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Lau DCW, Power RI, Šlapeta J. Exploring multiplex qPCR as a diagnostic tool for detecting microfilarial DNA in dogs infected with Dirofilaria immitis: A comparative analysis with the modified Knott's test. Vet Parasitol 2024; 325:110097. [PMID: 38104431 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.110097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Current recommendations to diagnose cardiopulmonary dirofilariosis in dogs caused by Dirofilaria immitis involves tandem antigen and circulating microfilariae tests. The modified Knott's test is an important tool in heartworm diagnosis, allowing identification of circulating microfilariae. However, the subjective nature of the modified Knott's test affects its accuracy and diagnostic laboratories usually do not provide a quantitative outcome. Quantitative enumeration of microfilariae enables clinicians to track treatment progress and acts as a proxy for detecting emerging macrocyclic lactone resistance. There is a need for better diagnostic tools suitable for routine use to efficiently and accurately quantify the presence of D. immitis microfilaremia. The aim of this study was to determine whether the quantitative modified Knott's test can be substituted by multiplex quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) targeting D. immitis and associated Wolbachia endosymbiont DNA in canine blood samples. To do this, genomic DNA samples (n = 161) from Australian dogs, collected as part of a previous 2021 study, were assessed in a TaqMan qPCR targeting DNA of D. immitis, Wolbachia sp. and Canis lupus familiaris. Of the 161 genomic DNA samples, eight were considered positive for D. immitis microfilariae. The qPCR assay demonstrated good efficiency (E = 90 to 110%, R2 > 0.94). Considering the performance and efficient use of bench time, this TaqMan qPCR assay is a suitable alternative to the modified Knott's test for quantitative enumeration of microfilariae (Cohen's kappa coefficient [κ]: κ = 1 using D. immitis qPCR marker, κ = 0.93 using Wolbachia qPCR marker). The qPCR data demonstrated a comparable result to that of the quantitative modified Knott's test in a 2022 survey of D. immitis in Australian dogs (n = 23) before and after macrocyclic lactone (ML) administration. Improving the detection and diagnosis of canine heartworm infections will assist veterinarians in better managing and controlling disease outcomes and will be valuable for tracking the spread of ML resistance in Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy Ching-Wai Lau
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Rosemonde Isabella Power
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Jan Šlapeta
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia; The University of Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
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Cornell BA, López Salazar LM, Russell AB, Daza JD, Bechelli J. Observation of Tick Parasitism on Scincella lateralis in Texas. SOUTHEAST NAT 2021. [DOI: 10.1656/058.020.0303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brittany A. Cornell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sam Houston State University, 2000 Avenue I, Life Sciences Building, Huntsville, TX 77341
| | - Luis M. López Salazar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sam Houston State University, 2000 Avenue I, Life Sciences Building, Huntsville, TX 77341
| | - Alyssa B. Russell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sam Houston State University, 2000 Avenue I, Life Sciences Building, Huntsville, TX 77341
| | - Juan D. Daza
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sam Houston State University, 2000 Avenue I, Life Sciences Building, Huntsville, TX 77341
| | - Jeremy Bechelli
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sam Houston State University, 2000 Avenue I, Life Sciences Building, Huntsville, TX 77341
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Molecular Testing of Serial Blood Specimens from Patients with Early Lyme Disease during Treatment Reveals Changing Coinfection with Mixtures of Borrelia burgdorferi Genotypes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.00237-19. [PMID: 31036693 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00237-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Borrelia burgdorferi is the etiological agent of Lyme disease. In the current study, we used direct-detection PCR and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry to monitor and genotype B. burgdorferi isolates from serially collected whole-blood specimens from patients clinically diagnosed with early Lyme disease before and during 21 days of antibiotic therapy. B. burgdorferi isolates were detected up to 3 weeks after the initiation of antibiotic treatment, with ratios of coinfecting B. burgdorferi genotypes changing over time.
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Honig V, Carolan HE, Vavruskova Z, Massire C, Mosel MR, Crowder CD, Rounds MA, Ecker DJ, Ruzek D, Grubhoffer L, Luft BJ, Eshoo MW. Broad-range survey of vector-borne pathogens and tick host identification of Ixodes ricinus from Southern Czech Republic. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2017; 93:4331634. [PMID: 29029144 PMCID: PMC5812510 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fix129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ixodes ricinus ticks are vectors of numerous human and animal pathogens. They are host generalists able to feed on more than 300 vertebrate species. The prevalence of tick-borne pathogens is influenced by host-vector-pathogen interactions that results in spatial distribution of infection risk. Broad-range polymerase chain reaction electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (PCR/ESI-MS) was used to analyze 435 I. ricinus nymphs from four localities in the south of the Czech Republic for the species identification of tick-borne pathogens. Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato spirochetes were the most common pathogen detected in the ticks; 21% of ticks were positive for a single genospecies and 2% were co-infected with two genospecies. Other tick-borne pathogens detected included Rickettsia helvetica (3.9%), R. monacensis (0.2%), Anaplasma phagocytophilum (2.8%), Babesia venatorum (0.9%), and Ba. microti (0.5%). The vertebrate host of the ticks was determined using PCR followed by reverse line blot hybridization from the tick's blood-meal remnants. The host was identified for 61% of ticks. DNA of two hosts was detected in 16% of samples with successful host identification. The majority of ticks had fed on artiodactyls (50.7%) followed by rodents (28.6%) and birds (7.8%). Other host species were wild boar, deer, squirrels, field mice and voles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaclav Honig
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branisovska 31, 370 05, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 370 05, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Heather E. Carolan
- Ibis Biosciences Inc., Abbott Laboratories, 2251 Faraday Ave, Ste 150, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
| | - Zuzana Vavruskova
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branisovska 31, 370 05, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 370 05, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Christian Massire
- Ibis Biosciences Inc., Abbott Laboratories, 2251 Faraday Ave, Ste 150, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
| | - Michael R. Mosel
- Ibis Biosciences Inc., Abbott Laboratories, 2251 Faraday Ave, Ste 150, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
| | - Christopher D. Crowder
- Ibis Biosciences Inc., Abbott Laboratories, 2251 Faraday Ave, Ste 150, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
| | - Megan A. Rounds
- Ibis Biosciences Inc., Abbott Laboratories, 2251 Faraday Ave, Ste 150, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
| | - David J. Ecker
- Ibis Biosciences Inc., Abbott Laboratories, 2251 Faraday Ave, Ste 150, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
| | - Daniel Ruzek
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branisovska 31, 370 05, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Libor Grubhoffer
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branisovska 31, 370 05, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 370 05, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Benjamin J. Luft
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8166, USA
| | - Mark W. Eshoo
- Ibis Biosciences Inc., Abbott Laboratories, 2251 Faraday Ave, Ste 150, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
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Eshoo MW, Crowder CD, Carolan HE, Rounds MA, Ecker DJ, Haag H, Mothes B, Nolte O. Broad-range survey of tick-borne pathogens in Southern Germany reveals a high prevalence of Babesia microti and a diversity of other tick-borne pathogens. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2015; 14:584-91. [PMID: 25072989 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2013.1498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Ticks harbor numerous pathogens of significance to human and animal health. A better understanding of the pathogens carried by ticks in a given geographic area can alert health care providers of specific health risks leading to better diagnosis and treatments. In this study, we tested 226 Ixodes ricinis ticks from Southern Germany using a broad-range PCR and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry assay (PCR/ESI-MS) designed to identify tick-borne bacterial and protozoan pathogens in a single test. We found 21.2% of the ticks tested carried Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato consisting of diverse genospecies; a surprisingly high percentage of ticks were infected with Babesia microti (3.5%). Other organisms found included Borrelia miyamotoi, Rickettsia helvetica, Rickettsia monacensis, and Anaplasma phagocytophilum. Of further significance was our finding that more than 7% of ticks were infected with more than one pathogen or putative pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Eshoo
- 1 Ibis Biosciences an Abbott company , Carlsbad, California
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Eshoo MW, Carolan HE, Massire C, Chou DM, Crowder CD, Rounds MA, Phillipson CA, Schutzer SE, Ecker DJ. Survey of Ixodes pacificus Ticks in California Reveals a Diversity of Microorganisms and a Novel and Widespread Anaplasmataceae Species. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135828. [PMID: 26375033 PMCID: PMC4574436 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ixodes pacificus ticks can harbor a wide range of human and animal pathogens. To survey the prevalence of tick-borne known and putative pathogens, we tested 982 individual adult and nymphal I. pacificus ticks collected throughout California between 2007 and 2009 using a broad-range PCR and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (PCR/ESI-MS) assay designed to detect a wide range of tick-borne microorganisms. Overall, 1.4% of the ticks were found to be infected with Borrelia burgdorferi, 2.0% were infected with Borrelia miyamotoi and 0.3% were infected with Anaplasma phagocytophilum. In addition, 3.0% were infected with Babesia odocoilei. About 1.2% of the ticks were co-infected with more than one pathogen or putative pathogen. In addition, we identified a novel Anaplasmataceae species that we characterized by sequencing of its 16S rRNA, groEL, gltA, and rpoB genes. Sequence analysis indicated that this organism is phylogenetically distinct from known Anaplasma species with its closest genetic near neighbors coming from Asia. The prevalence of this novel Anaplasmataceae species was as high as 21% at one site, and it was detected in 4.9% of ticks tested statewide. Based upon this genetic characterization we propose that this organism be called ‘Candidatus Cryptoplasma californiense’. Knowledge of this novel microbe will provide awareness for the community about the breadth of the I. pacificus microbiome, the concept that this bacterium could be more widely spread; and an opportunity to explore whether this bacterium also contributes to human or animal disease burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W. Eshoo
- Ibis Biosciences, an Abbott Company, Carlsbad CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Heather E. Carolan
- Ibis Biosciences, an Abbott Company, Carlsbad CA, United States of America
| | - Christian Massire
- Ibis Biosciences, an Abbott Company, Carlsbad CA, United States of America
| | - Danny M. Chou
- Ibis Biosciences, an Abbott Company, Carlsbad CA, United States of America
| | - Chris D. Crowder
- Ibis Biosciences, an Abbott Company, Carlsbad CA, United States of America
| | - Megan A. Rounds
- Ibis Biosciences, an Abbott Company, Carlsbad CA, United States of America
| | | | - Steven E. Schutzer
- Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Dept. of Medicine, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - David J. Ecker
- Ibis Biosciences, an Abbott Company, Carlsbad CA, United States of America
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Crowder CD, Carolan HE, Rounds MA, Honig V, Mothes B, Haag H, Nolte O, Luft BJ, Grubhoffer L, Ecker DJ, Schutzer SE, Eshoo MW. Prevalence of Borrelia miyamotoi in Ixodes ticks in Europe and the United States. Emerg Infect Dis 2015; 20:1678-82. [PMID: 25280366 PMCID: PMC4193165 DOI: 10.3201/eid2010.131583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection rates of Ixodes ticks with Borrelia miyamotoi in Europe and the United States vary greatly based upon location. Borrelia miyamotoi, a relapsing fever-related spirochete transmitted by Ixodes ticks, has been recently shown to be a human pathogen. To characterize the prevalence of this organism in questing Ixodes ticks, we tested 2,754 ticks for a variety of tickborne pathogens by PCR and electrospray-ionization mass spectrometry. Ticks were collected from California, New York, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, and Indiana in the United States and from Germany and the Czech Republic in Europe from 2008 through 2012. In addition, an isolate from Japan was characterized. We found 3 distinct genotypes, 1 for North America, 1 for Europe, and 1 for Japan. We found B. miyamotoi infection in ticks in 16 of the 26 sites surveyed, with infection prevalence as high as 15.4%. These results show the widespread distribution of the pathogen, indicating an exposure risk to humans in areas where Ixodes ticks reside.
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Hellberg RS, Li F, Sampath R, Yasuda IJ, Carolan HE, Wolfe JM, Brown MK, Alexander RC, Williams-Hill DM, Martin WB. Rapid detection and differentiation of human noroviruses using RT-PCR coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Food Microbiol 2014; 44:71-80. [PMID: 25084648 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2014.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to develop an assay for the detection and differentiation of noroviruses using RT-PCR followed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Detection of hepatitis A virus was also considered. Thirteen primer pairs were designed for use in this assay and a reference database was created using GenBank sequences and reference norovirus samples. The assay was tested for inclusivity and exclusivity using 160 clinical norovirus samples, 3 samples of hepatitis A virus and 3 other closely related viral strains. Results showed that the assay was able to detect norovirus with a sensitivity of 92% and a specificity of 100%. Norovirus identification at the genogroup level was correct for 98% of samples detected by the assay and for 75% of a subset of samples (n = 32) compared at the genotype level. Identification of norovirus genotypes is expected to improve as more reference samples are added to the database. The assay was also capable of detecting and genotyping hepatitis A virus in all 3 samples tested. Overall, the assay developed here allows for detection and differentiation of noroviruses within one working day and may be used as a tool in surveillance efforts or outbreak investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalee S Hellberg
- Chapman University, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Food Science and Nutrition, One University Drive, Orange, CA 92866, USA.
| | - Feng Li
- Ibis Biosciences, Abbott, 2251 Faraday Ave., Suite 150, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
| | - Rangarajan Sampath
- Ibis Biosciences, Abbott, 2251 Faraday Ave., Suite 150, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
| | - Irene J Yasuda
- Ibis Biosciences, Abbott, 2251 Faraday Ave., Suite 150, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
| | - Heather E Carolan
- Ibis Biosciences, Abbott, 2251 Faraday Ave., Suite 150, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
| | - Julia M Wolfe
- Orange County Public Health Laboratory, 1729 West 17th Street, Santa Ana, CA 92706, USA
| | - Michael K Brown
- Orange County Public Health Laboratory, 1729 West 17th Street, Santa Ana, CA 92706, USA
| | - Richard C Alexander
- Orange County Public Health Laboratory, 1729 West 17th Street, Santa Ana, CA 92706, USA
| | - Donna M Williams-Hill
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Office of Regulatory Affairs, Pacific Regional Laboratory Southwest, 19701 Fairchild, Irvine, CA 92612, USA
| | - William B Martin
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Office of Regulatory Affairs, Pacific Regional Laboratory Southwest, 19701 Fairchild, Irvine, CA 92612, USA
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Eshoo MW, Schutzer SE, Crowder CD, Carolan HE, Ecker DJ. Achieving molecular diagnostics for Lyme disease. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 13:875-83. [DOI: 10.1586/14737159.2013.850418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Detection of Plasmodium vivax in a child returning from India by use of broad-range PCR and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Emerg Microbes Infect 2012; 1:e48. [PMID: 26038414 PMCID: PMC3630909 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2012.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2012] [Revised: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax is a common cause of imported malaria in the USA, second only to P. falciparum. We present a case of P. vivax malaria in a child returning from India. P. vivax was initially diagnosed by standard methodology and detected retrospectively by use of broad-range PCR and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry using a panel of primers designed to detect vector-borne pathogens. This is the first reported case of P. vivax detection using PCR and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.
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ROUNDS MEGANA, CROWDER CHRISTOPHERD, MATTHEWS HEATHERE, PHILIPSON CURTISA, SCOLES GLENA, ECKER DAVIDJ, SCHUTZER STEVENE, ESHOO MARKW. Identification of endosymbionts in ticks by broad-range polymerase chain reaction and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2012; 49:843-850. [PMID: 22897044 PMCID: PMC3535486 DOI: 10.1603/me12038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Many organisms, such as insects, filarial nematodes, and ticks, contain heritable bacterial endosymbionts that are often closely related to transmissible tickborne pathogens. These intracellular bacteria are sometimes unique to the host species, presumably due to isolation and genetic drift. We used a polymerase chain reaction/electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry assay designed to detect a wide range of vectorborne microorganisms to characterize endosymbiont genetic signatures from Amblyomma americanum (L.), Amblyomma maculatum Koch, Dermacentor andersoni Stiles, Dermacentor occidentalis Marx, Dermacentor variabilis (Say), Ixodes scapularis Say, Ixodes pacificus Cooley & Kohls, Ixodes ricinus (L.), and Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille) ticks collected at various sites and of different stages and both sexes. The assay combines the abilities to simultaneously detect pathogens and closely related endosymbionts and to identify tick species via characterization of their respective unique endosymbionts in a single test.
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Affiliation(s)
- MEGAN A. ROUNDS
- Ibis Biosciences, Inc., an Abbott Company, Carlsbad, CA 92008
| | | | | | | | - GLEN A. SCOLES
- USDA–ARS, Animal Disease Research Unit, 3003 ADBF, Washington State University, P.O. Box 646630 Pullman, WA 99164
| | - DAVID J. ECKER
- Ibis Biosciences, Inc., an Abbott Company, Carlsbad, CA 92008
| | - STEVEN E. SCHUTZER
- Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103
| | - MARK W. ESHOO
- Ibis Biosciences, Inc., an Abbott Company, Carlsbad, CA 92008
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