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Schrade S, Zeyer K, Mohn J, Zähner M. Effect of diets with different crude protein levels on ammonia and greenhouse gas emissions from a naturally ventilated dairy housing. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 896:165027. [PMID: 37355138 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Less crude protein (CP) in the diet can reduce nitrogen excretion of dairy cattle and lower their ammonia (NH3) and nitrous oxide (N2O) formation potential. The diet composition might also affect emissions of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2). However, previous studies did not investigate the effect of diets with different CP levels that are customary practice in Switzerland on NH3 and greenhouse gas emissions on a practical scale. In a case-control approach, we quantified the emissions (NH3, N2O, CH4, CO2) in two separate but identical compartments of a naturally ventilated cubicle housing for lactating dairy cows over six days by using a tracer ratio method. Cows in one compartment received a diet with 116 g CP per kilogram dry matter (DM), in the other compartment with 166 g CP kg-1 DM. Subsequently, diets were switched for a second 6-day measurement phase. The results showed that the diet, aside from outside temperature and wind speed in the housing, was driving NH3 and N2O emissions. NH3 and N2O emission reduction per livestock unit (LU) was on average 46 % and almost 20 %, respectively, for the diet with low CP level compared to the higher CP level. In addition, strong relationships were observed between the CP content of the diet, N excretion in the urine and the milk urea content. An increased temperature or wind speed led to a clear increase in NH3 emissions. Differences in CH4 and CO2 emissions per LU indicated a significant influence of the diet, which cannot be attributed to the CP content. Our herd-level study demonstrated that a significant reduction in NH3 and N2O emissions related to LU, energy-corrected milk as well as DM intake can be achieved by lowering the CP content in the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Schrade
- Agroscope, Ruminant Nutrition and Emissions Research Group, 8356 Ettenhausen, Switzerland.
| | - Kerstin Zeyer
- Empa, Laboratory for Air Pollution / Environmental Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Joachim Mohn
- Empa, Laboratory for Air Pollution / Environmental Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Michael Zähner
- Agroscope, Ruminant Nutrition and Emissions Research Group, 8356 Ettenhausen, Switzerland
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Santana A, Cajarville C, Mendoza A, Repetto JL. Including 8 hours of access to alfalfa in 1 or 2 grazing sessions in dairy cows fed a partial mixed ration: Effects on intake, behavior, digestion, and milk production and composition. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:6060-6079. [PMID: 37474373 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the inclusion of alfalfa grazing during 8 h continuous or partitioned in 2 separated sessions of 4 h after each milking, on nutrient intake, digestibility, ruminal fermentation, feeding behavior, milk production, milk composition, and milk fatty acid profile, in late-lactation cows fed a partial mixed ration (PMR). Twelve dairy cows (193 ± 83 d in milk, 584 ± 71 kg of body weight) were housed in individual outdoor pens and assigned to treatments according to a 3 × 3 Latin square design replicated 4 times. The treatments were as follows: (1) control (T0), cows were fed a total mixed ration (TMR) provided ad libitum 20.0% crude protein (CP), 32.2% neutral detergent fiber (NDF); (2) fed a diet combining a PMR which had the same ingredient composition as the TMR (60% of ad libitum intake) + 1 session of 8 h of pasture (T8), continuous grazing alfalfa (Medicago sativa; 20.6% CP, 35.8% NDF) after the p.m. milking; and (3) PMR (60% of ad libitum intake) + 2 daily sessions of 4 h of access to pasture after each milking (T4+4). The experiment lasted 57 d and was divided into 3 periods of 19 d each. The first 12 d of each period was used for diet adaptation, and the last 7 d was used for data collection. No differences among treatments were observed for any of the productive variables, feeding efficiency, or purine derivatives excretion. Cows in T0 had greater intake and apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, and nonfibrous carbohydrates compared with T4+4 and T8. Compared with T0, alfalfa grazing increased the concentration of C18:1 trans-11 and decreased those of C16:0 and C17:0 in milk fat. Cows in T4+4 consumed 1.1 more kg DM/d of alfalfa and N provided by alfalfa in the diet was 3 percentage points higher compared with T8 cows (266 vs. 229 g/d, respectively). In addition, T4+4 cows had a greater daily range of ruminal pH than T8 (0.73 vs. 0.93), and the highest concentrations of NH3-N were recorded during the a.m. grazing session while in T8 cows it occurred during the night. In conclusion, including 8 h of alfalfa grazing in T8 and T4+4 treatments allowed the substitution between 35.8 and 38.7% of the total dry matter intake (DMI) of a PMR (with a similar CP concentration to alfalfa) for pasture, maintaining milk solids production and increasing the C18:1 trans-11 of milk fat compared with a TMR in mid late-lactation cows. In an herbage plus PMR diet, splitting the 1 continuous grazing session of 8 h into 2 sessions of 4 h increased the proportion of energy and N provided by alfalfa pasture and reduced PMR intake, without modifying the total nutrient intake or productive performance of cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Santana
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Salud de los Sistemas Productivos (IPAV), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, San José, 801000, Uruguay
| | - C Cajarville
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Salud de los Sistemas Productivos (IPAV), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, San José, 801000, Uruguay
| | - A Mendoza
- Programa de Producción de Leche, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Colonia, 70002, Uruguay
| | - J L Repetto
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Salud de los Sistemas Productivos (IPAV), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, San José, 801000, Uruguay.
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Belkasmi F, Patra AK, Lourencon RV, Puchala R, Dawson LJ, dos Santos Ribeiro LP, Encinas F, Goetsch AL. Effects of the Level and Composition of Concentrate Supplements before Breeding and in Early Gestation on Production of Different Hair Sheep Breeds. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13050814. [PMID: 36899671 PMCID: PMC10000197 DOI: 10.3390/ani13050814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Female hair sheep, 27 Dorper (DOR), 41 Katahdin (KAT), and 39 St. Croix (STC), were used to determine influences of the nutritional plane before breeding and in early gestation on feed intake, body weight, body condition score, body mass indexes, blood constituent concentrations, and reproductive performance. There were 35 multiparous and 72 primiparous sheep, with initial ages of 5.6 ± 0.25 years and 1.5 ± 0.01 years, respectively (average overall initial age of 2.8 ± 0.20 years). Wheat straw (4% crude protein; dry matter [DM] basis) was consumed ad libitum and supplemented with approximately 0.15% initial body weight (BW) of soybean meal (LS) or a 1:3 mixture of soybean meal and rolled corn at 1% BW (HS; DM). The supplementation period was 162 days, with the breeding of animals in two sets sequentially, with the pre-breeding period 84 and 97 days, and that after breeding began at 78 and 65 days, respectively. Wheat straw DM intake (1.75, 1.30, 1.57, 1.15, 1.80, and 1.38% BW; SEM = 0.112) was lower (p < 0.05), but average daily gain (-46, 42, -44, 70, -47, and 51 g for DOR-LS, DOR-HS, KAT-LS, KAT-HS, STC-LS, and STC-HS, respectively; SEM = 7.3) was greater (p < 0.05) for HS than LS treatment during the supplementation period. Additionally, changes in body condition score during the supplementation period (-0.61, 0.36, -0.53, 0.27, -0.39, and -0.18; SEM = 0.058), and changes in body mass index based on height at the withers and body length from the point of the shoulder to the pin bone (BW/[height × length], g/cm2) from 7 days before supplementation (day -7) to day 162 were -1.99, 0.07, -2.19, -0.55, -2.39, and 0.17 for DOR-LS, DOR-HS, KAT-LS, KAT-HS, STC-LS, and STC-HS, respectively; (SEM = 0.297) were affected by supplement treatment. All blood constituent concentrations and characteristics addressed varied with the day of sampling (-7, 14, 49, 73, and 162) as well as the interaction between the supplement treatment and the day (p < 0.05), with few effects of interactions involving breed. Birth rate (66.7, 93.5, 84.6, 95.5, 82.8, and 100.0; SEM = 9.83) and individual lamb birth weight (4.50, 4.61, 4.28, 3.98, 3.73, and 3.88 kg; SEM = 0.201) were not affected by supplement treatment (p = 0.063 and 0.787, respectively), although litter size (0.92, 1.21, 1.17, 1.86, 1.12, and 1.82; SEM = 0.221) and total litter birth weight (5.84, 5.74, 5.92, 7.52, 5.04, and 6.78 kg for DOR-LS, DOR-HS, KAT-LS, KAT-HS, STC-LS, and STC-HS, respectively; SEM = 0.529) were greater (p < 0.05) for HS than for LS. In conclusion, although there was some compensation in wheat straw intake for the different levels of supplementation, soybean meal given alone rather than with cereal grain adversely affected BW, BCS, BMI, and reproductive performance, the latter primarily through litter size but also via a trend for an effect on the birth rate. Hence, the supplementation of low-protein and high-fiber forage such as wheat straw should include a consideration of the inclusion of a feedstuff(s) high in energy in addition to nitrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farida Belkasmi
- American Institute for Goat Research, Langston University, Langston, OK 73050, USA
- Department of Agriculture Sciences, University Mohamed El Bachir El Ibrahimi, El Anasser 34030, Bordj Bou Arreridj, Algeria
| | - Amlan Kumar Patra
- American Institute for Goat Research, Langston University, Langston, OK 73050, USA
- Correspondence: or
| | | | - Ryszard Puchala
- American Institute for Goat Research, Langston University, Langston, OK 73050, USA
| | - Lionel James Dawson
- American Institute for Goat Research, Langston University, Langston, OK 73050, USA
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | | | - Fabiola Encinas
- American Institute for Goat Research, Langston University, Langston, OK 73050, USA
| | - Arthur Louis Goetsch
- American Institute for Goat Research, Langston University, Langston, OK 73050, USA
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Meta-Regression to Develop Predictive Equations for Urinary Nitrogen Excretion of Lactating Dairy Cows. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13040620. [PMID: 36830408 PMCID: PMC9951755 DOI: 10.3390/ani13040620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Dairy cows' urinary nitrogen (N) excretion (UN; g/d) represents a significant environmental concern due to their contribution to nitrate leaching, nitrous oxide (a potent greenhouse gas), and ammonia emissions (contributor to N deposition). The first objective of the current study was to determine the adequacy of existing models to predict UN from total mixed ration (TMR)-fed and fresh forage (FF)-fed cows. Next, we aimed to develop equations to predict UN based on animal factors [milk urea nitrogen (MUN; mg/dL) and body weight (BW, kg)] and to explore how these equations are improved when dietary factors, such as diet type, dry matter intake (DMI), or dietary characteristics [neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and crude protein (CP) content], are considered. A dataset was obtained from 51 published experiments composed of 174 treatment means. The whole dataset was used to evaluate the mean and linear biases of three existing equations including diet type as an interaction term; all models had significant linear and mean biases and two of the three models had poor predictive capabilities as indicated by their large relative prediction error (RPE; root mean square error of prediction as a percent of the observed mean). Next, the complete data set was split into training and test sets, which were used to develop and to evaluate new models, respectively. The first model included MUN and BW, and there was a significant interaction between diet type and the coefficients. This model had the worst 1:1 agreement [Lin's concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) = 0.50] and largest RPE (24.7%). Models that included both animal and dietary factors performed the best, and when included in the model, the effect of diet type was no longer significant (p > 0.10). These models all had very good agreement (CCC ≥ 0.86) and relatively low RPE (≤13.1%). This meta-analysis developed precise and accurate equations to predict UN from dairy cows in both confined and pasture-based systems.
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Perna Junior F, Galbiatti Sandoval Nogueira R, Ferreira Carvalho R, Cuellar Orlandi Cassiano E, Mazza Rodrigues PH. Use of tannin extract as a strategy to reduce methane in Nellore and Holstein cattle and its effect on intake, digestibility, microbial efficiency and ruminal fermentation. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2023; 107:89-102. [PMID: 35298842 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This study was carried out to evaluate the use of tannin extract from Acacia mearnsii as a strategy to reduce methane (CH4 ) in two distinct cattle genotypes and its effect on intake, digestibility, microbial efficiency and ruminal fermentation. Four Nellore (Bos indicus) and four Holstein (Bos taurus) dry cows fitted with rumen cannula were assigned to two 4 × 4 Latin square design, in a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement, where each genotype represented a square receiving four tannin levels (commercial extract of A. mearnsii) in the diet (0%, 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% of dry matter). Tannin levels used did not cause a reduction in feed intake or rumen passage rate for both genotypes (p > 0.05), although there was a linear reduction in the degradation rate and ruminal disappearance of diet (p < 0.05). The increase in tannin levels reduced the amount of entodiniomorph protozoa in the Nellore cattle (p < 0.05). There was no change in N retention or microbial efficiency (p > 0.05), despite the linear reduction of nutrient digestibility and the synthesis of microbial nitrogen (p < 0.05). The ruminal CH4 production was reduced (p < 0.05) without reducing the short-chain fatty acid production. The threshold of 0.72% of tannin in the diet was estimated as the starting point for the reduction of ruminal CH4 production with long-term efficacy. Therefore, the use of low levels of tannin extract from A. mearnsii is a potential option to manipulate rumen fermentation in Nellore and Holstein cattle and needs to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Perna Junior
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Galbiatti Sandoval Nogueira
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Roberta Ferreira Carvalho
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Cuellar Orlandi Cassiano
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo Henrique Mazza Rodrigues
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
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Luo SF, Wang YC, Wang X, Dai CP, Wang QY. Dietary energy and protein levels on lactation performance and progeny growth of Hu sheep. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2022.2110501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shi-feng Luo
- Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan-can Wang
- Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Wang
- Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chun-peng Dai
- Hubei Zhiqinghe Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd., Yichang, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi-ye Wang
- Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
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Gao J, Zhao G. Potentials of using dietary plant secondary metabolites to mitigate nitrous oxide emissions from excreta of cattle: Impacts, mechanisms and perspectives. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2022; 9:327-334. [PMID: 35647327 PMCID: PMC9118128 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent greenhouse gas as well as the key component depleting the ozone sphere of the earth. Cattle have high feed and water intakes and excrete large amounts of urine and feces. N2O can be produced from cattle excreta during storage and use as fertilizer. Mitigating the N2O emissions from cattle excreta during production is important for protecting the environment and the sustainable development of the cattle industry. Feeding cattle with low-protein diets increases N utilization rates, decreases N excretion and consequently reduces N2O emissions. However, this approach cannot be applied in the long term because of its negative impact on animal performance. Recent studies showed that dietary inclusion of some plant secondary metabolites such as tannins, anthocyanins, glucosinolates and aucubin could manipulate the N excretion and the urinary components and consequently regulate N2O emissions from cattle excreta. This review summarized the recent developments in the effects of dietary tannins, anthocyanins and glucosinolates on the metabolism of cattle and the N2O emissions from cattle excreta and concluded that dietary inclusion of tannins or anthocyanins could considerably reduce N2O emissions from cattle excreta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, China
| | - Guangyong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, China
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Marshall C, Beck M, Garrett K, Barrell G, Al-Marashdeh O, Gregorini P. Urine and fecal excretion patterns of dairy cows divergent for milk urea nitrogen breeding values consuming either a plantain or ryegrass diet. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:4218-4236. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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He Y, Zhang X, Li M, Zheng N, Zhao S, Wang J. Coptisine: A natural plant inhibitor of ruminal bacterial urease screened by molecular docking. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 808:151946. [PMID: 34843773 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of ruminal bacterial urease activity could slow down the decomposition of urea to ammonia, which would lead to a decrease in urea synthesis in the liver and urea-N emission in the urine. In order to find a rumen bacterial urease specific inhibitor that is environmentally friendly, we used the homology model of rumen bacterial urease as the target to screen natural compounds from plants by molecular docking. The screening results showed that coptisine had the most potential to inhibit the activity of rumen bacterial urease with an IC50 of 2.45 μM, which was superior to the traditional inhibitor acetohydroxamic acid. The enzyme kinetics results indicated coptisine was mixed type inhibitor of rumen bacterial urease with a Ki value of 0.68 μM. Coptisine significantly decreased the release of NH3 and decomposition of urea and improved microbial fermentation in a rumen fermentation system in vitro. Thiol-containing compounds or boric acid significantly decreased the inhibitory capacity of coptisine toward rumen bacterial urease, which indicated that coptisine could interact with both the urease active center Ni and amino acid residues possessing sulfhydryl groups in the flap area. The molecular docking results showed that coptisine acted as the metal acceptor for one nickel ion in the active site, and formed hydrogen bonds with the amino acid residues His320 and His362, which were located in the active site and flap region, respectively. These findings emphasized the potential role of coptisine in reducing nitrogen emissions that originate from ruminants by regulating rumen bacterial urease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue He
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaoyin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Nan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shengguo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
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Vicente F, Elouadaf D, Sánchez-Vera A, Soldado A, De La Torre-Santos S, Martínez-Fernández A. The Dairy Cow Slurry Composition Used as Organic Fertilizer Is Influenced by the Level and Origin of the Dietary Protein. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11102812. [PMID: 34679834 PMCID: PMC8532718 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Dairy cattle is a source of ammonia because only 25–35% of the dietary nitrogen is used for the synthesis of milk, and the remainder is excreted through feces and urine. A reduction in dietary nitrogen is an effective way to decrease nitrogen excretions and subsequent ammonia emissions. However, this reduction should not induce a decrease in the potential yield of the cows. On the other hand, legumes are more susceptible than grasses to undergo proteolysis in the silage process due to their higher protein content. However, not all legumes have the same rate of proteolysis rate. With the main objective of improving the quality of the slurry to be used as organic fertilizer, two sequential experiments were carried out. In the first, it was intended to determine the optimal level of dietary nitrogen intake necessary for high-production dairy cows. Once this level was established, two legume silages with different proteolysis rates were evaluated. In conclusion, dairy cows producing more than 30 kg of milk per day can meet their needs with diets with 13% of protein, reducing nitrogen losses through urine. The main pathway for the excretion of dietary nitrogen provided by legume silage is the urine, and the protein of field pea silage is metabolized towards ammonia production to a larger extent than the protein of faba bean silage. Abstract Less than 30% of dairy cattle’s nitrogen ingested is retained in milk. Therefore, large amounts of nitrogen can be excreted in manure and urine with a potential environmental impact. In addition, some legume forages can be more susceptible to proteolysis during the silage process than grasses, and dairy cows fed these legume silages would excrete a larger quantity of nitrogen in slurry. The objectives of this work were to evaluate the amount of nitrogen excretion in dairy cows fed different protein levels and legume silages with a view to improve the slurry quality as a co-product that can be used as fertilizer. Two double 3 × 3 Latin square trials were carried out in order to study three different protein levels (high, medium, and low) and three different silages (grass, faba bean, and field pea). Dry matter intake, milk production, and composition were not affected by treatments. The excretion of ammonia-N in the urine was almost four times lower in the diet with the lowest protein level. The ammonia-N in the urine was twice as high with the pea silage than faba bean and grass silages. In conclusion, the diet containing 13% of protein meets the protein requirement for lactating cows producing 31 kg daily, with low nitrogen excretion in the urine, and the main pathway for the excretion of surplus nitrogen from legume silages is through urine and the metabolization of pea silage protein goes toward ammonia-N.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Vicente
- Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), Carretera AS-267, PK. 19, 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain; (D.E.); (A.S.-V.); (A.S.); (S.D.L.T.-S.); (A.M.-F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-985-89-00-66
| | - Douâa Elouadaf
- Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), Carretera AS-267, PK. 19, 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain; (D.E.); (A.S.-V.); (A.S.); (S.D.L.T.-S.); (A.M.-F.)
| | - Alejandra Sánchez-Vera
- Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), Carretera AS-267, PK. 19, 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain; (D.E.); (A.S.-V.); (A.S.); (S.D.L.T.-S.); (A.M.-F.)
| | - Ana Soldado
- Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), Carretera AS-267, PK. 19, 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain; (D.E.); (A.S.-V.); (A.S.); (S.D.L.T.-S.); (A.M.-F.)
- Facultad de Química, Universidad de Oviedo, Avenida Julián Clavería, 8, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Senén De La Torre-Santos
- Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), Carretera AS-267, PK. 19, 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain; (D.E.); (A.S.-V.); (A.S.); (S.D.L.T.-S.); (A.M.-F.)
| | - Adela Martínez-Fernández
- Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), Carretera AS-267, PK. 19, 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain; (D.E.); (A.S.-V.); (A.S.); (S.D.L.T.-S.); (A.M.-F.)
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Marshall CJ, Beck MR, Garrett K, Barrell GK, Al-Marashdeh O, Gregorini P. Nitrogen Balance of Dairy Cows Divergent for Milk Urea Nitrogen Breeding Values Consuming Either Plantain or Perennial Ryegrass. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082464. [PMID: 34438921 PMCID: PMC8388765 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary We studied the nitrogen excretion patterns of cows selected for divergent nitrogen excretion consuming either ryegrass or plantain. Both the use of a plantain diet as well as the use of low milk urea nitrogen breeding values were found to reduce the concentration of urinary urea nitrogen per urination event compared to cows with a high milk urea nitrogen breeding value and cows consuming a ryegrass-based diet. These results indicate that both the use of cows with low milk urea nitrogen breeding values and the use of a plantain diet are tools that temperate pastoral dairy production systems can use to reduce nitrogen loses. Abstract Inefficient nitrogen (N) use from pastoral dairy production systems has resulted in environmental degradation, as a result of excessive concentrations of urinary N excretion leaching into waterways and N2O emissions from urination events into the atmosphere. The objectives of this study were to measure and evaluate the total N balance of lactating dairy cows selected for milk urea N concentration breeding values (MUNBVs) consuming either a 100% perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) or 100% plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.) diet. Sixteen multiparous lactating Holstein-Friesian × Jersey cows divergent for MUNBV were housed in metabolism crates for 72 h, where intake and excretions were collected and measured. No effect of MUNBV was detected for total N excretion; however, different excretion characteristics were detected, per urination event. Low MUNBV cows had a 28% reduction in the concentration of urinary urea nitrogen (g/event) compared to high MUNBV cows when consuming a ryegrass diet. Cows consuming plantain regardless of their MUNBV value had a 62% and 48% reduction in urinary urea nitrogen (g/event) compared to high and low MUNBV cows consuming ryegrass, respectively. Cows consuming plantain also partitioned more N into faeces. These results suggest that breeding for low MUNBV cows on ryegrass diets and the use of a plantain diet will reduce urinary urea nitrogen loading rates and therefore estimated nitrate leaching values, thus reducing the environmental impact of pastoral dairy production systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron J. Marshall
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, P.O. Box 85084, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand; (K.G.); (G.K.B.); (O.A.-M.); (P.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Matthew R. Beck
- USDA-ARS, Livestock Nutrient Management Research Unit, 300 Simmons Drive, Unit 10, Bushland, TX 79012, USA;
| | - Konagh Garrett
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, P.O. Box 85084, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand; (K.G.); (G.K.B.); (O.A.-M.); (P.G.)
| | - Graham K. Barrell
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, P.O. Box 85084, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand; (K.G.); (G.K.B.); (O.A.-M.); (P.G.)
| | - Omar Al-Marashdeh
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, P.O. Box 85084, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand; (K.G.); (G.K.B.); (O.A.-M.); (P.G.)
| | - Pablo Gregorini
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, P.O. Box 85084, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand; (K.G.); (G.K.B.); (O.A.-M.); (P.G.)
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Chen Y, Vanderick S, Mota RR, Grelet C, Gengler N. Estimation of genetic parameters for predicted nitrogen use efficiency and losses in early lactation of Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:4413-4423. [PMID: 33551153 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to estimate genetic parameters of predicted N use efficiency (PNUE) and N losses (PNL) as proxies of N use and loss for Holstein cows. Furthermore, we have assessed approximate genetic correlations between PNUE, PNL, and dairy production, health, longevity, and conformation traits. These traits are considered important in many countries and are currently evaluated by the International Bull Evaluation Service (Interbull). The values of PNUE and PNL were obtained by using the combined milk mid-infrared (MIR) spectrum, parity, and milk yield-based prediction equations on test-day MIR records with days in milk (DIM) between 5 and 50 d. After editing, the final data set comprised 46,163 records of 21,462 cows from 154 farms in 5 countries. Each trait was divided into primiparous and multiparous (including second to fifth parity) groups. Genetic parameters and breeding values were estimated by using a multitrait (2-trait, 2-parity classes) repeatability model. Herd-year-season of calving, DIM, age of calving, and parity were used as fixed effects. Random effects were defined as parity (within-parity permanent environment), nongenetic cow (across-parity permanent environment), additive genetic animal, and residual effects. The estimated heritability of PNUE and PNL in the first and later parity were 0.13, 0.12, 0.14, and 0.13, and the repeatability values were 0.49, 0.40, 0.55, and 0.43, respectively. The estimated approximate genetic correlations between PNUE and PNL were negative and high (from -0.89 to -0.53), whereas the phenotypic correlations were also negative but relatively low (from -0.45 to -0.11). At a level of reliability of more than 0.30 for all novel traits, a total of 504 bulls born after 1995 had also publishable Interbull multiple-trait across-country estimated breeding values (EBV). The approximate genetic correlations between PNUE and the other 30 traits of interest, estimated as corrected correlations between EBV of bulls, ranged from -0.46 (udder depth) to 0.47 (milk yield). Obtained results showed the complex genetic relationship between efficiency, production, and other traits: for instance, more efficient cows seem to give more milk, which is linked to deeper udders, but seem to have lower health, fertility, and longevity. Additionally, the approximate genetic correlations between PNL, lower values representing less loss of N, and the 30 other traits, were from -0.32 (angularity) to 0.57 (direct calving ease). Even if further research is needed, our results provided preliminary evidence that the PNUE and PNL traits used as proxies could be included in genetic improvement programs in Holstein cows and could help their management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Chen
- TERRA Teaching and Research Center, University of Liège, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech (ULiège-GxABT), 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - S Vanderick
- TERRA Teaching and Research Center, University of Liège, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech (ULiège-GxABT), 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - R R Mota
- TERRA Teaching and Research Center, University of Liège, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech (ULiège-GxABT), 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - C Grelet
- Walloon Agricultural Research Center (CRA-W), 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | | | - N Gengler
- TERRA Teaching and Research Center, University of Liège, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech (ULiège-GxABT), 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
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Kand D, Dickhoefer U. The effects of rumen nitrogen balance on nutrient intake, nitrogen partitioning, and microbial protein synthesis in lactating dairy cows offered different dietary protein sources. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:4223-4235. [PMID: 33485679 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-18005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to study the effects of rumen N balance (RNB), dietary protein source, and their interaction on feed intake, N partitioning, and rumen microbial crude protein (MCP) synthesis in lactating dairy cows. Twenty-four lactating Holstein cows were included in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square experimental design comprising four 20-d periods, each with 12 d of adaptation to the experimental diets and 8 d of sampling. The dietary treatments followed a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement (i.e., 4 treatments) with 2 main protein sources [faba bean grain (FB) and SoyPass (SP; Beweka Kraftfutterwerk GmbH, Heilbronn, Germany)] offered at 2 dietary RNB levels each [0 g/kg of dry matter, DM (RNB0) and -3.2 g/kg of DM (RNB-)]. The RNB was calculated as the difference between dietary crude protein (CP) intake and the rumen outflow of undegraded feed CP and MCP and divided by 6.25. Composition of concentrate mixtures was adjusted to create diets with desired RNB levels. Each of these protein sources supplied ≥35% of total dietary CP. Both diets for each protein source were isoenergetic but differed in CP concentrations. The DM intake (kg/d) was lower for RNB- than for RNB0 in diets containing FB, whereas no differences were seen between the RNB levels for SP diets. The RNB- decreased N intake and urinary N excretion but increased milk N use efficiency in both FB and SP diets, with greater differences between the RNB levels for FB diets than for SP diets. Similarly, duodenal MCP synthesis (g/kg of digestible organic matter intake) estimated from purine derivatives in the urine was lower for RNB- than for RNB0 in FB diets but similar between the RNB levels in diets containing SP. Low RNB of approximately -65 g/d (approximately -3.2 g/kg of DM) in diets reduced feed intake, N balance, and performance in high-yielding dairy cows with possibly more pronounced effects in diets containing rapidly degradable protein sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kand
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences in the Tropics, Animal Nutrition and Rangeland Management in the Tropics and Subtropics, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - U Dickhoefer
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences in the Tropics, Animal Nutrition and Rangeland Management in the Tropics and Subtropics, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Marshall CJ, Beck MR, Garrett K, Barrell GK, Al-Marashdeh O, Gregorini P. Grazing dairy cows with low milk urea nitrogen breeding values excrete less urinary urea nitrogen. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 739:139994. [PMID: 32535469 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
There is an increasing pressure on temperate pastoral dairy production systems to reduce environmental impacts, coming from the inefficient use of N by cows in the form of excessive urinary N excretion and subsequent N leaching to the waterways and NO2 emissions to the atmosphere, these impacts have spurred research into various mitigation strategies, which have so far overlooked animal-based solutions. The objectives of this study were first, to investigate the relationship between MUN breeding values (MUNBV) and urinary urea N (UUN) concentrations and total excretion in grazing dairy cows; and secondly, to evaluate such a potential relationship in the context of different sward compositions and stage of lactation. Forty-eight multiparous, lactating Holstein-Friesian dairy cows genetically divergent for MUNBV were strip-grazed on either a ryegrass-white clover (24 cows) or ryegrass, white clover and plantain sward (24 cows), during both early and late lactation. Cows were fitted with Lincoln University PEETER sensors to evaluate urination behaviour by measuring frequency and volume of urination, as well as daily urine excretion. Urine and faeces were sampled for urea N content. Milk yield and composition were measured for individual cows in both periods. There was a positive relationship between MUNBV and MUN (R2 = 0.67, P ≤ 0.05), with MUN decreasing 1.61 ± 0.19 mg/dL per unit decrease in MUNBV across both sward types and stages of lactation. Urinary urea N concentration decreased 0.67 ± 0.27 g/L (R2 = 0.46, P ≤ 0.05) per unit decrease of MUNBV, with no effect on urine volume or frequency (number of urination events per day), which resulted in a 165.3 g/d difference in UUN excretion between the animal with the highest and the lowest MUNBV. At the same milk yield, percentage of protein in milk increased by 0.09 ± 0.03 (R2 = 0.61, P ≤ 0.05,) per unit decrease in MUNBV. Our results suggest that breeding and selecting for dairy cows with low MUNBV can reduce urinary urea N deposition onto pasture and consequently the negative environmental impact of pastoral dairy production systems in temperate grasslands. Moreover, reducing MUNBV of dairy cows can potentially increase farm profitability due to greater partitioning of N to milk in the form of protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Marshall
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, P. O Box 85084, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - M R Beck
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, P. O Box 85084, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - K Garrett
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, P. O Box 85084, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - G K Barrell
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, P. O Box 85084, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - O Al-Marashdeh
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, P. O Box 85084, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - P Gregorini
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, P. O Box 85084, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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15
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Grelet C, Dardenne P, Soyeurt H, Fernandez JA, Vanlierde A, Stevens F, Gengler N, Dehareng F. Large-scale phenotyping in dairy sector using milk MIR spectra: Key factors affecting the quality of predictions. Methods 2020; 186:97-111. [PMID: 32763376 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2020.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Methods and technologies enabling the estimation at large scale of important traits for the dairy sector are of great interest. Those phenotypes are necessary to improve herd management, animal genetic evaluation, and milk quality control. In the recent years, the research was very active to predict new phenotypes from the mid-infrared (MIR) analysis of milk. Models were developed to predict phenotypes such as fine milk composition, milk technological properties or traits related to cow health, fertility and environmental impact. Most of models were developed within research contexts and often not designed for routine use. The implementation of models at a large scale to predict new traits of interest brings new challenges as the factors influencing the robustness of models are poorly documented. The first objective of this work is to highlight the impact on prediction accuracy of factors such as the variability of the spectral and reference data, the spectral regions used and the complexity of models. The second objective is to emphasize methods and indicators to evaluate the quality of models and the quality of predictions generated under routine conditions. The last objective is to outline the issues and the solutions linked with the use and transfer of models on large number of instruments. Based on partial least square regression and 10 datasets including milk MIR spectra and reference quantitative values for 57 traits of interest, the impact of the different factors is illustrated by evaluating the influence on the validation root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP). In the displayed examples, all factors, when well set up, increase the quality of predictions, with an improvement of the RMSEP ranging from 12% to 43%. This work also aims to underline the need for and the complementarity between different validation procedures, statistical parameters and quality assurance methods. Finally, when using and transferring models, the impact of the spectral standardization on the prediction reproducibility is highlighted with an improvement up to 86% with the tested models, and the monitoring of individual spectrometer stability over time appears essential. This list inspired from our experience is of course not exhaustive. The displayed results are only examples and not general rules and other aspects play a role in the quality of final predictions. However, this work highlights good practices, methods and indicators to increase and evaluate quality of phenotypes predicted at a large scale. The results obtained argue for the development of guidelines at international levels, as well as international collaborations in order to constitute large and robust datasets and enable the use of models in routine conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Grelet
- Walloon Agricultural Research Center (CRA-W), 24 Chaussée de Namur, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - P Dardenne
- Walloon Agricultural Research Center (CRA-W), 24 Chaussée de Namur, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - H Soyeurt
- TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - J A Fernandez
- Walloon Agricultural Research Center (CRA-W), 24 Chaussée de Namur, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - A Vanlierde
- Walloon Agricultural Research Center (CRA-W), 24 Chaussée de Namur, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - F Stevens
- Walloon Agricultural Research Center (CRA-W), 24 Chaussée de Namur, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - N Gengler
- TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - F Dehareng
- Walloon Agricultural Research Center (CRA-W), 24 Chaussée de Namur, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
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Wang C, Hou F, Wanapat M, Yan T, Kim EJ, Scollan ND. Assessment of cutting time on nutrient values, in vitro fermentation and methane production among three ryegrass cultivars. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2020; 33:1242-1251. [PMID: 32054228 PMCID: PMC7322649 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.19.0369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The 3×3 factorial arrangement was used to investigate if either high watersoluble carbohydrates (WSC) cultivars or suitable time of day that the grass cut could improve nutrient values and in vitro fermentation characteristics. METHODS The 3 cultivars were mowed at 3 diurnal time points and included a benchmark WSC ryegrass cultivar 'Premium', and 2 high WSC cultivars AberAvon and AberMagic, which contained, on average, 157, 173, and 193 g/kg dry matter (DM) of WSC, and 36.0, 36.5, and 34.1 g/kg DM of N during 7th regrowth stage, respectively. The fermentation jars were run at 39°C with gas production recorded and sampled at 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 22, 28, 36, and 48 h. The rumen liquid was collected from 3 rumen fistulated cows grazing on ryegrass pasture. RESULTS High WSC cultivars had significantly greater WSC content, in vitro DM digestibility (IVDMD) and total gas production (TGP), and lower lag time than Premium cultivar. Methane production for AberMagic cultivar containing lower N concentration was marginally lower than that for AberAvon and Premium cultivars. Grass cut at Noon or PM contained greater WSC concentration, IVDMD and TGP, and lower N and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) contents, but CH4 production was also increased, compared to grass cut in AM. Meanwhile, the effects of diurnal cutting time were influenced by cultivars, such as in vitro CH4 production for AberMagic was not affected by cutting time. The IVDMD and gas production per unit of DM incubated were positively related to WSC concentration, WSC/N and WSC/NDF, respectively, and negatively related to N and NDF concentrations. CONCLUSION These results imply either grass cut in Noon or PM or high WSC cultivars could improve nutrient values, IVDMD and in vitro TGP, and that AberMagic cultivar has a slightly lower CH4 production compared to AberAvon and Premium. Further study is necessary to determine whether the increase of CH4 production response incurred by shifting from AM cutting to Noon and/or PM cutting could be compensated for by high daily gain from increased WSC concentration and DM digestibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, Gansu,
China
| | - Fujiang Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, Gansu,
China
| | - Metha Wanapat
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002,
Thailand
| | - Tianhai Yan
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Hillsborough, Co Down BT26 6DR,
United Kingdom
| | - Eun Joong Kim
- Department of Animal Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37222,
Korea
| | - Nigel David Scollan
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queens University Belfast, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG,
United Kingdom
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Rehman A, Arif M, Saeed M, Manan A, Al-Sagheer A, El-Hack MEA, Swelum AA, Alowaimer AN. Nutrient digestibility, nitrogen excretion, and milk production of mid-lactation Jersey × Friesian cows fed diets containing different proportions of rumen-undegradable protein. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2020; 92 Suppl 1:e20180787. [PMID: 32725067 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202020180787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was planned to test the hypothesis that feeding lactating dairy cattle with varying levels of rumen-undegradable protein (RUP) can enhance protein utilization, milk production, milk protein, and nitrogen (N) excretion. Forty mid-lactating crossbred (Jersey × Friesian) cattle were randomly divided into four groups. Four treatment diets were formulated to contain 30%, 40%, 50%, and 60% RUP of crude protein. Dry matter (DM) and crude protein intakes were significantly reduced with increasing dietary RUP levels. Crude protein digestibility increased linearly with incremental increases in dietary RUP levels. Cattle fed 60% RUP showed a linear decrease in N intake compared to that in the other groups. A linear decrease in urinary N and linear increases in net N, milk N, and N-use efficiency were observed with increasing dietary RUP levels. Actual milk, energy-corrected milk, and 4% fat-corrected milk yields (kg/day) increased linearly with an increasing degradability of protein. However, milk protein, solids not fat and total solids, as well as the yields of protein, fat, and lactose, showed significant increases with increased RUP supplementation. Collectively, the results indicate that formulating dairy cow diets to contain 60% RUP results in better lactating performance and N-use efficiency and lower N excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdur Rehman
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Arif
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saeed
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Abdul Manan
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Adham Al-Sagheer
- Department of Animal Production, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | | | - Ayman A Swelum
- Department of Theriogenology, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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Wang Q, Zhang Y, Zheng N, Zhao S, Li S, Wang J. The biochemical and metabolic profiles of dairy cows with mycotoxins-contaminated diets. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8742. [PMID: 32257637 PMCID: PMC7103205 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies on the effects of mycotoxins have solely focused on their biochemical profiles or products in dairy ruminants. Changes in metabolism that occur after exposure to mycotoxins, as well as biochemical changes, have not been explored. METHODS We measured the biochemical and metabolic changes in dairy cows after exposure to mycotoxins using biochemical analyses and nuclear magnetic resonance. Twenty-four dairy cows were randomly assigned to three different treatment groups. Control cows received diets with 2 kg uncontaminated cottonseed. Cows in the 50% replacement group received the same diet as the control group, but with 1 kg of uncontaminated cottonseed and 1 kg of cottonseed contaminated with mycotoxins. Cows in the 100% replacement group received the same diet as the control, but with 2 kg contaminated cottonseed. RESULTS The results showed that serum γ-glutamyl transpeptidase and total antioxidant capacities were significantly affected by cottonseed contaminated with mycotoxins. There were also significant differences in isovalerate and NH3-N levels, and significant differences in the eight plasma metabolites among the three groups. These metabolites are mainly involved in amino acid metabolism pathways. Therefore, the results suggest that amino acid metabolism pathways may be affected by mycotoxins exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yangdong Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Nan Zheng
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shengguo Zhao
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Songli Li
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Zhou K, Bao Y, Zhao G. Effects of dietary crude protein and tannic acid on nitrogen excretion, urinary nitrogenous composition and urine nitrous oxide emissions in beef cattle. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2019; 103:1675-1683. [PMID: 31469196 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Two consecutive trials were carried out to study the effects of dietary crude protein (CP) and tannic acid (TA) on nitrogen (N) metabolism of beef cattle and consequently, the N2 O emissions from the urine of cattle. In Trial I, eight growing castrated cattle were used as the experimental animals. Two levels of dietary CP (110.6 and 135.7 g/kg dry matter [DM]) and two levels of TA (0 and 16.9 g/kg DM) were allocated in a replicated 2 × 2 crossover design. In Trial II, the N2 O emissions from the urine of cattle collected from Trial I were determined using the static incubation technique. An interaction between dietary CP and TA on the urinary N excretion (p < .05) was found but not on the N2 O-N emission of cattle urine. Increasing dietary CP level from 110.6 g/kg DM to 135.7 g/kg DM increased the total N excretion (p < .001), the N retention (p < .05) and the ratio of urinary urea-N/urinary N (p < .01), did not affect the N use efficiency (NUE; p > .05) and shifted the N excretion from faeces to urine. Increasing the dietary CP level increased the N2 O-N emission of cattle urine. Dietary addition of TA decreased the urinary excretions of urea (p < .001) and shifted the N excretion from urine to faeces, did not affect the NUE of beef cattle (p > .10), and decreased the N2 O-N emission of cattle urine. Pyrogallol and resorcinol of the TA metabolites were detected in urine with dietary addition of TA. Feeding beef cattle with relatively low CP level and adding TA in rations are effective approaches to mitigate the N2 O-N emissions from cattle urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Guangyong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Nichols K, Bannink A, Dijkstra J. Energy and nitrogen balance of dairy cattle as affected by provision of different essential amino acid profiles at the same metabolizable protein supply. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:8963-8976. [PMID: 31378498 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Amino acid composition of metabolizable protein (MP) is important in dairy cattle diets, but effects of AA imbalances on energy and N utilization are unclear. This study determined the effect of different AA profiles within a constant supplemental MP level on whole-body energy and N partitioning in dairy cattle. Five rumen-fistulated Holstein-Friesian dairy cows (2.8 ± 0.4 lactations; 81 ± 11 d in milk; mean ± standard deviation) were randomly assigned to a 5 × 5 Latin square design in which each experimental period consisted of 5 d of continuous abomasal infusion followed by 2 d of rest. A total mixed ration consisting of 58% corn silage, 16% alfalfa hay, and 26% concentrate (dry matter basis) was formulated to meet 100 and 83% of net energy and MP requirements, respectively, and was fed at 90% of ad libitum intake by individual cow. Abomasal infusion treatments were saline (SAL) or 562 g/d of essential AA delivered in 4 profiles where individual AA content corresponded to their relative content in casein. The profiles were (1) a complete essential amino acid mixture (EAAC), (2) Ile, Leu, and Val (ILV), (3) His, Ile, Leu, Met, Phe, Trp, Val (GR1+ILV), and (4) Arg, His, Lys, Met, Phe, Thr, Trp (GR1+ALT). The experiment was conducted in climate respiration chambers to determine energy and N balance in conjunction with milk production and composition, digestibility, and plasma constituents. Compared with SAL, infusion of EAAC increased milk, protein, and lactose yield, increased energy retained as body protein, and did not affect milk N efficiency. Total N intake and urine N output was higher with all AA infusions relative to SAL. Compared with EAAC, infusions of GR1+ILV and GR1+ALT produced the same milk yield and the same yield and content of milk fat, protein, and lactose, and had similar energy and N retention. Milk N efficiency was not different between EAAC and GR1+ILV, but was lower with GR1+ALT compared with EAAC, and tended to be lower with GR1+ALT compared with GR1+ILV. Infusion of ILV tended to decrease dry matter intake compared with the other AA infusions. Milk production and composition was not different between ILV and SAL. Compared with EAAC, infusion of ILV decreased or tended to decrease milk, protein, and lactose yields and milk protein content, and increased milk fat and lactose content. Milk N efficiency decreased with ILV compared with SAL, EAAC, and GR1+ILV. Milk urea concentration was not affected by essential amino acid (EAA) infusions. Plasma urea concentration did not differ between EAAC and SAL, tended to increase with ILV and GR1+ILV over SAL, and increased with GR1+ALT compared with EAAC and SAL. In conclusion, removing Arg, Lys, and Thr or removing Ile, Leu, and Val from a complete EAA profile when the total amount of EAA infused remained constant did not impair milk production, but milk N efficiency decreased when Ile, Leu, and Val were absent. Infusion of only Ile, Leu, and Val decreased milk protein yield and content and reduced milk N efficiency compared with a complete EAA profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nichols
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands; Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - A Bannink
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - J Dijkstra
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Beltrán IE, Gregorini P, Morales A, Balocchi OA, Pulido RG. Interaction between herbage mass and time of herbage allocation modifies milk production, grazing behaviour and nitrogen partitioning of dairy cows. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1071/an18183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the interaction effects between herbage mass and time of herbage allocation on milk production, grazing behaviour and nitrogen partitioning in lactating dairy cows. Forty-four Holstein Friesian cows were grouped according to milk production (24.7 ± 2.8 kg), bodyweight (580.6 ± 51.7 kg), days in milk (74 ± 17.1) and body condition score (3.1 ± 0.3), and then assigned randomly to one of four treatments: (1) L-AM: access to new herbage allocation after morning milking with herbage mass of 2000 kg DM/ha, (2) L-PM: access to new herbage allocation after afternoon milking with herbage mass of 2000 kg DM/ha, (3) M-AM: access to new herbage allocation after morning milking with herbage mass of 3000 kg DM/ha, and (4) M-PM: access to new herbage allocation after afternoon milking with herbage mass of 3000 kg DM/ha. All cows received a daily low herbage allowance of 21 kg DM measured above ground level, 3.0 kg DM of grass silage and 3.5 kg DM of concentrate. Herbage intake was similar between treatments, averaging 8.3 kg DM/day (P > 0.05). Total grazing time was lower for M-PM compared with other treatments (P < 0.01). Milk production was greater for M-AM and M-PM compared with L-PM (P < 0.05). Urea in milk and plasma were greater for L-AM than L-PM and M-PM (P < 0.01). Similarly, rumen ammonia was greater for L-AM compared with M-PM and M-AM (P < 0.05). Nitrogen intake was 13.6% greater for L-AM than L-PM, and 17.5% greater for L-AM than M-PM (P < 0.05). Nitrogen use efficiency was 22.1% greater for M-PM than L-AM, and 11.8% greater for M-PM than L-PM (P < 0.01). In conclusion, the best management combination was observed when a medium herbage mass was delivered in the afternoon, maintaining a low nitrogen intake, low urinary nitrogen excretion and high milk production.
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Nichols K, Dijkstra J, van Laar H, Pacheco S, van Valenberg H, Bannink A. Energy and nitrogen partitioning in dairy cows at low or high metabolizable protein levels is affected differently by postrumen glucogenic and lipogenic substrates. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:395-412. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Wang C, Zhao Y, Aubry A, Arnott G, Hou F, Yan T. Effects of concentrate input on nutrient utilization and methane emissions of two breeds of ewe lambs fed fresh ryegrass. Transl Anim Sci 2019; 3:485-492. [PMID: 32704819 PMCID: PMC7200432 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txy106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate if high-quality grass could sustain a similar feeding efficiency to concentrate meals for two breeds of lowland ewe lambs. Sixteen lowland ewe lambs of approximately 13 mo age and 61.5 ± 5.28 kg live weight were used in a 2 × 2 factorial study, with 2 diets (fresh perennial ryegrass [Lolium perenne] vs. fresh perennial ryegrass plus 0.5 kg/d fresh concentrate) × 2 breeds (Highlander vs. Texel). Grass was cut daily in the morning from a single zero-grazing sward and offered ad libitum. The animals were individually housed in pens and fed experimental diets for an adaptation phase of 19 d, and then transferred to respiration calorimeter chambers, remaining there for 5 d, with feed intake, feces and urine outputs, and methane (CH4) emissions measured during the final 4 d. There were no significant interaction effects between diets and breeds on any variables. Ewe lambs offered 0.5 kg/d concentrate supplementation had slightly greater DM intake and energy (GE, DE, and ME) intake, but had significantly higher N intake and N excretion in feces and urine than those fed the grass-only diet. However, diets had no significant effects on nutrient digestibility, energy or N utilization, or CH4 emission. Texel breed had a significantly lower DM intake and CH4 emissions per kg live weight, whereas the breed had no significant effect on nutrient digestibility or energy or N utilization. These results implicate that good quality grass could sustain high nutrient utilization efficiency as effectively as diets supplemented with concentrates for ewe lamb production. The two breeds of lowland ewe lambs can utilize good quality grass at a similar level of efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Wang
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Hillsborough, Co Down, UK
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yiguang Zhao
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Hillsborough, Co Down, UK
| | - Aurélie Aubry
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Hillsborough, Co Down, UK
| | - Gareth Arnott
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Science, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Fujiang Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Tianhai Yan
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Hillsborough, Co Down, UK
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Ahvenjärvi S, Huhtanen P. Effects of intraruminal urea-nitrogen infusions on feed intake, nitrogen utilization, and milk yield in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:9004-9015. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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26
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Abbasi IHR, Abbasi F, Abd El-Hack ME, Abdel-Latif MA, Soomro RN, Hayat K, Mohamed MAE, Bodinga BM, Yao J, Cao Y. Critical analysis of excessive utilization of crude protein in ruminants ration: impact on environmental ecosystem and opportunities of supplementation of limiting amino acids-a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:181-190. [PMID: 29116537 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0555-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein quality plays a key role than quantity in growth, production, and reproduction of ruminants. Application of high concentration of dietary crude protein (CP) did not balance the proportion of these limiting amino acids (AA) at duodenal digesta of high producing dairy cow. Thus, dietary supplementation of rumen-protected AA is recommended to sustain the physiological, productive, and reproductive performance of ruminants. Poor metabolism of high CP diets in rumen excretes excessive nitrogen (N) through urine and feces in the environment. This excretion is usually in the form of nitrous oxide, nitric oxide, nitrate, and ammonia. In addition to producing gases like methane, hydrogen carbon dioxide pollutes and has a potentially negative impact on air, soil, and water quality. Data specify that supplementation of top-limiting AA methionine and lysine (Met + Lys) in ruminants' ration is one of the best approaches to enhance the utilization of feed protein and alleviate negative biohazards of CP in ruminants' ration. In conclusion, many in vivo and in vitro studies were reviewed and reported that low dietary CP with supplemental rumen-protected AA (Met + Lys) showed a good ability to reduce N losses or NH3. Also, it helps in declining gases emission and decreasing soil or water contamination without negative impacts on animal performance. Finally, further studies are needed on genetic and molecular basis to explain the impact of Met + Lys supplementation on co-occurrence patterns of microbiome of rumen which shine new light on bacteria, methanogen, and protozoal interaction in ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imtiaz Hussain Raja Abbasi
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Farzana Abbasi
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Mohamed E Abd El-Hack
- Department of Poultry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Mervat A Abdel-Latif
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhur, 22511, Egypt
| | - Rab N Soomro
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Khawar Hayat
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Mohamed A E Mohamed
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Bello M Bodinga
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Junhu Yao
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yangchun Cao
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
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27
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Chowdhury MR, Khan MMH, Mahfuz SU, Baset MA. Effects of dietary supplementation of spices on forage degradability, ruminal fermentation, in vivo digestibility, growth performance and nitrogen balance in Black Bengal goat. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2017; 102:e591-e598. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. R. Chowdhury
- Department of Biochemistry & Chemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering; Sylhet Agricultural University; Sylhet Bangladesh
| | - M. M. H. Khan
- Department of Biochemistry & Chemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering; Sylhet Agricultural University; Sylhet Bangladesh
| | - S. U. Mahfuz
- Department of Animal Nutrition; Faculty of Veterinary & Animal Science; Sylhet Agricultural University; Sylhet Bangladesh
| | - M. A. Baset
- Department of Livestock Production & Management; Faculty of Veterinary & Animal Science; Sylhet Agricultural University; Sylhet Bangladesh
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Kaufman J, Kassube K, Ríus A. Lowering rumen-degradable protein maintained energy-corrected milk yield and improved nitrogen-use efficiency in multiparous lactating dairy cows exposed to heat stress. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:8132-8145. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abstract
The drive to increase the output of animal product in some sectors of ruminant livestock production has led to greater use of feeds such as cereal grains and soyabean meal that are potentially human-edible. This trend has caused concern since, by so doing, ruminants compete not only with monogastric livestock but also with the human population for a limited global area of cultivatable land on which to produce grain crops. Reasons for using potentially human-edible feeds in ruminant diets include increased total daily energy intake, greater supply of essential amino acids and improved ruminal balance between fermentable energy and degradable protein. Soyabean meal, produced on land that has been in arable cultivation for many years can fulfil a useful role as a supplier of undegraded dietary protein in diets for high-yielding dairy cows. However, in the context of sustaining the production of high-quality foods from livestock to meet the demands of a growing human population, the use of potentially human-edible feed resources by livestock should be restricted to livestock with the highest daily nutrient requirements; that is, potentially human-edible feed inputs should be constrained to meeting requirements for energy and protein and to rectifying imbalances in nutrient supply from pastures and forage crops such as high concentrations of nitrogen (N). There is therefore a role for human-edible feeds in milk production because forage-only systems are associated with relatively low output per head and also low N use efficiency compared with systems with greater reliance on human-edible feeds. Profitability on farm is driven by control of input costs as well as product value and examples are given of low-cost bovine milk and meat production with little or no reliance on potentially human-edible feeds. In beef production, the forage-only systems currently under detailed real-time life-cycle analysis at the North Wyke Farm Platform, can sustain high levels of animal growth at low feed cost. The potential of all-forage diets should be demonstrated for a wide range of ruminant milk and meat production systems. The challenge for the future development of ruminant systems is to ensure that potentially human-edible feeds, or preferably human-inedible by-products if available locally, are used to complement pastures and forage crops strategically rather than replace them.
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Variability, stability, and resilience of fecal microbiota in dairy cows fed whole crop corn silage. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:6355-6364. [PMID: 28601892 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8348-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The microbiota of whole crop corn silage and feces of silage-fed dairy cows were examined. A total of 18 dairy cow feces were collected from six farms in Japan and China, and high-throughput Illumina sequencing of the V4 hypervariable region of 16S rRNA genes was performed. Lactobacillaceae were dominant in all silages, followed by Acetobacteraceae, Bacillaceae, and Enterobacteriaceae. In feces, the predominant families were Ruminococcaceae, Bacteroidaceae, Clostridiaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Rikenellaceae, and Paraprevotellaceae. Therefore, Lactobacillaceae of corn silage appeared to be eliminated in the gastrointestinal tract. Although fecal microbiota composition was similar in most samples, relative abundances of several families, such as Ruminococcaceae, Christensenellaceae, Turicibacteraceae, and Succinivibrionaceae, varied between farms and countries. In addition to the geographical location, differences in feeding management between total mixed ration feeding and separate feeding appeared to be involved in the variations. Moreover, a cow-to-cow variation for concentrate-associated families was demonstrated at the same farm; two cows showed high abundance of Succinivibrionaceae and Prevotellaceae, whereas another had a high abundance of Porphyromonadaceae. There was a negative correlation between forage-associated Ruminococcaceae and concentrate-associated Succinivibrionaceae and Prevotellaceae in 18 feces samples. Succinivibrionaceae, Prevotellaceae, p-2534-18B5, and Spirochaetaceae were regarded as highly variable taxa in this study. These findings help to improve our understanding of variation and similarity of the fecal microbiota of dairy cows with regard to individuals, farms, and countries. Microbiota of naturally fermented corn silage had no influence on the fecal microbiota of dairy cows.
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31
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Jia C, Wu X, Chen M, Wang Y, Liu X, Gong P, Xu Q, Wang X, Gao H, Wang Z. Identification of genetic loci associated with crude protein and mineral concentrations in alfalfa (Medicago sativa) using association mapping. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 17:97. [PMID: 28583066 PMCID: PMC5460482 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1047-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) is one of the most important legume forage species in China and many other countries of the world. It provides a quality source of proteins and minerals to animals. Genetic underpinnings for these important traits, however, are elusive. An alfalfa (M. sativa) association mapping study for six traits, namely crude protein (CP), rumen undegraded protein (RUP), and four mineral elements (Ca, K, Mg and P), was conducted in three consecutive years using a large collection encompassing 336 genotypes genotyped with 85 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. RESULTS All the traits were significantly influenced by genotype, environment, and genotype × environment interaction. Eight-five significant associations (P < 0.005) were identified. Among these, five associations with Ca were repeatedly observed and six co-localized associations were identified. CONCLUSIONS The identified marker alleles significantly associated with the traits provided important information for understanding genetic controls of alfalfa quality. The markers could be used in assisting selection for the individual traits in breeding populations for developing new alfalfa cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congjun Jia
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Xinming Wu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan, 030032 China
| | - Min Chen
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Yunqi Wang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan, 030032 China
| | - Xiqiang Liu
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Pan Gong
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Qingfang Xu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801 China
| | - Xuemin Wang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Hongwen Gao
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Zan Wang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193 China
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Malekjahani F, Mesgaran MD, Vakili A, Sadeghi M, Yu P. A novel approach to determine synchronization index of lactating dairy cow diets with minimal sensitivity to random variations. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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33
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Gregorini P, Villalba JJ, Chilibroste P, Provenza FD. Grazing management: setting the table, designing the menu and influencing the diner. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1071/an16637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pastoral livestock-production systems are under increasing environmental, social and consumer pressures to reduce environmental impacts and to enhance biodiversity and animal welfare. At the same time, farmers face the challenge of managing grazing, which is intimately linked with profitability. Recent advances in understanding grazing patterns and nutritional ecology may help alleviate such pressures. For instance, by managing grazing to (1) manipulate links between ingestive–digestive decisions and temporal patterns of nutrient excretion, (2) provide phytochemically diverse diets at appropriate temporal (the menu) and spatial (the table) scales and (3) influence the behaviour of animals (the diners) on the basis of their specific ‘personalities’ and needs, to overcome or enhance animal differences, thereby enhancing their and farm productivity and welfare, as well as our health. Under pastoral systems, synergies between animals’ and farmers’ grazing decisions have the potential to offer greater benefits to the animal, the environment and the farm than does simple and parsimonious grazing management based on a single component of the system. In the present review, we look at grazing and its management through an alternate lens, drawing ideas and hypotheses to stimulate thinking, dialogue and discussions that we anticipate will evolve into innovative research programs and grazing strategies. To do so, we combined experimental and observational studies from a wide range of disciplines with simulation-modelling exercises. We envisage a more holistic approach to manage grazing based on recent advances in the understanding of the nutritional ecology of grazing animals, and propose management practices that may enable pastoral livestock-production systems to evolve continually as complex creative systems.
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Henke A, Dickhoefer U, Westreicher-Kristen E, Knappstein K, Molkentin J, Hasler M, Susenbeth A. Effect of dietary Quebracho tannin extract on feed intake, digestibility, excretion of urinary purine derivatives and milk production in dairy cows. Arch Anim Nutr 2016; 71:37-53. [PMID: 27830586 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2016.1250541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary Quebracho tannin extract (QTE) on feed intake, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD), excretion of urinary purine derivatives (PD) and milk composition and yield in dairy cows. Fifty Holstein cows were divided into two groups. To reach a similar performance of both groups, cows were divided according to their milk yield, body weight, days in milk and number of lactations at the start of the experiment averaging 33.2 ± 8.2 kg/d, 637 ± 58 kg, 114 ± 73 d and 2.3 ± 1.6 lactations, respectively. The cows were fed a basal diet as total mixed ration containing on dry matter (DM) basis 34% grass silage, 32% maize silage and 34% concentrate feeds. Three dietary treatments were tested, the control (CON, basal diet without QTE), QTE15 (basal diet with QTE at 15 g/kg DM) and QTE30 (basal diet with QTE at 30 g/kg DM). Two treatments were arranged along six periods each 21 d (13 d adaptation phase and 8 d sampling phase). The ATTD of DM and organic matter were reduced only in Diet QTE30, whereas both QTE treatments reduced ATTD of fibre and nitrogen (N), indicating that QTE impaired rumen fermentation. Nevertheless, feed intake was unaffected by QTE. In Diet CON, urinary N excretion accounted for 29.8% of N intake and decreased in treatments QTE15 and QTE30 to 27.5% and 17.9%, respectively. Daily faecal N excretion increased in treatments CON, QTE15 and QTE30 from 211 to 237 and 273 g/d, respectively, which amounted to 39.0%, 42.4% and 51.7% of the N intake, respectively. Hence, QTE shifted N excretion from urine to faeces, whereas the proportion of ingested N appearing in milk was not affected by QTE (average 30.7% of N intake). Daily PD excretion as indicator for microbial crude protein (CP) flow at the duodenum decreased in treatment QTE30 compared with Diet CON from 413 to 280 mmol/d. The ratios of total PD to creatinine suggest that urinary PD excretion was already lower when feeding Diet QTE15. While there was no effect of Diet QTE15, treatment QTE30 reduced milk yield, milk fat and protein. Both QTE treatments reduced milk urea concentration, which suggest that ruminal degradation of dietary CP was reduced. In summary, adding QTE at dosages of 15 and 30 g/kg DM to diets of lactating dairy cows to improve feed and protein use efficiency is not recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Henke
- a Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology , Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel , Kiel , Germany
| | - Uta Dickhoefer
- a Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology , Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel , Kiel , Germany.,b Institute of Agricultural Sciences in the Tropics , Hohenheim Universität , Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Edwin Westreicher-Kristen
- a Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology , Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel , Kiel , Germany
| | - Karin Knappstein
- c Department of Safety and Quality of Milk and Fish Products , Max Rubner-Institute , Kiel , Germany
| | - Joachim Molkentin
- c Department of Safety and Quality of Milk and Fish Products , Max Rubner-Institute , Kiel , Germany
| | - Mario Hasler
- d Lehrfach Variationsstatistik , Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel , Kiel , Germany
| | - Andreas Susenbeth
- a Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology , Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel , Kiel , Germany
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Naadland S, Steinshamn H, Krizsan S, Randby Å. Effect of replacing organic grass-clover silage from primary growth with regrowth on N digestion in dairy cows. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Gregorini P, Beukes PC, Dalley D, Romera AJ. Screening for diets that reduce urinary nitrogen excretion and methane emissions while maintaining or increasing production by dairy cows. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 551-552:32-41. [PMID: 26874758 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Farmers face complex decisions at the time to feed animals, trying to achieve production goals while contemplating social and environmental constraints. Our purpose was to facilitate such decision making for pastoral dairy farmers, aiming to reduce urinary N (UN) and methane emissions (CH4), while maintaining or increasing milk production (MP). There is a number of feeds the farmers can choose from and combine. We used 50 feeds (forages and grains) combined systematically in different proportions producing 11,526 binary diets. Diets were screened, using an a posteriori approach and a Pareto front (PF) analysis of model (Molly) outputs. The objective was to identify combinations with the best possible compromise (i.e. frontier) between UN, CH4, and MP. Using high MP and low UN as objective functions, PF included 10, 14, 12 and 50 diets, for non-lactating, early-, mid- and late-lactation periods, with cereals and beets featuring strongly. Using the same objective functions, but including ryegrass as dietary base PF included 2, 4, 8 and 4 diets for those periods. Therefore, from a wide range of diets, farmers could choose from few feeds combined into binary diets to reduce UN while maintaining or increasing MP. If the intention is maintaining pasture-based systems, there are fewer suitable options. Reducing UN will simply require dilution of N supplied by pasture by supplementing low N conserved forages. The results also evidence the risk of pollution swapping, reaching the frontier means arriving at a point where trade-off decisions need to be made. Any further reduction in UN implies an increment in CH4, or reduction in CH4 emissions increases UN. There is no perfect diet to optimize all objectives simultaneously; but if the current diet is not in the frontier some options can offset pollution swapping. The choice is with the farmers and conditioned by their context.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dawn Dalley
- DairyNZ, Ltd., Private Bag, 3221, Hamilton, New Zealand.
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Bahrami-Yekdangi M, Ghorbani GR, Khorvash M, Khan MA, Ghaffari MH. Reducing crude protein and rumen degradable protein with a constant concentration of rumen undegradable protein in the diet of dairy cows: Production performance, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen efficiency, and blood metabolites. J Anim Sci 2016; 94:718-25. [PMID: 27065142 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The goals of ruminant protein nutrition are to provide adequate amounts of RDP for optimal ruminal efficiency and to obtain the desired animal productivity with a minimum amount of dietary CP. The aim of the present study was to examine effects of decreasing dietary protein by decreasing RDP with the optimum concentration of RUP on production performance, nutrient digestibility, N retention, rumen fermentation parameters, and blood metabolites in high-producing Holstein cows in early lactation. Nine multiparous lactating cows (second parities, averaging 50 ± 12 d in milk and milk yield of 48 ± 5 kg/d) were used in a triplicate 3 × 3 Latin square design with 3 rations: 1) a total mixed ration (TMR) containing 16.4% CP (10.9% RDP based on DM), 2) a TMR containing 15.6% CP (10% RDP), and 3) a TMR containing 14.8% CP (9.3% RDP). The level of RUP was constant at 5.5% DM across the treatments. All diets were calculated to supply a postruminal lysine to methionine ratio of about 3:1. Dry matter intake, milk yield and composition, 4% fat-corrected milk, and energy-corrected milk were not significantly affected by decreasing dietary CP and RDP levels. Cows fed 16.4% CP diets had greater ( < 0.01) CP and RDP intakes, which resulted in a trend toward greater concentrations of plasma urea N compared with other treatments. Daily N intake linearly decreased ( < 0.01) with decreasing dietary CP and RDP levels, whereas the intake of RUP and fecal N excretion (g/d) did not change. Apparent digestibility of nutrients, ruminal pH, and NH-N concentration were not affected with decreasing dietary CP and RDP levels. Apparent N efficiency increased, and RDP N intake and predicted urine N output decreased with decreased concentration of dietary CP and RDP in the diets ( < 0.01). Blood metabolites were not affected by treatments. In conclusion, to improve the efficiency of N utilization by early-lactation dairy cows, 9.3% RDP in rations provides adequate protein to optimize milk production while minimizing N excretion in urine when the amounts of lysine and methionine and the lysine to methionine ratio are balanced with sufficient dietary RUP.
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38
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Rumen metabolism of swamp buffaloes fed rice straw supplemented with cassava hay and urea. Trop Anim Health Prod 2016; 48:779-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-016-1026-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Marghazani IB, Jabbar MA, Pasha TN, Abdullah M. Effect of supplementation with protein differ for rumen degradability on milk production and nutrients utilization in early lactating Sahiwal cows. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2012.e11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Niu M, Appuhamy JADRN, Leytem AB, Dungan RS, Kebreab E. Effect of dietary crude protein and forage contents on enteric methane emissions and nitrogen excretion from dairy cows simultaneously. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1071/an15498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to examine, simultaneously, the effects of changing dietary forage and crude protein (CP) contents on enteric methane (CH4) emissions and nitrogen (N) excretion from lactating dairy cows. Twelve post-peak lactating Holstein cows (157 ± 31 days postpartum; mean ± s.d.) were randomly assigned to four treatments from a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of two dietary forage levels [37.4% (LF) vs 53.3% (HF) of DM] and two dietary CP levels [15.2% (LP) vs 18.5% (HP) of DM] in a 4 × 4 Latin square design with four 18-day periods. Alfalfa hay was the sole source of dietary forage. Cows were fed ad libitum and milked twice daily. During the first 14 days, cows were housed in a free-stall barn, where enteric CH4 emissions were measured using the GreenFeed system from Days 8 to 14 in each period. Cows were then moved to metabolic cages, where faeces and urine output (kg/cow.day) were measured by total collection from Days 16 to 18 of each period. No dietary forage by CP interactions were detected for DM intake, milk production, enteric CH4 emissions, or N excretions. There was a tendency for DM intake to increase 0.6 kg/day in cows fed LF (P = 0.06). Milk production increased 2.1 kg/day in LF compared with HF (P < 0.01). Milk fat content decreased in cows fed LF compared with HF (1.07 vs 1.17 kg/day; P < 0.01). Milk contents of true protein, lactose and solid non-fat were greater in cows fed LF (P < 0.01). No difference in DM intake, milk yield and milk contents of true protein, lactose and solid non-fat was found between cows fed HP or LP. However, milk fat content increased 0.16 kg/day in cows fed HP (P < 0.05). Enteric CH4 emissions, and CH4 per unit of DM intake, energy-corrected milk, total digested organic matter and neutral detergent fibre were not affected by dietary CP, but decreased by LF compared with HF (P < 0.01). Milk true protein N was not affected by dietary CP content but was higher for LF compared with HF. Dietary N partitioned to milk true protein was greater in cows fed LF compared with HF (29.4% vs 26.7%; P < 0.01), also greater in cows fed LP compared with HP (30.8% vs 25.2%; P < 0.01). Dietary N partitioned to urinary N excretion was greater in cows fed HP compared with LP (39.5% vs 29.6%; P < 0.01) but was not affected by dietary CP content. Dietary N partitioned to faeces was not affected by dietary CP but increased in cows fed LP compared with HP (34.2% vs 27.8%; P < 0.01). Total N excretion (urinary plus faecal) as proportion to N intake did not differ between HP and LP, but tended to be lower in cows fed LF compared with the HF diet (64.2% vs 67.9%; P = 0.09). Both milk urea N (P < 0.01) and blood urea N (P < 0.01) declined with decreasing dietary CP or forage contents. Based on purine derivative analysis, there was a tendency for interaction between dietary CP and forage content on microbial protein synthesis (P < 0.09). Rumen microbial protein synthesis tended to be lower for high forage and low protein treatments. Increasing dietary forage contents resulted in greater CH4 emission (g/kg of energy-corrected milk) and manure N excretion (g/kg of energy-corrected milk) intensities of lactating dairy cows. Cows receiving reduced CP diets had low manure N outputs and improved milk true protein production efficiencies, regardless of dietary forage content.
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41
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Relationship between efficiency of nitrogen utilization and isotopic nitrogen fractionation in dairy cows: contribution of digestion v. metabolism? Animal 2016; 10:221-9. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731115002025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Cantalapiedra-Hijar G, Ortigues-Marty I, Lemosquet S. Diets rich in starch improve the efficiency of amino acids use by the mammary gland in lactating Jersey cows. J Dairy Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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43
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Diet-animal fractionation of nitrogen stable isotopes reflects the efficiency of nitrogen assimilation in ruminants. Br J Nutr 2015; 113:1158-69. [PMID: 25716533 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114514004449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The natural abundance of ¹⁵N in animal proteins (δ¹⁵Nanimal) is greater than that in the diet consumed by the animals (δ¹⁵Ndiet), with a discrimination factor (Δ¹⁵N = δ¹⁵Nanimal - δ¹⁵Ndiet) that is known to vary according to nutritional conditions. The objectives of the present study were to test the hypothesis that Δ¹⁵N variations depend on the efficiency of nitrogen utilisation (ENU) in growing beef cattle, and to identify some of the physiological mechanisms responsible for this N isotopic fractionation in ruminants. Thus, we performed the regression of the Δ¹⁵N of plasma proteins obtained from thirty-five finishing beef cattle fed standard and non-conventional diets against different feed efficiency indices, including ENU. We also performed the regression of the Δ¹⁵N of different ruminant N pools (plasma and milk proteins, urine and faeces) against different splanchnic N fluxes obtained from multi-catheterised lactating dairy cows. The Δ¹⁵N of plasma proteins was negatively correlated with feed efficiency indices in beef cattle, especially ENU (body protein gain/N intake) and efficiency of metabolisable protein (MP) utilisation (body protein gain/MP intake). Although Δ¹⁵N obtained from different N pools in dairy cows were all negatively correlated with ENU, the highest correlation was found when Δ¹⁵N was calculated from plasma proteins. Δ¹⁵N showed no correlation with urea-N recycling or rumen NH₃ absorption, but exhibited a strong correlation with liver urea synthesis and splanchnic amino acid metabolism, which points to a dominant role of splanchnic tissues in the present N isotopic fractionation study.
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44
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The effects of degradable nitrogen level and slow release urea on nitrogen balance and urea kinetics in Holstein steers. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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45
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Neal K, Eun JS, Young AJ, Mjoun K, Hall JO. Feeding protein supplements in alfalfa hay-based lactation diets improves nutrient utilization, lactational performance, and feed efficiency of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:7716-28. [PMID: 25262186 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Due to the increasing cost of soybean meal and concerns of excess N being excreted into the environment, new protein supplements have been developed. Two products that have shown potential in increasing N utilization efficiency are slow-release urea (SRU; Optigen; Alltech Inc., Nicholasville, KY) and ruminal-escape protein derived from yeast (YMP; DEMP; Alltech Inc.). The objective of this study was to assess the effects of feeding these 2 supplements in alfalfa hay-based [45.7% of forage dietary dry matter (DM)] dairy diets on nutrient utilization, feed efficiency, and lactational performance of dairy cows. Twelve multiparous dairy cows were used in a triple 4 × 4 Latin square design with one square consisting of ruminally cannulated cows. Treatments included (1) control, (2) SRU-supplemented total mixed ration (SRUT), (3) YMP-supplemented total mixed ration (YMPT), and (4) SRU- and YMP-supplemented total mixed ration (SYT). The control consisted only of a mixture of soybean meal and canola meal in a 50:50 ratio. The SRU and the YMP were supplemented at 0.49 and 1.15% DM, respectively. The experiment consisted of 4 periods lasting 28 d each (21 d of adaptation and 7 d of sampling). Cows fed YMPT and SYT had decreased intake of DM, and all supplemented treatments had lower crude protein intake compared with those fed the control. Milk yield tended to have the greatest increase in YMPT compared with the control (41.1 vs. 39.7 kg/d) as well as a tendency for increased milk fat and protein yields. Feed efficiencies based on yields of milk, 3.5% fat-corrected milk, and energy-corrected milk increased at 10 to 16% due to protein supplementation. Cows fed protein supplements partitioned less energy toward body weight gain, but tended to partition more energy toward milk production. Efficiency of use of feed N to milk N increased by feeding SRUT and YMPT, and milk N-to-manure N ratio increased with YMPT. Overall results from this experiment indicate that replacing the mixture of soybean meal and canola meal with SRU and YMP in alfalfa hay-based dairy diets can be a good approach to improve nutrient utilization efficiencies in lactating dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Neal
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan 84322
| | - J-S Eun
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan 84322.
| | - A J Young
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan 84322
| | - K Mjoun
- Alltech, Brookings, SD 57006
| | - J O Hall
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan 84322
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Cantalapiedra-Hijar G, Lemosquet S, Rodriguez-Lopez JM, Messad F, Ortigues-Marty I. Diets rich in starch increase the posthepatic availability of amino acids in dairy cows fed diets at low and normal protein levels. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:5151-66. [PMID: 24931534 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Five mid-lactation multicatheterized Jersey cows were used in a 4×4 Latin square design to investigate whether the increase in milk N yield associated with diets rich in starch versus fiber could originate from changes in the splanchnic AA metabolism and if these changes depended upon the dietary crude protein (CP) content. Four isoenergetic diets were formulated to provide 2 different carbohydrate compositions [diets rich in starch (350g of starch and 310g of neutral detergent fiber/kg of dry matter) versus rich in fiber (45g of starch and 460g of neutral detergent fiber/kg of dry matter)] crossed by 2 different CP contents (12.0 vs. 16.5% CP). At the end of each treatment period, 6 hourly blood samples were collected from the portal and hepatic veins as well as the mesenteric artery to determine net nutrient fluxes across the portal-drained viscera (PDV), liver, and total splanchnic tissues. Dry matter and calculated energy intake as well as total absorbed energy were similar across treatments. However, the net portal appearance (NPA) of acetate, total volatile fatty acids, and β-hydroxybutyrate were higher with diets rich in fiber versus starch, whereas that of oxygen, glucose, butyrate, and insulin were lower. Concomitant to these changes, the percentage of N intake recovered as total AA (TAA) in the portal vein was lower for diets rich in fiber versus starch (42.3 vs. 51.4%, respectively), without, however, any difference observed in the NPA of the main AA used as energy fuels by the PDV (Glu, Gln, and Asp). Despite a higher NPA of TAA with starch versus fiber diets, no differences in the net hepatic flux of TAA, essential and nonessential AA were observed, resulting in a higher (+22%) net splanchnic release of AA and, hence, a greater (+7%) milk N yield. The net hepatic flux and hepatic fractional removal of none of the individual AA was affected as the main carbohydrate changed from fiber to starch, except for Gly and Lys, which were higher for the latter. After correcting for differences in NPA of TAA, the net hepatic uptake of TAA tended to be lower with starch versus fiber diets. The higher transfer of N from feed to milk with diets rich in starch is not the consequence of a direct sparing AA effect of glucogenic diets but rather the result of lower energy requirements by the PDV along with a higher microbial N flow to the duodenum. A better AA use by peripheral tissues with starch versus fiber diets was also hypothesized but more studies are warranted to clarify this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Cantalapiedra-Hijar
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1213 INRA-VetAgroSup, Unité Mixte de Recherches sur les Herbivores, 63122 St Genès Champanelle, France.
| | - S Lemosquet
- INRA, UMR 1348 PEGASE, F-35590 Saint-Gilles, France; Agrocampus Ouest, UMR1348 PEGASE, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - J M Rodriguez-Lopez
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1213 INRA-VetAgroSup, Unité Mixte de Recherches sur les Herbivores, 63122 St Genès Champanelle, France
| | - F Messad
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1213 INRA-VetAgroSup, Unité Mixte de Recherches sur les Herbivores, 63122 St Genès Champanelle, France
| | - I Ortigues-Marty
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1213 INRA-VetAgroSup, Unité Mixte de Recherches sur les Herbivores, 63122 St Genès Champanelle, France
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Bahrami-Yekdangi H, Khorvash M, Ghorbani G, Alikhani M, Jahanian R, Kamalian E. Effects of decreasing metabolizable protein and rumen-undegradable protein on milk production and composition and blood metabolites of Holstein dairy cows in early lactation. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:3707-14. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-6725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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48
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Borhan MS, Gautam DP, Engel C, Anderson VL, Rahman S. Effects of pen bedding and feeding high crude protein diets on manure composition and greenhouse gas emissions from a feedlot pen surface. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2013; 63:1457-1468. [PMID: 24558708 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2013.831384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from concentrated animal feeding operations vary by stage of production and management practices. The objective of this research was to study the effect of two dietary crude protein levels (12 and 16%) fed to beef steers in pens with or without corn stover bedding. Manure characteristics and GHG emissions were measured from feedlot pen surfaces. Sixteen equal-sized feedlot pens (19 x 23 m) were used. Eight were bedded approximately twice a week with corn stover and the remaining eight feedlot pens were not bedded. Angus steers (n = 138) were blocked by live weights (lighter and heavier) with 7 to 10 animals per pen. The trial was a 2 x 2 factorial design with factors of two protein levels and two bedding types (bedding vs. non bedding), with four replicates. The study was conducted from June through September and consisted of four -28-day periods. Manure from each pen was scrapped once every 28 days and composite manure samples from each pen were collected. Air samples from pen surfaces were sampled in Tedlar bags using a Vac-U-Chamber coupled with a portable wind tunnel and analyzed with a greenhouse gas gas chromatograph within 24 hr of sampling. The manure samples were analyzed for crude protein (CP), total nitrogen (TN), ammonia (NH3), total volatile fatty acid (TVFA), total carbon (TC), total phosphorus (TP), and potassium (K). The air samples were analyzed for methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrous oxide (N2O) concentrations. The concentration of TN was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in manure from pens with cattle fed the high protein diets. The volatile fatty acids (VFAs) such as acetic, propionic, isobutyric, butyric, isovaleric, and valeric acids concentrations were similar across both treatments. There were no significant differences in pen surface GHG emissions across manure management and dietary crude protein levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Borhan
- Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, USA
| | - D P Gautam
- Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, USA
| | - C Engel
- Carrington Research Extension Center, North Dakota State University, Carrington, North Dakota, USA
| | - V L Anderson
- Carrington Research Extension Center, North Dakota State University, Carrington, North Dakota, USA
| | - S Rahman
- Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, USA
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Holt M, Neal K, Eun JS, Young A, Hall J, Nestor K. Corn silage hybrid type and quality of alfalfa hay affect dietary nitrogen utilization by early lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:6564-76. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-6689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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50
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The effects of dietary nitrogen to water-soluble carbohydrate ratio on isotopic fractionation and partitioning of nitrogen in non-lactating sheep. Animal 2013; 7:1274-9. [PMID: 23497973 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731113000311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between partitioning and isotopic fractionation of nitrogen (N) in sheep consuming diets with varying ratios of N to water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC). Six non-lactating sheep were offered a constant dry matter (DM) allowance with one of three ratios of dietary N/WSC, achieved by adding sucrose and urea to lucerne pellets. A replicated 3 dietary treatments (Low, Medium and High N/WSC) × 3 (collection periods) and a Latin square design was used, with two sheep assigned to each treatment in each period. Feed, faeces, urine, plasma, wool, muscle and liver samples were collected and analysed for ¹⁵N concentration. Nitrogen intake and outputs in faeces and urine were measured for each sheep using 6-day total collections. Blood urea N (BUN) and urinary excretion of purine derivative were also measured. Treatment effects were tested using general ANOVA; the relationships between measured variables were analysed by linear regression. BUN and N intake increased by 46% and 35%, respectively, when N/WSC increased 2.5-fold. However, no indication of change in microbial protein synthesis was detected. Results indicated effects of dietary treatments on urinary N/faecal N, faecal N/N intake and retained N/N intake. In addition, the linear relationships between plasma δ¹⁵N and urinary N/N intake and muscle δ¹⁵N and retained N/N intake based on individual measurements showed the potential of using N isotopic fractionation as an easy-to-use indicator of N partitioning when N supply exceeds that required to match energy supply in the diet.
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