.87 and 2.29 per 1000 youth, which are comparable to the reference study's estimation. The estimated prevalence of T1D for Hispanics (2.76 per 1000 youth) was higher than the reference study's estimation (1.48-1.64 per 1000 youth). The standardized T1D prevalence in the overall Florida population was 2.81 per 1000 youth in 2019. CONCLUSION Our study provides a method to estimate T1D prevalence in children and adolescents using EHRs and reports the estimated HSPRs and prevalence of T1D for different race and ethnicity groups to facilitate EHR-based diabetes surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piaopiao Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Tianchen Lyu
- Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Khalid Alkhuzam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Eliot Spector
- Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - William T Donahoo
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Sarah Bost
- Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Yonghui Wu
- Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - William R Hogan
- Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Mattia Prosperi
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Desmond A Schatz
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Mark A Atkinson
- Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Michael J Haller
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Shenkman
- Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Yi Guo
- Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jiang Bian
- Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Hui Shao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Safety, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Oldt RF, Kanthaswamy S. Expanded CODIS STR allele frequencies – Evidence for the irrelevance of race-based DNA databases. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2020; 42:101642. [DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2019.101642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Abstract
US Hispanics are a disadvantaged population that paradoxically has lower mortality rates than non-Hispanic whites. We conducted a descriptive analysis of age-adjusted mortality rates for 113 causes of death for US Hispanics (USH) and US non-Hispanic whites (USNHW) during 1999-2015. All-cause, age-adjusted mortality rates per 100,000 were: 581.1 USH and 788.8 USNHW. Lower Hispanic mortality from cancer, heart disease, and respiratory disease accounted for almost all the all-cause mortality gap. USH rates were higher than USNHW rates for cancers of the stomach, liver, and cervix; diabetes mellitus; liver disease; and homicide. Behavioural factors such as less smoking among USH probably drive their lower rates for the major chronic diseases. Social disadvantages contribute to elevated risk for certain cancers, diabetes, and homicide. Efforts to improve Hispanic well-being in the US should remedy the social disadvantages while preserving the health advantages the population enjoys.
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Identification of novel common breast cancer risk variants at the 6q25 locus among Latinas. Breast Cancer Res 2019; 21:3. [PMID: 30642363 PMCID: PMC6332913 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-018-1085-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Breast cancer is a partially heritable trait and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified over 180 common genetic variants associated with breast cancer. We have previously performed breast cancer GWAS in Latinas and identified a strongly protective single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at 6q25, with the protective minor allele originating from indigenous American ancestry. Here we report on fine mapping of the 6q25 locus in an expanded sample of Latinas. Methods We performed GWAS in 2385 cases and 6416 controls who were either US Latinas or Mexican women. We replicated the top SNPs in 2412 cases and 1620 controls of US Latina, Mexican, and Colombian women. In addition, we validated the top novel variants in studies of African, Asian and European ancestry. In each dataset we used logistic regression models to test the association between SNPs and breast cancer risk and corrected for genetic ancestry using either principal components or genetic ancestry inferred from ancestry informative markers using a model-based approach. Results We identified a novel set of SNPs at the 6q25 locus associated with genome-wide levels of significance (p = 3.3 × 10− 8 - 6.0 × 10− 9) not in linkage disequilibrium (LD) with variants previously reported at this locus. These SNPs were in high LD (r2 > 0.9) with each other, with the top SNP, rs3778609, associated with breast cancer with an odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of 0.76 (0.70–0.84). In a replication in women of Latin American origin, we also observed a consistent effect (OR 0.88; 95% CI 0.78–0.99; p = 0.037). We also performed a meta-analysis of these SNPs in East Asians, African ancestry and European ancestry populations and also observed a consistent effect (rs3778609, OR 0.95; 95% CI 0.91–0.97; p = 0.0017). Conclusion Our study adds to evidence about the importance of the 6q25 locus for breast cancer susceptibility. Our finding also highlights the utility of performing additional searches for genetic variants for breast cancer in non-European populations. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13058-018-1085-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Wang Z, Manichukal A, Goff DC, Mora S, Ordovas JM, Pajewski NM, Post WS, Rotter JI, Sale MM, Santorico SA, Siscovick D, Tsai MY, Arnett DK, Rich S, Frazier-Wood AC. Genetic associations with lipoprotein subfraction measures differ by ethnicity in the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA). Hum Genet 2017; 136:715-726. [PMID: 28352986 PMCID: PMC5429342 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-017-1782-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A recent genome-wide association study associated 62 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 43 genomic loci, with fasting lipoprotein subfractions in European–Americans (EAs) at genome-wide levels of significance across three independent samples. Whether these associations are consistent across ethnicities with a non-European ancestry is unknown. We analyzed 15 lipoprotein subfraction measures, on 1677 African–Americans (AAs), 1450 Hispanic–Americans (HAs), and 775 Chinese–Americans (CHN) participating in the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA). Genome-wide data were obtained using the Affymetrix 6.0 and Illumina HumanOmni chips. Linear regression models between genetic variables and lipoprotein subfractions were adjusted for age, gender, body mass index, smoking, study center, and genetic ancestry (based on principal components), and additionally adjusted for Mexican/Non-Mexican status in HAs. A false discovery rate correction was applied separately within the results for each ethnicity to correct for multiple testing. Power calculations revealed that we did not have the power for SNP-based measures of association, so we analyzed phenotype-specific genetic risk scores (GRSs), constructed as in the original genome-wide analysis. We successfully replicated all 15 GRS–lipoprotein associations in 2527 EAs. Among the 15 significant GRS–lipoprotein associations in EAs, 11 were significant in AAs, 13 in HAs, and 1 in CHNs. Further analyses revealed that ethnicity differences could not be explained by differences in linkage disequilibrium, lipid lowering drugs, diabetes, or gender. Our study emphasizes the importance of ethnicity (here indexing genetic ancestry) in genetic risk for CVD and highlights the need to identify ethnicity-specific genetic variants associated with CVD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ani Manichukal
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.,Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - David C Goff
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Samia Mora
- Divisions of Preventive Medicine and Cardiovascular Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jose M Ordovas
- Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, Jean Mayer-US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.,The Department of Epidemiology and Population Genetics, Centro Nacional Investigación Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029, Madrid, Spain.,IMDEA Food, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nicholas M Pajewski
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Wendy S Post
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, 90502, USA
| | - Michele M Sale
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.,Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Stephanie A Santorico
- Department of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, Human Medical Genetics and Genomics Program, Department of Biostatistics & Informatics, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, 80204, USA
| | - David Siscovick
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.,The New York Academy of Medicine, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Michael Y Tsai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Donna K Arnett
- College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40508, USA
| | - Stephen Rich
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.,Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Alexis C Frazier-Wood
- Department of Pediatrics, USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Identification of a novel locus associated with skin colour in African-admixed populations. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44548. [PMID: 28300201 PMCID: PMC5353593 DOI: 10.1038/srep44548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin pigmentation is a complex trait that varies largely among populations. Most genome-wide association studies of this trait have been performed in Europeans and Asians. We aimed to uncover genes influencing skin colour in African-admixed individuals. We performed a genome-wide association study of melanin levels in 285 Hispanic/Latino individuals from Puerto Rico, analyzing 14 million genetic variants. A total of 82 variants with p-value ≤1 × 10−5 were followed up in 373 African Americans. Fourteen single nucleotide polymorphisms were replicated, of which nine were associated with skin colour at genome-wide significance in a meta-analysis across the two studies. These results validated the association of two previously known skin pigmentation genes, SLC24A5 (minimum p = 2.62 × 10−14, rs1426654) and SLC45A2 (minimum p = 9.71 × 10−10, rs16891982), and revealed the intergenic region of BEND7 and PRPF18 as a novel locus associated with this trait (minimum p = 4.58 × 10−9, rs6602666). The most significant variant within this region is common among African-descent populations but not among Europeans or Native Americans. Our findings support the advantages of analyzing African-admixed populations to discover new genes influencing skin pigmentation.
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Thakur N, White MJ, Burchard EG. Race and Ethnicity. Respir Med 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-43447-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Mahdavinia M, Fox SR, Smith BM, James C, Palmisano EL, Mohammed A, Zahid Z, Assa'ad AH, Tobin MC, Gupta RS. Racial Differences in Food Allergy Phenotype and Health Care Utilization among US Children. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2016; 5:352-357.e1. [PMID: 27888035 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food allergy (FA) is a prevalent condition in the United States, but little is known about its phenotypes in racial minority groups. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to characterize disease phenotypes and disparities in health care utilization among African American (AA), Hispanic, and white children with FA. METHODS We conducted a large, 2-center, retrospective cohort study of children aged 0-17 years with FA seen in allergy/immunology clinics at 2 urban tertiary care centers in the United States. We used multiple logistic regression analyses adjusted for age, gender, and insurance. RESULTS The cohort of 817 children was composed of 35% AA, 12% Hispanic, and 53% non-Hispanic white. Compared with non-Hispanic white children, AA children had significantly higher odds of having asthma and eczema (P < .01), and significantly higher odds of allergy to wheat, soy, corn, fish, and shellfish (P < .01). Compared with non-Hispanic white children, Hispanic children had significantly higher odds of allergy to corn, fish, and shellfish (P < .01), and higher odds of eczema (P < .01), but a similar rate of asthma (P = .44). In this cohort, 55%, 18%, and 11% of AA, Hispanic, and white children were covered by Medicaid, respectively (P < .00001). Compared with whites, AA and Hispanic children had a shorter duration of follow-up for FA with an allergy specialist and higher rates of FA-related anaphylaxis and emergency department visits (P < .01). CONCLUSIONS FA phenotypes and health care utilization differ among children of different racial and/or ethnic backgrounds in the United States that put AA and Hispanic children at higher risks of adverse outcome than white children. These differences include coexistent atopic conditions, less well recognized food allergens, and higher rates of anaphylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahboobeh Mahdavinia
- Allergy/Immunology Section, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Ill.
| | - Susan R Fox
- Allergy/Immunology Section, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Ill
| | - Bridget M Smith
- Institute for Public Health and Medicine, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Ill; Center of Innovation for Complex Chronic Healthcare, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, Ill; Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Ill
| | - Christine James
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Erica L Palmisano
- Allergy/Immunology Section, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Ill
| | - Aisha Mohammed
- Allergy/Immunology Section, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Ill
| | - Zeeshan Zahid
- Allergy/Immunology Section, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Ill
| | - Amal H Assa'ad
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Mary C Tobin
- Allergy/Immunology Section, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Ill
| | - Ruchi S Gupta
- Institute for Public Health and Medicine, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Ill; Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Ill
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Whittemore R. Culturally Competent Interventions for Hispanic Adults With Type 2 Diabetes. J Transcult Nurs 2016; 18:157-66. [PMID: 17416718 DOI: 10.1177/1043659606298615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Culturally competent interventions have been developed to improve outcomes for Hispanic adults with type 2 diabetes. The purpose of this systematic review is to synthesize the research on culturally competent interventions for this vulnerable population. A systematic approach was used to locate empirical reports (n = 11). Interventions were multifaceted with the majority demonstrating significant improvements in clinical outcomes, behavioral outcomes, and diabetes-related knowledge. Culturally competent interventions have the potential to improve outcomes in Hispanic adults with type 2 diabetes. However, improvements were modest and attrition was moderate to high in many studies. Addressing linguistic and cultural barriers to care are important beginnings to improving health outcomes for Hispanic adults with type 2 diabetes.
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The Association between HMGA1 rs146052672 Variant and Type 2 Diabetes: A Transethnic Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136077. [PMID: 26296198 PMCID: PMC4546600 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The high-mobility group A1 (HMGA1) gene has been previously identified as a potential novel candidate gene for susceptibility to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes (T2D) mellitus. For this reason, several studies have been conducted in recent years examining the association of the HMGA1 gene variant rs146052672 (also designated IVS5-13insC) with T2D. Because of non-univocal data and non-overlapping results among laboratories, we conducted the current meta-analysis with the aim to yield a more precise and reliable conclusion for this association. Using predetermined inclusion criteria, MEDLINE, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar and Embase were searched for all relevant available literature published until November 2014. Two of the authors independently evaluated the quality of the included studies and extracted the data. Values from the single studies were combined to determine the meta-analysis pooled estimates. Heterogeneity and publication bias were also examined. Among the articles reviewed, five studies (for a total of 13,789 cases and 13,460 controls) met the predetermined criteria for inclusion in this meta-analysis. The combined adjusted odds ratio estimates revealed that the rs146052672 variant genotype had an overall statistically significant effect on increasing the risk of development of T2D. As most of the study subjects were Caucasian, further studies are needed to establish whether the association of this variant with an increased risk of T2D is generalizable to other populations. Also, in the light of this result, it would appear to be highly desirable that further in-depth investigations should be undertaken to elucidate the biological significance of the HMGA1 rs146052672 variant.
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Abstract
As the Hispanic population in the United States increases, more primary care physicians are being challenged to address the high incidence of diabetes and related metabolic disorders in Hispanic American patients. A variety of genetic, environmental, and socioeconomic factors contribute to this group's high susceptibility to diabetes. In this article, Drs Idrogo and Mazze discuss diagnosis of diabetes in Hispanic patients, as well as culturally sensitive screening and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Idrogo
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School-Twin Cities, ST Paul 55103, USA.
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12
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Wong ML, Dong C, Flores DL, Ehrhart-Bornstein M, Bornstein S, Arcos-Burgos M, Licinio J. Clinical outcomes and genome-wide association for a brain methylation site in an antidepressant pharmacogenetics study in Mexican Americans. Am J Psychiatry 2014; 171:1297-309. [PMID: 25220861 PMCID: PMC5746054 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.12091165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The authors compared the effectiveness of fluoxetine and desipramine treatment in a prospective double-blind pharmacogenetics study in first-generation Mexican Americans and examined the role of whole-exome functional gene variations in the patients' antidepressant response. METHOD A total of 232 Mexican Americans who met DSM-IV criteria for major depressive disorder were randomly assigned to receive 8 weeks of double-blind treatment with desipramine (50-200 mg/day) or fluoxetine (10-40 mg/day) after a 1-week placebo lead-in period. Outcome measures included the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D), the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, and the Beck Depression Inventory. At week 8, whole-exome genotyping data were obtained for 36 participants who remitted and 29 who did not respond to treatment. RESULTS Compared with desipramine treatment, fluoxetine treatment was associated with a greater reduction in HAM-D score, higher response and remission rates, shorter time to response and remission, and lower incidences of anticholinergic and cardiovascular side effects. Pharmacogenetics analysis showed that exm-rs1321744 achieved exome-wide significance for treatment remission. This variant is located in a brain methylated DNA immunoprecipitation sequencing site, which suggests that it may be involved in epigenetic regulation of neuronal gene expression. This and two other common gene variants provided a highly accurate cross-validated predictive model for treatment remission of major depression (receiver operating characteristic integral=0.95). CONCLUSIONS Compared with desipramine, fluoxetine treatment showed a more rapid reduction of HAM-D score and a lower incidence of side effects in a population comprising primarily first-generation Mexican Americans with major depression. This study's pharmacogenetics approach strongly implicates the role of functional variants in antidepressant treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma-Li Wong
- Mind & Brain Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute and Department of Psychiatry, Flinders University School of Medicine, SA 5001, Australia,Corresponding Author: Professor Julio Licinio or Professor Ma-Li Wong, Mind & Brain Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), PO Box 11060, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; phone +61 08 8116 4443, or
| | - Chuanhui Dong
- Department of Neurology, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Fl 33136, USA,Corresponding Author: Professor Julio Licinio or Professor Ma-Li Wong, Mind & Brain Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), PO Box 11060, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; phone +61 08 8116 4443, or
| | - Deborah L. Flores
- Department of Psychiatry, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90509, USA
| | - Monika Ehrhart-Bornstein
- Medical Clinic III, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, Dresden University of Technology, Fetscherstraβe 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Bornstein
- Medical Clinic III, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, Dresden University of Technology, Fetscherstraβe 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Mauricio Arcos-Burgos
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Julio Licinio
- Mind & Brain Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute and Department of Psychiatry, Flinders University School of Medicine, SA 5001, Australia
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Zhang J, Stram DO. The role of local ancestry adjustment in association studies using admixed populations. Genet Epidemiol 2014; 38:502-15. [PMID: 25043967 PMCID: PMC5079159 DOI: 10.1002/gepi.21835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Association analysis using admixed populations imposes challenges and opportunities for disease mapping. By developing some explicit results for the variance of an allele of interest conditional on either local or global ancestry and by simulation of recently admixed genomes we evaluate power and false-positive rates under a variety of scenarios concerning linkage disequilibrium (LD) and the presence of unmeasured variants. Pairwise LD patterns were compared between admixed and nonadmixed populations using the HapMap phase 3 data. Based on the above, we showed that as follows:
For causal variants with similar effect size in all populations, power is generally higher in a study using admixed population than using nonadmixed population, especially for highly differentiated SNPs. This gain of power is achieved with adjustment of global ancestry, which completely removes any cross-chromosome inflation of type I error rates, and addresses much of the intrachromosome inflation. If reliably estimated, adjusting for local ancestry precisely recovers the localization that could have been achieved in a stratified analysis of source populations. Improved localization is most evident for highly differentiated SNPs; however, the advantage of higher power is lost on exactly the same differentiated SNPs. In the real admixed populations such as African Americans and Latinos, the expansion of LD is not as dramatic as in our simulation. While adjustment for global ancestry is required prior to announcing a novel association seen in an admixed population, local ancestry adjustment may best be regarded as a localization tool not strictly required for discovery purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqi Zhang
- Division of Biostatistics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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Molina E, Haas R, del Rincon I, Battafarano DF, Restrepo JF, Escalante A. Does the "Hispanic paradox" occur in rheumatoid arthritis? Survival data from a multiethnic cohort. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2014; 66:972-9. [PMID: 24339449 PMCID: PMC4051868 DOI: 10.1002/acr.22254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite lower socioeconomic status (SES) and higher disease burden, Hispanics in the US paradoxically display equal or lower mortality on average than non-Hispanic whites. Our objective was to determine if the "Hispanic paradox" occurs among patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS In a cohort of 706 RA patients, we compared differences in RA severity and comorbidity between Hispanic and non-Hispanic white ethnic groups at baseline. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate and compare mortality risk between Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites. RESULTS We studied 706 patients with RA, of whom 434 were Hispanic and 272 were non-Hispanic white. Hispanics had significantly lower SES, greater inflammation, as well as higher tender and swollen joint counts. Patients were observed for 6,639 patient-years, during which time 229 deaths occurred by the censoring date (rate 3.4 per 100 person-years; 95% confidence interval 3.0, 3.9). Age- and sex-adjusted mortality was not significantly different between the 2 ethnic groups (hazard ratio [HR] 0.96). After adjustment for comorbidities, RA severity, and level of acculturation, mortality among Hispanics was lower (HR 0.56, P = 0.004). CONCLUSION Despite greater severity in most clinical manifestations and lower SES among Hispanics, paradoxically, their mortality was not increased. Further research is needed to understand the mechanisms underlying this survival paradox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Molina
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas
| | - Roy Haas
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas
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Glaser SL, Clarke CA, Chang ET, Yang J, Gomez SL, Keegan TH. Hodgkin lymphoma incidence in California Hispanics: influence of nativity and tumor Epstein-Barr virus. Cancer Causes Control 2014; 25:709-25. [PMID: 24722952 PMCID: PMC5759958 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-014-0374-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE For classical Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), migrant studies could elucidate contributions of environmental factors (including Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)) to the lower rates in non-whites. Given the well-described etiologic complexity of HL, this research requires a large, immigrant population, such as California Hispanics. METHODS With 1988-2004 California Cancer Registry data (2,595 Hispanic, 8,637 white HL cases) and tumor cell EBV status on a subset (218 Hispanics, 656 whites), we calculated ethnicity- and nativity-specific HL incidence rates simultaneously by age, sex, and histologic subtype, and tumor cell EBV prevalence. RESULTS Compared with white rates, Hispanic HL rates were lower overall (70 %) and for nodular sclerosis HL, particularly among young adults (60-65 % for females). However, they were higher among children (200 %) and older adults, and for mixed cellularity HL. Compared with rates in foreign-born Hispanics, rates in US-born Hispanics were higher among young adults (>threefold in females), lower for children and adults over age 70, and consistently intermediate compared with rates in whites. EBV tumor prevalence was 67, 32, and 23 % among foreign-born Hispanics, US-born Hispanics, and whites, respectively, although with variation by age, sex, and histology. CONCLUSIONS Findings strongly implicate environmental influences, such as nativity-related sociodemographic differences, on HL occurrence. In addition, lower young adult rates and higher EBV prevalence in US-born Hispanics than in whites raise questions about the duration/extent of environmental change for affecting HL rates and also point to ethnic differences in genetic susceptibility. Lesser variation in mixed cellularity HL rates and greater variation in rates for females across groups suggest less modifiable factors interacting with environmental influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Glaser
- Cancer Prevention Institute of California, 2201 Walnut Avenue, Suite 300, Fremont, CA, 94538, USA,
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16
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Mitchell SL, Goodloe R, Brown-Gentry K, Pendergrass SA, Murdock DG, Crawford DC. Characterization of mitochondrial haplogroups in a large population-based sample from the United States. Hum Genet 2014; 133:861-8. [PMID: 24488180 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-014-1421-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups are valuable for investigations in forensic science, molecular anthropology, and human genetics. In this study, we developed a custom panel of 61 mtDNA markers for high-throughput classification of European, African, and Native American/Asian mitochondrial haplogroup lineages. Using these mtDNA markers, we constructed a mitochondrial haplogroup classification tree and classified 18,832 participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES). To our knowledge, this is the largest study to date characterizing mitochondrial haplogroups in a population-based sample from the United States, and the first study characterizing mitochondrial haplogroup distributions in self-identified Mexican Americans separately from Hispanic Americans of other descent. We observed clear differences in the distribution of maternal genetic ancestry consistent with proposed admixture models for these subpopulations, underscoring the genetic heterogeneity of the United States Hispanic population. The mitochondrial haplogroup distributions in the other self-identified racial/ethnic groups within NHANES were largely comparable to previous studies. Mitochondrial haplogroup classification was highly concordant with self-identified race/ethnicity (SIRE) in non-Hispanic whites (94.8 %), but was considerably lower in admixed populations including non-Hispanic blacks (88.3 %), Mexican Americans (81.8 %), and other Hispanics (61.6 %), suggesting SIRE does not accurately reflect maternal genetic ancestry, particularly in populations with greater proportions of admixture. Thus, it is important to consider inconsistencies between SIRE and genetic ancestry when performing genetic association studies. The mitochondrial haplogroup data that we have generated, coupled with the epidemiologic variables in NHANES, is a valuable resource for future studies investigating the contribution of mtDNA variation to human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina L Mitchell
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University, 2215 Garland Avenue, 519 Light Hall, Nashville, Tennessee, USA,
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Alicea-Alvarez N, Swanson-Biearman B, Kelsen SG. A review of barriers to effective asthma management in Puerto Ricans: cultural, healthcare system and pharmacogenomic issues. J Asthma 2013; 51:97-105. [PMID: 24040906 DOI: 10.3109/02770903.2013.845205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among the Hispanic community, Puerto Ricans have the highest prevalence of asthma and manifest the worst outcomes. The expected growth of the Hispanic population in the USA in the next several decades make elimination of disparate care in Puerto Rican asthmatics a matter of national importance. The purpose of this review of the literature (ROL) is to examine a variety of health system, genetic and cultural barriers in the Puerto Rican community which have created disparities in asthma care and outcomes among adult and pediatric Hispanic populations. In addition, this ROL describes several culturally sensitive, community-based educational interventions which can be used as a framework for future projects to improved asthma outcomes. METHODS Databases searched included Medline, PubMED, EBSCOhost, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Google Scholar and ERIC. Papers published in English from January 1990 to January 2012 were reviewed. RESULTS Health system policies, insurer compensation patterns, clinician attitudes and cultural values/folk remedies in the Puerto Rican community represent barriers to effective asthma management, the use of controller medication and the implementation of educational interventions. In addition, genetic factors involving the beta-2 adrenergic receptor gene, which impair the response to albuterol, appear to contribute to poorer outcomes in Puerto Rican asthmatics. In contrast, several comprehensive, community-based, culturally sensitive educational interventions such as Controlling Asthma in American Cities Project (CAACP), the Racial and Ethnic Approach to Community Health in the US Program and Healthy Hoops programs (REACH) have been described. CONCLUSIONS We believe that culturally sensitive community-based asthma education programs can serve as models for programs targeted toward Puerto Ricans to help decrease asthma morbidity. Moreover, greater sensitivity to Puerto Rican mores and folk remedies on the part of healthcare providers may improve the patient-clinician rapport and, hence, asthma outcomes. Finally, given ethnically based differences in pharmacogenomics, clinical trials targeting the Puerto Rican population may help to better define optimal asthma medication regimens in this ethnic group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma Alicea-Alvarez
- Center for Bioethics, Urban Health and Policy, Temple University School of Medicine , Philadelphia, PA , USA
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Campos M, Edland SD, Peavy GM. Exploratory study of apolipoprotein E ε4 genotype and risk of Alzheimer's disease in Mexican Hispanics. J Am Geriatr Soc 2013; 61:1038-1040. [PMID: 23772735 DOI: 10.1111/jgs.12292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Campos
- School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Steven D Edland
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Department of Neurosciences, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Guerry M Peavy
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California
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Hicks C, Miele L, Koganti T, Young-Gaylor L, Rogers D, Vijayakumar V, Megason G. Analysis of Patterns of Gene Expression Variation within and between Ethnic Populations in Pediatric B-ALL. Cancer Inform 2013; 12:155-73. [PMID: 24023509 PMCID: PMC3762614 DOI: 10.4137/cin.s11831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
B-Precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) is the most common childhood cancer. Although 80% of B-ALL patients are able to be cured, significant challenges persist. Significant disparities in clinical outcomes and mortality rates exist between racial/ethnic populations. The objective of this study was to determine whether gene expression levels significantly differ between ethnic populations. We compared gene expression levels between four ethnic populations (Whites, Blacks, Hispanics, and Asians) in the United States. Additionally, we performed network and pathway analysis to identify gene networks and pathways. Gene expression data involved 198 samples distributed as follows: 126 Whites, 51 Hispanics, 13 Blacks, and 8 Asians. We identified 300 highly significantly (P < 0.001) differentially expressed genes between the four ethnic populations. Among the identified genes included the genes PHF6, BRD3, CRLF2, and RNF135 which have been implicated in pediatric B-ALL. We identified key pathways implicated in B-ALL including the PDGF, PI3/AKT, ERBB2-ERBB3, and IL-15 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chindo Hicks
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS. ; Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS. ; Chindren's Cancer Center University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS
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Petri MH, Satoh M, Martin-Marquez BT, Vargas-Ramírez R, Jara LJ, Saavedra MA, Cruz-Gonzalez C, Andrade-Ortega L, Vera-Lastra O, Salazar-Páramo M, Prieto-Parra RE, Gonzalez-Lopez L, Gamez-Nava JI, Ramírez-Sánchez HU, Chan JYF, Ross SJ, Chan EKL, Vázquez-Del Mercado M. Implications in the difference of anti-Mi-2 and -p155/140 autoantibody prevalence in two dermatomyositis cohorts from Mexico City and Guadalajara. Arthritis Res Ther 2013; 15:R48. [PMID: 23557279 PMCID: PMC4060281 DOI: 10.1186/ar4207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Autoantibodies and clinical manifestations in polymyositis/dermatomyositis (PM/DM) are affected by both genetic and environmental factors. The high prevalence of DM and anti-Mi-2 in Central America is thought to be associated with the high UV index of the area. The prevalences of autoantibodies and the clinical manifestations of PM/DM were evaluated comparing two cohorts in Mexico. Methods Ninety-five Mexican patients with PM/DM (66 DM, 29 PM; 67 Mexico City, 28 Guadalajara) were studied. Autoantibodies were characterized by immunoprecipitation using 35S-methionine labeled K562 cell extract. Clinical information was obtained from medical records. Results DM represented 69% of PM/DM and anti-Mi-2 was the most common autoantibody (35%), followed by anti-p155/140 (11%); however, anti-Jo-1 was only 4%. The autoantibody profile in adult-onset DM in Mexico City versus Guadalajara showed striking differences: anti-Mi-2 was 59% versus 12% (P = 0.0012) whereas anti-p155/140 was 9% versus 35% (P = 0.02), respectively. A strong association of anti-Mi-2 with DM was confirmed and when clinical features of anti-Mi-2 (+) DM (n = 30) versus anti-Mi-2 (-) DM (n = 36) were compared, the shawl sign (86% versus 64%, P < 0.05) was more common in the anti-Mi-2 (+) group (P = 0.0001). Levels of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) were higher in those who were anti-Mi-2 (+) but they responded well to therapy. Conclusions Anti-Mi-2 has a high prevalence in Mexican DM and is associated with the shawl sign and high CPK. The prevalence of anti-Mi-2 and anti-p155/140 was significantly different in Mexico City versus Guadalajara, which have a similar UV index. This suggests roles of factors other than UV in anti-Mi-2 antibody production.
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Casner PR. The Effect of CYP2D6 Polymorphisms on Dextromethorphan Metabolism in Mexican Americans. J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 45:1230-5. [PMID: 16239355 DOI: 10.1177/0091270005280755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
CYP2D6 is one of the most polymorphic of the cytochrome P450 enzymes. Genetic differences in this enzyme have been reported in whites, blacks, and Asians. However, there is very little information about polymorphisms of this enzyme in Mexican Americans. The objectives of the present study were to assess the metabolic activity of CYP2D6 in a Mexican American population using dextromethorphan and to correlate this metabolic activity with a genotypic analysis. The sample consisted of 50 Mexican American subjects and 25 non-Mexican American controls. Overnight urine samples were collected and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography to calculate the metabolic ratio of dextromethorphan to dextrorphan. Blood samples were collected for genotypic analysis of CYP2D6 alleles. The frequency of the poor metabolizer phenotype was the same in the Mexican American group and the non-Mexican American group (6% vs 5.5%). The frequency of alleles in the Mexican American group was similar to frequencies published in other reports for non-Hispanic whites: *4 = 0.17, *5 = 0.02, *10 = 0.01, *17 = 0.02, *xN = 0.03. These results indicate that compared with non-Hispanic whites, Mexican Americans have a similar proportion of poor metabolizer phenotype and similar genetic polymorphisms of CYP2D6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Casner
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
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22
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Sosa-Macías M, Elizondo G, Flores-Pérez C, Flores-Pérez J, Bradley-Alvarez F, Alanis-Bañuelos RE, Lares-Asseff I. CYP2D6Genotype and Phenotype in Amerindians of Tepehuano Origin and Mestizos of Durango, Mexico. J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 46:527-36. [PMID: 16638736 DOI: 10.1177/0091270006287586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although the drug-metabolizing enzyme CYP2D6 has been studied extensively in subjects of differing ethnicities, limited CYP2D6 pharmacogenetic data are available for the Amerindian population and Mestizos of Mexico. Dextromethorphan hydroxylation phenotype was studied in Tepehuano Amerindian (n = 58) and Mestizo (n = 88) subjects, and 195 individuals (85 Tepehuano Amerindians and 110 Mestizos) were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism methods to identify the frequencies of the CYP2D6*3, *4, *6, and *10 alleles. Tepehuano Amerindian subjects lacked the poor metabolizer (PM) phenotype, whereas in Mestizos the PM phenotype frequency was 6.8%. The CYP2D6*3, *6, and *10 alleles were not found in Tepehuano Amerindians. The CYP2D6*4 allele had a low frequency (0.006) in this Amerindian group. In the Mestizo group, the CYP2D6*3, *4, and *10 alleles had frequencies of 0.009, 0.131, and 0.023, respectively. The CYP2D6*6 allele was not found in Mestizos. The genotype-phenotype association was strongly statistically significant (r(2) = .45; P = .005) in Mestizos. The Tepehuano population was found to have a low phenotypic and genotypic CYP2D6 diversity and differed from other Amerindian groups. On the other hand, the frequencies of the CYP2D6 variant alleles in Mestizos were similar to those reported for whites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Sosa-Macías
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional del IPN Unidad Durango, CIIDIR-IPN, México
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Hernandez MN, Sussman DA, Lee DJ, Mackinnon JA, Fleming LE. Trends in colorectal cancer among hispanics by stage and subsite location: 1989-2006. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2012; 3:e21. [PMID: 23238348 PMCID: PMC3464804 DOI: 10.1038/ctg.2012.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Hispanic colorectal cancer (CRC) rates historically have been lower than for non-Hispanic Whites in the United States and in Florida. The aim of this study is to understand CRC trends in Florida Hispanics and non-Hispanic Whites. METHODS: Using a cross-sectional study design, all invasive CRCs diagnosed among Florida residents between 1989 and 2006 were accessed from the Florida Cancer Data System (FCDS). These cases were analyzed by Hispanic and non-Hispanic White ethnic identification. The Hispanic Origin Identification Algorithm was applied to the FCDS data to identify Hispanic subjects. Primary cancer site and histology data were organized according to SEER (Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results) categories. Joinpoint regression was used to generate incidence trends by stage and subsite location. RESULTS: Rates of CRC incidence were higher for Florida Hispanics compared with non-Hispanic Whites since the mid 1990s. There was a consistent significant increase in the incidence of distant stage CRC in Hispanics (annual percent change (APC) of 1.26 and 0.90 in males and females), whereas rates in non-Hispanics decreased significantly during the same time period (APC −1.36 and −1.28, respectively). Similar trends were found in distant-stage right-sided CRC. Among right-sided CRCs, local stage incidence rate increased for both non-Hispanic Whites and Hispanics, whereas the incidence rate for regional stage decreased for both racial/ethnic groups. CONCLUSIONS: Trends for distant-stage CRC are increasing among Florida Hispanics. This is a particular public health concern given that CRC is a cancer for which screening modalities exist and could imply a concomitant increase in CRC-related mortality among Florida Hispanics. Lower rates of CRC screening in Hispanics are documented at the state level, relative to non-Hispanic Whites. Screening programs targeting the Florida Hispanic population are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Hernandez
- Florida Cancer Data System, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
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Vela E, Taylor RW, Campbell PM, Buschang PH. Differences in craniofacial and dental characteristics of adolescent Mexican Americans and European Americans. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2011; 140:839-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2011.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2011] [Revised: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus is higher in Hispanic/Latino individuals living in the United States compared with their non-Hispanic white counterparts. Many factors contribute to the increased prevalence of type 2 diabetes, including biological characteristics, socioeconomic conditions, and cultural aspects. The contribution of genetics to the risk of type 2 diabetes in Hispanic/Latino patients is becoming increasingly clear, but this inherent risk factor cannot be modified. However, certain socioeconomic and cultural factors, such as reduced access to healthcare, language barriers, cultural beliefs, and lack of cultural competence by the healthcare provider, are modifiable and should be overcome in order to improve the management of type 2 diabetes in Hispanic/Latino patients. At the healthcare system level, policies should be put into place to reduce disparities between Hispanics/Latinos and non-Hispanic whites regarding health insurance coverage and access to healthcare. At the healthcare provider and patient level, cultural beliefs should be taken into consideration when selecting adequate treatment. Overall, type 2 diabetes management should be individualized by identifying the preferred language and level of acculturation for each patient. These considerations are necessary to further improve communication through culturally appropriate educational materials and programs. These strategies may help to overcome the barriers in the treatment of type 2 diabetes in Hispanic/Latino patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio Cersosimo
- Texas Diabetes Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78284, USA.
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Abstract
The Hispanic/Latino population is the largest minority group in the United States, representing approximately 16% of the population in 2010. The US Census Bureau defines Hispanic/Latino origin as ethnicity, which tends to be associated with culture and is distinct from race. Based on the US Census Bureau classifications, Hispanics/Latinos have at least 3 main racial backgrounds (white, black, and Native Indian), with the combination and proportion differing among Hispanic/Latino subgroups. The reflection of these racial differences in genetic ancestry partly explains why biological characteristics differ among Hispanic/Latino subgroups. Partly as a result of variations in biological characteristics, the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus varies among Hispanic/Latino subgroups. According to data from the 1982 to 1984 Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HHANES), the prevalence of diagnosed and undiagnosed type 2 diabetes among adults aged 45 to 74 years was higher in Mexican Americans (23.9%) and Puerto Ricans (26.1%) compared with Cubans (15.8%). In addition to genetics, there are multiple social and cultural factors that affect the prevalence and course of type 2 diabetes in Hispanic/Latino individuals. Although certain aspects of Hispanic/Latino culture may become barriers in the management of type 2 diabetes in this population, these cultural characteristics may also represent an opportunity for prevention and/or improvement of care. It is important for healthcare providers to have an understanding and appreciation of Hispanic/Latino culture in order to provide their Hispanic/Latino patients with healthcare that is culturally and socially appropriate. Only by considering genetic, social, and cultural factors can type 2 diabetes be successfully prevented, treated, and managed in Hispanic/Latino patients.
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Abstract
In the United States, the prevalence of adults who are overweight or obese is higher in Hispanics/Latinos compared with non-Hispanic whites. In addition, data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) indicate that the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus is consistently greater in racial/ethnic minority groups, such as Hispanics/Latinos, compared with non-Hispanic whites. In fact, data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) from 2007 to 2009 suggest that the prevalence of type 2 diabetes is almost twice as high in Hispanics/Latinos compared with non-Hispanic whites (11.8% vs. 7.1%, respectively). Although genetics plays a role in the increased prevalence of type 2 diabetes in Hispanics/Latinos, cultural and environmental factors also contribute. In addition to the increased prevalence of type 2 diabetes in Hispanics/Latinos, evidence suggests that the patients in this population are often undertreated and, therefore, less likely to achieve control of their glucose, blood pressure, and lipid levels. Because individuals with type 2 diabetes have a 2- to 4-fold increased risk of cardiovascular disease compared with individuals with normal glucose levels, there is consensus that targeting environmental factors, particularly the development of obesity at an early age, is the most cost-effective approach to prevent the development of type 2 diabetes and its broad spectrum of complications, including cardiovascular disease. Cultural and socioeconomic barriers, such as language, cost, and access to goods and services, must be overcome to improve management of type 2 diabetes in this high-risk population. By increasing healthcare provider awareness and the availability of programs tailored to Hispanic/Latino individuals, the current treatment gap among ethnic minorities in the United States will progressively narrow, and eventually, disappear.
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Wich LG, Ma MW, Price LS, Sidash S, Berman RS, Pavlick AC, Miller G, Sarpel U, Goldberg JD, Osman I. Impact of socioeconomic status and sociodemographic factors on melanoma presentation among ethnic minorities. J Community Health 2011; 36:461-8. [PMID: 21080042 DOI: 10.1007/s10900-010-9328-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Minority melanoma patients have worse survival. In this study, we evaluated the impact of socioeconomic and demographic factors on minority melanoma patients presenting to two different New York City hospitals (one public and one private) managed by the same multidisciplinary team. Sociodemographic and clinicopathologic characteristics were retrieved for melanoma patients presenting to Bellevue Hospital Center (BHC), a public hospital, and the New York University Cancer Institute (NYUCI), a private cancer center. Socioeconomic data was obtained from the United States Census Bureau database. The Kruskal-Wallis and chi-square tests were used to evaluate the associations between race/ethnicity and continuous and categorical variables (e.g. income, stage at presentation), respectively. Minorities comprised 2% (27/1296) of melanoma patients at the NYUCI compared to 42% (50/119) at BHC. Those presenting to the NYUCI were more likely to have a higher median household income (P = 0.05), a higher educational level (P = 0.04), and an earlier stage at presentation (P = 0.02) than those at BHC. NYUCI patients were predominantly covered by commercial insurance (70%), whereas Medicaid (62%) was common among BHC patients. Only 19% of Hispanic patients at BHC chose English as their preferred language. Our data demonstrate that language and health care system factors affect melanoma presentation in minorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay G Wich
- Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Beuten J, Halder I, Fowler SP, Groing HHH, Duggirala R, Arya R, Thompson IM, Leach RJ, Lehman DM. Wide disparity in genetic admixture among Mexican Americans from San Antonio, TX. Ann Hum Genet 2011; 75:529-38. [PMID: 21592109 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2011.00655.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We studied 706 participants of the San Antonio Family Diabetes Study (SAFDS) and 586 male samples from the San Antonio Center for Biomarkers of Risk of Prostate Cancer (SABOR) and used 64 ancestry informative markers to compare admixture proportions between both groups. Existence of population substructure was demonstrated by the excess association of unlinked markers. In the SAFDS sample, ancestral proportions were estimated at 50.2 ± 0.6% European, 46.4 ± 0.6% Native American, and 3.1 ± 0.2% West African. For the SABOR sample, the proportions were 58.9 ± 0.7%, 38.2 ± 0.7%, and 2.9 ± 0.2%, respectively. Additionally, in the SAFDS subjects a highly significant negative correlation was found between individual Native American ancestry and skin reflectance (R(2) = 0.07, P= 0.00006). The correlation was stronger in males than in females but clearly showed that ancestry only accounts for a small percentage of the variation in skin color and, conversely, that skin reflectance is not a robust surrogate for genetic admixture. Furthermore, a substantial difference in substructure is present in the two cohorts of Mexican American subjects from the San Antonio area in Texas, which emphasizes that genetic admixture estimates should be accounted for in association studies, even for geographically related subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joke Beuten
- Department of Pediatrics Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
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Taking a broad approach to public health program adaptation: adapting a family-based diabetes education program. J Prim Prev 2010; 31:69-83. [PMID: 20140646 DOI: 10.1007/s10935-010-0208-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes health disparities among Hispanic populations have been countered with federally funded health promotion and disease prevention programs. Dissemination has focused on program adaptation to local cultural contexts for greater acceptability and sustainability. Taking a broader approach and drawing on our experience in Mexican American communities at the U.S.-Mexico Border, we demonstrate how interventions are adapted at the intersection of multiple cultural contexts: the populations targeted, the community- and university-based entities designing and implementing interventions, and the field team delivering the materials. Program adaptation involves negotiations between representatives of all contexts and is imperative in promoting local ownership and program sustainability.
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Peralta CA, Li Y, Wassel C, Choudhry S, Palmas W, Seldin MF, Risch N, Siscovick D, Arnett D, Psaty B, Shlipak MG. Differences in albuminuria between Hispanics and whites: an evaluation by genetic ancestry and country of origin: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 3:240-7. [PMID: 20445135 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.109.914499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reports show higher prevalence of albuminuria among Hispanics compared with whites. Differences by country of origin or genetic background are unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS In Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, we studied the associations of both genetic ancestry and country of origin with albumin to creatinine ratio among 1417 Hispanic versus white participants using multivariable linear regression and back transforming beta coefficients into relative difference (%RD, 95% CI). Percentage European, Native American, and African ancestry components for Hispanics were estimated using genetic admixture analysis. The proportions of European, Native American, and African genetic ancestry differed significantly by country of origin (P<0.0001); Mexican/Central Americans had the highest Native American (41+/-13%), Puerto Ricans had the highest European (61+/-15%), and Dominicans had the highest African (39+/-21%) ancestry. Hispanic ethnicity was associated with higher albumin/creatinine ratio compared with whites, but the association varied with the country of origin (adjusted P interaction=0.04). Mexican/Central Americans and Dominicans had higher albumin/creatinine ratio compared with whites after adjustment (RD 19%, 2% to 40% and RD 27%, 1% to 61%), but not Puerto Ricans (RD 8%, -12% to 34%). Higher Native American ancestry was associated with higher albuminuria after age and sex adjustment among all Hispanics (RD 11%, 1% to 21%) but was attenuated after further adjustment. Higher European ancestry was independently associated with lower albumin/creatinine ratio among Puerto Ricans (-21%, -34% to -6%) but not among Mexican/Central Americans and Dominicans. CONCLUSIONS Hispanics are a heterogeneous group with varying genetic ancestry. Risks of albuminuria differ across the country of origin groups. These differences may be due, in part, to differences in genetic ancestral components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen A Peralta
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.
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Rodriguez CJ, Diez-Roux AV, Moran A, Jin Z, Kronmal RA, Lima J, Homma S, Bluemke DA, Barr RG. Left ventricular mass and ventricular remodeling among Hispanic subgroups compared with non-Hispanic blacks and whites: MESA (Multi-ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis). J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 55:234-42. [PMID: 20117402 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2009] [Revised: 08/07/2009] [Accepted: 08/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and left ventricular (LV) remodeling patterns within Hispanic subgroups compared with non-Hispanic whites in the MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis). BACKGROUND Hispanics are the largest and fastest-growing ethnic minority in the U.S., but there are no data on LVH and LV geometry among Hispanic subgroups. METHODS Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging was performed in 4,309 men and women age 45 to 84 years without clinical cardiovascular disease. Hispanics were categorized into subgroups based on self-reported ancestry. LVH was defined as the upper 95th percentile of indexed LV mass in a reference normotensive, nondiabetic, nonobese population, and LV remodeling according to the presence/absence of LVH and abnormal/normal LV mass to LV end-diastolic volume ratio. RESULTS Among Hispanic participants, 574 were of Mexican origin, 329 were of Caribbean origin, and 161 were of Central/South American origin. On unadjusted analysis, only Caribbean-origin Hispanics (prevalence ratio = 1.2; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.03 to 1.4) had greater prevalence of hypertension than non-Hispanic whites. Hispanic subgroups were more likely to have LVH than non-Hispanic whites after adjustment for hypertension and other covariates (Caribbean-origin Hispanics = odds ratio [OR]: 1.8, 95% CI: 1.1 to 3.0; Mexican-origin Hispanics = OR: 2.2, 95% CI: 1.4 to 3.3; Central/South Americans = OR: 1.5, 95% CI: 0.7 to 3.1). All Hispanic subgroups also had a higher prevalence of concentric and eccentric hypertrophy compared with non-Hispanic whites (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Caribbean-origin Hispanics had a higher prevalence of LVH and abnormal LV remodeling compared with non-Hispanic whites. A higher prevalence of LVH and abnormal LV remodeling was also observed among Mexican-origin Hispanics, despite a lower prevalence of hypertension. Differences among Hispanic subgroups regarding LVH and LV remodeling should be taken into account when evaluating cardiovascular risk in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos J Rodriguez
- Department of Medicine, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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Reconciling psychology with economics: Obesity, behavioral biology, and rational overeating. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10818-009-9067-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Villamizar C, Regalado ES, Fadulu VT, Hasham SN, Gupta P, Willing MC, Kuang SQ, Guo D, Muilenburg A, Yee RW, Fan Y, Towbin J, Coselli JS, LeMaire SA, Milewicz DM. Paucity of skeletal manifestations in Hispanic families with FBN1 mutations. Eur J Med Genet 2009; 53:80-4. [PMID: 19941982 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2009.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2009] [Accepted: 11/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Marfan syndrome (MFS) is an autosomal dominant condition with pleiotropic manifestations involving the skeletal, ocular, and cardiovascular systems. The diagnosis is based primarily on clinical involvement of these and other systems, referred to as the Ghent criteria. We have identified three Hispanic families from Mexico with cardiovascular and ocular manifestations due to novel FBN1 mutations but with paucity of skeletal features. The largest family, hMFS001, had a frameshift mutation in exon 24 (3075delC) identified as the cause of aortic disease in the family. Assessment of eight affected adults revealed no major skeletal manifestation of MFS. Family hMFS002 had a missense mutation (R1530C) in exon 37. Four members fulfilled the criteria for ocular and cardiovascular phenotype but lacked skeletal manifestations. Family hMFS003 had two consecutive missense FBN1 mutations (C515W and R516G) in exon 12. Eight members fulfilled the ocular criteria for MFS and two members had major cardiovascular manifestations, however none of them met criteria for skeletal system. These data suggest that individuals of Hispanic descent with FBN1 mutations may not manifest skeletal features of the MFS to the same extent as Caucasians. We recommend that echocardiogram, ocular examination and FBN1 molecular testing be considered for any patients with possible MFS even in the absence of skeletal features, including Hispanic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Villamizar
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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Shoo BA, Kashani-Sabet M. Melanoma arising in African-, Asian-, Latino- and Native-American populations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 28:96-102. [PMID: 19608060 DOI: 10.1016/j.sder.2009.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights melanoma trends observed among African-, Asian-, Latino- and Native-American populations. Melanoma is the most lethal form of skin cancer, accounting for about 75% of all skin cancer deaths. Generally, incidence rates increase with age, peak after age 40, and are greater in men than women. However, these trends do not reflect what is typically seen in minority ethnic groups, where incidence rates are lower. In addition, for some groups, relative disease-specific survival also is lower compared with European-Americans. Melanomas in minority populations also tend to appear in atypical locations and are of unclear etiology. To improve our understanding of the causes of melanoma arising in ethnic minority populations future research efforts are needed. In addition, the general lack of awareness of this disease entity among minority populations and the fact that certain ethnic groups tend to present with advanced disease further highlight the need for educational programs for both patients and health care professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda A Shoo
- Melanoma Center, Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94153, USA
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Finkelstein D, Lamba V, Assem M, Rengelshausen J, Yasuda K, Strom S, Schuetz E. ADME transcriptome in Hispanic versus White donor livers: Evidence of a globally enhanced NR1I3 (CAR, constitutive androstane receptor) gene signature in Hispanics. Xenobiotica 2009; 36:989-1012. [PMID: 17118917 DOI: 10.1080/00498250600861769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have found that, compared with Whites, Hispanic donor livers had elevated expression of CYP2 enzymes, gene products regulated by the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR). The objectives of the current study were to determine (1) the CAR activation signature in human liver (2) whether other drug detoxification (absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME)) genes were differentially expressed in Hispanic versus White livers, and (3) the extent of overlap in the CAR and Hispanic liver transcriptomes. The CAR transcriptome (ADME genes differentially expressed following phenobarbital versus vehicle treatment of human hepatocytes) and the Hispanic liver transcriptome (ADME genes differentially expressed in Hispanic versus White livers) were identified using Affymetrix oligonucleotide arrays. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to verify candidate genes in a larger sample size. Comparison of the CAR and Hispanic liver ADME transcriptomes revealed a significant association between the gene changes. Sixty-four per cent of the ADME genes induced more than twofold by phenobarbital were also induced in Hispanics, and 14% of the ADME genes repressed more than twofold by phenobarbital were repressed in Hispanics. In conclusion, compared with Whites, Hispanic donor livers have increased expression of many genes that are transcriptionally regulated by CAR. This result has practical implications to the drug treatment of Hispanic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Finkelstein
- The Hartwell Center, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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Ruaño G, Duconge J, Windemuth A, Cadilla CL, Kocherla M, Villagra D, Renta J, Holford T, Santiago-Borrero PJ. Physiogenomic analysis of the Puerto Rican population. Pharmacogenomics 2009; 10:565-77. [PMID: 19374515 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.09.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Admixture in the population of the island of Puerto Rico is of general interest with regards to pharmacogenetics to develop comprehensive strategies for personalized healthcare in Latin Americans. This research was aimed at determining the frequencies of SNPs in key physiological, pharmacological and biochemical genes to infer population structure and ancestry in the Puerto Rican population. MATERIALS & METHODS A noninterventional, cross-sectional, retrospective study design was implemented following a controlled, stratified-by-region, random sampling protocol. The sample was based on birthrates in each region of the island of Puerto Rico, according to the 2004 National Birth Registry. Genomic DNA samples from 100 newborns were obtained from the Puerto Rico Newborn Screening Program in dried-blood spot cards. Genotyping using a physiogenomic array was performed for 332 SNPs from 196 cardiometabolic and neuroendocrine genes. Population structure was examined using a Bayesian clustering approach as well as by allelic dissimilarity as a measure of allele sharing. RESULTS The Puerto Rican sample was found to be broadly heterogeneous. We observed three main clusters in the population, which we hypothesize to reflect the historical admixture in the Puerto Rican population from Amerindian, African and European ancestors. We present evidence for this interpretation by comparing allele frequencies for the three clusters with those for the same SNPs available from the International HapMap project for Asian, African and European populations. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that population analysis can be performed with a physiogenomic array of cardiometabolic and neuroendocrine genes to facilitate the translation of genome diversity into personalized medicine.
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Shoo BA. The change we need: Revisiting race and skin phototype classification. J Am Acad Dermatol 2009; 61:151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2009.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2008] [Revised: 01/07/2009] [Accepted: 01/11/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Dental morphology and ancestry in Albuquerque, New Mexico Hispanics. HOMO-JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE HUMAN BIOLOGY 2009; 60:207-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchb.2008.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2007] [Accepted: 06/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Araujo AB, Travison TG, Esche GR, Holick MF, Chen TC, McKinlay JB. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and bone mineral density among Hispanic men. Osteoporos Int 2009; 20:245-55. [PMID: 18548306 PMCID: PMC2756973 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-008-0652-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2007] [Accepted: 05/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED There are few data on the skeletal health of Hispanic men. We observed differences in vitamin D deficiency and low BMD between Hispanic ethnic subgroups that persisted with adjustment for risk factors. Our data indicate a substantial burden of low BMD and vitamin D deficiency among Hispanic men. INTRODUCTION Disparities within ethnic groups are generally ignored, but in evolving populations they may have implications for public health. We examined ethnic variation in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and bone mineral density (BMD) among Hispanic American men. METHODS Three hundred and fifty-eight Hispanic males 30 to 79 years of age were studied. Logistic regression models assessed variation in odds of vitamin D deficiency (<20 ng/mL) and low BMD (T-score<-1) by ethnicity, with and without adjustment for risk factors (age, smoking, occupation, physical activity, body mass index, and sunlight exposure). RESULTS Vitamin D deficiency was most common among Puerto Rican (26%), compared with Dominican (21%), Central American (11%), and South American (9%) men. Percentages with low BMD were: South American (44%), Puerto Rican (34%), Dominican (29%), and Central American (23%). Adjustment for age and risk factors failed to account for Hispanic subgroup differences in vitamin D deficiency and low BMD. Population estimates indicate a substantial burden of low BMD and vitamin D deficiency among Hispanic men. CONCLUSIONS Our findings underscore the importance of examining the skeletal health of Hispanic subgroups, and suggest that a considerable number of Hispanic men may be at elevated risk of fracture and vitamin D deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Michael F. Holick
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston MA, USA 02118
| | - Tai C. Chen
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston MA, USA 02118
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Fullwiley D. The biologistical construction of race: 'admixture' technology and the new genetic medicine. SOCIAL STUDIES OF SCIENCE 2008; 38:695-735. [PMID: 19227818 DOI: 10.1177/0306312708090796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents an ethnographic case study of the use of race in two interconnected laboratories of medical genetics. Specifically, it examines how researchers committed to reducing health disparities in Latinos with asthma advance hypotheses and structure research to show that relative frequencies of genetic markers characterize commonly understood groupings of race. They do this first by unapologetically advancing the idea that peoples whom they take to be of the 'Old World', or 'Africans', 'Europeans', 'East Asians', and 'Native Americans', can serve as putatively pure reference populations against which genetic risk for common diseases such as asthma can be calculated for those in the 'New World'. Technologically, they deploy a tool called ancestry informative markers (AIMs), which are a collection of genetic sequence variants said to differ in present-day West Africans, East Asians, Europeans, and (ideally Pre-Columbian) Native Americans. I argue that this technology, compelling as it may be to a range of actors who span the political spectrum, is, at base, designed to bring about a correspondence of familiar ideas of race and supposed socially neutral DNA. This correspondence happens, in part, as the scientists in question often bracket the environment while privileging racialized genetic variance as the primary source of health disparities for common disease, in this case between Mexicans and Puerto Ricans with asthma. With their various collaborators, these scientists represent a growing movement within medical genetics to re-consider race and 'racial admixture' as biogenetically valid points of departure. Furthermore, many actors at the center of this ethnography focus on race as a function of their personal identity politics as scientists of color. This to say, they are driven not by racist notions of human difference, but by a commitment to reduce health disparities and to include 'their' communities in what they describe as the 'genetic revolution'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duana Fullwiley
- Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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Au KS, Tran PX, Tsai CC, O’Byrne MR, Lin JI, Morrison AC, Hampson AW, Cirino P, Fletcher JM, Ostermaier KK, Tyerman GH, Doebel S, Northrup H. Characteristics of a spina bifida population including North American Caucasian and Hispanic individuals. BIRTH DEFECTS RESEARCH. PART A, CLINICAL AND MOLECULAR TERATOLOGY 2008; 82:692-700. [PMID: 18937358 PMCID: PMC2597629 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.20499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Meningomyelocele (MM) is a common human birth defect. MM is a disorder of neural development caused by contributions from genes and environmental factors that result in the NTD and lead to a spectrum of physical and neurocognitive phenotypes. METHODS A multidisciplinary approach has been taken to develop a comprehensive understanding of MM through collaborative efforts from investigators specializing in genetics, development, brain imaging, and neurocognitive outcome. Patients have been recruited from five different sites: Houston and the Texas-Mexico border area; Toronto, Canada; Los Angeles, California; and Lexington, Kentucky. Genetic risk factors for MM have been assessed by genotyping and association testing using the transmission disequilibrium test. RESULTS A total of 509 affected child/parent trios and 309 affected child/parent duos have been enrolled to date for genetic association studies. Subsets of the patients have also been enrolled for studies assessing development, brain imaging, and neurocognitive outcomes. The study recruited two major ethnic groups, with 45.9% Hispanics of Mexican descent and 36.2% North American Caucasians of European descent. The remaining patients are African-American, South and Central American, Native American, and Asian. Studies of this group of patients have already discovered distinct corpus callosum morphology and neurocognitive deficits that associate with MM. We have identified maternal MTHFR 667T allele as a risk factor for MM. In addition, we also found that several genes for glucose transport and metabolism are potential risk factors for MM. CONCLUSIONS The enrolled patient population provides a valuable resource for elucidating the disease characteristics and mechanisms for MM development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kit Sing Au
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Phong X. Tran
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Chester C. Tsai
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Michelle R. O’Byrne
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Jone-Ing Lin
- Human Genetics Center, The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX
| | - Alanna C. Morrison
- Human Genetics Center, The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX
| | - Amy W. Hampson
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Paul Cirino
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX
| | | | | | | | - Sabine Doebel
- The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hope Northrup
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Houston, TX
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Genome-wide distribution of ancestry in Mexican Americans. Hum Genet 2008; 124:207-14. [PMID: 18752003 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-008-0541-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2008] [Accepted: 08/05/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Migrations to the new world brought together individuals from Europe, Africa and the Americans. Inter-mating between these migrant and indigenous populations led to the subsequent formation of new admixed populations, such as African and Latino Americans. These unprecedented events brought together genomes that had evolved independently on different continents for tens of thousands of years and presented new environmental challenges for the indigenous and migrant populations, as well as their offspring. These circumstances provided novel opportunities for natural selection to occur that could be reflected in deviations at specific locations from the genome-wide ancestry distribution. Here we present an analysis examining European, Native American and African ancestry based on 284 microsatellite markers in a study of Mexican Americans from the Family Blood Pressure Program. We identified two genomic regions where there was a significant decrement in African ancestry (at 2p25.1, p < 10(-8) and 9p24.1, p < 2 x 10(-5)) and one region with a significant increase in European ancestry (at 1p33, p < 2 x 10(-5)). These locations may harbor genes that have been subjected to natural selection after the ancestral mixing giving rise to Mexicans.
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Barnholtz-Sloan JS, McEvoy B, Shriver MD, Rebbeck TR. Ancestry estimation and correction for population stratification in molecular epidemiologic association studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17:471-7. [PMID: 18349264 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-07-0491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jill S Barnholtz-Sloan
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106-5065, USA.
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Hughes AL, Welch R, Puri V, Matthews C, Haque K, Chanock SJ, Yeager M. Genome-wide SNP typing reveals signatures of population history. Genomics 2008; 92:1-8. [PMID: 18485661 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2008.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2007] [Revised: 02/11/2008] [Accepted: 03/03/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays have become a popular technology for disease-association studies, but they also have potential for studying the genetic differentiation of human populations. Application of the Affymetrix GeneChip Human Mapping 500K Array Set to a population of 102 individuals representing the major ethnic groups in the United States (African, Asian, European, and Hispanic) revealed patterns of gene diversity and genetic distance that reflected population history. We analyzed allelic frequencies at 388,654 autosomal SNP sites that showed some variation in our study population and 10% or fewer missing values. Despite the small size (23-31 individuals) of each subpopulation, there were no fixed differences at any site between any two subpopulations. As expected from the African origin of modern humans, greater gene diversity was seen in Africans than in either Asians or Europeans, and the genetic distance between the Asian and the European populations was significantly lower than that between either of these two populations and Africans. Principal components analysis applied to a correlation matrix among individuals was able to separate completely the major continental groups of humans (Africans, Asians, and Europeans), while Hispanics overlapped all three of these groups. Genes containing two or more markers with extraordinarily high genetic distance between subpopulations were identified as candidate genes for health differences between subpopulations. The results show that, even with modest sample sizes, genome-wide SNP genotyping technologies have great promise for capturing signatures of gene frequency difference between human subpopulations, with applications in areas as diverse as forensics and the study of ethnic health disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin L Hughes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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Choudhry S, Taub M, Mei R, Rodriguez-Santana J, Rodriguez-Cintron W, Shriver MD, Ziv E, Risch NJ, Burchard EG. Genome-wide screen for asthma in Puerto Ricans: evidence for association with 5q23 region. Hum Genet 2008; 123:455-68. [PMID: 18401594 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-008-0495-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2008] [Accepted: 03/30/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
While the number of success stories for mapping genes associated with complex diseases using genome-wide association approaches is growing, there is still much work to be done in developing methods for such studies when the samples are collected from a population, which may not be homogeneous. Here we report the first genome-wide association study to identify genes associated with asthma in an admixed population. We genotyped 96 Puerto Rican moderate to severe asthma cases and 88 controls as well as 109 samples representing Puerto Rico's founding populations using the Affymetrix GeneChip Human Mapping 100K array sets. The data from samples representing Puerto Rico's founding populations was used to identify ancestry informative markers for admixture mapping analyses. In addition, a genome-wide association analysis using logistic regression was performed on the data. Although neither admixture mapping nor regression analysis gave any significant association with asthma after correction for multiple testing, an overlap analysis using the top scoring SNPs from different methods suggested chromosomal regions 5q23.3 and 13q13.3 as potential regions harboring genes for asthma in Puerto Ricans. The validation analysis of these two regions in 284 Puerto Rican asthma trios gave significant association for the 5q23.3 region. Our results provide strong evidence that the previously linked 5q23 region is associated with asthma in Puerto Ricans. The detection of causative variants in this region will require fine mapping and functional validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Choudhry
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Scirica CV, Celedón JC. Genetics of asthma: potential implications for reducing asthma disparities. Chest 2008; 132:770S-781S. [PMID: 17998341 DOI: 10.1378/chest.07-1905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Although genetic factors may partly explain the differences in asthma prevalence, morbidity, and mortality among ethnic groups in the United States, few studies of the genetics of asthma have included members of ethnic minority groups. Only one genome-wide linkage analysis of asthma and/or asthma-related phenotypes (conducted by the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Asthma) has included any members of ethnic minority populations. The interpretation of the findings of genetic association studies of asthma in ethnic minority groups is complicated by reduced statistical power due to small sample sizes; the failure to correct for multiple comparisons; a lack of homogeneity of the populations studied with regard to area of residence, ancestral background, and/or country of origin; a lack of measurement of relevant environmental exposures; and (for case-control studies of genetic association) a lack of detection and control of potential population stratification. Genetic studies may improve our understanding of asthma and lead to new methods to prevent, diagnose, and treat this disease. Limited study of asthma genetics in ethnic minority populations is unacceptable, as it may prevent these groups from benefiting from future developments in asthma management and thus widen existing disparities in asthma care. Future genetic association studies of asthma among ethnic minorities in the United States should include large samples of populations that have been adequately defined with regard to area of residence, self-designated ancestry, and country of origin. These studies should also include an adequate assessment of potentially relevant environmental exposures and (for case-control association studies) population stratification.
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Abstract
An association study can be used to investigate how individuals with unique genetic variants respond to a drug treatment. In an association study, individuals may come from different ethnic groups or an admixed population. The heterogeneity of genetic backgrounds among individuals in association studies may lead to false-positive or false-negative results. Confounding caused by population structure and recent admixture may be one major factor that contributes to the lack of replication of association study results. Confounding can be detected and adjusted. Major methods that adjust for population stratification are described and explained in this chapter. Their advantages and disadvantages are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donglei Hu
- Institute for Human Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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Hayes MG, Pluzhnikov A, Miyake K, Sun Y, Ng MCY, Roe CA, Below JE, Nicolae RI, Konkashbaev A, Bell GI, Cox NJ, Hanis CL. Identification of type 2 diabetes genes in Mexican Americans through genome-wide association studies. Diabetes 2007; 56:3033-44. [PMID: 17846124 DOI: 10.2337/db07-0482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to identify DNA polymorphisms associated with type 2 diabetes in a Mexican-American population. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We genotyped 116,204 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 281 Mexican Americans with type 2 diabetes and 280 random Mexican Americans from Starr County, Texas, using the Affymetrix GeneChip Human Mapping 100K set. Allelic association exact tests were calculated. Our most significant SNPs were compared with results from other type 2 diabetes genome-wide association studies (GWASs). Proportions of African, European, and Asian ancestry were estimated from the HapMap samples using structure for each individual to rule out spurious association due to population substructure. RESULTS We observed more significant allelic associations than expected genome wide, as empirically assessed by permutation (14 below a P of 1 x 10(-4) [8.7 expected]). No significant differences were observed between the proportion of ancestry estimates in the case and random control sets, suggesting that the association results were not likely confounded by substructure. A query of our top approximately 1% of SNPs (P < 0.01) revealed SNPs in or near four genes that showed evidence for association (P < 0.05) in multiple other GWAS interrogated: rs979752 and rs10500641 near UBQLNL and OR52H1 on chromosome 11, rs2773080 and rs3922812 in or near RALGPS2 on chromosome 1, and rs1509957 near EGR2 on chromosome 10. CONCLUSIONS We identified several SNPs with suggestive evidence for replicated association with type 2 diabetes that merit further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Geoffrey Hayes
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave., MC6091, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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