1
|
Metcalfe A, Dennis MM, Ramsay EC, Cushing A. Spinal disease in a captive population of Panthera species: Review of 86 cases (2003-2021). Vet Pathol 2024; 61:248-255. [PMID: 37818973 DOI: 10.1177/03009858231203313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
This retrospective study aimed to characterize and determine the prevalence of spinal disease in nondomestic felids within a sanctuary population. A review of 304 postmortem examination reports in Panthera species from 2003 to 2021 revealed that 86/304 (28%) were diagnosed with spinal disease. Spinal lesions were categorized according to pathologic process: degenerative (78/86, 91%), developmental (8/86, 9%), inflammatory (6/86, 7%), or neoplastic (8/86, 9%). Degenerative lesions included intervertebral disk disease (IVDD; 66/78, 85%), spondylosis without concurrent IVDD (4/78, 5%), and idiopathic (noncompressive) degenerative myelopathies (8/78, 10%). Fourteen individuals had lesions in more than 1 category. Developmental cases were vertebral (4/8) or spinal cord (3/8) malformations or both (1/8). Inflammatory lesions included meningitis (4/6) and meningomyelitis (2/6). Neoplasia included vertebral multiple myeloma (4/8) and others (4/8). IVDD often involved multiple disks but primarily affected the cervical (41/66, 62%) and thoracic spine (32/66, 48%). A multivariate binary logistic model predicted the diagnosis of IVDD at postmortem examination, where odds of being affected were highest for males, lions (Panthera leo), and geriatric age group (>14 years). The spinal lesions documented in this study provide insight into high-risk signalment categories and predominant associated lesions affecting captive Panthera populations. Specifically, spinal disease, especially cervical IVDD, is common among Panthera species, and lions, males, and older felids are at increased risk.
Collapse
|
2
|
Rissi DR, Miller AD, Demeter EA, Church ME, Koehler JW. Diagnostic immunohistochemistry of primary and secondary central nervous system neoplasms of dogs and cats. J Vet Diagn Invest 2024; 36:153-168. [PMID: 38234003 DOI: 10.1177/10406387231221858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The diagnosis of primary and secondary CNS neoplasms of dogs and cats relies on histologic examination of autopsy or biopsy samples. In addition, many neoplasms must be further characterized by immunohistochemistry (IHC) for a more refined diagnosis in specific cases. Given the many investigations assessing the diagnostic and prognostic IHC profile of CNS neoplasms in the veterinary literature, it may be difficult for the diagnostic pathologist or pathology trainee to narrow the list of reliable diagnostic IHCs when facing a challenging case. Here we compile a comprehensive list of the most diagnostically relevant immunomarkers that should be utilized for the diagnostic support or confirmation of the most common primary and secondary CNS neoplasms of dogs and cats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Rissi
- Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Andrew D Miller
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Elena A Demeter
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Molly E Church
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jennifer W Koehler
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Itoi T, Kutara K, Mitsui I, Akashi N, Kanda T, Sugimoto K, Shimizu Y, Yamazoe K. Magnetic resonance imaging findings of the primitive neuroectodermal tumour in lumbosacral spinal cord in a cat. Vet Med Sci 2023; 9:2399-2403. [PMID: 37742085 PMCID: PMC10650244 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A 5-year-old, castrated, male domestic short-haired cat presented with neurological deficits in the pelvic limbs, back pain and dysuria. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a mass lesion caudal to the L4 vertebrae. In addition, suspected haemorrhage was observed at the cranial aspect of the mass. There was no evidence to support the presence of extravertebral intrusion or vertebral body, osteolysis. Dorsal laminectomy and durotomy were performed to debulk the intraspinal mass. Histopathological and immunohistochemical assessment revealed a primitive neuroectodermal tumour (PNET). To our knowledge, this is the first report to describe the clinical and pathological features and imaging diagnosis of intraspinal PNET without extraspinal invasion in a cat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takamasa Itoi
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineOkayama University of ScienceImabariEhimeJapan
| | - Kenji Kutara
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineOkayama University of ScienceImabariEhimeJapan
| | - Ikki Mitsui
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineOkayama University of ScienceImabariEhimeJapan
| | - Natsuki Akashi
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineOkayama University of ScienceImabariEhimeJapan
| | - Teppei Kanda
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineOkayama University of ScienceImabariEhimeJapan
| | - Keisuke Sugimoto
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineOkayama University of ScienceImabariEhimeJapan
| | - Yuki Shimizu
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineOkayama University of ScienceImabariEhimeJapan
| | - Kazuaki Yamazoe
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineOkayama University of ScienceImabariEhimeJapan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Benito Benito M, Lopes BA, José-López R, Ives EJ, Gutierrez-Quintana R, Freeman P, Sánchez-Masián D. Demographics, clinical findings and diagnoses of cranial thoracic myelopathies (T1-T6 vertebrae) in cats. J Feline Med Surg 2023; 25:1098612X231199731. [PMID: 37791892 PMCID: PMC10812017 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x231199731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to describe the patient demographics, clinicopathological features and presumptive or final diagnoses in cats with myelopathies between the T1 and T6 vertebrae. METHODS This retrospective multicentre case study enrolled cases between 2015 and 2022 that were diagnosed with myelopathies between the T1 and T6 vertebrae as the primary cause for the presenting clinical signs. RESULTS A total of 21 cases matched the inclusion criteria, 13 males (11 castrated and 2 entire) and 8 spayed females (median age 93 months; range 5-192). Most of the cases presented with a chronic and progressive history (76% and 86%, respectively), with a median duration of 29 days (range 1-2880). At the time of presentation, 90% of the cases were localised to the T3-L3 spinal cord segments based on neurological examination. The most common underlying pathology was neoplasia (42.9%), followed by inflammatory (24%), anomalous (19%), degenerative (9.5%) and vascular (4.8%) disorders. The most common location was T3-T4 (29%), followed by T2-T3 and T5-T6 (19% each). The cutaneous trunci reflex was normal in 86% of the cases and most of the cases (71%) did not show spinal discomfort upon admission. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Neoplasia was the most common cause of cranial thoracic myelopathy in this study. The lack of pathognomonic clinical signs for this specific region highlights the importance of assessing the entire thoracolumbar region up to and including at least the T1 vertebra when investigating cases with signs consistent with a T3-L3 myelopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Benito Benito
- Anderson Moores Veterinary Specialists, Part of Linnaeus Veterinary Limited, Winchester, Hampshire, UK
- Hamilton Specialists Referral, Part of IVC Evidensia, High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire, UK
| | - Bruno A Lopes
- Southfields Veterinary Specialists, Part of Linnaeus Veterinary Limited, Basildon, Essex, UK
| | - Roberto José-López
- Hamilton Specialists Referral, Part of IVC Evidensia, High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire, UK
| | - Edward J Ives
- Anderson Moores Veterinary Specialists, Part of Linnaeus Veterinary Limited, Winchester, Hampshire, UK
| | - Rodrigo Gutierrez-Quintana
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Paul Freeman
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Korff CP, Chu SA, Percival AJ, Nelissen S, Wood JH, Davies E, Miller AD, Newman AW. Unique cytologic and imaging features of a lumbosacral oligodendroglioma in a cat. J Vet Diagn Invest 2023; 35:289-294. [PMID: 37010018 PMCID: PMC10185999 DOI: 10.1177/10406387231166132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A 12-y-old castrated male domestic longhaired cat had progressive paraparesis and neurolocalization of L4-S3. MRI revealed a circumscribed intradural-extraparenchymal mass from L5 to S1 that was T2 and short tau inversion recovery hyperintense and strongly contrast-enhancing. Cytologic interpretation of a blind fine-needle aspirate obtained through the L5-L6 space was a tumor of probable mesenchymal origin. A pair of suspect neoplastic cells was seen on a cytocentrifuged preparation of the atlanto-occipital CSF sample, despite a normal nucleated cell count (0 × 106/L) and total protein (0.11 g/L) with only 3 RBCs × 106/L. Clinical signs progressed despite increasing doses of prednisolone and cytarabine arabinoside. Repeat MRI on day 162 demonstrated tumor progression from L4 to Cd2 vertebral segments with intraparenchymal extension. Surgical tumor debulking was attempted, but an L4-S1 dorsal laminectomy revealed diffusely abnormal neuroparenchyma. Intraoperative cryosection favored lymphoma, and the cat was euthanized intraoperatively 163 d following presentation. Postmortem examination was performed, and the final diagnosis was a high-grade oligodendroglioma. This case illustrates the cytologic, cryosection, and MRI features of a unique clinical presentation of oligodendroglioma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Courtney P. Korff
- Departments of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Shelley A. Chu
- Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Aaron J. Percival
- Departments of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Sophie Nelissen
- Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan H. Wood
- Departments of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Emma Davies
- Departments of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Andrew D. Miller
- Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Ashleigh W. Newman
- Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fonti N, Parisi F, Aytaş Ç, Degl’Innocenti S, Cantile C. Neuropathology of Central and Peripheral Nervous System Lymphoma in Dogs and Cats: A Study of 92 Cases and Review of the Literature. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13050862. [PMID: 36899719 PMCID: PMC10000237 DOI: 10.3390/ani13050862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The literature about nervous system lymphoma (NSL) in dogs and cats is fragmentary, based on a few case series and case reports with heterogeneous results. The aim of our study was to retrospectively analyze 45 cases of canine and 47 cases of feline NSL and compare our results with previously reported data, also providing an extensive literature review. Breed, age, gender, clinical signs, type, and neurolocalization were recorded for each case. The pathological patterns and phenotype were assessed by histopathology and immunohistochemistry. The occurrence of central and peripheral NSL was similar between the two species in both primary and secondary types. NSL occurred with a slightly higher prevalence in Labrador Retrievers, and spinal cord lymphoma (SCL) was associated with young age in cats. The most frequent locations were the forebrain in dogs and the thoracolumbar segment in cats. Primary central nervous system lymphoma (CNSL) in cats most frequently involved the forebrain meninges, particularly as a B-cell phenotype. Peripheral NSL mostly affected the sciatic nerve in dogs and had no preferred location in cats. Nine different pathological patterns were identified, with extradural as the most prevalent SCL pattern in both species. Finally, lymphomatosis cerebri was described for the first time in a dog.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niccolò Fonti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge n. 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Parisi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge n. 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Çağla Aytaş
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge n. 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sara Degl’Innocenti
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Carlo Cantile
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge n. 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-050-2216894
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rissi DR. A review of primary central nervous system neoplasms of cats. Vet Pathol 2023; 60:294-307. [PMID: 36803009 DOI: 10.1177/03009858231155400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Primary central nervous system (CNS) neoplasms are uncommonly diagnosed in cats. The majority of primary feline CNS neoplasms described in the veterinary literature consist of meningioma and glioma occurring mainly in the brain and less often in the spinal cord. Although most neoplasms can be diagnosed based on routine histologic evaluation, less typical tumors need to be further characterized using immunohistochemistry. This review compiles the relevant information about the most common primary CNS neoplasms of cats available in the veterinary literature, aiming to serve as a converging source of information for the topic.
Collapse
|
8
|
Lorenzo V, Ribeiro J, Bernardini M, Mínguez JJ, Moral M, Blanco C, Loncarica T, Gamito A, Pumarola M. Clinical and magnetic resonance imaging features, and pathological findings of spinal lymphoma in 27 cats. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:980414. [DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.980414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This multicentric retrospective study describes the clinical and MRI features and pathological studies of spinal lymphoma in 27 cats. MRI characteristics and their possible correlations with histopathological findings were studied. The most frequent neurological signs were rapidly progressive paraparesis (62.9%) or paraplegia (22.2%). Bimodal age distribution was found with 40.7% of cats aged ≤2.5 years (63.6% of them FeLV positive), and 44.4% of cats aged ≥8 years (16.7% of them FeLV positive). Spinal lymphoma was generally presented on MRI as an ill-defined epidural focal lesion with moderate to severe spinal cord compression, expanding more than one vertebral body. MRI lesions were typically localized in the lumbar vertebral segment (p = 0.01), circumferential to the spinal cord (p = 0.04), hyperintense on T2-weighted sequences (p = 4.3e-06), and isointense on T1-weighted sequences (p = 8.9e-07). The degree and pattern of contrast enhancement were variable. Other morphological patterns included paravertebral masses with extension into the vertebral canal and lesions centered in the spinal nerve roots. Involvement of vertebrae and adjacent spinal soft tissues was present in 74% of cases when present vertebral involvement was characterized by cortical sparing. When follow-up MRI studies (n = 4) were performed after treatment new lesions of similar nature but different localizations and extension were observed. Confirmation of spinal lymphoma was performed by CSF analysis in 4/27 (14.8%) of cases, by FNA in 6/27 (22.2%) of cases, by surgical biopsy in 10/27 (37%) of cases, by FNA and surgical biopsy in 1/27 (3.7%) of cases, by CSF, FNA, surgical biopsy and postmorten examination in 1/27 (3.7%) of cases, and postmorten studies in 5/27 (18.5%) of cases. Antemortem diagnosis was achieved in 22/27 (81.5%) cats. The presence of necrosis in histopathological studies as an unfavorable prognostic indicator of survival was significantly more probable when lesions were not hyperintense on T2-weighted sequences (p = 0.017). Spinal lymphoma in cats is a complex entity with heterogeneous imaging and histopathological appearance. However, certain MRI features may support a tentative diagnosis, which in a group of cases can be confirmed when combined with the CSF findings. For the rest of the cases, tissue sampling assisted by imaging findings remains necessary for definitive diagnosis.
Collapse
|
9
|
Mandara MT, Domini A, Giglia G. Feline lymphoma of the nervous system. Immunophenotype and anatomical patterns in 24 cases. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:959466. [PMID: 36157173 PMCID: PMC9493125 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.959466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to describe the specific localization and anatomical pattern of 24 feline lymphomas of the nervous system for which the immunophenotype was identified by immunohistochemistry investigations to support the potential specific correlation between subtypes and anatomical patterns. In total 10 tumors affected the spinal cord, eight the brain, four the peripheral nerves, one involved both the brain and the spinal cord, and one simultaneously the brain and the optic nerves. Twenty two tumors were primary lymphomas. The affected animals were 8 years of mean age. Tumors developed as an extra-axial mass (11 cases), intra-axial mass (six cases), leptomeningeal lymphomatosis (three cases), and neurolymphomatosis (five cases). One of them expressed both leptomeningeal lymphomatosis and neurolymphomatosis patterns. Two intra-axial brain lymphomas showed an angiotropic pattern. The optic chiasm was the most involved site for neurolymphomatosis. Immunolabeling was performed using anti-CD3, CD20, CD79a, PAX5, MUM-1, CD56, and anti-CD44 antibodies. In total, 12 tumors consisted of B cell lymphomas, and six of T cell lymphomas, two cases were double-reactive lymphomas while two cases consisted of non-B non-T lymphomas. B cell lymphoma affected animals of 6.4 years of mean age, while the T cell lymphoma affected older animals (mean age of 11.1 years). Extra-axial tumors mainly consisted of B cell lymphomas (8/11). Neurolymphomatosis expressed different immunophenotypes, and the B cell phenotype was the most prevalent in the optic chiasm. Two leptomeningeal lymphomatoses expressed T cell immunophenotype. For the first time, plasmacytoid differentiation was found for angiotropic lymphoma and neurolymphomatosis. All the cases, except one, were CD56-negative. CD44-expression confirmed a common malignant potential for all the anatomical patterns of the nervous system lymphoma in cats. Immunophenotype of feline lymphoma of the nervous system and its potential association with specific anatomical patterns should be strongly required in the diagnostic workup and clinical approach to this tumor especially when its primary origin is confirmed.
Collapse
|
10
|
Hasegawa D, Aoshima K, Sasaoka K, Kobayashi A, Takiguchi M, Kimura T. Malignant oligoastrocytoma in the spinal cord of a cat. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:1277-1282. [PMID: 35908858 PMCID: PMC9523307 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.22-0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A 12-year and 3-month spayed female mixed cat was presented with severe lumbar pain. Magnetic resonance imaging and postmortem examination revealed a swollen lesion in the spinal cord at L3 level. Histologic examination identified extensive neoplastic cell proliferation with massive necrosis in the tumor tissue. Two types of neoplastic cells were recognized. One type of neoplastic cells were large cells characterized by round to polygonal shape and abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm (referred to as "large cells"). The other neoplastic cells were small, densely proliferated, and had round to irregular shape and scant eosinophilic cytoplasm (referred to as "small cells"). Both types of cells were positive for oligodendrocyte transcription factor 2 and SRY-box transcription factor 10. Glial fibrillary acidic protein was positive in large cells but negative in most small cells. Digital analysis for Ki-67-stained tumor tissues found that total 21.1% ± 6.5% of tumor cells were positive for Ki-67. Based on these findings, we diagnosed malignant oligoastrocytoma in the spinal cord.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dai Hasegawa
- Laboratories of Comparative Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University
| | - Keisuke Aoshima
- Laboratories of Comparative Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University
| | - Kazuyoshi Sasaoka
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University
| | - Atsushi Kobayashi
- Laboratories of Comparative Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University
| | - Mitsuyoshi Takiguchi
- Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University
| | - Takashi Kimura
- Laboratories of Comparative Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Here we characterize the neuroanatomic distribution, neuropathology, and immunophenotype of 10 cases of primary nervous system lymphoma in cats. Cases were retrospectively searched from 2 academic institutions. Selected cases were reviewed and subjected to immunohistochemistry (IHC) for CD3, CD20, and Pax5. The mean age of affected cats was 9.1 y, and no sex or breed predilection was observed. The most common clinical sign was ataxia (8 cases). Gross changes reported in 8 cases consisted of white-to-tan masses (7 cases) or swelling (1 case) within the neuroparenchyma (5 cases) or epidural spaces (3 cases). Histologically, intraparenchymal lymphomas occurred in the gray and white matter or perivascular spaces (7 cases); extraparenchymal lymphomas (6 cases) consisted of neoplastic cell infiltration of the perivascular spaces in the leptomeninges, choroid plexus, or epidural spaces. Nerve lymphomas were diffusely infiltrative. Tumors occurred in the brain (4 cases), spinal cord and nerves (3 cases), spinal cord (2 cases), and brain, spinal cord, and nerves (1 case). IHC was consistent with a B-cell lymphoma in 5 cases and with a T-cell lymphoma in 5 cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Rissi
- Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Pathology
| | | | - Andrew D Miller
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Durand A, Keenihan E, Schweizer D, Maiolini A, Guevar J, Oevermann A, Gutierrez-Quintana R. Clinical and magnetic resonance imaging features of lymphoma involving the nervous system in cats. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:679-693. [PMID: 35048412 PMCID: PMC8965233 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lymphoma is the most common spinal cord neoplasm and second most common intracranial tumor in cats, but description of specific magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features is lacking. Objective Describe the clinical and MRI features of lymphoma affecting the central (CNS) or peripheral (PNS) nervous system or both in cats. Animals Thirty‐one cats with confirmed cytological or histopathological diagnosis or both of lymphoma involving the CNS or PNS or both, and MRI findings of the lesions. Methods Multicenter retrospective descriptive study. Signalment and medical information were recorded. Magnetic resonance imaging findings were reviewed by 3 observers following a list of predefined criteria and consensus was sought. Frequency distributions of the different categorical data were reported. Results Median duration of clinical signs at time of presentation was 14 days (range, 1‐90). Neurological examination was abnormal in 30/31 cats. On MRI, lesions affecting the CNS were diagnosed in 18/31 cats, lesions in both CNS and PNS in 12/31, and lesions in the PNS only in 1/31. Intracranial lesions were diagnosed in 22 cats (extra‐axial, 7/22; intra‐axial, 2/22; mixed, 13/22), and spinal lesions were diagnosed in 12 (6/12 involving the conus medullaris and lumbosacral plexuses). Infiltration of adjacent extra‐neural tissue was present in 11/31 cases. Contrast enhancement was seen in all lesions, being marked in 25/30. Meningeal enhancement was present in all but 2 cases. Several distinct MRI patterns were observed. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Nervous system lymphoma in cats has a wide range of MRI features, of which none is pathognomonic. However, together with clinical data and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, MRI may provide a strong tentative antemortem diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexane Durand
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Erin Keenihan
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Daniela Schweizer
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Arianna Maiolini
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Julien Guevar
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anna Oevermann
- Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rodrigo Gutierrez-Quintana
- Division of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Dowdy H, Evans JE, Jaffey JA, Wycislo KL, Struthers JD, Hostnik ET. Case Report: Successful Management of a Compressive Intraspinal Coccidioides Species Granuloma in a Cat. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:801885. [PMID: 35036415 PMCID: PMC8757464 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.801885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A 9-year-old, neutered male, domestic shorthair cat from Arizona, was presented for evaluation of a 7-day history of hind limb paraparesis that progressed to paraplegia. There was no history of respiratory abnormalities. Neurologic examination supported localization of a T3-L3 myelopathy. Computed tomography (CT) revealed an expansile widening of the spinal canal dorsal to L4 associated with a strongly contrast-enhancing mass. Moreover, CT series of the thorax revealed a diffuse miliary pulmonary pattern, as well as tracheobronchial, sternal, and cranial mediastinal lymphadenomegaly. Transthoracic lung lobe and sternal lymph node fine needle aspiration revealed pyogranulomatous inflammation with Coccidioides spp. spherules and endospores. A suspected diagnosis of spinal coccidioidomycosis was made; fluconazole (10.9 mg/kg PO q12h) treatment was initiated, and decompressive neurosurgery was performed. The granuloma was removed en bloc and histopathology revealed marked, chronic-active, pyogranulomatous myelitis with intralesional Coccidioides spp. spherules with endosporulation. Serum anti-Coccidioides spp. antibody titer results revealed a negative IgM and a positive IgG (1:4). The cat was treated with fluconazole for 445 days and examined at various time points, with the last examination 2 years after initial presentation. The cat returned to full ambulation with only mild functional deficits of the right hind limb. In conclusion, this report documents the diagnosis, treatment, and long-term follow up of a cat with a compressive Coccidioides spp. spinal cord granuloma. This case highlights the importance of including coccidioidomycosis as a differential diagnosis for cats with peracute hindlimb paraplegia that have lived in or traveled to regions where Coccidioides spp. is endemic, and demonstrates the potential for a good long-term outcome with decompressive neurosurgery and antifungal therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Dowdy
- Department of Specialty Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, United States
| | - Jason E Evans
- Department of Specialty Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, United States
| | - Jared A Jaffey
- Department of Specialty Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, United States
| | - Kathryn L Wycislo
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, United States
| | - Jason D Struthers
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, United States
| | - Eric T Hostnik
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Medical Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Chludzinski E, Puff C, Weber J, Hewicker-Trautwein M. Case Report: Primary Diffuse Leptomeningeal Oligodendrogliomatosis in a Young Adult Cat. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:795126. [PMID: 34977226 PMCID: PMC8714914 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.795126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A 2-year-old cat was presented with progressive ataxia. Despite treatment the animal died. Pathomorphological examination revealed a widespread leptomeningeal mass at all levels of the central nervous system accentuated on the cervical spinal cord and the medulla oblongata without presence of a primary intraaxial tumor. The neoplasm was mainly composed of round, uninucleate cells with hyperchromatic nuclei, which were immunopositive for OLIG2, doublecortin, MAP2, synaptophysin, and vimentin, indicating components of both oligodendroglial and neuronal differentiation. Ki-67 immunohistochemistry indicated a high proliferation activity of the neoplasm. Few GFAP positive and Iba-1 positive cells were interpreted as reactive astrocytes and macrophages or microglia, respectively. The tumor was immunonegative for CD3, CD20, PAX5, MUM1, pan-cytokeratin, S100, NSE, p75NTR, NeuN and periaxin. These findings led to the diagnosis of primary diffuse leptomeningeal oligodendrogliomatosis. This is the first reported case of this entity in a young cat, which should be considered as a differential diagnosis for diffuse subarachnoidal round cell infiltrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Chludzinski
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christina Puff
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jürgen Weber
- Tierärztliche Praxis für Kleintiere Dr. med. vet. Jürgen Weber, Oer-Erkenschwick, Germany
| | - Marion Hewicker-Trautwein
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
- *Correspondence: Marion Hewicker-Trautwein
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Herzig R, Wang-Leandro A, Steffen F, Matiasek K, Beckmann KM. Imaging and histopathologic features of reversible nerve root and peripheral nerve edema secondary to disc herniation in a cat. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:1566-1572. [PMID: 33826180 PMCID: PMC8163120 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Nerve root enlargement with increased contrast uptake has been reported in dogs and humans secondary to nerve root compression. In cats, nerve root enlargement and contrast uptake only have been reported in association with inflammatory and neoplastic diseases, but not as a sequela to nerve root compression. An 8‐year‐old oriental short hair cat was presented with acute neurologic deficits consistent with left‐sided sciatic nerve deficit and possible L6‐S1 myelopathy. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed and identified compression of the cauda equina and L7 nerve root associated with intervertebral disc herniation (IVDH) at L6‐L7 as well as widespread sciatic nerve enlargement with moderate rim enhancement. A hemilaminectomy was performed to evacuate herniated disc material. The nerve root was biopsied and submitted for histological evaluation. Interstitial nerve edema was diagnosed. Follow‐up MRI 3 months postoperatively showed complete remission of the changes. Nerve root thickening together with contrast enhancement may represent nerve edema in cats secondary to IVDH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Herzig
- Neurology Department, Clinic of Small Animal Surgery, Vetsuisse Faculty Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Adriano Wang-Leandro
- Department of Diagnostics and Clinical Services, Clinic for Diagnostic Imaging, Vetsuisse Faculty Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Frank Steffen
- Neurology Department, Clinic of Small Animal Surgery, Vetsuisse Faculty Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kaspar Matiasek
- Section of Clinical and Comparative Neuropathology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katrin M Beckmann
- Neurology Department, Clinic of Small Animal Surgery, Vetsuisse Faculty Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Auger M, Hecht S, Springer CM. Magnetic Resonance Imaging Features of Extradural Spinal Neoplasia in 60 Dogs and Seven Cats. Front Vet Sci 2021; 7:610490. [PMID: 33490136 PMCID: PMC7817889 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.610490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This retrospective study describes the MRI features of extradural spinal neoplasia in 60 dogs and seven cats to identify potential distinguishing features between tumor classes and individual tumor types within each class. In dogs, mesenchymal tumors were most common (48%), with undifferentiated sarcomas being the predominant tumor type. Round cell neoplasms were second most common (35%), with lymphoma and multiple myeloma/plasma cell tumor comprising the majority of cases. Only two benign tumors were identified. In cats, lymphoma was most common (5/7), with one case of mesenchymal neoplasia and one case of metastatic carcinoma. Despite some overlap, certain imaging features were able to help prioritize differential diagnoses. The combined features that predicted round cell neoplasia (84%) included the preservation of vertebral shape, homogeneous contrast enhancement, and lesion centering on bone. The combined features that predicted mesenchymal neoplasia (73%) included altered vertebral shape, heterogeneous contrast enhancement, and lesion centering on paraspinal soft tissues. Round cell neoplasms were more likely to have cortical sparing, preservation of overall shape, lesion centering on bone, small soft tissue tumor size, and homogeneous contrast enhancement. Both epithelial and mesenchymal neoplasms were more likely to have cortical lysis, a cavitary component to the soft tissue mass and medium to large soft tissue mass size. The findings of this study can aid in prioritizing differential diagnoses in cases of extradural spinal neoplasia in cats and dogs, which can impact case management, but tissue sampling remains the gold standard for definitive diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mylène Auger
- Animages, Longueuil, QC, Canada.,Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Silke Hecht
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Cary M Springer
- Research Computing Support, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Rissi DR, Donovan TA, Porter BF, Frank C, Miller AD. Canine Gliomatosis Cerebri: Morphologic and Immunohistochemical Characterization Is Supportive of Glial Histogenesis. Vet Pathol 2020; 58:293-304. [PMID: 33357125 DOI: 10.1177/0300985820980704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Gliomatosis cerebri (GC) is a glioma subtype with diffuse neuroparenchymal infiltration without architectural distortion. GC was first used in human neuropathology and remained controversial until its elimination from the diagnostic lexicon in 2016. GC is currently defined as a diffuse growth pattern of glioma rather than a distinct entity. In this article, we characterize 24 cases of canine GC and classify these neoplasms as diffuse gliomas. Selected cases of canine GC were reviewed and immunolabeled for oligodendrocyte lineage transcription factor 2 (Olig2), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and 2',3'-cyclic-nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (CNPase). The mean age of affected dogs was 7 years, and 9 were brachycephalic. Gross lesions (8 cases) consisted mainly of parenchymal swelling. Histologically, of the 24 cases, there was widespread infiltration of neoplastic cells with astrocytic (12 cases), oligodendroglial (8 cases), or mixed morphology (4 cases) in the brain (18 cases), spinal cord (4 cases), or both (2 cases). Secondary structures occurred across different tumor grades and were not restricted to high-grade neoplasms. Astrocytic neoplasms had moderate nuclear immunolabeling for Olig2 and robust cytoplasmic immunolabeling for GFAP. Oligodendroglial neoplasms had robust nuclear immunolabeling for Olig2, moderate or absent cytoplasmic immunolabeling for GFAP, and moderate cytoplasmic immunolabeling for CNPase. Tumors with mixed morphology had robust nuclear immunolabeling for Olig2 and variable cytoplasmic immunolabeling for GFAP and CNPase. Morphologic and immunohistochemical features confirmed a glial histogenesis for all tumors and allowed for their classification as diffuse, low- or high-grade astrocytoma; oligodendroglioma; or undefined glioma. Further research is needed to confirm or refute the hypothesis that canine GC represents an infiltrative growth pattern of canine glioma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Chad Frank
- 3447Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Giebels F, Forterre F, Vincenti S, Geissbuehler U, Welle MM, Pool R, Soldati S, Maiolini A. A complex histopathological challenge: suspicion of an osteoblastoma-like osteosarcoma arising from the second thoracic vertebra in a cat. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:378. [PMID: 33028314 PMCID: PMC7542901 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02596-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reports of osteoblastic tumours are limited to a few case reports in veterinary medicine. Osteoblastoma-like osteosarcoma has been accepted by the World Health Organization as an intermediate form between an osteosarcoma and osteoblastoma. This type of tumour indicates an osteosarcoma, that may resemble osteoblastoma clinically, histologically, and radiologically and have the capability for metastasis. Osteoblastoma-like osteosarcoma has not been described in veterinary medicine so far. CASE PRESENTATION An eight-year old cat was presented due to progressive ataxia and paraparesis of the pelvic limbs. Imaging confirmed a well-defined, extradural mass originating from the spinous process of the second thoracic vertebra (T2) leading to severe compression of the spinal cord. Decompressive cytoreduction was achieved by removal of the mass after dorsal laminectomy of T1. After recovering from an acute worsening 3.5 weeks after surgery, the cat had an improved neurological status and the dorsal compression was resolved at follow-up 8 months later. A focal contrast enhancing lesion was still evident at the base of T2 spinous process and lung metastasis was additionally suspected. Based on histopathological, radiographic, and clinical features, an "osteoblastoma-like osteosarcoma" was suspected. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, this is the first description of this tumour in veterinary medicine. In addition, this case report highlights the difficulty in the diagnosis and definition of osseous neoplasia in cats and provides a literature review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Giebels
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Division of Clinical Neurology, Vetsuisse Faculty of Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Franck Forterre
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Division of Small Animal Surgery, Vetsuisse Faculty of Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Simona Vincenti
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Division of Small Animal Surgery, Vetsuisse Faculty of Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Urs Geissbuehler
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Division of Clinical Radiology, Vetsuisse Faculty of Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Monika M Welle
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty of Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Roy Pool
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Sabina Soldati
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy.,Mouse & Animal Pathology Lab (MAPLab), Fondazione UniMi, Milan, Italy
| | - Arianna Maiolini
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Division of Clinical Neurology, Vetsuisse Faculty of Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Murthy VD, Liepnieks ML, Roy MA, Woolard KD, Sturges BK, Li CF. Diagnosis and clinical outcome following surgical resection of an intracranial grade III anaplastic gemistocytic astrocytoma in a cat. JFMS Open Rep 2020; 6:2055116920939479. [PMID: 32782816 PMCID: PMC7388105 DOI: 10.1177/2055116920939479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
CASE SUMMARY A 10-year-old Maine Coon cat was presented for acute onset seizures and cerebrothalamic signs. An intracranial mass, suspected to be a meningioma, was diagnosed on MRI and surgically excised. Histopathology appeared consistent with an atypical meningioma. However, following rapid regrowth of the neoplasm, the patient was humanely euthanized 3 months later. On post-mortem histopathology, the neoplasm was diagnosed as a grade III anaplastic gemistocytic astrocytoma. RELEVANCE AND NOVEL INFORMATION Gemistocytic astrocytomas are rare brain tumors in the feline patient. This case represents the first report of a feline grade III anaplastic gemistocytic astrocytoma in the cerebrum of a cat with surgical excision and recurrence. The challenging nature of ante-mortem diagnosis and the guarded prognosis, despite surgical intervention, are presented in this report.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vishal D Murthy
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital,
University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Molly L Liepnieks
- Comparative Pathology Laboratory,
University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Melissa A Roy
- Comparative Pathology Laboratory,
University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kevin D Woolard
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology
& Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Beverly K Sturges
- Department of Surgical and Radiological
Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Chai-Fei Li
- Department of Surgical and Radiological
Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Cerebrospinal Fluid and Central Nervous System Cytology. COWELL AND TYLER'S DIAGNOSTIC CYTOLOGY AND HEMATOLOGY OF THE DOG AND CAT 2020. [PMCID: PMC7151995 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-53314-0.00014-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
21
|
Palma RJ, Bush W, Church ME, Paek M. What Is Your Neurologic Diagnosis? J Am Vet Med Assoc 2019; 255:55-58. [PMID: 31194660 DOI: 10.2460/javma.255.1.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
22
|
Mella SL, Cardy TJ, Volk HA, De Decker S. Clinical reasoning in feline spinal disease: which combination of clinical information is useful? J Feline Med Surg 2019; 22:521-530. [PMID: 31251096 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x19858447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate if a combination of discrete clinical characteristics can be used to identify the most likely differential diagnoses in cats with spinal disease. METHODS Two hundred and twenty-one cats referred for further evaluation of spinal disease were included and categorised as follows: non-lymphoid neoplasia (n = 44); intervertebral disc disease (n = 42); fracture/luxation (n = 34); ischaemic myelopathy (n = 22); feline infectious peritonitis virus myelitis (n = 18); lymphoma (n = 16); thoracic vertebral canal stenosis (n = 11); acute non-compressive nucleus pulposus extrusion (n = 11); traumatic spinal cord contusion (n = 8); spinal arachnoid diverticula (n = 7); lumbosacral stenosis (n = 5); and spinal empyema (n = 3). Information retrieved from the medical records included signalment, clinical history and clinical presentation. Univariate analyses of variables (clinical history, breed, age, sex, general physical examination findings, onset, progression, spinal hyperaesthesia, asymmetry, ambulatory status and neuroanatomical location) were performed, and variables were retained in a multivariate logistic regression model if P <0.05. RESULTS Multivariate logistic regression revealed that intervertebral disc disease most often occurred in middle-aged, purebred cats with a normal general physical examination and an acute onset of painful and progressive clinical signs. Ischaemic myelopathy occurred most often in older cats with a stable or improving, non-painful, lateralising, C6-T2 myelopathy. Spinal fracture/luxation occurred most often in younger cats and resulted most often in a peracute onset, painful, non-ambulatory neurological status. Concurrent systemic abnormalities or abnormal findings detected on general physical examination were significantly associated with feline infectious peritonitis virus myelitis, spinal lymphoma or spinal empyema. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This study suggests that using easily identifiable characteristics from the history and clinical examination can assist in obtaining a preliminary differential diagnosis when evaluating cats with spinal disease. This information could aid veterinary practitioners in clinical decision-making.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Mella
- Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, UK
| | - Thomas Ja Cardy
- Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, UK.,Cave Veterinary Specialists, West Buckland, Wellington, UK
| | - Holger A Volk
- Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, UK.,Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Steven De Decker
- Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, UK
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Boland L, Setyo L, Sangster C, Brunel L, Foo T, Bennett P. Colonic malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour in a cat. JFMS Open Rep 2019; 5:2055116919849979. [PMID: 31236282 PMCID: PMC6572897 DOI: 10.1177/2055116919849979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Case summary A 14-year-old male neutered domestic mediumhair cat presented with a 4 month
history of inappetence and weight loss. Pertinent abnormalities on
haematology and biochemistry included a mild microcytic regenerative anaemia
(packed cell volume [PCV] 24% [reference interval (RI) 30–45%], mean cell
volume 30.8 fl [RI 40–45 fl], absolute reticulocyte count 326.8 ×
1012) and increased alkaline phosphatase activity (76 IU/l;
RI <50 IU/l). Abdominal ultrasound and CT scan revealed masses in the
transverse colon (2.0 cm × 1.2 cm) and right medial liver lobe (5.0 cm
diameter). Thoracic radiographs were unremarkable. Right medial liver lobe
resection and colectomy were performed. Immunohistochemistry was positive
for S-100 protein, vimentin and glial fibrillary acidic protein, very weakly
positive for c-kit and negative for muscle-specific actin and CD18,
consistent with a colonic malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour (MPNST)
with a hepatic metastasis. Postoperative treatment with metronomic
cyclophosphamide was well tolerated. Eighteen months postoperatively the cat
re-presented after 3 days of progressive lethargy and inappetence.
Haematology revealed a marked non- or pre-regenerative anaemia (PCV 10%).
Coagulation times were prolonged (prothrombin time 39 s [RI 15–22 s] and
activated partial thromboplastin time >300 s [RI 65–119 s]). Abdominal
ultrasound identified multiple renal and hepatic nodules. Euthanasia was
performed and post-mortem examination confirmed metastasis of the MPNST. Relevance and novel information This report describes the treatment of a metastatic colonic peripheral nerve
sheath tumour in a cat. Feline visceral MPNSTs are rare and little is known
about prognosis or optimal treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lara Boland
- Valentine Charlton Cat Centre, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Laura Setyo
- Veterinary Pathology Diagnostic Services, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Cheryl Sangster
- Veterinary Pathology Diagnostic Services, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Laurencie Brunel
- Valentine Charlton Cat Centre, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Timothy Foo
- Valentine Charlton Cat Centre, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter Bennett
- Valentine Charlton Cat Centre, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Mello LS, Leite-Filho RV, Panziera W, Bandinelli MB, Sonne L, Driemeier D, Pavarini SP. Feline lymphoma in the nervous system: pathological, immunohistochemical, and etiological aspects in 16 cats. PESQUISA VETERINÁRIA BRASILEIRA 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-6295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: The pathological, immunohistochemical (IHC), and etiological features of lymphoma involving the nervous system (NS) in cats were analyzed through a retrospective study (2004-2017) in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. The NS involvement was observed in 16 (12.2%) of 125 felines with lymphoma. Young cats were mainly affected, with a median of 24 months old. Most cases were secondary central NS lymphoma, whereas in three cats, the NS involvement was primary. IHC revealed 14 (87.5%) FeLV-positive, six FIV-positive, and one FeLV/FIV-negative cats. Distribution of feline lymphoma in the NS was 8/16 in the spinal cord, 7/16 in the brain, and 1/16 in the paravertebral nerves and ganglia (neurolymphomatosis). The lymphoma pattern in the spinal cord was exclusively extradural, often focal (6/8), and located in the lumbar (3/6), sacral (1/6), thoracic (1/6), and cervical segments (1/6). Brain neuroanatomical patterns were: leptomeningeal lymphomatosis (4/7), lymphomatous choroiditis (2/7), and intradural lymphoma (1/7). The feline with primary neurolymphomatosis presented a marked thickening of paravertebral nerves and ganglia from the sacral region. B-cell lymphoma (75%) was often diagnosed, and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) (11/16) was the main subtype. T-cell lymphoma (25%) was less commonly observed and was classified as peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) (3/16) and T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma (T-LBL) (1/16).
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
Gliomas are common primary central nervous system neoplasms of dogs and cats, but atypical glioma subtypes are rare. Herein we report an angiocentric astrocytoma in a 15-y-old spayed female domestic shorthaired cat that was euthanized after therapy-resistant seizures. Gross anatomic changes consisted of swelling of the rostral leptomeninges over the olfactory bulbs and rostral telencephalon. Histologically, polygonal-to-elongate atypical neoplastic cells were arranged along perivascular spaces within these areas. Neoplastic cells were positive for glial fibrillary acidic protein, S100 protein, and vimentin. Ultrastructurally, round-to-elongate neoplastic cells emitting long processes with aggregates of intermediary filaments expanded and occupied the spaces between the vascular basement membrane and the glia limitans; nuclei had marginal and central heterochromatin. Tight junctions connected the plasma membrane of neighboring cells. The cell morphology, immunohistochemistry, and ultrastructural findings were consistent with an astrocytoma; the exclusive perivascular arrangement of neoplastic cells with no parenchymal mass warranted the diagnosis of angiocentric astrocytoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Rissi
- Department of Pathology (Rissi, McHale), University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA.,Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Rissi), University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA.,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul, MN (Armién)
| | - Brittany J McHale
- Department of Pathology (Rissi, McHale), University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA.,Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Rissi), University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA.,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul, MN (Armién)
| | - Anibal G Armién
- Department of Pathology (Rissi, McHale), University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA.,Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Rissi), University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA.,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul, MN (Armién)
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
|
27
|
McNaught KA, Morris J, Lazzerini K, Millins C, José‐López R. Spinal extradural T-cell lymphoma with paraneoplastic hypereosinophilia in a dog: clinicopathological features, treatment, and outcome. Clin Case Rep 2018; 6:999-1005. [PMID: 29881551 PMCID: PMC5986171 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.1503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal lymphoma is a rare manifestation of a common canine hematopoietic neoplasia. Description of treatment, outcome, and MRI features are scarce. The latter can be heterogeneous, stressing the importance of lesion excision and analysis. Clinicians should also be aware of hypereosinophilia as accompanying paraneoplastic syndrome and its potential prognostic implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katie A. McNaught
- Small Animal HospitalSchool of Veterinary MedicineCollege of Medical Veterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowBearsden RoadGlasgowG61 1QHUK
| | - Joanna Morris
- Small Animal HospitalSchool of Veterinary MedicineCollege of Medical Veterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowBearsden RoadGlasgowG61 1QHUK
| | - Kali Lazzerini
- Small Animal HospitalSchool of Veterinary MedicineCollege of Medical Veterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowBearsden RoadGlasgowG61 1QHUK
| | - Caroline Millins
- Division of Pathology, Public Health and Disease InvestigationSchool of Veterinary MedicineCollege of Medical Veterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowBearsden RoadGlasgowG61 1QHUK
| | - Roberto José‐López
- Small Animal HospitalSchool of Veterinary MedicineCollege of Medical Veterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowBearsden RoadGlasgowG61 1QHUK
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Hammond JJ, deLahunta A, Glass EN, Kent M, Summers BA, Miller AD. Feline spinal cord gliomas. J Vet Diagn Invest 2018; 26:513-520. [PMID: 24821692 DOI: 10.1177/1040638714533118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraparenchymal spinal cord tumors in the cat are rarely reported and often as single case reports. In the current study, the clinical, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), histologic, and immunohistochemical features of 7 cases of intraparenchymal spinal cord tumors in the cat are described. All cats were domestic breed, ranged from 4 to 12 years of age (median 8 years), and included spayed females (5/7) and neutered males (2/7). The duration of clinical signs ranged from 2 weeks to 3 months. MRI revealed lesions that were hyperintense on T2-weighted images with variable contrast enhancement. All 7 tumors had histologic features consistent with glial origin: 3 were astrocytic (gemistocytic or fibrous), and 2 were oligoastrocytic. Single cases of oligodendroglioma and gliomatosis cerebri were also present in the study. Glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity was robust in the tumors that were predominately astrocytic, and the gliomatosis cerebri case had extensive BLA.36 and Iba1 immunoreactivity. Ki-67 immunoreactivity was variable and most abundant in the case of malignant oligoastrocytoma. The majority of peritumoral lymphocytes were CD3 positive. The current study expands upon the known reports of spinal cord neoplasia in the cat, confirms a caudal cervical segment predilection, and includes a report of gliomatosis cerebri in the spinal cord of a cat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James J Hammond
- Pieper Memorial Veterinary Center, Middletown, CT (Hammond).,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY (deLahunta, Miller).,Department of Neurology/Neurosurgery, Red Bank Veterinary Hospital, Tinton Falls, NJ (Glass).,Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (Kent).,Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, Royal Veterinary College, Herts, UK (Summers)
| | - Alexander deLahunta
- Pieper Memorial Veterinary Center, Middletown, CT (Hammond).,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY (deLahunta, Miller).,Department of Neurology/Neurosurgery, Red Bank Veterinary Hospital, Tinton Falls, NJ (Glass).,Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (Kent).,Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, Royal Veterinary College, Herts, UK (Summers)
| | - Eric N Glass
- Pieper Memorial Veterinary Center, Middletown, CT (Hammond).,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY (deLahunta, Miller).,Department of Neurology/Neurosurgery, Red Bank Veterinary Hospital, Tinton Falls, NJ (Glass).,Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (Kent).,Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, Royal Veterinary College, Herts, UK (Summers)
| | - Marc Kent
- Pieper Memorial Veterinary Center, Middletown, CT (Hammond).,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY (deLahunta, Miller).,Department of Neurology/Neurosurgery, Red Bank Veterinary Hospital, Tinton Falls, NJ (Glass).,Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (Kent).,Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, Royal Veterinary College, Herts, UK (Summers)
| | - Brian A Summers
- Pieper Memorial Veterinary Center, Middletown, CT (Hammond).,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY (deLahunta, Miller).,Department of Neurology/Neurosurgery, Red Bank Veterinary Hospital, Tinton Falls, NJ (Glass).,Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (Kent).,Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, Royal Veterinary College, Herts, UK (Summers)
| | - Andrew D Miller
- Pieper Memorial Veterinary Center, Middletown, CT (Hammond).,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY (deLahunta, Miller).,Department of Neurology/Neurosurgery, Red Bank Veterinary Hospital, Tinton Falls, NJ (Glass).,Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (Kent).,Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, Royal Veterinary College, Herts, UK (Summers)
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Nakata K, Miura H, Sakai H, Mori T, Shibata S, Nishida H, Maeda S, Kamishina H. Vertebral replacement for the treatment of vertebral osteosarcoma in a cat. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79:999-1002. [PMID: 28484114 PMCID: PMC5487805 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A 7-year-old cat was referred with pelvic limb ataxia. Radiography and CT revealed bone
resorption of the L1 vertebral arch, and myelography identified a compressive extradural
lesion. The mass was surgically removed and histopathologically diagnosed as giant cell
osteosarcoma. Three years later, the recurrent tumor resection and vertebral fixation were
performed. Six months later, vertebrectomy was performed to radically excise the recurrent
mass and a titanium spinal cage was placed. The cat is alive approximately 5 years after
the first surgery. This case report describes vertebrectomy and vertebral body replacement
as a radical treatment for feline vertebral osteosarcoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Nakata
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Harumi Miura
- Emu Animal Clinic, 43-6 Higashiozonecho, Higashi-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 461-0022, Japan
| | - Hiroki Sakai
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.,Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.,Center for Highly Advanced Integration of Nano and Life Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Takashi Mori
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.,Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.,Center for Highly Advanced Integration of Nano and Life Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Sanae Shibata
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.,Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Nishida
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.,Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Sadatoshi Maeda
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.,Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kamishina
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.,Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.,Center for Highly Advanced Integration of Nano and Life Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Rissi DR, Miller AD. Feline glioma: a retrospective study and review of the literature. J Feline Med Surg 2017; 19:1307-1314. [PMID: 28156189 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x16689506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Case series summary This study aimed to evaluate the pathologic and diagnostic features of 13 cases of feline glioma diagnosed at two veterinary diagnostic institutions over 16 years. A retrospective search was conducted using the laboratory information system. Selected cases were reviewed, tumors were classified according to the 2007 World Health Organization Classification of Tumours of the Central Nervous System, and tissue sections were submitted to an immunohistochemistry panel for further characterization. Affected cats were adults (average age 8 years), and male neutered (9/13) domestic shorthair cats (12/13) were over-represented. Clinical signs had acute onset and were progressive, lasting from 1-60 days (average course 20.7 days). Euthanasia was elected in all but one case, owing to a poor prognosis or because of a suspicion of rabies. Tumors occurred in the telencephalon (8/13), spinal cord (3/13) and brainstem (2/13). Gross changes in seven cases consisted of well- or poorly demarcated, gray-to-brown, soft, gelatinous masses that often caused secondary changes to the brain. The final diagnosis and classification were made based on histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Diagnoses consisted of oligodendroglioma (six cases), anaplastic astrocytoma (two cases), oligoastrocytoma, anaplastic ependymoma, gliomatosis cerebri, glioblastoma and anaplastic oligodendroglioma (one case each). Relevance and novel information This article confirms the need for a full neurologic and neuropathologic examination in cats with clinical neurologic disease. In addition, it highlights and proposes a complete routine immunohistochemical panel for diagnostic confirmation and differentiation between glioma and other morphologically similar central nervous system neoplasms in cats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Rissi
- 1 Department of Pathology and Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Andrew D Miller
- 2 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Spinal cord glioma is uncommonly reported in dogs. We describe the clinicopathologic and diagnostic features of 7 cases of canine spinal cord glioma and briefly review the veterinary literature on this topic. The median age at presentation was 7.2 y. Six females and 1 male were affected and 4 dogs were brachycephalic. The clinical course lasted from 3 d to 12 wk, and clinical signs were progressive and associated with multiple suspected neuroanatomic locations in the spinal cord. Magnetic resonance imaging of 6 cases revealed T2-weighted hyperintense lesions with variable contrast enhancement in the spinal cord. All dogs had a presumptive clinical diagnosis of intraparenchymal neoplasia or myelitis based on history, advanced imaging, and cerebrospinal fluid analysis. Euthanasia was elected in all cases because of poor outcome despite anti-inflammatory or immunosuppressive treatment or because of poor prognosis at the time of diagnosis. Tumor location during autopsy ranged from C1 to L6, with no clear predilection for a specific spinal cord segment. The diagnosis was based on histopathology and the immunohistochemistry expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein, oligodendrocyte lineage transcription factor 2, 2′,3′-cyclic-nucleotide 3′-phosphodiesterase, neuron-specific enolase, synaptophysin, and Ki-67. Diagnoses consisted of 4 cases of oligodendroglioma, 2 cases of gliomatosis cerebri, and 1 astrocytoma. This case series further defines the clinicopathologic features of canine spinal glioma and highlights the need for comprehensive immunohistochemistry in addition to routine histopathology to confirm the diagnosis of these tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R. Rissi
- Department of Pathology and Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Rissi, Burnum) and Neurology and Neurosurgery Service, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA (Barber)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY (Miller)
| | - Renee Barber
- Department of Pathology and Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Rissi, Burnum) and Neurology and Neurosurgery Service, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA (Barber)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY (Miller)
| | - Annabelle Burnum
- Department of Pathology and Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Rissi, Burnum) and Neurology and Neurosurgery Service, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA (Barber)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY (Miller)
| | - Andrew D. Miller
- Department of Pathology and Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Rissi, Burnum) and Neurology and Neurosurgery Service, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA (Barber)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY (Miller)
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Bray KY, Muñana KR, Meichner K, White LA, Seiler G. Eosinophilic meningomyelitis associated with T-cell lymphoma in a cat. Vet Clin Pathol 2016; 45:698-702. [PMID: 27870071 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A 12-year-old cat was presented for evaluation of progressive tetraparesis. Magnetic resonance imaging of the cervical spine demonstrated T2-hyperintensity, and contrast enhancement within the C4-C7 spinal cord, with marked meningeal contrast enhancement and segmental nerve root thickening. Lumbar cerebrospinal fluid contained 407 total nucleated cells/μL, with 99% eosinophils. The cat transiently improved with prednisolone, clindamycin, and ivermectin therapy, but subsequently worsened and was euthanized. Necropsy revealed an asymmetric infiltration predominantly of the white matter, meninges, and nerve roots of the C4-C6 spinal cord segments by an unencapsulated, poorly demarcated neoplasm composed of atypical lymphocytes admixed with eosinophils, causing perivascular hemorrhage and lytic necrosis. The neoplastic cells were immunoreactive for CD3, ultimately confirming T-cell lymphoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Y Bray
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Karen R Muñana
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Kristina Meichner
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Laura A White
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Gabriela Seiler
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Meichner K. Diagnostic significance of anatomical distribution patterns of nervous systemic lymphoma. Vet J 2016; 218:34-35. [PMID: 27938706 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Meichner
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602, USA..
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Mandara MT, Motta L, Calò P. Distribution of feline lymphoma in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Vet J 2016; 216:109-16. [PMID: 27687936 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In cats, lymphoma (lymphosarcoma) is the most common neoplasm affecting the spinal cord and the second most common intracranial tumour. Although lymphoma commonly develops in the spinal cord as a part of a multicentric process, a primary form may occur. Lymphoma can exhibit a wide range of morphological patterns, including intraparenchymal brain mass, lymphomatosis cerebri, intravascular lymphoma, lymphomatous choroiditis and meningitis, extradural, intradural-extramedullary or intramedullary lymphoma in the spinal cord, or neurolymphomatosis in the peripheral nerves. Lymphoma may occur as a paraneoplastic disorder associated with peripheral neuropathies. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) are the techniques of choice for morphological assessment of nervous system lesions in vivo. However, biopsy should be performed to achieve a definitive diagnosis. Knowledge of the different morphological patterns expressed by lymphoma in the nervous system of cats allows veterinary clinicians to suspect lymphoma and to arrange appropriate diagnostic procedures, including immunophenotype and clonality studies, along with therapeutic protocols and prognostic evaluations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Mandara
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Neuropathology Laboratory, University of Perugia, Via S. Costanzo 4, Perugia 06126, Italy.
| | - Luca Motta
- ChesterGates Veterinary Specialists, Gates Lane, Telford Court, Unit E/F, Chester CH1 6LT, United Kingdom
| | - Pietro Calò
- Europa Veterinary Clinic, Via Kassel 18, Firenze 50126, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Chaves RO, Beckmann DV, Santos RPD, Aiello G, Andrades AO, Baumhardt R, Silveira LB, Mazzanti A. Doenças neurológicas em cães atendidos no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS: 1.184 casos (2006-2013). PESQUISA VETERINÁRIA BRASILEIRA 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2014001000012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo de cães atendidos no Serviço de Neurologia (SN) do Hospital Veterinário Universitário (HVU) da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), de 2006 a 2013, com o objetivo de identificar e caracterizar a idade, a raça, o sexo e as doenças neurológicas e classificá-las de acordo com a região anatômica e o acrônimo DINAMIT-V. Foram avaliadas 1.277 fichas neurológicas de cães e obtidas as informações para inclusão no estudo em 1.184 delas, sendo o diagnóstico confirmado em 525 cães (44,4%) e presuntivo em 659 (55,6%). A raça mais frequente foi Dachshund (28,7%), seguida dos cães sem raça definida. Os locais mais afetados foram medula espinhal entre T3-L3 (40,9%) e tálamo-córtex (17,5%). A maioria dos cães foi diagnosticada com doença degenerativa (49%), sendo a doença do disco intervertebral a mais observada, seguida das doenças inflamatórias/infecciosas (16,6%). Pode se concluir que a maior prevalência das doenças neurológicas de cães envolve a medula espinhal e o tálamo-córtex, sendo as degenerativas as mais frequentes e os dados obtidos podem auxiliar em futuros estudos sobre a frequência e a distribuição das principais doenças neurológicas em cães.
Collapse
|
36
|
Barker EN, Schofield E, Granger NP. What is your neurologic diagnosis? Fibrocartilaginous embolism in a cat. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2014; 245:49-51. [PMID: 24941386 DOI: 10.2460/javma.245.1.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily N Barker
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford, BS40 5DU, England
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Gutierrez-Quintana R, Penderis J, Anderson TJ. What is your neurologic diagnosis? Intramedullary neoplastic process. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2014; 244:791-3. [PMID: 24649988 DOI: 10.2460/javma.244.7.791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Gutierrez-Quintana
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, Scotland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Tamura S, Hori Y, Tamura Y, Uchida K. Long-term follow-up of surgical treatment of spinal anaplastic astrocytoma in a cat. J Feline Med Surg 2013; 15:921-6. [PMID: 23428584 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x13478266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A 10-year-old spayed female chinchilla feline presented with gradually progressive tetraparesis and cervical pain that had begun 1 month before the onset of a 4-day tetraplegic episode. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a large elliptical intramedullary mass at the fourth cervical vertebrae. The mass was removed surgically and diagnosed as an anaplastic astrocytoma. No neurological abnormalities were observed 3 weeks postsurgery. Magnetic resonance at 3.5 year follow-up revealed neither mass regrowth nor recurrence of signs.
Collapse
|
39
|
Hematopoietic Tumors. WITHROW AND MACEWEN'S SMALL ANIMAL CLINICAL ONCOLOGY 2013. [PMCID: PMC7161412 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4377-2362-5.00032-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
40
|
|
41
|
Gunn-Moore DA, Reed N. CNS disease in the cat: current knowledge of infectious causes. J Feline Med Surg 2012; 13:824-36. [PMID: 22063207 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2011.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Neurological disease is a relatively common reason for referral, constituting approximately 10% of the feline referral caseload. Nearly one-third to one-half of these cases may be infectious in origin. As such, an awareness of infectious diseases causing central nervous system (CNS) signs in cats, and their clinical diagnosis and management, is relevant to anyone dealing with cats on a regular basis. GLOBAL IMPORTANCE Some conditions (eg, rabies) are more common in certain countries than others. Conditions such as feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) and toxoplasmosis are of global significance. PATIENT GROUP Many infectious diseases may affect any feline population. Some, such as FIP, are more common in pedigree households, whereas others such as toxoplasmosis, feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) or feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) infections, are more likely to affect a single cat with an outdoor lifestyle. EQUIPMENT All patients benefit from thorough history taking and clinical, neurological and ophthalmic examinations, which all require minimal equipment. Infectious diseases may often be diagnosed on blood samples; however, definitive diagnosis may require more extensive investigation involving cerebrospinal fluid analysis or advanced imaging necessitating access to computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. EVIDENCE BASE The information in this review, which summarises current knowledge of infectious diseases affecting the CNS, is collated from publications on the infectious diseases comprising previous research papers, review articles, case series, case reports and textbooks, supplemented by the clinical experience of the authors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danièlle A Gunn-Moore
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Division of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Palus V, Volk HA, Lamb CR, Targett MP, Cherubini GB. MRI FEATURES OF CNS LYMPHOMA IN DOGS AND CATS. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2011; 53:44-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2011.01872.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Palus
- Dick White Referrals; Veterinary Specialist Centre; Six Mile Bottom; Suffolk; CB8 0UH; UK
| | - Holger A. Volk
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; The Royal Veterinary College; University of London; North Mymms; Hertfordshire; AL9 7TA; UK
| | - Christopher R. Lamb
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; The Royal Veterinary College; University of London; North Mymms; Hertfordshire; AL9 7TA; UK
| | - Mike P. Targett
- and School of Veterinary Medicine and Science; University of Nottingham; Sutton Bonington; Leicestershire; LE12 5RD; UK
| | - Giunio Bruto Cherubini
- Dick White Referrals; Veterinary Specialist Centre; Six Mile Bottom; Suffolk; CB8 0UH; UK
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Suspected epidural morphine analgesia induced chronic urinary and bowel dysfunction in a cat. J Feline Med Surg 2011; 13:602-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2011.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A 12-year-old male castrated domestic shorthair developed chronic urinary retention, constipation and a decreased perineal reflex following a single lumbo-sacral epidural injection of morphine during general anesthesia. Similar adverse effects have been reported in humans following epidural analgesia, but this is the first reported case of both urinary and bowel dysfunction in a cat purportedly from an epidural. The cat was medically managed with manual bladder expressions, intermittent enemas, and various medications including bethanechol, cisapride and stool softeners. The cat continues to have long-term neurologic dysfunction 15 months post-onset. This case report describes a rare but serious potential risk of lumbo-sacral epidural injections in cats.
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
The objective of this article is to review the recent literature that reports on the most common diseases affecting the spinal cord of cats, and to draw some general conclusions that will be useful to formulate diagnosis and prognosis for feline spinal patients. The most common types of feline spinal cord diseases documented were inflammatory/infectious diseases, and feline infectious peritonitis was the most common disease, representing approximately 50% of all feline myelitis. Neoplasms were documented in approximately 25% of cases; lymphosarcoma was the most common tumor affecting the spinal cord of cats, with reported prevalence between 28% and 40%. Cats diagnosed with spinal lymphosarcoma were significantly younger (median age 4 years) than cats with other spinal cord tumors (median age 10 years). Cats with clinical signs of intervertebral disc disease had a median age of 8 years, and 67% had Hansen type I disc protrusions. The most commonly affected intervertebral disc was at the L4 to L5 intervertebral disc space. Fibrocartilaginous embolism-affected older cats (median age 10 years), seemed to predominate in the cervicothoracic intumescence, and clinical signs were markedly lateralized, especially when the cervical region was affected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katia Marioni-Henry
- Southern Counties Veterinary Specialists, 6 Forest Corner Farm, Ringwood, Hampshire, BH24 3JW, England, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
|
46
|
Negrin A, Schatzberg S, Platt SR. The paralyzed cat. Neuroanatomic diagnosis and specific spinal cord diseases. J Feline Med Surg 2009; 11:361-72. [PMID: 19389636 PMCID: PMC7128365 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2009.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Although gait disturbance is one of the most common neurological presentations in feline medicine, the clinical approach to the paralyzed cat can be challenging. After excluding orthopedic and cardiovascular diseases that may mimic a neurological condition, the clinician has to address a long list of different diseases that may affect the spinal cord and produce paresis. CLINICAL CHALLENGES In many cases a definitive cause of spinal weakness in cats is difficult to prove. Even when treatable diseases are identified, the prognosis is very much dependent on the severity of the clinical signs and their chronicity. This review sets out to describe the specific approach, diagnosis and management of cats with spinal cord disease and to outline the most common diseases responsible. PATIENT GROUP Patients of either gender and all ages and breeds can be affected by spinal cord disease. EVIDENCE BASE Many diseases affecting the spinal cord of cats, which include fibrocartilaginous embolic myelopathy, intervertebral disc disease, exogenous spinal cord trauma, spinal cord lymphosarcoma and feline infectious peritonitis, are well described in the literature. Many of these descriptions, however, have been based on case reports or series. While there have been several retrospective studies that describe the characteristics and incidence of these diseases in cats, there are no long term treatment trials or outcome studies to assist with prognostic determinations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Negrin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Scott Schatzberg
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Clinical Practice 501 DW Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Simon R. Platt
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Clinical Practice 501 DW Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Generalised ataxia is one of the most common neurological presentations identified in cats in practice. The causes can be subdivided into three forms on the basis of the neuroanatomical diagnosis: cerebellar, vestibular and sensory (spinal or general proprioceptive) ataxia. The type of ataxia will determine the diagnostic procedures and select the differential diagnoses, and an accurate neuroanatomical diagnosis is therefore essential. The differential diagnosis list can then be further tailored on the basis of patient signalment, clinical presentation and progression. GLOBAL IMPORTANCE Irrespective of the world region, most of the causes of generalised ataxia in the cat are similar and many have been identified for a number of years (cerebellar hypoplasia has been recognised since the late 19th century). However, it is the advent of new technology, in particular veterinary access to magnetic resonance imaging, which has resulted in particularly rapid advances in our understanding, investigation and management of these different forms of ataxia. AUDIENCE This article introduces the classification of patients with ataxia on the basis of their clinical presentation, discusses the common differential diagnoses associated with each form, and briefly reviews the more important diseases from a clinical perspective. It is aimed at all veterinarians who treat cats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Penderis
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
OKADA M, KITAGAWA M, NAGASAWA A, ITOU T, KANAYAMA K, SAKAI T. Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Computed Tomography Findings of Vertebral Osteosarcoma in a Cat. J Vet Med Sci 2009; 71:513-7. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.71.513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Midori OKADA
- Nihon University Veterinary Research Center
- Pet Clinic ANIHOS
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Aloisio F, Levine JM, Edwards JF. Immunohistochemical features of a feline spinal cord gemistocytic astrocytoma. J Vet Diagn Invest 2008; 20:836-8. [PMID: 18987242 DOI: 10.1177/104063870802000624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A gemistocytic astrocytoma is described in the spinal cord of a 3-year-old, spayed, female, Domestic Shorthair cat. The neoplasm was tested for glial fibrillar acidic protein (GFAP), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and p53 protein expression. On histologic examination, the neoplastic cells were pleomorphic, with distinct cell borders and abundant cytoplasm that frequently extended into variably sized fibrillar processes. Neoplastic cells were strongly positive for GFAP and negative for EGFR. Eight percent (mean percentage) of neoplastic cells were p53 positive. Only 1 p53-positive cell was found in the normal spinal cord. The increased expression of p53 in the neoplasm was suggestive of an abnormal biological behavior of the p53 protein and its possible involvement in the neoplastic process of feline astrocytoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Aloisio
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4467, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|