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Ouyang K, Chen T, Sun R, Xie Y, Qi Q, Li X, Liu J, Liu Q, Wei L. Effects of dietary cecropin on growth performance, diarrhea rate and intestinal health of nursery Hainan pigs. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1298703. [PMID: 38633702 PMCID: PMC11021643 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1298703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides could inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria and promote the growth performance in weaned piglets. Here, we investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with cecropin antimicrobial peptides (CAP) on growth performance, diarrhea rate, intestinal health in nursery Hainan piglets. For this, 120 healthy nursery Hainan male piglets (13.29 ± 0.29 kg, 44 days old) were randomly divided into 5 groups-a control (CON) group (fed a basal diet), an antibiotic control (AC) group (fed a basal diet supplemented with 250 mg/kg colistin sulfate); and 3 experimental groups (provided the basal diet supplemented with 250, 500, or 1,000 mg/kg CAP). Pre-feeding lasted 7 days and the official period lasted 40 days. The results showed that compared with the CON group, dietary supplementation of 500 mg/kg CAP had significantly increased the average daily gain (ADG, p < 0.05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) and diarrhea rate were markedly reduced (p < 0.05), serum total protein (TP), albumin, IgA, IgM, and globulin concentrations were significantly increased (p < 0.05), where serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) level was significantly reduced (p < 0.05), and it also increased the villus height and the villus height-to-crypt depth ratio in the jejunum, reduced the serum D-lactic acid concentrations and diamine oxidase activity, and increased the expression level of ZO-1 and occludin in the jejunum and ileum (p < 0.05), the relative abundance of Firmicutes, Lactobacillus, and Limoslactobacillus in the colon were increased (p < 0.05), whereas that of Streptococcus and Escherichia-Shigella were reduced (p < 0.05). These results indicated that dietary supplementation with 500 mg/kg CAP could improve the growth performance, reduce the diarrhea rate, improve the serum immunity, intestinal health of nursery pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Ouyang
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal Breeding and Epidemic Research, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Chen
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruiping Sun
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal Breeding and Epidemic Research, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Yali Xie
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal Breeding and Epidemic Research, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Qi Qi
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal Breeding and Epidemic Research, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal Breeding and Epidemic Research, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal Breeding and Epidemic Research, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Sanya Institute, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Hainan Experimental Animal Research Center), Sanya, China
| | - Quanwei Liu
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal Breeding and Epidemic Research, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Limin Wei
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal Breeding and Epidemic Research, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Sanya Institute, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Hainan Experimental Animal Research Center), Sanya, China
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Qiao L, Dou X, Song X, Chang J, Yi H, Xu C. Targeting mitochondria with antioxidant nutrients for the prevention and treatment of postweaning diarrhea in piglets. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2023; 15:275-287. [PMID: 38033610 PMCID: PMC10685042 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Post-weaning diarrhea (PWD) in piglets poses a significant challenge and presents a grave threat to the global swine industry, resulting in considerable financial losses and compromising the welfare of animals. PWD is commonly associated with gut homeostatic imbalance, including oxidative stress, excessive inflammation, and microbiota dysbiosis. Antibiotic use has historically been a common initiative to combat PWD, but concerns about the development of antibiotic resistance have led to increased interest in alternative strategies. Mitochondria are key players in maintaining cellular homeostasis, and their dysfunction is intricately linked to the onset and progression of PWD. Accumulating evidence suggests that targeting mitochondrial function using antioxidant nutrients, such as vitamins, minerals and polyphenolic compounds, may represent a promising approach for preventing and treating PWD. Moreover, nutrients based on antioxidant strategies have been shown to improve mitochondrial function, restore intestinal redox balance, and reduce oxidative damage, which is a key driver of PWD. The present review begins with an overview of the potential interplay between mitochondria and gut homeostasis in the pathogenesis of PWD in piglets. Subsequently, alternative strategies to prevent and treat PWD using antioxidant nutrients to target mitochondria are described and discussed. Ultimately, we delve into potential limitations and suggest future research directions in this field for further advancement. Overall, targeting mitochondria using antioxidant nutrients may be a promising approach to combat PWD and provides a potential nutrition intervention strategy for regulating gut homeostasis of weaned piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Qiao
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, China
| | - Xina Dou
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, China
| | - Xiaofan Song
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, China
| | - Jiajing Chang
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, China
| | - Hongbo Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510640, China
| | - Chunlan Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, China
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Böswald LF, Kienzle E, Matzek D, Schmitz M, Popper BA. Comparative analysis of pancreatic amylase activity in laboratory rodents. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17299. [PMID: 37828078 PMCID: PMC10570267 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44532-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Alpha-amylase is the main enzyme for starch digestion in the mammalian gastrointestinal tract. There are species differences in the enzymatic activity of pancreatic amylase that are related to the digestive strategy and natural diet of a species. This aspect is well investigated in pet and farm animals, while in common laboratory animal rodents, information is scarce. In the context of the 3R concept, detailed knowledge of the digestive physiology should be the basis of adequate nutrition, experimental planning and data interpretation. The present study aimed to obtain reference data on amylase activity in pancreatic tissue and duodenal digesta in laboratory mice, rats and hamsters. In addition, digesta was stained with Lugol's iodine to visualize starch in the process of degradation throughout the gastrointestinal tract. Amylase activity in pancreatic tissue and duodenal digesta was significantly lower in hamsters than rats and mice. The Lugol staining showed intense starch degradation in the hamsters' forestomachs, presumably by microbial fermentation. A possible explanation is that the prae-duodenal microbial starch fermentation enhances digestibility and reduces the need for pancreatic amylase in hamsters. Rats and mice may rely more on pancreatic amylase for prae-caecal starch digestion, while the microbial fermentation is mainly located in the caecum. The results clearly show species differences in the digestive capacity for starch in mice, rats and hamsters that need to be considered in the feeding of these species in the laboratory setting as well as in the use of rodents as translational animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda F Böswald
- Chair for Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
- Core Facility Animal Models, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
| | - Ellen Kienzle
- Chair for Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Dana Matzek
- Core Facility Animal Models, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Marion Schmitz
- Chair for Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Bastian A Popper
- Core Facility Animal Models, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Diether NE, Hulshof TG, Willing BP, van Kempen TATG. A blend of medium-chain fatty acids, butyrate, organic acids, and a phenolic compound accelerates microbial maturation in newly weaned piglets. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289214. [PMID: 37506070 PMCID: PMC10381057 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Inclusion of additive blends is a common dietary strategy to manage post-weaning diarrhea and performance in piglets. However, there is limited mechanistic data on how these additives improve outcomes during this period. To evaluate the effects of Presan FX (MCOA) on the intestinal microbiota and metabolome, diets with or without 0.2% MCOA were compared. Pigs fed MCOA showed improved whole-body metabolism 7 days post-weaning, with decreased (P < 0.05) creatine, creatinine and β-hydroxybutyrate. Alterations in bile-associated metabolites and cholic acid were also observed at the same time-point (P < 0.05), suggesting MCOA increased bile acid production and secretion. Increased cholic acid was accompanied by increased tryptophan metabolites including indole-3-propionic acid (IPA) in systemic circulation (P = 0.004). An accompanying tendency toward increased Lactobacillus sp. in the small intestine was observed (P = 0.05). Many lactobacilli have bile acid tolerance mechanisms and contribute to production of IPA, suggesting increased bile acid production resulted in increased abundance of lactobacilli capable of tryptophan fermentation. Tryptophan metabolism is associated with the mature pig microbiota and many tryptophan metabolites such as IPA are considered beneficial to gut barrier function. In conclusion, MCOA may help maintain tissue metabolism and aid in microbiota re-assembly through bile acid production and secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie E Diether
- Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Benjamin P Willing
- Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Papanikolaou A, Chatzikonstantinou AV, Zarafeta D, Kourkoumelis N, Skretas G, Pavlidis ΙV, Stamatis H. Substrate Specificity of the Highly Thermostable Esterase EstDZ3. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202200642. [PMID: 36545817 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Esterases are among the most studied enzymes, and their applications expand into several branches of industrial biotechnology. Yet, despite the fact that information on their substrate specificity is crucial for selecting or designing the best fitted biocatalyst for the desired application, it cannot be predicted from their amino acid sequence. In this work, we studied the substrate scope of the newly discovered hydrolytic extremozyme, EstDZ3, against a library of esters with variable carbon chain lengths in an effort to understand the crucial amino acids for the substrate selectivity of this enzyme. EstDZ3 appears to be active against a wide range of esters with high selectivity towards medium- to long-carbon chain vinyl esters. In-silico studies of its 3D structure revealed that the selectivity might arise from the mainly hydrophobic nature of the active site's environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelos Papanikolaou
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biological Applications and Technologies, University of Ioannina, 45110, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Alexandra V Chatzikonstantinou
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biological Applications and Technologies, University of Ioannina, 45110, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Dimitra Zarafeta
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Kourkoumelis
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Georgios Skretas
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635, Athens, Greece.,Institute for Bio-innovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", 16672, Vari, Greece
| | - Ιoannis V Pavlidis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete Voutes, University Campus, 70013, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Haralambos Stamatis
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biological Applications and Technologies, University of Ioannina, 45110, Ioannina, Greece
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Hansen SV, Graffagnino A, Hedemann MS, Nielsen TS, Woyengo TA. Determination of the optimal dietary zinc content for pigs between 10 and 30 kg body weight. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad360. [PMID: 37850960 PMCID: PMC10629944 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The Zn requirement of pigs immediately after weaning is more investigated compared to the Zn requirement in the growth period between 10 and 30 kg. Unabsorbed and excessive dietary Zn is excreted mainly through feces, and spreading pig slurry to fields can cause environmental issues because high levels of Zn can impair plant growth and contribute to the development of antimicrobial resistance genes in microorganisms. Therefore, more precise knowledge of Zn requirements and dietary Zn recommendations is important. The present study investigated the optimal dietary Zn content for 10- to 30-kg pigs. The study used 150 pigs weaned at 28 d of age (day 0) and supplied with 1,474 mg dietary Zn/kg the first 2 wk post-weaning. After 2 wk, pigs were randomly distributed according to body weight (BW; 10.1 ± 0.3 kg) and sex, to individually housing, and fed a diet supplemented with either 0, 30, 60, 120, or 240 mg Zn/kg (from ZnO), resulting in total dietary Zn contents of 80, 92, 117, 189, and 318 mg/kg until week 6 post-weaning. BW, feed intake, and fecal scores were recorded, and samples of blood (weeks 2, 3, 5, and 6) and tissues (week 6) were collected. The feed intake, growth, feed efficiency, relative weight of the pancreas and liver, Zn concentration in the liver, and pancreatic digestive enzyme activity were unaffected by dietary Zn content (P > 0.12). The serum Zn level decreased (P < 0.01) by up to 24% from weeks 2 to 3. The serum Zn concentrations in weeks 5 and 6 were similar to in week 2 when 117, 189, and 318 mg Zn/kg were provided, while with 80 and 92 mg Zn/kg the serum Zn concentration was lower (P < 0.01) than in week 2. The serum Zn concentration reached a plateau in weeks 5 and 6, and breakpoints were calculated at 126 ± 17 and 102 ± 6 mg Zn/kg, respectively. Bone Zn status was greater (P < 0.01) with 189 than 80 mg Zn/kg and a breakpoint was calculated at 137 ± 19 mg Zn/kg. According to performance, the Zn requirement for 10- to 30-kg pigs can be fulfilled with 80 mg total Zn/kg, but based on serum and bone Zn status, the optimal total dietary Zn content is 102 to 137 mg/kg. The latter corresponds to a daily Zn intake (requirement) of 103 to 138 mg when calculated from the average feed intake during weeks 3 to 6 (1,005 g/d). Importantly, the presented results are obtained in pigs supplied with 1,474 mg Zn/kg from ZnO the first 2 wk post-weaning and a high level of phytase (1,000 phytase units) in the diet throughout the experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Veronika Hansen
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Aurégane Graffagnino
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Mette Skou Hedemann
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Tina Skau Nielsen
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Tofuko Awori Woyengo
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
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Wang D, Jang YD, Kelley M, Rentfrow GK, Azain MJ, Lindemann MD. Effects of multiple vitamin E levels and two fat sources in diets for swine fed to heavy slaughter weight of 150 kg: II. Tissue fatty acid profile, vitamin E concentrations, immune capacity, and antioxidant capacity of plasma and tissue. Transl Anim Sci 2023; 7:txad087. [PMID: 37575661 PMCID: PMC10414353 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txad087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The study objective was to evaluate the effect of two fat sources and graded levels of vitamin E (VE) supplementation on tissue fatty acid profile, VE concentrations, immune capacity, and antioxidant capacity of plasma and tissues of pigs at heavy slaughter weight (150 kg). A total of 48 individually-fed pigs (24 barrows, 24 gilts; 28.44 ± 2.69 kg) were randomly assigned to eight dietary treatments in a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement. The two fat treatments were either 5% tallow (TW) or 5% distiller's corn-oil (DCO). The VE treatments included four levels of α-tocopheryl-acetate (11, 40, 100, and 200 ppm). Compared to pigs fed the DCO diet, pigs fed the TW diet had greater SFA (C14, C16, and C18; P < 0.05) and MUFAs (C14:1, C16:1, C18:1, and C20:1; P < 0.05), lower PUFA (C18:2n-6, C18:3n-3, C20:2, C20:3, and C20:4; P < 0.05) and iodine value in the backfat and belly fat. Increasing dietary VE supplementation level increased α- and total tocopherol concentrations in plasma (linear and quadratic, P < 0.05), liver, and loin muscle (linear, P < 0.06), superoxide dismutase activity (quadratic, P < 0.05), but decreased γ-tocopherol concentrations in liver (linear, P = 0.06), plasma, and loin muscle (quadratic, P < 0.07), and decreased liver glutathione disulfide (GSSG; linear, P = 0.07) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content (quadratic, P < 0.05). There was an interaction between fat sources and dietary VE supplementation level on the concentration of α-tocopherol in the loin muscle (P < 0.05) wherein a greater increase was observed in the TW treatment than the DCO treatment with the increasing dietary VE supplementation level. In conclusion, dietary FA composition in TW and DCO affected the composition of most FA in backfat, belly fat, and liver while increasing VE supplementation level did not significantly alter the FA profile in these tissues. Increasing dietary VE supplementation level increased tocopherol concentrations in plasma, liver and loin muscle, and improved antioxidant capacity while tocopherol concentrations in plasma, liver and loin muscle in the TW treatment increased more than they did in the DCO treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Wang
- University of Kentucky, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Young Dal Jang
- University of Georgia, Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Marlee Kelley
- University of Kentucky, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Gregg K Rentfrow
- University of Kentucky, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Michael J Azain
- University of Georgia, Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Merlin D Lindemann
- University of Kentucky, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
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Liu X, Huang X, Fu Y, Wang Y, Lu Z. The Positive Effects of Exogenous Pancreatin on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestion and Absorption, and Intestinal Microbiota in Piglets. Front Physiol 2022; 13:906522. [PMID: 36017338 PMCID: PMC9395744 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.906522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatin secretion is dramatically decreased over time after weaning, thus affecting the utilization of nutrients in piglets. Therefore, exogenous pancreatin is expected to alleviate this situation. This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of exogenous pancreatin on the growth performance, nutrient digestion and absorption, and intestinal microbiota of piglets. One hundred eighty piglets (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire, 40 days) were randomly allotted to three treatments (basal diets supplemented with 0, 250, or 500 mg/kg pancreatin) with three replicate pens per treatment and 20 piglets per pen. Compared with the control diet, dietary 500 mg/kg pancreatin significantly increased (p < 0.05) the average daily gain (ADG) and the apparent digestibility of crude protein and crude fat of piglets. Regarding endogenous enzymes, pancrelipase activity in the pancreas, duodenal mucosa, and small intestinal digesta as well as trypsin activity in the jejunal digesta were increased in piglets fed a diet supplemented with 500 mg/kg pancreatin (p < 0.05). Moreover, amylopsin activity was significantly strengthened in the pancreas, duodenal mucosa, and digesta in piglets fed a diet with 500 mg/kg pancreatin (p < 0.05). The mRNA expression of nutrient transporters, including oligopeptide transporter-1 (PepT1), excitatory amino acid transporter-1 (EAAC1), cationic amino acid transporter-1 (CAT1), sodium glucose cotransporter-1 (SGLT1), glucose transporter-2 (GLUT2), and fatty acid transporter-4 (FATP4), in the jejunum significantly increased after dietary supplementation with 500 mg/kg pancreatin (p < 0.05). An increased villus height-to-crypt depth ratio of the ileum was observed in the 500 mg/kg pancreatin-treated group (p < 0.05). The composition of the colonic microbiota modulated by the addition of 500 mg/kg pancreatin was characterized by an increased relative abundance of Lactobacillus (p < 0.05), and the predicted functions revealed that 500 mg/kg pancreatin supplementation enhanced the functional abundance of genetic information processing in colonic microorganisms and environmental information processing. Our findings suggested that the addition of 500 mg/kg pancreatin improved the growth performance of piglets, improved intestinal structure, and modulated the colon microbiota, thereby increasing nutrient digestibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Green Feed and Healthy Breeding, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiangyun Huang
- National Engineering Research Center for Green Feed and Healthy Breeding, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Fu
- National Engineering Research Center for Green Feed and Healthy Breeding, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yizhen Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Green Feed and Healthy Breeding, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zeqing Lu
- National Engineering Research Center for Green Feed and Healthy Breeding, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zeqing Lu,
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Guo J, Wilson T, Chiba L, Spangler E, Wu G, Shieh T. Effect of diet complexity and dietary fish peptide and enzyme complex supplementation on weanling pigs. Livest Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2022.105020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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10
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Su W, Gong T, Jiang Z, Lu Z, Wang Y. The Role of Probiotics in Alleviating Postweaning Diarrhea in Piglets From the Perspective of Intestinal Barriers. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:883107. [PMID: 35711653 PMCID: PMC9197122 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.883107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Early weaning of piglets is an important strategy for improving the production efficiency of sows in modern intensive farming systems. However, due to multiple stressors such as physiological, environmental and social challenges, postweaning syndrome in piglets often occurs during early weaning period, and postweaning diarrhea (PWD) is a serious threat to piglet health, resulting in high mortality. Early weaning disrupts the intestinal barrier function of piglets, disturbs the homeostasis of gut microbiota, and destroys the intestinal chemical, mechanical and immunological barriers, which is one of the main causes of PWD in piglets. The traditional method of preventing PWD is to supplement piglet diet with antibiotics. However, the long-term overuse of antibiotics led to bacterial resistance, and antibiotics residues in animal products, threatening human health while causing dysbiosis of gut microbiota and superinfection of piglets. Antibiotic supplementation in livestock diets is prohibited in many countries and regions. Regarding this context, finding antibiotic alternatives to maintain piglet health at the critical weaning period becomes a real emergency. More and more studies showed that probiotics can prevent and treat PWD by regulating the intestinal barriers in recent years. Here, we review the research status of PWD-preventing and treating probiotics and discuss its potential mechanisms from the perspective of intestinal barriers (the intestinal microbial barrier, the intestinal chemical barrier, the intestinal mechanical barrier and the intestinal immunological barrier) in piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifa Su
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tao Gong
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zipeng Jiang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zeqing Lu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yizhen Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yizhen Wang,
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11
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Christensen B, Huber L. The effects of creep feed composition and form and nursery diet complexity on small intestinal morphology and jejunal mucosa specific enzyme activities after weaning in pigs. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:6568981. [PMID: 35426433 PMCID: PMC9115911 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fifty-six litters from first-parity sows standardized to 12 piglets were used to determine the effects of creep feed composition and form and the provision of low- or high-complexity nursery diets on the evolution of small intestinal histomorphology and jejunal mucosa-specific enzyme activities postweaning. At 5 d of age, litters (initial bodyweight [BW] 2.31 ± 0.61 kg) were assigned to one of four creep feeding regimens (n = 14): 1) commercial creep feed (COM), 2) liquid milk replacer (LMR), 3) pelleted milk replacer (PMR), or 4) no creep feed (NO). At weaning (21 d of age), six pigs per litter were provided a HIGH- (contained highly digestible animal proteins) or LOW- (contained corn and soybean meal as main protein sources) complexity nursery diet (n = 7). At 21, 28, and 59 d of age, two pigs per pen (one castrated male and one female) were euthanized, and ileal and jejunal segments for histomorphological measurements and jejunal mucosal scrapings were collected to determine specific mucosa enzyme activities. At weaning, pigs provided COM had a greater ileal absorptive capacity (M) than LMR or NO, which were not different (14.1 vs. 10.4 and 10.5 ± 0.9 μm2; P < 0.05); PMR was intermediate. On days 28 and 59, M was not different among pigs regardless of creep feed treatments. Pigs fed LOW had reduced jejunal villus height (VH; P < 0.001) and M (P < 0.001) on day 28 vs. day 21. The VH and M were not different for pigs fed HIGH or LOW by the end of the nursery period. For all dietary treatments except COM-HIGH and COM-LOW, jejunal mucosal maltase-specific activity was not different between days 21 and 28 of age but greater on day 59 (P < 0.05). For pigs that received COM-HIGH, maltase-specific activity was not different between days 21 and 28 but greater on day 59 than day 28 (P < 0.05). For pigs that received COM-LOW, maltase-specific activity was not different between days 21, 28, and 59. Regardless of creep or nursery treatment, sucrase-specific activity was the greatest on day 59, followed by days 21 and 28 (P < 0.001), and lactase-specific activity was greater on day 21 than on days 28 and 59 (P < 0.001), which were not different. Therefore, pigs that provided LOW diet had greater villus atrophy and reduced M during the first week after weaning vs. pigs that provided HIGH, regardless of creep feeding regimen, but were able to recover by the end of the nursery period. After weaning, the piglet digestive tract must adapt in order to effectively break down and absorb nutrients derived from plant-based ingredients, contributing to the postweaning growth lag. Feeding strategies applied both preweaning and postweaning with the intent to assist in intestinal adaptation have been developed; however, little work has been done examining the interaction between creep and nursery feeding strategies on intestinal histomorphology and jejunal mucosa-specific enzyme activities after weaning. In the current study, piglets that provided creep feed with higher starch content had greater jejunal mucosa maltase-specific enzyme activity and ileal absorptive capacity at weaning. However, these parameters were still negatively affected by weaning, regardless of nursery feeding strategy. Additionally, nursery diets with greater inclusion of soybean meal to replace animal protein sources (low complexity) exacerbated reductions in jejunal absorptive capacity. Conversely, by the end of the nursery period, there were no differences in intestinal histomorphology and jejunal mucosa-specific enzyme activities, regardless of creep or nursery feeding program. Therefore, exposing piglets to starch during creep feeding and reducing the inclusion of soybean meal in nursery diets improved intestinal morphology and mucosa disaccharidase activity directly following weaning, but benefits did not extend to the end of the nursery period.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Christensen
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - L Huber
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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12
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Effects of extrusion on ileal and total tract digestibility of nutrients and energy in soybean for weanling pigs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.115192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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13
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Li M, Tang W, Liao P, Li Y. Evaluating the Influence of Different Recommended Dietary Levels of Cu and Zn on Finishing Pigs. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:770195. [PMID: 35111837 PMCID: PMC8801699 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.770195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of different recommended levels of Cu and Zn on antioxidant capacity, tissue mineral status, minerals excretion, meat quality, digestive enzyme activity, and metal transporters in finishing pigs. A total of 120 pigs (with an average initial body weight (BW) of 70.0 ± 2.1 kg) were randomly divided into four treatments: (1) basal diet without added Cu or Zn (control), (2) basal diet+35 mg cupreous N-carbamylglutamate chelate (NCG-Cu) +150 mg zinc-methionine chelate (Zn-Met) (AC), (3) basal diet + 3.0 mg of NCG-Cu + 43 mg Zn-Met (CN), and (4) basal diet + 3.5 mg NCG-Cu + 50 mg Zn-Met (NRC100). Pig growth performance was not affected by the level of Cu or Zn. Among the four treatments, the AC treatment had the highest concentration (P < 0.05) of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px). Pigs fed the AC diet had the highest (P < 0.05) liver Zn, fecal Cu, and fecal Zn among the four treatments. The protein levels of trypsin and aminopeptidase N (APN) in the intestinal mucosa showed their highest levels (P < 0.05) in the NRC100 and AC treatments. The mRNA levels of trypsinogen and APN were significantly up-regulated (P < 0.05) in the AC, CN, and NRC100 treatments compared with the control. The mRNA levels for the Zn transporter genes SLC30A1 (ZnT1) and SLC30A2 (ZnT2) were significantly up-regulated (P < 0.05) in the AC treatment, and the mRNA levels for SLC39A4 (ZIP4) and metallothionein 1 (MT) in the AC, CN, and NRC100 treatments were significantly up-regulated (P < 0.05) compared with the control. Meat quality were not affected (P > 0.05) by the different recommended levels of Cu and Zn. These results indicated that the supplemental Cu and Zn levels routinely used in AC diets in Chinese commercial feed enterprises should be reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijun Li
- Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Biological and Electromechanical Polytechnic, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Tang
- Hunan Tianxin Seed Industry Co., Ltd, Chenzhou, China
| | - Peng Liao
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Peng Liao
| | - Yunhu Li
- Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Biological and Electromechanical Polytechnic, Changsha, China
- Yunhu Li
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14
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Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Blood Profiles, and Gut Integrity of Growing Pigs Fed Pickled Fish Residue with Decreased Salt Content. FERMENTATION 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profiles and gut integrity of growing pigs, in response to an increase in pickled freshwater fish residue (PFR) intake following a decrease in salt content. Ninety-six crossbred growing pigs [(Landrace × Large White) × Duroc] with a body weight of 23.65 ± 0.24 kg were randomly assigned to one of four treatments (6 pens/treatment, 4 pigs/pen) in a randomized complete block design. The treatments included: a corn-soybean meal based diet without PFR inclusion (CON) or with PFR addition at 5 (PFR5), 10 (PFR10), and 15% (PFR15), respectively. Desalting via soaking and stirring caused a positive reduction in the salt present on the surface of PFR. Over the 42-day feeding period, an increased level of PFR quadratically increased gain:feed ratio such that gain:feed ratio for PFR10 was greater than that for CON (p < 0.05). Pigs fed PFR10 had greater crude protein digestibility, and lower aspartate aminotransferase and crypt depth than those fed the CON diet (p < 0.05). The linear improvements in crude protein and ether extract digestibility, duodenal villus height, and villus:crypt ratio were observed as the PFR content increased (p < 0.05). However, there were no significant effects on average daily feed intake, dry matter and ash digestibility, blood metabolites (total Ca, P, creatinine, and alkaline phosphatase). Altogether, up to 10% PFR can be included in corn-soybean meal diet without impairing protein digestibility and hepatic enzyme alteration. In fact, administering PFR with lower salt content to growing pigs ultimately promotes their growth performance and gut integrity.
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16
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Liu X, Lyu W, Liu L, Lv K, Zheng F, Wang Y, Chen J, Dai B, Yang H, Xiao Y. Comparison of Digestive Enzyme Activities and Expression of Small Intestinal Transporter Genes in Jinhua and Landrace Pigs. Front Physiol 2021; 12:669238. [PMID: 34194337 PMCID: PMC8236719 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.669238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Digestive enzyme activity is involved in the regulation of growth performance because digestive enzymes function to improve the feed efficiency by digestion and in turn to modulate the process of nutrient metabolism. The objective of this study was to investigate the differences of the digestive enzyme activities and expression of nutrient transporters in the intestinal tract between Jinhua and Landrace pigs and to explore the potential breed-specificity in digestion and absorption. The pancreas segments and the digesta and mucosa of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum were collected from 10 Jinhua pigs and Landrace pigs, respectively. The activities of trypsin, chymotrypsin, amylase, maltase, sucrase, and lipase were measured and the expression levels of PepT1, GLUT2, SGLT1, FABP1, FABP2, and FABP4 were examined. Results showed that the trypsin activity in the pancreas of Jinhua pigs was higher than that in Landrace pigs, but was lower in the small intestine, except for in the jejunal mucosa. The chymotrypsin activity in the small intestine of Jinhua pigs was higher than that in Landrace pigs, except for in jejunal mucosa and contents. Compared with Landrace pigs, the amylase and maltase activity in the small intestine of Jinhua pigs was lower, except for in ileal mucosa. The sucrase activity in the small intestine of Jinhua pigs was also lower than Landrace pigs, except for in jejunal mucosa. Furthermore, the lipase activity in the small intestine of Jinhua pigs was higher than that in Landrace pigs. The mRNA levels of PepT1 and GLUT2 in duodenal, jejunal and ileal mucosa showed no difference between Jinhua and Landrace pigs, whereas SGLT1 in ileal mucosa was lower in Jinhua pigs. The mRNA levels of FABP1, FABP2 and FABP4 in the small intestinal mucosa of Jinhua pigs were higher than in Landrace pigs. These findings indicate that there is a certain difference in the digestibility and absorption of nutrients in small intestine of Jinhua and Landrace pigs, partially resulting in their differences in growth development and fat deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuting Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wentao Lyu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Zhejiang Goshine Test Technologies Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China
| | - Kaikai Lv
- Zhejiang Goshine Test Technologies Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China
| | - Fen Zheng
- Agricultural and Rural Bureau of Kaihua County, Kaihua, China
| | - Yuanxia Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinggang Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bing Dai
- Zhejiang Goshine Test Technologies Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China
| | - Hua Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yingping Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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Ochonski P, Wu F, Tokach MD, DeRouchey JM, Dritz SS, Goodband RD, Woodworth JC, Lattimer JM. Evaluation of Enogen Feed Corn on growth performance and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs. Transl Anim Sci 2021; 5:txab052. [PMID: 34085028 PMCID: PMC8163048 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txab052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Enogen Feed Corn (EFC; Syngenta Seeds, LLC, Downers Grove, IL) hybrids contain a trait for expression of heat-stable α-amylase in the grain. α-Amylase is an enzyme responsible for breakdown of starch in the small intestine; supplementation of exogenous α-amylase to pigs may result in greater starch digestibility and thus improved gain efficiency. A total of 288 pigs (Line 600 × 241, DNA, Columbus, NE; initially 41.6 kg) were utilized in an 82-d trial to determine if replacing conventional yellow dent corn (CONV) with EFC in diets with or without distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) influences growth performance and carcass characteristics. Pens of pigs were randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments balancing for initial body weight. There were nine pens per treatment with eight pigs per pen (an equal number of barrows and gilts per pen). Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial with main effects of corn source (CONV or EFC) and DDGS (0% or 25%). Experimental diets were fed in meal form in three phases: days 0 to 29, 29 to 47, and 47 to 82. Pigs were weighed approximately every 2 wk and at the beginning of each phase. On day 82, pigs were transported to a commercial abattoir for processing and carcass data collection. Data were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX procedure of SAS with pen as the experimental unit. There were no corn source by DDGS interactions (P > 0.05) observed for overall performance or carcass characteristics. Overall, average daily gain (ADG) was marginally greater (P < 0.089) for pigs fed EFC than CONV with no evidence (P > 0.196) for difference in average daily feed intake (ADFI), gain:feed ratio (G:F), hot carcass weight (HCW), or other carcass traits. Addition of DDGS decreased (P < 0.047) overall ADG and G:F. Pigs fed DDGS had marginally lower (P < 0.071) HCW, less (P < 0.050) backfat depth, greater (P < 0.026) loin depth, and greater (P < 0.020) percentage lean and carcass fat iodine value (IV). In summary, addition of 25% DDGS to the diet decreased ADG and increased carcass fat IV. Pigs fed EFC tended to have improved overall ADG; however, G:F and carcass characteristics were not different between corn sources. These results suggest that EFC, although not beneficial, may be used as a substitute for CONV without any deleterious effects on growth performance. Further research should be conducted to understand whether addition of EFC to swine diets could be beneficial in younger pigs exhibiting decreased pancreatic α-amylase secretion following weaning or whether heat treatment of diets, such as pelleting, may influence the response to EFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Ochonski
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA
| | - Fangzhou Wu
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA
| | - Mike D Tokach
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA
| | - Joel M DeRouchey
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA
| | - Steve S Dritz
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA
| | - Robert D Goodband
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA
| | - Jason C Woodworth
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA
| | - James M Lattimer
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA
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18
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Qiu Y, Liu S, Hou L, Li K, Wang L, Gao K, Yang X, Jiang Z. Supplemental Choline Modulates Growth Performance and Gut Inflammation by Altering the Gut Microbiota and Lipid Metabolism in Weaned Piglets. J Nutr 2021; 151:20-29. [PMID: 33245135 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether dietary choline and bile acids affect lipid use via gut microbiota is unclear. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the effect of choline and bile acids on growth performance, lipid use, intestinal immunology, gut microbiota, and bacterial metabolites in weaned piglets. METHODS A total of 128 weaned piglets [Duroc × (Landrace × Yorkshire), 21-d-old, 8.21 ± 0.20 kg body weight (BW)] were randomly allocated to 4 treatments (8 replicate pens per treatment, each pen containing 2 males and 2 females; n = 32 per treatment) for 28 d. Piglets were fed a control diet (CON) or the CON diet supplemented with 597 mg choline/kg (C), 500 mg bile acids/kg (BA) or both (C + BA) in a 2 × 2 factorial design. Growth performance, intestinal function, gut microbiota, and metabolites were determined. RESULTS Compared with diets without choline, choline supplementation increased BW gain (6.13%), average daily gain (9.45%), gain per feed (8.18%), jejunal lipase activity (60.2%), and duodenal IL10 gene expression (51%), and decreased the mRNA abundance of duodenal TNFA (TNFα) (40.7%) and jejunal toll-like receptor 4 (32.9%) (P < 0.05); additionally, choline increased colonic butyrate (29.1%) and the abundance of Lactobacillus (42.3%), while decreasing the bile acid profile (55.8% to 57.6%) and the abundance of Parabacteroides (75.8%), Bacteroides (80.7%), and unidentified-Ruminococcaceae (32.5%) (P ≤ 0.05). Compared with diets without BA, BA supplementation decreased the mRNA abundance of colonic TNFA (37.4%), NF-κB p65 (42.4%), and myeloid differentiation factor 88 (42.5%) (P ≤ 0.01); BA also increased colonic butyrate (20.9%) and the abundance of Lactobacillus (39.7%) and Faecalibacterium (71.6%) and decreased that of Parabacteroides (67.7%) (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Choline supplementation improved growth performance and prevented gut inflammation in weaned piglets by altering gut microbiota and lipid metabolism. BA supplementation suppressed intestinal inflammation with no effect on growth performance, which was associated with changed gut microbiota and metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueqin Qiu
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding; Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture; Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shilong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding; Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture; Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding; Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture; Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kebiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding; Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture; Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding; Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture; Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kaiguo Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding; Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture; Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuefen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding; Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture; Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zongyong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding; Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture; Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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19
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Myrtollari K, Katsoulakis N, Zarafeta D, Pavlidis IV, Skretas G, Smonou I. Activity and specificity studies of the new thermostable esterase EstDZ2. Bioorg Chem 2020; 104:104214. [PMID: 32927128 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we study the activity and specificity of EstDZ2, a new thermostable carboxyl esterase of unknown function, which was isolated from a metagenome library from a Russian hot spring. The biocatalytic reaction employing EstDZ2 proved to be an efficient method for the hydrolysis of aryl p-, o- or m-substituted esters of butyric acid and esters of secondary alcohols. Docking studies revealed structural features of the enzyme that led to activity differences among the different substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamela Myrtollari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, University Campus-Voutes, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Katsoulakis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, University Campus-Voutes, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Dimitra Zarafeta
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis V Pavlidis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, University Campus-Voutes, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Georgios Skretas
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioulia Smonou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, University Campus-Voutes, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
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20
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He X, McClorry S, Hernell O, Lönnerdal B, Slupsky CM. Digestion of human milk fat in healthy infants. Nutr Res 2020; 83:15-29. [PMID: 32987285 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lipid digestion is critical for infant development, and yet, the interconnection between lipid digestion and the microbiota is largely understudied. This review focuses on digestion of the human milk fat globule and summarizes the current understanding of the mechanisms underlying this process in infants. We first discuss the partial hydrolysis of milk fat in the stomach, which leads to rearrangement of lipid droplets, creating a lipid-water interface necessary for duodenal lipolysis. In the first few months of life, secretion of pancreatic triglyceride lipase, phospholipase A2, and bile salts is immature. The dominant lipases aiding fat digestion in the newborn small intestine are therefore pancreatic lipase-related protein 2 and bile salt-stimulated lipase from both the exocrine pancreas and milk. We summarize the interaction between ionic fatty acids and cations to form insoluble fatty acid soaps and how it is influenced by various factors, including cation availability, pH, and bile salt concentration, as well as saturation and chain length of fatty acids. We further argue that the formation of the soap complex does not contribute to lipid bioavailability. Next, the possible roles that the gut microbiota plays in lipid digestion and absorption are discussed. Finally, we provide a perspective on how the manufacturing process of infant formula and dairy products may alter the physical properties and structure of lipid droplets, thereby altering the rate of lipolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan He
- Department of Nutrition, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Shannon McClorry
- Department of Nutrition, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Olle Hernell
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, SE 901 85 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Bo Lönnerdal
- Department of Nutrition, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Carolyn M Slupsky
- Department of Nutrition, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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21
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Palm oil encapsulated by homogenizing and spray drying enhances nutrient digestibility and attenuates diarrhoea of piglets. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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22
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Evaluation of Oral Administration of Lactobacillus plantarum CAM6 Strain as an Alternative to Antibiotics in Weaned Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10071218. [PMID: 32708975 PMCID: PMC7401644 DOI: 10.3390/ani10071218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Currently, due to intensive production, pigs are weaned early, which generates stress due to separation from the sow, metabolic disorders, and decreased productive performance. Thus, sub-therapeutic antibiotics have been used to alleviate these detrimental effects; however, it has been shown that these practices create microbial resistance and cross-resistance to other microorganisms. Although the European Union banned antibiotic growth promoters (AGP), many countries in the world still use them widely. In the present study, oral administration of Lactobacillus plantarum CAM6 in weaned pigs improved productive performance from the second experimental week and increased total serum levels of IgA without causing adverse effects on health indicators and acid-base balance. These results suggest this probiotic bacterium can be used as an alternative to antibiotics in weaned pigs. Abstract The objective was to evaluate the effect of oral administration of Lactobacillusplantarum CAM6 strain as an alternative to antibiotics in weaned pigs on productive parameters, blood biochemical profile, and IgA serum levels. Thirty-six 21-day-old weaned piglets were randomly assigned to three groups with three replicates of four piglets each. Treatments consisted of a basal diet (BD; T0) without probiotics or antibiotics; BD + antibiotics and the same basal diet used in T0 plus oral administration of 5 mL × 109 CFU/mL of L. plantarum CAM-6 (T2). During the study (21 to 49 days of age) T2 obtained a similar live weight, weight gain, and feed conversion ratio when compared to the T1. Both treatments were better in these variables compared to T0 (p ≤ 0.05). Furthermore, T2 increased serum IgA levels (p ≤ 0.05). Additionally, hematological parameters and acid-base balance remained similar in all groups. However, significant reductions in the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, platelets, and metabolic hydrogen ions were observed in T1 (p ≤ 0.05). The results of this study suggest that supplementation with L. plantarum CAM6 can be an alternative to antibiotics. Studies to evaluate its efficacy under commercial conditions and water administration require further evaluation.
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Cruz A, Tauson AH, Matthiesen CF, Mydland LT, Øverland M. Cyberlindnera jadinii yeast as a protein source for growing pigs: Effects on protein and energy metabolism. Livest Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2019.103855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Holloway CL, Boyd RD, Koehler D, Gould SA, Li Q, Patience JF. The impact of "super-dosing" phytase in pig diets on growth performance during the nursery and grow-out periods. Transl Anim Sci 2018; 3:419-428. [PMID: 32704812 PMCID: PMC7200431 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txy148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research indicates that “super-dosing” phytase may improve pig growth performance by improved nutrient use, although the benefits appear to be more consistent in nursery than in grow-out pigs. Therefore, two experiments were conducted to determine if performance could be improved by feeding phytase at super-dosed levels, and whether this response would be different if energy and amino acid (AA) were limiting. Experiment 1 involved 440 weaned pigs (6.27 ± 0.01 kg) in a factorial arrangement of treatments comparing the main effects of diet (positive control [PC] balanced for all nutrients vs. a negative control [NC]: 10% lower standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine with relative reduction of all other essential AA and 1% reduced fat) and phytase levels (0 vs. 2,500 FTU Quantum Blue 5G phytase/kg). Pigs were assigned to pen according to a randomized complete block design based on body weight (BW). Feed and water were provided ad libitum across four dietary phases: 3 × 1 wk plus 1 × 2 wk. The average daily gain (ADG) and gain to feed ratio (G:F) were improved in the PC relative to the NC (P < 0.05) indicating success in formulating a diet limiting in energy and/or AA. Phytase improved ADG and G:F, regardless of diet composition (P < 0.05). Thus, super-dosing phytase improved nursery pig growth performance, irrespective of diet nutrient adequacy or deficit. Experiment 2 involved 2,200 growing pigs (36.6 ± 0.30 kg) allotted to five treatments: a balanced PC (250 FTU Quantum Blue 5G phytase/kg), an NC (PC with 15% less SID lysine and 1.5% lower net energy [NE]), and three super-dosing phytase treatments applied to the NC totaling 1,000, 1,750, and 2,500 FTU phytase/kg. Feed and water were available ad libitum. At trial completion (approximately 122 kg), the PC pigs were heavier and more efficient than the NC pigs (P < 0.05) indicating success in formulating an NC treatment. Super-dosing phytase had no effect on whole body ADG or average daily feed intake (P > 0.10) but tended to improve G:F and feed energy efficiency (P < 0.10). Super-dosing phytase improved carcass-based feed and feed energy efficiency (P < 0.05) and tended to improve ADG (P < 0.10). Supplying phytase at “super-dosed” levels—above that required to meet the phosphorus requirement—improved growth performance in nursery pigs (6 to 22 kg BW) and provided smaller benefits in grow-finish pigs (37 to 122 kg BW). The improvement during the nursery period was independent of energy and AA levels in the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Stacie A Gould
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Qingyun Li
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - John F Patience
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
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Neal-Kluever A, Fisher J, Grylack L, Kakiuchi-Kiyota S, Halpern W. Physiology of the Neonatal Gastrointestinal System Relevant to the Disposition of Orally Administered Medications. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 47:296-313. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.084418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Fang LH, Jin YH, Do SH, Hong JS, Kim BO, Han TH, Kim YY. Effects of dietary energy and crude protein levels on growth performance, blood profiles, and nutrient digestibility in weaning pigs. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2018; 32:556-563. [PMID: 30145868 PMCID: PMC6409451 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.18.0294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Objective This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of reducing dietary metabolic energy (ME) and crude protein (CP) levels on growth performance, blood profiles, and nutrient digestibility in weaning pigs. Methods A total of 240 crossbred pigs (Duroc×[Landrace×Yorkshire]) with an average body weight of 8.67±1.13 kg were used for a 6-week feeding trial. Experimental pigs were allotted to a 2×3 factorial arrangement using a randomized complete block design. The first factor was two levels of dietary ME density (low ME level, 13.40 MJ/kg or high ME level, 13.82 MJ/kg) and the second factor was three dietary CP levels based on subdivision of early and late weaning phases (low CP level, 19.7%/16.9%; middle CP level, 21.7%/18.9%; or high CP level, 23.7%/20.9%). Results Over the entire experimental period, there were no significant difference in body weight among groups, but a decrease in diet energy level was associated with an increase in average daily feed intake (p = 0.02) and decrease in gain-feed ratio (G:F) ratio (p<0.01). Decreased CP levels in the diet were associated with a linear increase in average daily gain (p< 0.05) and quadratic increase in G:F ratio (p<0.05). In the early weaning period, blood urea nitrogen concentration tended to increase when ME in the diet decreased and decrease when CP level in the diet decreased (p = 0.09, p<0.01, respectively). Total protein concentration tended to increase when CP level was reduced (p = 0.08). In the late weaning period, blood urea nitrogen concentration decreased linearly as CP level decreased (p<0.01). The CP and crude fat digestibility decreased when ME was decreased by 0.42 MJ/kg (p = 0.05, p = 0.01, respectively). The CP digestibility increased linearly as CP level decreased (p = 0.01). Conclusion A weaning pig diet containing high ME level (13.82 MJ/kg) and low CP level (19.7%/16.9%) can improve pig growth performance and nutrient digestibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Hu Fang
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Ying Hai Jin
- Department of Animal Science, Yanbian University, Yan Ji, Ji Lin, 133000 China
| | - Sung Ho Do
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jin Su Hong
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Byung Ock Kim
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Tae Hee Han
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Yoo Yong Kim
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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Mohammadigheisar M, Kim HS, Kim IH. Effect of inclusion of lysolecithin or multi-enzyme in low energy diet of broiler chickens. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2018.1484358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hyun Soo Kim
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - In Ho Kim
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
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Wang Y, Chiba L, Huang C, Torres I, Wang L, Welles E. Effect of diet complexity, multi-enzyme complexes, essential oils, and benzoic acid on weanling pigs. Livest Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Xu Y, Liu L, Long S, Pan L, Piao X. Effect of organic acids and essential oils on performance, intestinal health and digestive enzyme activities of weaned pigs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Poquet L, Wooster TJ. Infant digestion physiology and the relevance of in vitro biochemical models to test infant formula lipid digestion. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 60:1876-95. [PMID: 27279140 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Lipids play an important role in the diet of preterm and term infants providing a key energy source and essential lipid components for development. While a lot is known about adult lipid digestion, our understanding of infant digestion physiology is still incomplete, the greatest gap being on the biochemistry of the small intestine, particularly the activity and relative importance of the various lipases active in the intestine. The literature has been reviewed to identify the characteristics of lipid digestion of preterm and term infants, but also to better understand the physiology of the infant gastrointestinal tract compared to adults that impacts the absorption of lipids. The main differences are a higher gastric pH, submicellar bile salt concentration, a far more important role of gastric lipases as well as differences at the level of the intestinal barrier. Importantly, the consequences of improper in vitro replication of gastric digestions conditions (pH and lipase specificity) are demonstrated using examples from the most recent of studies. It is true that some animal models could be adapted to study infant lipid digestion physiology, however the ethical relevance of such models is questionable, hence the development of accurate in vitro models is a must. In vitro models that combine up to date knowledge of digestion biochemistry with intestinal cells in culture are the best choice to replicate digestion and absorption in infant population, this would allow the adaptation of infant formula for a better digestion and absorption of dietary lipids by preterm and term infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Poquet
- Nestlé Research Center, Vers-Chez-Les-Blanc, Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - Tim J Wooster
- Nestlé Research Center, Vers-Chez-Les-Blanc, Lausanne 26, Switzerland
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Downes NJ. Consideration of the Development of the Gastrointestinal Tract in the Choice of Species for Regulatory Juvenile Studies. Birth Defects Res 2017; 110:56-62. [PMID: 28872769 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although the rat is close to being the automatic choice for regulatory juvenile toxicity studies, there are several shortcomings in this model. Choosing a species should take into serious consideration the importance of gastrointestinal tract development in the period before weaning as this may have a major effect on exposure. A comparison of the anatomical changes in the stomach and small intestine of mini-pig and rat show that the mini-pig is a far closer model for man than is the rat, although there are a few unusual aspects of small intestinal development in the mini-pig. Considerations of the development of the gastrointestinal tract and choice of species have the potential to affect safety assessment and should be a prime consideration when planning an investigation. Birth Defects Research 110:56-62, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Wang J, Li P, Zhang X, Ye L. Developmental morphology study on the stomach of African ostrich chicks. Poult Sci 2017; 96:2006-2012. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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Buchet A, Belloc C, Leblanc-Maridor M, Merlot E. Effects of age and weaning conditions on blood indicators of oxidative status in pigs. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178487. [PMID: 28542567 PMCID: PMC5443573 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Weaning is a source of social, nutritional and environmental disorders that challenge piglet health. This study assesses the relevance of using plasma indicators of oxidative status as biomarkers of health around weaning in pigs. Blood antioxidant potential (BAP), hydroperoxides (HPO), oxidative stress index (OSI, e.g. HPO/BAP), vitamin A and E concentrations were investigated in two different trials. Trial A was carried out in an experimental unit to investigate the effects of age (from 12 to 147 days of age), weaning (at 21 or 28 days of age) and management at weaning (in optimal (OC) or deteriorated (DC) conditions) on those parameters. Trial B was performed in 16 commercial pig farms to describe the variability of these indicators on field between 26 and 75 days of age. In trial A, between 12 and 147 days of age, HPO globally increased (P < 0.001), vitamin E concentration decreased (P < 0.001) whereas BAP and vitamin A concentration remained relatively stable (P > 0.1). Vitamins E and A concentrations dropped 5 days after weaning independently of weaning age, weaning conditions and expression of diarrhea (P < 0.001). Twelve days after weaning, whatever the weaning age, HPO and OSI increased in DC compared to OC piglets (P = 0.05 and P < 0.01) and in piglets exhibiting diarrhea compared to those without diarrhea (P < 0.01 and P < 0.001). In DC pigs, BAP was also decreased (P < 0.05) 12 days after weaning. On trial B, plasma concentrations of vitamins A and E decreased and HPO increased 5 and 19 days respectively after weaning (P < 0,001). Contrarily to trial A, BAP values did not drop after weaning. Piglets which had the lowest ADG (Average Daily Gain) after weaning had greater HPO and OSI and lower vitamin A and E concentrations after weaning but also lower vitamin E concentration before weaning (P < 0.05). In conclusion, HPO or OSI seem to be good indicators of health disorders around weaning and plasma concentration of vitamin E before weaning is associated to growth after weaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Buchet
- PEGASE, Agrocampus Ouest, INRA, Saint-Gilles, France
- Cooperl Arc Atlantique, Lamballe, France
- BIOEPAR, INRA, ONIRIS, Nantes, France
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | - Elodie Merlot
- PEGASE, Agrocampus Ouest, INRA, Saint-Gilles, France
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Tsai T, Dove C, Cline P, Owusu-Asiedu A, Walsh M, Azain M. The effect of adding xylanase or β-glucanase to diets with corn distillers dried grains with solubles (CDDGS) on growth performance and nutrient digestibility in nursery pigs. Livest Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Qiao H, Zhang F, Guan W, Zuo J, Feng D. Optimisation of combi-lipases from Aspergillus niger
for the synergistic and efficient hydrolysis of soybean oil. Anim Sci J 2016; 88:772-780. [DOI: 10.1111/asj.12718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanzhen Qiao
- SCAU-UniOil Feeding Oil﹠Fat Research Centre; Guangzhou China
- College of Animal Science; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou China
| | - Fei Zhang
- SCAU-UniOil Feeding Oil﹠Fat Research Centre; Guangzhou China
- College of Animal Science; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou China
| | - Wutai Guan
- SCAU-UniOil Feeding Oil﹠Fat Research Centre; Guangzhou China
- College of Animal Science; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou China
| | - Jianjun Zuo
- SCAU-UniOil Feeding Oil﹠Fat Research Centre; Guangzhou China
| | - Dingyuan Feng
- SCAU-UniOil Feeding Oil﹠Fat Research Centre; Guangzhou China
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Liu LJ, Zhu J, Wang B, Cheng C, Du YJ, Wang MQ. In vitro stability evaluation of coated lipase. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2016; 30:192-197. [PMID: 27507179 PMCID: PMC5205606 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.16.0370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective The study was conducted to evaluate the stability of commercial coated lipase (CT-LIP) in vitro. Methods The capsules were tested under different conditions with a range of temperature, pH, dry heat treatment and steaming treatment, simulated gastric fluid (SGF) and simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) in this work, respectively. Free lipase (uncoated lipase, UC-LIP) was the control group. Lipase relative activities measured in various treatments were used as a reference frame to characterize the stability. Results The lipase activities were decreased with increasing temperatures (p<0.05), and there was a markedly decline (p<0.01) in lipase comparative activities of UC-LIP at 80°C compared with CT-LIP group. Higher relative activities of lipase were observed in CT-LIP group compared with the free one under acidic ambient (pH 3 to 7) and an alkaline medium (pH 8 to 12). Residual lipase activities of CT-LIP group were increased (p<0.05) by 5.67% and 35.60% in dry heat and hydrothermal treatments, respectively. The lipase relative activity profile of CT-LIP was raised at first and dropped subsequently (p<0.05) compared with constantly reduced tendency of UC-LIP exposed to both SGF and SIF. Conclusion The results suggest that the CT-LIP possesses relatively higher stability in comparison with the UC-LIP in vitro. The CT-LIP could retain the potential property to provide sustained release of lipase and thus improved its bioavailability in the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Jie Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Bio-Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jia Zhu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Bio-Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Bin Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Bio-Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chu Cheng
- National Engineering Laboratory of Bio-Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yong Jie Du
- National Engineering Laboratory of Bio-Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Min Qi Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Bio-Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Jin XH, Heo PS, Hong JS, Kim NJ, Kim YY. Supplementation of Dried Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor larva) on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility and Blood Profiles in Weaning Pigs. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2016; 29:979-86. [PMID: 27282974 PMCID: PMC4932593 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.15.0535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dried mealworm (Tenebrio molitor larva) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and blood profiles in weaning pigs. A total of 120 weaning pigs (28±3 days and 8.04±0.08 kg of body weight) were allotted to one of five treatments, based on sex and body weight, in 6 replicates with 4 pigs per pen by a randomized complete block design. Supplementation level of dried mealworm was 0%, 1.5%, 3.0%, 4.5%, or 6.0% in experimental diet as treatment. Two phase feeding programs (phase I from 0 day to 14 day, phase II from 14 day to 35 day) were used in this experiment. All animals were allowed to access diet and water ad libitum. During phase I, increasing level of dried mealworm in diet linearly improved the body weight (p<0.01), average daily gain (ADG) (p<0.01) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) (p<0.01). During phase II, ADG also tended to increase linearly when pigs were fed higher level of dried mealworm (p = 0.08). In addition, increasing level of dried mealworm improved the ADG (p<0.01), ADFI (p<0.05) and tended to increase gain to feed ratio (p = 0.07) during the whole experimental period. As dried mealworm level was increased, nitrogen retention and digestibility of dry matter as well as crude protein were linearly increased (p = 0.05). In the results of blood profiles, decrease of blood urea nitrogen (linear, p = 0.05) and increase of insulin-like growth factor (linear, p = 0.03) were observed as dried mealworm was increased in diet during phase II. However, there were no significant differences in immunoglobulin A (IgA) and IgG concentration by addition of dried mealworm in the growth trial. Consequently, supplementation of dried mealworm up to 6% in weaning pigs’ diet improves growth performance and nutrient digestibility without any detrimental effect on immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- X H Jin
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Animal Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
| | - P S Heo
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Animal Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
| | - J S Hong
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Animal Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
| | - N J Kim
- National Academy of Agricultural Science, Wanju 565-851, Korea
| | - Y Y Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Animal Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
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Ravindran V, Tancharoenrat P, Zaefarian F, Ravindran G. Fats in poultry nutrition: Digestive physiology and factors influencing their utilisation. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Miao ZG, Wang LJ, Fei-Zhu F, Li GW, Xu ZR. Developmental changes of jejunal brush-border enzyme activity in growing Jinhua gilts. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2009.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Peiretti PG, Gai F, Brugiapaglia A, Mussa PP, Meineri G. Fresh meat quality of pigs fed diets with different fatty acid profiles and supplemented with red wine solids. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-457x.6653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Use of re-esterified palm oils, differing in their acylglycerol structure, in weaning-piglet diets. Animal 2015; 9:1304-11. [PMID: 25912649 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731115000622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Re-esterified oils are new fat sources obtained from chemical esterification of acid oils with glycerol (both economically interesting by-products from oil refining and biodiesel industries, respectively). The different fatty acid (FA) positional distribution and acylglycerol composition of re-esterified oils may enhance the apparent absorption of saturated fatty acids (SFA) and, thus, their overall nutritive value. The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential use of re-esterified palm oils, in comparison with their corresponding acid and native oils, and also with an unsaturated fat source in weaning-piglet diets. The parameters assessed were: FA apparent absorption, acylglycerol and free fatty acid (FFA) composition of feces, and growth performance. One-hundred and twenty weaning piglets (average weight of 8.50±1.778 kg) were blocked by initial BW (six blocks) and randomly assigned to five dietary treatments, resulting in four piglets per pen and six replicates per treatment. Dietary treatments were a basal diet supplemented with 10% (as-fed basis) of native soybean oil (SN), native palm oil (PN), acid palm oil (PA), re-esterified palm oil low in mono- (MAG) and diacylglycerols (DAG) (PEL), or re-esterified palm oil high in MAG and DAG (PEH). Results from the digestibility balance showed that SN reached the greatest total FA apparent absorption, and statistically different from PN, PA and PEL (P0.05), but PEH achieved the greatest total FA apparent absorption. Animals fed PEL, despite the fact that PEL oil contained more sn-2 SFA, did not show an improved absorption of SFA (P>0.05). Animals fed PA and PN showed similar apparent absorption coefficients (P>0.05), despite the high FFA content of PA oil. The acylglycerol and FFA composition of feces was mainly composed of FFA. There were no significant differences in growth performance (P>0.05). Results of the present study suggest that, despite the different acylglycerol structure of re-esterified oils, there were no significant differences in digestibility or performance with respect to their corresponding PN and PA oils in weaning-piglet diets.
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The Secretion and Action of Brush Border Enzymes in the Mammalian Small Intestine. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 168:59-118. [PMID: 26345415 DOI: 10.1007/112_2015_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Microvilli are conventionally regarded as an extension of the small intestinal absorptive surface, but they are also, as latterly discovered, a launching pad for brush border digestive enzymes. Recent work has demonstrated that motor elements of the microvillus cytoskeleton operate to displace the apical membrane toward the apex of the microvillus, where it vesiculates and is shed into the periapical space. Catalytically active brush border digestive enzymes remain incorporated within the membranes of these vesicles, which shifts the site of BB digestion from the surface of the enterocyte to the periapical space. This process enables nutrient hydrolysis to occur adjacent to the membrane in a pre-absorptive step. The characterization of BB digestive enzymes is influenced by the way in which these enzymes are anchored to the apical membranes of microvilli, their subsequent shedding in membrane vesicles, and their differing susceptibilities to cleavage from the component membranes. In addition, the presence of active intracellular components of these enzymes complicates their quantitative assay and the elucidation of their dynamics. This review summarizes the ontogeny and regulation of BB digestive enzymes and what is known of their kinetics and their action in the peripheral and axial regions of the small intestinal lumen.
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Hanson AR, Wang L, Johnston LJ, Baidoo SK, Torrison JL, Chen C, Shurson GC. Effect of feeding peroxidized dried distillers grains with solubles to sows and progeny on growth performance and metabolic oxidative status of nursery pigs. J Anim Sci 2015; 93:135-46. [PMID: 25568363 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-7371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This experiment evaluated the effects of including peroxidized corn dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) in diets for sows and nursery pigs on growth performance, vitamin E (VE), and Se status, and the incidence of mulberry heart disease (MHD) of nursery pigs. Sows (n = 12) were fed corn-soybean meal diets (C-SBM) or C-SBM diets with DDGS (40% and 20% in gestation and lactation, respectively) for 3 parities. In the third parity, 108 weaned pigs (BW = 6.6 ± 0.36 kg) were blocked by BW within litter, assigned to pens (2 pigs/pen; 5 and 4 pens per litter for groups 1 and 2, respectively), and pens were assigned 1 of 3 nursery diets: 1) corn-soybean meal (CON), 2) 30% peroxidized DDGS (Ox-D), and 3) 30% Ox-D with 5 × NRC (1998) level of VE (Ox-D+5VE) for 7 wk, in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of sow and nursery diets (n = 9 pens/treatment). The peroxidized DDGS source in nursery diets contained concentrations of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and peroxide values that were 25 and 27 times greater than a reference corn sample. Sow colostrum, milk, and serum, as well as pig serum and liver samples, were analyzed for α-tocopherol and Se concentrations. Pig serum was analyzed for glutathione peroxidase activity (GPx), TBARS, and sulfur-containing AA (SAA). Pig hearts were evaluated for gross and histopathological lesions indicative of MHD, but none were detected. Pigs from sows fed DDGS tended to have reduced (P = 0.07) VE in serum during lactation and reduced VE at weaning (P < 0.01; 5.6 vs. 6.7 ± 0.1 µg/mL) compared with pigs from sows fed C-SBM. Inclusion of DDGS in sow diets reduced the VE status of pigs during lactation, but not in the nursery when MHD can be a concern. Pigs fed Ox-D+5VE (P = 0.08) tended to have, and those fed Ox-D (P = 0.04) had greater ADFI than pigs fed CON, but ADG was not affected (P > 0.1) by nursery diet. Feeding Ox-D or Ox-D+5VE increased (P < 0.05) serum α-tocopherol compared with CON (2.5, 2.8, and 3.4 ± 0.09 µg/mL, respectively), but TBARS and GPx were not affected by nursery diet. Serum concentration of SAA was 40% to 50% greater (P < 0.01) for pigs fed Ox-D or Ox-D+5VE compared with those fed C-SBM, which was likely due to greater (P < 0.01) SAA intake for pigs fed Ox-D. The antioxidant properties of SAA may have spared VE and Se and masked any effect of Ox-D on metabolic oxidation status. Therefore, increasing the dietary VE concentration was unnecessary in nursery diets containing Ox-D.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Hanson
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108
| | - L Wang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108
| | - L J Johnston
- West Central Research and Outreach Center, University of Minnesota, Morris 56267
| | - S K Baidoo
- Southern Research and Outreach Center, University of Minnesota, Waseca 56093
| | - J L Torrison
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108
| | - C Chen
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108
| | - G C Shurson
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108
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Zhao H, Chen D, Tang J, Jia G, Long D, Liu G, Chen X, Shang H. Partial optimization of the 5-terminal codon increased a recombination porcine pancreatic lipase (opPPL) expression in Pichia pastoris. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114385. [PMID: 25544987 PMCID: PMC4278863 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic lipase plays a key role in intestinal digestion of feed fat, and is often deficient in young animals such as weaning piglets. The objective of this study was to express and characterize a partial codon optimized porcine pancreatic lipase (opPPL). A 537 bp cDNA fragment encoding N-terminus amino acid residue of the mature porcine pancreatic lipase was synthesized according to the codon bias of Pichia pastoris and ligated to the full-length porcine pancreatic lipase cDNA fragment. The codon optimized PPL was cloned into the pPICZαA (Invitrogen, Beijing, China) vector. After the resultant opPPL/pPICZαΑ plasmid was transformed into P.pastoris, the over-expressed extracellular opPPL containing a His-tag to the C terminus was purified using Ni Sepharose affinity column (GE Healthcare, Piscataway, NJ, USA), and was characterized against the native enzyme (commercial PPL from porcine pancreas, Sigma). The opPPL exhibited a molecular mass of approximately 52 kDa, and showed optimal temperature (40°C), optimal pH (8.0), Km (0.041 mM), and Vmax (2.008 µmol.mg protein −1.min−1) similar to those of the commercial enzyme with p-NPP as the substrate. The recombinant enzyme was stable at 60°C, but lost 80% (P<0.05) of its activity after exposure to heat ≥60°C for 20 min. The codon optimization increased opPPL yield for ca 4 folds (146 mg.L−1 vs 36 mg.L−1) and total enzyme activity increased about 5 folds (1900 IU.L−1 vs 367 IU.L−1) compared with those native naPPL/pPICZαΑ tranformant. Comparison of gene copies and mRNA profiles between the two strains indicated the increased rePPL yields may partly be ascribed to the increased protein translational efficiency after codon optimization. In conclusion, we successfully optimized 5-terminal of porcine pancreatic lipase encoding gene and over-expressed the gene in P. pastoris as an extracellular, functional enzyme. The recombination enzyme demonstrates a potential for future use as an animal feed additive for animal improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhao
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Dan Chen
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Jiayong Tang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Gang Jia
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Dingbiao Long
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Science, Chongqing, 402460, China
| | - Guangmang Liu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Xiaoling Chen
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Haiying Shang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
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Adeola O, Mahan DC, Azain MJ, Baidoo SK, Cromwell GL, Hill GM, Pettigrew JE, Maxwell CV, Shannon MC. Dietary lipid sources and levels for weanling pigs. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:4216-25. [PMID: 23893978 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-6297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Collaborative studies comprising growth performance and metabolism experiments were conducted to reevaluate growth performance and nutrient and energy utilization responses of nursery pigs to dietary lipid sources and levels. Two lipid sources (soybean oil or tallow) were included at the rate of 1%, 3%, or 5% at the expense of cornstarch in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement for 6 diets, and Lys was added to maintain a constant calorie:Lys ratio. A growth performance experiment (d 0 to 7, d 7 to 21, and d 21 to 35 postweaning) involving a total of 822 crossbred pigs was conducted at 9 research stations. Each station contributed 2 to 7 replicate pens with 4 to 6 pigs per pen, resulting in a total of 28 replicate pens per diet. The initial BW ranged from 5.9 to 7.3 kg, and the final BW ranged from 20.9 to 28.9 kg. Diets fed during d 7 to 21 and d 21 to 35 were evaluated with 120 barrows in 2 metabolism experiments with 10 individually fed barrows per diet to determine digestibility and retention of nutrients and energy. Lipid source and the interaction between lipid level and source did not affect growth performance. Lipid did not affect growth performance from d 0 to 7. There was a quadratic decrease (P < 0.05) in ADG with increasing level of added lipid only during d 7 to 21 postweaning. The ADFI was decreased (P < 0.01) both during d 7 to 21 and d 21 to 35 postweaning with increasing level of lipid supplementation. A linear improvement (P < 0.001) in G:F with increasing level of lipid supplementation occurred during both d 21 to 35 and d 0 to 35 postweaning. There was a linear increase in DE, ME, and nitrogen-corrected ME (MEn) of diets fed during d 7 to 21 postweaning with increasing lipid level regardless of lipid source. For diets fed during d 21 to 35 postweaning, there were interactions (P < 0.05) between lipid source and level for digestibility of DM, N, lipid, and energy and for DE, ME, and MEn of diets. The improved feed efficiency was, perhaps, partly attributable to the increase in ME content of the diets with added lipids. There were interactions (P < 0.05) between lipid source and level for efficiency of energy use for BW gain for diets fed during d 21 to 35. The efficiencies of use of DE, ME, and NE for BW gain were not affected in pigs fed diets containing increasing levels of soybean oil; however, there were linear increases in these response criteria for pigs fed diets containing increasing levels of tallow. These results indicate that the energy values of soybean oil from the 2012 NRC study used in formulating these diets were fairly accurate.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Adeola
- Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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Eklund M, Sauer N, Hörner S, Rademacher M, Mosenthin R. Comparative evaluation of standardized ileal amino acid digestibility in protein supplements for piglets. J Anim Sci 2013; 90 Suppl 4:155-7. [PMID: 23365314 DOI: 10.2527/jas.53898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA was determined in 6 protein ingredients for piglets. A basal diet based on corn (Zea mays) starch and casein was supplemented with fluid-bed-dried porcine intestinal mucosa hydrolysate, spray-dried porcine intestinal mucosa hydrolysate, soy (Glycine max) protein concentrate, 2 batches of soy protein, or full-fat soybeans. The SID of AA did not differ between the 4 soybean products (P > 0.05). Compared to most SID values in the 4 soybean products, SID of AA were lower in the 2 porcine intestinal mucosa hydrolysates (P ≤ 0.05). In conclusion, although the initial trypsin inhibitor contents in the raw soybeans have not been determined, high SID values in the 4 soybean products indicate that the different processing procedures used to manufacture these products were efficient to inactivate trypsin inhibitors. For most AA in the 2 porcine intestinal mucosa hydrolysates, drying procedure did not affect SID of AA, but SID values were generally lower compared to the 4 soybean products.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Eklund
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Price KL, Lin X, van Heugten E, Odle R, Willis G, Odle J. Diet physical form, fatty acid chain length, and emulsification alter fat utilization and growth of newly weaned pigs. J Anim Sci 2012; 91:783-92. [PMID: 23230111 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-5307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to examine the interplay of diet physical form (liquid vs. dry), fatty acid chain length [medium- (MCT) vs. long-chain triglyceride (LCT)], and emulsification as determinants of fat utilization and growth of newly weaned pigs. Ninety-six pigs were weaned at 20.0 ± 0.3 d of age (6.80 ± 0.04 kg) and fed ad libitum 1 of 8 diets for 14 d according to a 2(3) factorial arrangement of treatments with 6 pens per diet and 2 pigs per pen. The MCT contained primarily C8:0 and C10:0 fatty acids, whereas the LCT mainly contained C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, and C18:2. Diet physical form greatly impacted piglet growth (P < 0.001), with liquid-fed pigs (486 g/d) growing faster than dry-fed pigs (332 g/d) by 46%. Pigs fed LCT grew 22% faster (P = 0.01) than MCT-fed pigs; however, effects of emulsifier were not detected (P > 0.1). Furthermore, feed intake and G:F were 15% and 29% greater for liquid-fed pigs, and intake also was 21% greater for pigs fed LCT (P = 0.01). Diet physical form had no effect on apparent ileal fatty acid digestibility, but as expected, digestibility was greater (P < 0.001) for the MCT than the LCT diet (98.5% vs. 93.4%). Emulsification improved digestibility of most fatty acids in pigs fed LCT but not MCT (interaction, P < 0.01). Both jejunal and ileal villi height increased from 7 to 14 d postweaning (P < 0.01). Liquid-fed pigs had greater jejunal crypt depth (P < 0.05) compared with pigs fed the dry diet; however, ileal morphology was not affected by diet physical form, fat chain length, or emulsification. Plasma ketone body concentrations were 6-fold greater in pigs fed MCT than LCT, and the difference was greater in pigs fed dry diets (interaction, P = 0.01). The bile salt concentration in jejunal digesta was 2.2-fold greater in pigs fed LCT than in pigs fed MCT (P < 0.001). Collectively, we conclude that feeding liquid diets containing emulsified LCT can improve fat utilization and markedly accentuate feed intake, growth, and G:F of weanling pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Price
- Laboratory of Developmental Nutrition, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695, USA
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Eklund M, Sauer N, Rink F, Rademacher M, Mosenthin R. Effect of soybean meal origin on standardized ileal amino acid digestibility in piglets. J Anim Sci 2012; 90 Suppl 4:188-90. [PMID: 23365325 DOI: 10.2527/jas.53896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study with piglets was conducted to estimate standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA in European Union soybean (Glycine max) meal (SBM) imports sourced from Argentina, Brazil, and the United States. Twelve piglets with an average initial BW of 9 kg (47 d of age) were fitted with a simple ileal T-cannula to determine SID of AA in 4 batches of SBM originating either from Argentina (n = 1), Brazil (n = 1), or the United States (n = 2; US1 and US2). A semisynthetic diet based on corn (Zea mays) starch and casein (125 g casein/kg as-fed) was supplemented with 1 of 4 batches SBM at an inclusion rate of 235 g SBM/kg (as-fed) each. The chemical composition did not differ largely, with CP contents ranging from 458 in Argentinean to 461 g/kg (as-fed) in US1 SBM. The SID of indispensable AA ranged from 80% in US2 SBM to 83% in Argentinean SBM and from 74% for Trp in US2 and Brazilian SBM to 91% for Arg in US2, Brazilian, and Argentinean SBM. Most SID values did not differ among the SBM batches (P > 0.05). In conclusion, European SBM imports from Brazil, Argentina, or the United Sates were similar in their chemical composition. For most AA, high and uniform SID values were obtained independent from their source of origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Eklund
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Buddington RK, Sangild PT, Hance B, Huang EY, Black DD. Prenatal gastrointestinal development in the pig and responses after preterm birth. J Anim Sci 2012; 90 Suppl 4:290-8. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.54604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R. K. Buddington
- Department of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38117
| | - P. T. Sangild
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Copenhagen, Denmark, DK-1958
| | - B. Hance
- Department of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38117
| | - E. Y. Huang
- Department of Surgery, LeBonheur Children's Hospital and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - D. D. Black
- Children's Foundation Research Institute at Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103
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Heo JM, Opapeju FO, Pluske JR, Kim JC, Hampson DJ, Nyachoti CM. Gastrointestinal health and function in weaned pigs: a review of feeding strategies to control post-weaning diarrhoea without using in-feed antimicrobial compounds. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2012; 97:207-37. [PMID: 22416941 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2012.01284.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 443] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
For the last several decades, antimicrobial compounds have been used to promote piglet growth at weaning through the prevention of subclinical and clinical disease. There are, however, increasing concerns in relation to the development of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains and the potential of these and associated resistance genes to impact on human health. As a consequence, European Union (EU) banned the use of antibiotics as growth promoters in swine and livestock production on 1 January 2006. Furthermore, minerals such as zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) are not feasible alternatives/replacements to antibiotics because their excretion is a possible threat to the environment. Consequently, there is a need to develop feeding programs to serve as a means for controlling problems associated with the weaning transition without using antimicrobial compounds. This review, therefore, is focused on some of nutritional strategies that are known to improve structure and function of gastrointestinal tract and (or) promote post-weaning growth with special emphasis on probiotics, prebiotics, organic acids, trace minerals and dietary protein source and level.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Heo
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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