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Crudele L, Novielli F, De Matteis C, Petruzzelli S, Suppressa P, Berardi E, Antonica G, Piazzolla G, Sabbà C, Graziano G, Moschetta A. Thyroid nodule malignancy is associated with increased non-invasive hepatic fibrosis scores in metabolic subjects. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1233083. [PMID: 37965446 PMCID: PMC10641401 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1233083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Thyroid cancer incidence is increasing, and adiposity-related conditions are gaining space in its pathogenesis. In this study, we aimed to detect any anthropometric, biohumoral, and clinical features that might be associated with thyroid nodule malignancy, potentially representing novel non-invasive markers of thyroid cancer. Materials and methods The study was conducted in a group of 142 consecutive outpatients (47 men and 95 women) who underwent fine-needle aspiration biopsy/cytology (FNAB/C) due to suspicion of malignancy from January 2018 to September 2022. We compared lipid and glycemic blood profiles as well as non-invasive liver fibrosis indexes such as aspartate aminotransferase (AST) to alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ratio (AAR), AST to platelet ratio index (APRI), and fibrosis index based on four factors (FIB-4) between patients with benign and malignant newly diagnosed nodules. Then, we performed receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis to assess their best cutoff values for discrimination of malignant nodules and chi-squared test to evaluate the association of specific dysmetabolic conditions with malignancy. To understand whether and to what degree dysmetabolic conditions increased the risk of thyroid nodule malignancy, we also calculated the odds ratio (OR) of the main biomarkers. Results After FNAB/C, 121 (85%) patients were diagnosed with benign thyroid nodules, while 21 (15%) individuals were diagnosed with thyroid cancer. Comparing patients with benign and malignant nodules, we found that individuals with thyroid cancer exhibited increased body mass index (BMI) (p = 0.048) and fasting plasma glucose (p = 0.046). Intriguingly, considering non-invasive scores for liver fibrosis, subjects with thyroid cancer presented increased AAR (p < 0.001) and APRI (p = 0.007), and these scores were associated with malignancy (p < 0.005) with OR = 7.1 and OR = 5, respectively. Moreover, we showed that only in the cancer group, low levels of vitamin D correlated with stigmata of impaired metabolism. Discussion In our study, AAR and APRI scores were associated with thyroid nodule malignancy and could be used to predict it and to speed up the diagnostic process. From a pathogenic point of view, we speculated that metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) along with hyperglycemia and vitamin D deficiency may represent putative drivers of thyroid carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucilla Crudele
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
| | - Fabio Novielli
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
| | - Carlo De Matteis
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
| | - Stefano Petruzzelli
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
| | - Patrizia Suppressa
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
| | - Elsa Berardi
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Antonica
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Piazzolla
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
| | - Carlo Sabbà
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
| | - Giusi Graziano
- Center for Outcomes Research and Clinical Epidemiology (CORESEARCH), Pescara, Italy
| | - Antonio Moschetta
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
- IINBB National Institute for Biostructure and Biosystems, Roma, Italy
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Is Season of Diagnosis a Predictor of Cancer Survival? Results from the Zurich Cancer Registry. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14204291. [PMID: 36296975 PMCID: PMC9608958 DOI: 10.3390/nu14204291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In Switzerland, there is a large seasonal variation in sunlight, and vitamin D deficiency is relatively common during winter. The season of diagnosis may be linked to cancer survival via vitamin D status. Using data from the Cancer Registry of Zurich, Zug, Schaffhausen, and Schwyz with more than 171,000 cancer cases registered since 1980, we examined the association of the season of diagnosis with survival for cancers including prostate (ICD10 code C61; International Categorization of Diseases, version 10), breast (C50), colorectal (C18-21), lung (C34), melanoma (C43), and all sites combined. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to assess the differences in the all-cause mortality by the season of the diagnosis. Winter was used as the reference season. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for all the cancers combined (excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) and for prostate (in men), breast (in women), colorectal, lung cancer, and melanomas, separately. A diagnosis in summer and/or autumn was associated with improved survival in all the sites combined for both sexes (men: HR 0.97 [95% CI 0.96-0.99]; women: HR 0.97 [95% CI 0.94-0.99]) and in colorectal (HR 0.91 [95% CI 0.84-0.99]), melanoma (HR 0.81 [95% CI 0.65-1.00]), and breast cancer (HR 0.91 [95% CI 0.94-0.99]) in women. Our study results suggest that a cancer diagnosis in summer and/or autumn is associated with a better prognosis. The improved seasonal survival coincides with the seasonal variation of sun-induced vitamin D, and vitamin D may play a protective and beneficial role in cancer survival.
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Palanca A, Ampudia-Blasco FJ, Real JT. The Controversial Role of Vitamin D in Thyroid Cancer Prevention. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14132593. [PMID: 35807774 PMCID: PMC9268358 DOI: 10.3390/nu14132593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy and exhibits rising incidence. Annual incidence varies by sex, age, and geographical location. It has been reported that impairment of vitamin D signalling promotes thyroid cancer progression. Recent studies have shown that vitamin D, a fat-soluble vitamin that acts as both a nutrient and a hormone, may have utility in the prevention of autoimmune thyroid-related diseases. However, the precise role of vitamin D in the pathobiology of thyroid cancer is controversial. Previous studies have suggested that elevated serum vitamin D levels have a protective role in thyroid cancer. However, there is also evidence demonstrating no inverse relationship between vitamin D levels and the occurrence of thyroid cancer. Furthermore, recent data provide evidence that circulating vitamin D concentration is inversely correlated with disease aggressiveness and poor prognosis, while evidence of an association with tumour initiation remains weak. Nevertheless, a variety of data support an anti-tumorigenic role of vitamin D and its potential utility as a secondary chemopreventive agent. In this review, we highlighted recent findings regarding the association of vitamin D status with the risk of thyroid cancer, prognosis, potential mechanisms, and possible utility as a chemopreventive agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Palanca
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Valencia University Clinic Hospital, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
- INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- CIBERDEM, CIBER Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.P.); (F.J.A.-B.); Tel.: +34-96-197-35-00 (A.P. & F.J.A.-B.)
| | - Francisco Javier Ampudia-Blasco
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Valencia University Clinic Hospital, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
- INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- CIBERDEM, CIBER Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Medicine Faculty, University of Valencia (UV), 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.P.); (F.J.A.-B.); Tel.: +34-96-197-35-00 (A.P. & F.J.A.-B.)
| | - José T. Real
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Valencia University Clinic Hospital, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
- INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- CIBERDEM, CIBER Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Medicine Faculty, University of Valencia (UV), 46010 Valencia, Spain
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Gnagnarella P, Muzio V, Caini S, Raimondi S, Martinoli C, Chiocca S, Miccolo C, Bossi P, Cortinovis D, Chiaradonna F, Palorini R, Facciotti F, Bellerba F, Canova S, Gandini S. Vitamin D Supplementation and Cancer Mortality: Narrative Review of Observational Studies and Clinical Trials. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13093285. [PMID: 34579164 PMCID: PMC8466115 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have investigated the beneficial effects of vitamin D on survival of cancer patients. Overall evidence has been accumulating with contrasting results. This paper aims at narratively reviewing the existing articles examining the link between vitamin D supplementation and cancer mortality. We performed two distinct searches to identify observational (ObS) studies and randomized clinical trials (RCTs) of vitamin D supplementation (VDS) in cancer patients and cohorts of general population, which included cancer mortality as an outcome. Published reports were gathered until March 2021. We identified 25 papers published between 2003 and 2020, including n. 8 RCTs on cancer patients, n. 8 population RCTs and n. 9 ObS studies. There was some evidence that the use of VDS in cancer patients could improve cancer survival, but no significant effect was found in population RCTs. Some ObS studies reported evidence that VDS was associated with a longer survival among cancer patients, and only one study found an opposite effect. The findings do not allow conclusive answers. VDS may have the potential as treatment to improve survival in cancer patients, but further investigations are warranted. We strongly support investment in well-designed and sufficiently powered RCTs to fully evaluate this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Gnagnarella
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0257489823
| | - Valeria Muzio
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy;
| | - Saverio Caini
- Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network (ISPRO), Via Cosimo il Vecchio 2, 50139 Florence, Italy;
| | - Sara Raimondi
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy; (S.R.); (C.M.); (S.C.); (C.M.); (F.F.); (F.B.); (S.G.)
| | - Chiara Martinoli
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy; (S.R.); (C.M.); (S.C.); (C.M.); (F.F.); (F.B.); (S.G.)
| | - Susanna Chiocca
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy; (S.R.); (C.M.); (S.C.); (C.M.); (F.F.); (F.B.); (S.G.)
| | - Claudia Miccolo
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy; (S.R.); (C.M.); (S.C.); (C.M.); (F.F.); (F.B.); (S.G.)
| | - Paolo Bossi
- Medical Oncology, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health University of Brescia, ASST-Spedali Civili, 25121 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Diego Cortinovis
- SC Oncologia Medica, Asst H S Gerardo Monza, 20900 Monza, Italy; (D.C.); (S.C.)
| | - Ferdinando Chiaradonna
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy; (F.C.); (R.P.)
| | - Roberta Palorini
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy; (F.C.); (R.P.)
| | - Federica Facciotti
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy; (S.R.); (C.M.); (S.C.); (C.M.); (F.F.); (F.B.); (S.G.)
| | - Federica Bellerba
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy; (S.R.); (C.M.); (S.C.); (C.M.); (F.F.); (F.B.); (S.G.)
| | - Stefania Canova
- SC Oncologia Medica, Asst H S Gerardo Monza, 20900 Monza, Italy; (D.C.); (S.C.)
| | - Sara Gandini
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy; (S.R.); (C.M.); (S.C.); (C.M.); (F.F.); (F.B.); (S.G.)
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Lipplaa A, Fernandes R, Marshall A, Lorigan P, Dunn J, Myers KA, Barker E, Newton-Bishop J, Middleton MR, Corrie PG. 25-hydroxyvitamin D serum levels in patients with high risk resected melanoma treated in an adjuvant bevacizumab trial. Br J Cancer 2018; 119:793-800. [PMID: 30033445 PMCID: PMC6189120 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-018-0179-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies evaluating a relationship of vitamin D in patients with primary melanoma have consistently identified an inverse correlation with Breslow thickness, but an inconsistent impact on survival. Vitamin D in later stages of melanoma has been less studied. METHODS Vitamin D was measured in serum from 341 patients with resected stage IIB-IIIC melanoma recruited to the AVAST-M adjuvant melanoma randomised trial, collected prior to randomisation, then at 3 and 12 months. Vitamin D levels were compared with patient demographics, known melanoma prognostic factors, disease-free interval (DFI) and overall survival (OS). RESULTS A total of 73% patients had stage III melanoma, 32% were enroled (and therefore tested) >1 year after primary melanoma diagnosis. Median pre-randomisation vitamin D level was 56.5 (range 12.6-189.0 nmol/L). Vitamin D levels did not significantly vary over 12 months (p = 0.24). Individual pre-randomisation vitamin D levels did not differ significantly for Breslow thickness, tumour ulceration, or disease stage. Neither did pre-randomisation vitamin D predict for DFI (HR = 0.98 per 10 nmol/L increase; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.93-1.04, p = 0.59) or OS (HR = 0.96 per 10 nmol/L increase, 95% CI 0.90-1.03, p = 0.31). For stage II patients, DFI improved with higher pre-randomisation vitamin D levels for those on bevacizumab (HR = 0.74 per 10 nmol nmol/L increase; 95% CI 0.56-0.97), but not for the observation arm (HR = 1.07 per 10 nmol/L increase; 95% CI 0.85-1.34). CONCLUSIONS In this stage II/III melanoma cohort, vitamin D did not correlate with known prognostic markers, nor predict for DFI or OS, but there was some evidence of benefit for patients with stage II disease treated with bevacizumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Lipplaa
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, CB2 0QQ, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ricardo Fernandes
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, CB2 0QQ, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Andrea Marshall
- Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Lorigan
- University of Manchester and Christie NHS Foundation Trust, M20 4BX, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Janet Dunn
- Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin A Myers
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, CB2 0QQ, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, OX3 7DQ, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Emily Barker
- Cambridge Cancer Trials Centre, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, CB2 0QQ, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Julia Newton-Bishop
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, LS9 7TF, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Mark R Middleton
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, CB2 0QQ, Oxford, United Kingdom.
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, OX3 7LE, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Pippa G Corrie
- Cambridge Cancer Centre, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, CB2 0QQ, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Cermisoni GC, Alteri A, Corti L, Rabellotti E, Papaleo E, Viganò P, Sanchez AM. Vitamin D and Endometrium: A Systematic Review of a Neglected Area of Research. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2320. [PMID: 30096760 PMCID: PMC6122064 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence supports a role of vitamin D (VD) in reproductive health. Vitamin D receptor (VDR) is expressed in the ovary, endometrium, and myometrium. The biological actions of VD in fertility and reproductive tissues have been investigated but mainly using animal models. Conversely, the molecular data addressing the mechanisms underlying VD action in the physiologic endometrium and in endometrial pathologies are still scant. Levels of VDR expression according to the menstrual cycle are yet to be definitively clarified, possibly being lower in the proliferative compared to the secretory phase and in mid-secretory compared to early secretory phase. Endometrial tissue also expresses the enzymes involved in the metabolism of VD. The potential anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory effects of VD for the treatment of endometriosis have been investigated in recent years. Treatment of ectopic endometrial cells with 1,25(OH)₂D₃ could significantly reduce cytokine-mediated inflammatory responses. An alteration of VD metabolism in terms of increased 24-hydroxylase mRNA and protein expression has been demonstrated in endometrial cancer, albeit not consistently. The effect of the active form of the vitamin as an anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and differentiation-inducing agent has been demonstrated in various endometrial cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Chiara Cermisoni
- Reproductive Sciences Laboratory, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Alteri
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy.
| | - Laura Corti
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy.
| | - Elisa Rabellotti
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy.
| | - Enrico Papaleo
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy.
| | - Paola Viganò
- Reproductive Sciences Laboratory, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy.
| | - Ana Maria Sanchez
- Reproductive Sciences Laboratory, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy.
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Heidari Z, Nikbakht M, Mashhadi MA, Jahantigh M, Mansournia N, Sheikhi V, Mansournia MA. Vitamin D Deficiency Associated with Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma: A Case- Control Study. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2017; 18:3419-3422. [PMID: 29286613 PMCID: PMC5980904 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2017.18.12.3419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: In recent decades, the incidence of thyroid cancer has increased throughout the world. It is unclear whether factors such as vitamin D deficiency may have been involved in this increase. The present case-control study was conducted to examine any association between Vitamin D deficiency and thyroid cancers. Methods: The study was conducted on 85 patients with differentiated thyroid cancer diagnosed based on fine needle aspiration biopsy as the case group and 85 healthy controls. Serum levels of vitamin D were evaluated before thyroidectomy. For each patient in the case group, one healthy euthyroid person without any thyroid nodules from the general population matched based on season, sex, age (± 1 year) and BMI (± 1) was selected. Finally, 85 pairs were obtained considering inclusion and exclusion criteria. Thyroid function, thyroid antibodies and serum vitamin D were assessed and thyroid sonography was performed in all participants. Results: In the patient group, 72 (85%) were female and 13 (15%) were male. The mean (SD) serum vitamin D level was 8.00 (±3.7) in patient group, as compared to 13.4 (±7.90) in the control group, the difference being significant (OR: 6, 95 %CI: 1.02-113.3; P=0.046). Conclusion: A significant association was noted between vitamin D deficiency and differentiated thyroid cancer. Further studies with a prospective design are necessary to further define the roles of this factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Heidari
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.
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8
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Liu X, Song B, Li S, Wang N, Yang H. Identification and functional analysis of the risk microRNAs associated with cerebral low-grade glioma prognosis. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:1173-1179. [PMID: 28586047 PMCID: PMC5562009 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-grade gliomas (LGGs) are associated with neurological disability. The present study used microRNA (miRNA) expression profiles to identify risk miRNAs for potential prognosis of cerebral LGGs. miRNA expression profiles and clinical data from 408 patients with cerebral LGGs were obtained from the Cancer Genome Atlas database. Risk miRNAs were identified by plotting Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox proportional hazard regression analysis with the survival and KMsurv packages in R. A regulatory network of miRNA-targets was constructed, followed by gene ontology (GO) function and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis using the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of miRNA targets was built using Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes software, and sub-pathway identification was performed using the iSubpathwayMiner package in R. In total, 39 miRNAs had significant effect on survival curves. Following the Cox analysis and construction of miRNA-targets regulatory network, hsa-miRNA (miR)-326 was identified to regulate 397 target genes. Additionally, targets of miR-326 were primarily enriched in the GO terms of cell proliferation, epithelial growth factor receptor and nerve growth factor signaling pathways. Additionally, son of sevenless homolog 1 (SOS1), neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog (NRAS), vitamin D receptor (VDR) and mothers against decapentaplegic family member 3 (SMAD3) were most enriched in the PPI network. Targets of miR-326 were primarily enriched in sub-pathways including sphingolipid metabolism and arachidonic acid metabolism, in which sphingomyelin synthase 1 (SGMS1) and hematopoietic prostaglandin D synthase (HPGDS) were screened out. Hsa-miR-326 was identified as a risk miRNA for prognosis and may improve the outcome prediction of patients with cerebral LGG. This miRNA may regulate cancer cell proliferation by targeting SOS1, NRAS, VDR, SMAD3, SGMS1 and HPGDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrui Liu
- Department of Neurosurgical Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Bin Song
- Department of Gastrointestinal Colorectal and Anal Surgery, China‑Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Shanji Li
- Department of Neurosurgical Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Nan Wang
- Second Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Yibin, Yibin, Sichuan 644000, P.R. China
| | - Hongfa Yang
- Department of Neurotrauma, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
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Keasey MP, Lemos RR, Hagg T, Oliveira JRM. Vitamin-D receptor agonist calcitriol reduces calcification in vitro through selective upregulation of SLC20A2 but not SLC20A1 or XPR1. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25802. [PMID: 27184385 PMCID: PMC4868979 DOI: 10.1038/srep25802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency (hypovitaminosis D) causes osteomalacia and poor long bone mineralization. In apparent contrast, hypovitaminosis D has been reported in patients with primary brain calcifications (“Fahr’s disease”). We evaluated the expression of two phosphate transporters which we have found to be associated with primary brain calcification (SLC20A2, whose promoter has a predicted vitamin D receptor binding site, and XPR1), and one unassociated (SLC20A1), in an in vitro model of calcification. Expression of all three genes was significantly decreased in calcifying human bone osteosarcoma (SaOs-2) cells. Further, we confirmed that vitamin D (calcitriol) reduced calcification as measured by Alizarin Red staining. Cells incubated with calcitriol under calcifying conditions specifically maintained expression of the phosphate transporter SLC20A2 at higher levels relative to controls, by RT-qPCR. Neither SLC20A1 nor XPR1 were affected by calcitriol treatment and remained suppressed. Critically, knockdown of SLC20A2 gene and protein with CRISPR technology in SaOs2 cells significantly ablated vitamin D mediated inhibition of calcification. This study elucidates the mechanistic importance of SLC20A2 in suppressing the calcification process. It also suggests that vitamin D might be used to regulate SLC20A2 gene expression, as well as reduce brain calcification which occurs in Fahr’s disease and normal aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Keasey
- Department of Biomedical Sciences - Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, USA.,Keizo Asami Laboratory - Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife-PE, Brazil
| | - R R Lemos
- Keizo Asami Laboratory - Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife-PE, Brazil
| | - T Hagg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences - Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, USA
| | - J R M Oliveira
- Keizo Asami Laboratory - Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife-PE, Brazil.,Neuropsychiatry Department - Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife-PE, Brazil
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Vitamin D and the Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:6213872. [PMID: 26880977 PMCID: PMC4736588 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6213872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies support reciprocal regulation between the active vitamin D derivative 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) and the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). Thus, 1,25(OH)2D3 inhibits EMT via the induction of a variety of target genes that encode cell adhesion and polarity proteins responsible for the epithelial phenotype and through the repression of key EMT inducers. Both direct and indirect regulatory mechanisms mediate these effects. Conversely, certain master EMT inducers inhibit 1,25(OH)2D3 action by repressing the transcription of VDR gene encoding the high affinity vitamin D receptor that mediates 1,25(OH)2D3 effects. Consequently, the balance between the strength of 1,25(OH)2D3 signaling and the induction of EMT defines the cellular phenotype in each context. Here we review the current understanding of the genes and mechanisms involved in the interplay between 1,25(OH)2D3 and EMT.
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Zostautiene I, Jorde R, Schirmer H, Mathiesen EB, Njølstad I, Løchen ML, Wilsgaard T, Joakimsen RM, Kamycheva E. Genetic Variations in the Vitamin D Receptor Predict Type 2 Diabetes and Myocardial Infarction in a Community-Based Population: The Tromsø Study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145359. [PMID: 26699871 PMCID: PMC4689352 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Though the associations between low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels and health outcomes such as type 2 diabetes (T2D), myocardial infarction (MI), cancer, and mortality are well-studied, the effect of supplementation with vitamin D is uncertain. This may be related to genetic differences. Thus, rs7968585, a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of the vitamin D receptor (VDR), has recently been reported as a predictor of composite health outcome. We therefore aimed to evaluate whether rs7968585 predicts separate clinical outcomes such as T2D, MI, cancer, and mortality in a community-based Norwegian population. METHODS AND FINDINGS Measurements and DNA were obtained from the participants in the Tromsø Study in 1994-1995, registered with the outcomes of interest and a randomly selected control group. The impact of the rs7968585 genotypes was evaluated with Cox proportional hazards. A total of 8,461 subjects were included among whom 1,054 subjects were registered with T2D, 2,287 with MI, 3,166 with cancer, and 4,336 with death. Mean follow-up time from birth was 60.8 years for T2D and MI, 61.2 years for cancer, while mean follow-up time from examination date was 16.5 years for survival. Mean serum 25(OH)D levels did not differ across the rs7968585 genotypes. With the major homozygote genotype as reference, the minor homozygote subjects had hazard ratios of 1.25 (95% CI 1.05-1.49) for T2D and 1.14 (1.02-1.28) for MI (P = 0.011 and 0.023, respectively, without the Bonferroni correction). No significant interaction between serum 25(OH)D status and the rs7968585 genotype was found for any of the endpoints. CONCLUSIONS The VDR-related SNP rs7968585 minor allele is a significant and positive predictor for T2D and possibly for MI. Since the functional mechanism of this SNP is not yet understood, and the association with T2D is reported for the first time, confirmatory studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ieva Zostautiene
- Tromsø Endocrine Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Rolf Jorde
- Tromsø Endocrine Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Henrik Schirmer
- Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Division of Cardiothoracic and Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ellisiv Bøgeberg Mathiesen
- Brain and Circulation Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Inger Njølstad
- Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Maja-Lisa Løchen
- Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Tom Wilsgaard
- Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ragnar Martin Joakimsen
- Tromsø Endocrine Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Elena Kamycheva
- Tromsø Endocrine Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Zigmont V, Garrett A, Peng J, Seweryn M, Rempala GA, Harris R, Holloman C, Gundersen TE, Ahlbom A, Feychting M, Johannesen TB, Grimsrud TK, Schwartzbaum J. Association Between Prediagnostic Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentration and Glioma. Nutr Cancer 2015; 67:1120-30. [PMID: 26317248 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2015.1073757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There are no previous studies of the association between prediagnostic serum vitamin D concentration and glioma. Vitamin D has immunosuppressive properties; as does glioma. It was, therefore, our hypothesis that elevated vitamin D concentration would increase glioma risk. We conducted a nested case-control study using specimens from the Janus Serum Bank cohort in Norway. Blood donors who were subsequently diagnosed with glioma (n = 592), between 1974 and 2007, were matched to donors without glioma (n = 1112) on date and age at blood collection and sex. We measured 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], an indicator of vitamin D availability, using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Seasonally adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were estimated for each control quintile of 25(OH)D using conditional logistic regression. Among men diagnosed with high grade glioma >56, we found a negative trend (P = .04). Men diagnosed ≤ 56 showed a borderline positive trend (P = .08). High levels (>66 nmol/L) of 25(OH)D in men >56 were inversely related to high grade glioma from ≥2 yr before diagnosis (OR = 0.59; 95% CI = 0.38, 0.91) to ≥15 yr before diagnosis (OR = 0.61; 95% CI = 0.38,0.96). Our findings are consistent long before glioma diagnosis and are therefore unlikely to reflect preclinical disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Zigmont
- a Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health , Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio , USA
| | - Amy Garrett
- a Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health , Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio , USA
| | - Jin Peng
- b Division of Epidemiology , College of Public Health, Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio , USA.,c Nationwide Children's Hospital , Columbus , Ohio , USA
| | - Michal Seweryn
- d Division of Biostatistics, College of Public Health and Mathematical Biosciences Institute , Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio , USA
| | - Grzegorz A Rempala
- d Division of Biostatistics, College of Public Health and Mathematical Biosciences Institute , Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio , USA
| | - Randall Harris
- a Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health , Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio , USA
| | | | | | - Anders Ahlbom
- g Institute of Environmental Medicine , Division of Epidemiology, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Maria Feychting
- g Institute of Environmental Medicine , Division of Epidemiology, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | | | | | - Judith Schwartzbaum
- a Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health , Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio , USA
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Abstract
A tremendous amount of information was published over the past decades in relation to the role of vitamins in various neoplastic diseases. In particular, several studies showed an inverse relationship between selected vitamins intake and cancer risk. In this review we will focus on the role played by vitamins in melanoma with particular regard to vitamin A, D, K, E and C. Given that vitamin supplementation is easy, convenient, and readily accepted by patients, in the future the use of vitamins in chemoprevention and therapy of melanoma could be encouraged if supported by pre-clinical and clinical evidence.
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Wasiewicz T, Szyszka P, Cichorek M, Janjetovic Z, Tuckey RC, Slominski AT, Zmijewski MA. Antitumor effects of vitamin D analogs on hamster and mouse melanoma cell lines in relation to melanin pigmentation. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:6645-67. [PMID: 25811927 PMCID: PMC4424981 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16046645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Deregulated melanogenesis is involved in melanomagenesis and melanoma progression and resistance to therapy. Vitamin D analogs have anti-melanoma activity. While the hypercalcaemic effect of the active form of Vitamin D (1,25(OH)2D3) limits its therapeutic use, novel Vitamin D analogs with a modified side chain demonstrate low calcaemic activity. We therefore examined the effect of secosteroidal analogs, both classic (1,25(OH)2D3 and 25(OH)D3), and novel relatively non-calcemic ones (20(OH)D3, calcipotriol, 21(OH)pD, pD and 20(OH)pL), on proliferation, colony formation in monolayer and soft-agar, and mRNA and protein expression by melanoma cells. Murine B16-F10 and hamster Bomirski Ab cell lines were shown to be effective models to study how melanogenesis affects anti-melanoma treatment. Novel Vitamin D analogs with a short side-chain and lumisterol-like 20(OH)pL efficiently inhibited rodent melanoma growth. Moderate pigmentation sensitized rodent melanoma cells towards Vitamin D analogs, and altered expression of key genes involved in Vitamin D signaling, which was opposite to the effect on heavily pigmented cells. Interestingly, melanogenesis inhibited ligand-induced Vitamin D receptor translocation and ligand-induced expression of VDR and CYP24A1 genes. These findings indicate that melanogenesis can affect the anti-melanoma activity of Vitamin D analogs in a complex manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Wasiewicz
- Department of Histology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1a, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Paulina Szyszka
- Department of Histology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1a, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland.
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1a, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Miroslawa Cichorek
- Department of Embryology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1a, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Zorica Janjetovic
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama Birmingham, VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Robert C Tuckey
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, the University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama Birmingham, VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Michal A Zmijewski
- Department of Histology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1a, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland.
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Nemenqani DM, Karam RA, Amer MG, Abd El Rahman TM. Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and steroid receptor status among Saudi women with breast cancer. Gene 2015; 558:215-9. [PMID: 25560187 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.12.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The vitamin D receptor (VDR) is a mediator for the cellular effects of vitamin D and interacts with other cell signaling pathways that influence cancer development. We evaluated the associations of the FOK1 and Taq1 VDR polymorphisms and breast cancer risk and possible effect modification by steroid receptor status of the tumor. This case-control study includes 95 breast cancer patients and 100 age-matched controls. Genotyping for VDR FOK1 and Taq1 polymorphisms was performed using polymerase chain reaction-based restriction fragment length polymorphism. Level of 25(OH)D in serum was determined using ELISA. Immunohistochemical studies were performed for estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR). The frequencies of ff genotype were significantly increased in the breast cancer group compared to the control group. Carriers of the f allele were significantly more likely to develop BC. We observed a statistically significant interaction for the Fok1 polymorphism and ER status. Our results demonstrated that FOK1 f. genotype and f allele have an important role in breast cancer risk in Saudi patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalal M Nemenqani
- Department of Pathology and Cytopathology, College of Medicine, Taif University, Saudi Arabia; Laboratory and Blood Bank, King Abdul Aziz Hospital, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rehab A Karam
- Department of Biochemistry, college of Medicine, Taif University, Al Taif, Saudi Arabia; Departments of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
| | - Mona G Amer
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Medicine, Taif University, Al Taif, Saudi Arabia; Departments of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Tamer M Abd El Rahman
- Department of surgery, College of Medicine, Taif University, Al Taif, Saudi Arabia; Department of surgery, Benha Teaching Hospital, Benha, Egypt
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Anic GM, Weinstein SJ, Mondul AM, Männistö S, Albanes D. Serum vitamin D, vitamin D binding protein, and risk of colorectal cancer. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102966. [PMID: 25036524 PMCID: PMC4103858 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously reported a positive association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and colorectal cancer risk. To further elucidate this association, we examined the molar ratio of 25(OH)D to vitamin D binding protein (DBP), the primary 25(OH)D transport protein, and whether DBP modified the association between 25(OH)D and colorectal cancer risk. METHODS In a nested case-control study within the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study, controls were 1∶1 matched to 416 colorectal cancer cases based on age and date of blood collection. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for quartiles of 25(OH)D, DBP, and the molar ratio of 25(OH)D:DBP, a proxy for free, unbound circulating 25(OH)D. RESULTS Comparing highest to lowest quartiles, DBP was not associated with colorectal cancer risk (OR = 0.91; 95% CI: 0.58, 1.42, p for trend = 0.58); however, a positive risk association was observed for the molar ratio of 25(OH)D:DBP (OR = 1.44; 95% CI: 0.92, 2.26, p for trend = 0.04). In stratified analyses, the positive association between 25(OH)D and colorectal cancer was stronger among men with DBP levels above the median (OR = 1.89; 95% CI: 1.07, 3.36, p for trend = 0.01) than below the median (OR = 1.20; 95% CI: 0.68, 2.12, p for trend = 0.87), although the interaction was not statistically significant (p for interaction = 0.24). CONCLUSION Circulating DBP may influence the association between 25(OH)D and colorectal cancer in male smokers, with the suggestion of a stronger positive association in men with higher DBP concentrations. This finding should be examined in other populations, especially those that include women and non-smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella M. Anic
- Cancer Prevention Fellowship Program, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Nutritional Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Stephanie J. Weinstein
- Nutritional Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alison M. Mondul
- Nutritional Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Satu Männistö
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Demetrius Albanes
- Nutritional Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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FokI polymorphism in vitamin D receptor gene and risk of breast cancer among Caucasian women. Tumour Biol 2013; 35:3503-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1462-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Matsuda S, Kitagishi Y. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor and vitamin d receptor signaling pathways in cancer cells. Cancers (Basel) 2013; 5:1261-70. [PMID: 24202445 PMCID: PMC3875939 DOI: 10.3390/cancers5041261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are members of the superfamily of nuclear hormone receptors, which respond to specific ligands such as polyunsaturated fatty acids by altering gene expression. Three subtypes of this receptor have been discovered, each evolving to achieve different biological functions. Like other nuclear receptors, the transcriptional activity of PPARs is affected not only by ligand-stimulation, but also by cross-talk with other molecules. For example, both PPARs and the RXRs are ligand-activated transcription factors that coordinately regulate gene expression. In addition, PPARs and vitamin D receptor (VDR) signaling pathways regulate a multitude of genes that are of importance for cellular functions including cell proliferation and cell differentiation. Interaction of the PPARs and VDR signaling pathways has been shown at the level of molecular cross-regulation of their transcription factor. A variety of ligands influencing the PPARs and VDR signaling pathways have been shown to reveal chemopreventive potential by mediating tumor suppressive activities in human cancers. Use of these compounds may represent a potential novel strategy to prevent cancers. This review summarizes the roles of the PPARs and the VDR in pathogenesis and progression of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Matsuda
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women's University, Kita-Uoya Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan.
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Ryynänen J, Seuter S, Campbell MJ, Carlberg C. Gene regulatory scenarios of primary 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d3 target genes in a human myeloid leukemia cell line. Cancers (Basel) 2013; 5:1221-41. [PMID: 24202443 PMCID: PMC3875937 DOI: 10.3390/cancers5041221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome- and transcriptome-wide data has significantly increased the amount of available information about primary 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) target genes in cancer cell models, such as human THP-1 myelomonocytic leukemia cells. In this study, we investigated the genes G0S2, CDKN1A and MYC as master examples of primary vitamin D receptor (VDR) targets being involved in the control of cellular proliferation. The chromosomal domains of G0S2 and CDKN1A are 140-170 kb in size and contain one and three VDR binding sites, respectively. This is rather compact compared to the MYC locus that is 15 times larger and accommodates four VDR binding sites. All eight VDR binding sites were studied by chromatin immunoprecipitation in THP-1 cells. Interestingly, the site closest to the transcription start site of the down-regulated MYC gene showed 1,25(OH)2D3-dependent reduction of VDR binding and is not associated with open chromatin. Four of the other seven VDR binding regions contain a typical DR3-type VDR binding sequence, three of which are also occupied with VDR in macrophage-like cells. In conclusion, the three examples suggest that each VDR target gene has an individual regulatory scenario. However, some general components of these scenarios may be useful for the development of new therapy regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jussi Ryynänen
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, POB 1627, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland; E-Mails: (J.R.), (S.S.)
| | - Sabine Seuter
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, POB 1627, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland; E-Mails: (J.R.), (S.S.)
| | - Moray J. Campbell
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Carsten Carlberg
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, POB 1627, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland; E-Mails: (J.R.), (S.S.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +358-40-355-3062
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Mutlu H, Büyükçelik A, Kaya E, Kibar M, Seyrek E, Yavuz S, Calikuşu Z. Sunlight may increase the FDG uptake value in primary tumors of patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Oncol Lett 2013; 5:773-776. [PMID: 23426076 PMCID: PMC3576219 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2013.1112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, positron emission tomography with computerized tomography (PET-CT) is the most sensitive technique for detecting extracranial metastases in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). It has been reported that there is a correlation between the maximal standardized uptake value (SUV(max)) of primary tumors and prognosis in patients with NSCLC. The effect of sunlight exposure on PET-CT SUV(max) value is not known. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the effect of sunlight exposure on PET-CT SUV(max) value in patients with NSCLC. A total of 290 patients with NSCLC from two different regions of Turkey (Kayseri, n=168 and Adana, n=122) that have different climate and sunlight exposure intensity, were included in the study. Age, gender, histology of cancer, cancer stage, smoking status, comorbidity and SUV(max) of the primary tumor area at the time of staging were evaluated as prognostic factors. In the multivariate analysis, we detected that the region was the only independent factor affecting SUV(max) (P=0.019). We identified that warmer climate and more sunlight exposure significantly increases the SUV(max) value of the primary tumor area in patients with NSCLC. Further studies are warranted to clarify the issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Mutlu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Acibadem Kayseri Hospital, Kayseri 38000
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Lundqvist J, Hansen SK, Lykkesfeldt AE. Vitamin D analog EB1089 inhibits aromatase expression by dissociation of comodulator WSTF from the CYP19A1 promoter-a new regulatory pathway for aromatase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2012; 1833:40-7. [PMID: 23085504 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme aromatase, encoded by the CYP19A1 gene, catalyzes the production of estrogens and inhibition of aromatase has therefore become one of the key strategies in breast cancer treatment. We have studied the effects of the vitamin D analog EB1089 on aromatase gene expression and enzyme activity in breast cancer cells. We found that EB1089 was able to decrease the gene expression and enzyme activity as well as inhibit aromatase-dependent cell growth. Furthermore, a low dose of EB1089 combined with low doses of clinically used aromatase inhibitors such as anastrozole, letrozole and exemestane were able to effectively inhibit aromatase-dependent growth of breast cancer cells. The molecular mechanism for this effect of EB1089 on the aromatase gene expression was investigated and we found that it is mediated by the vitamin D receptor (VDR), vitamin D receptor interacting repressor (VDIR) and Williams syndrome transcription factor (WSTF). ChIP and Re-ChIP assays revealed that EB1089 mediates dissociation of WSTF from the CYP19A1 promoter and thereby decreases the gene expression. Regulation of aromatase via WSTF has not been reported previously. Furthermore, gene silencing of WSTF results in decreased gene expression of CYP19A1 and aromatase activity, showing that WSTF is an interesting drug target for development of new anti-cancer drugs. In summary, we report that the vitamin D analog EB1089 is able to decrease the gene expression and enzyme activity of aromatase via a novel regulatory pathway for aromatase and suggest that EB1089 may be a new treatment option for estrogen dependent breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Lundqvist
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
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Reichrath S, Reichrath J. No evidence for induction of key components of the Notch signaling pathway (Notch-1, Jagged-1) by treatment with UV-B, 1,25(OH)(2)D(3), and/or epigenetic drugs (TSA, 5-Aza) in human keratinocytes in vitro. DERMATO-ENDOCRINOLOGY 2012; 4:44-52. [PMID: 22870352 PMCID: PMC3408992 DOI: 10.4161/derm.19027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Notch signaling is of high importance for growth and survival of various cell types. We now analyzed the protein expression of two key components of the Notch signaling pathway (Notch-1, Jagged-1) in spontaneously immortalized (HaCaT) and in malignant (SCL-1) human keratinocytes, using western analysis. We found that Notch-1 and its corresponding ligand Jagged-1 are expressed in both cell lines, with no marked change following UV-B treatment. Moreover, treatment of both cell lines before or after UV-B irradiation with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, the biologically active form of vitamin D, and/or epigenetic modulating drugs (TSA; 5-Aza) did not result in a marked modulation of the protein expression of Notch-1 or Jagged-1. Under the experimental conditions of this study, treatment with 1,25(OH)2D3 protected human keratinocytes in part against the antiproliferative effects of UV-B-radiation. In conclusion, our findings do not point at a differential expression of these two key components of Notch signaling in non-malignant as compared to malignant human keratinocytes, indicating that alterations in their expression are not of importance for the photocarcinogenesis of human squamous cell carcinomas. Moreover, our findings do not support the hypothesis that modulation of Notch signaling may be involved in the photoprotective effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, that we and others reported previously. Additionally, we demonstrate that epigenetic modulating drugs (TSA, 5-Aza) do not markedly modulate the expression Notch-1 or Jagged-1 in UV-B-treated human keratinocytes in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Reichrath
- Department of Dermatology; The Saarland University Hospital; Homburg/Saar, Germany
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García-Quiroz J, García-Becerra R, Barrera D, Santos N, Avila E, Ordaz-Rosado D, Rivas-Suárez M, Halhali A, Rodríguez P, Gamboa-Domínguez A, Medina-Franco H, Camacho J, Larrea F, Díaz L. Astemizole synergizes calcitriol antiproliferative activity by inhibiting CYP24A1 and upregulating VDR: a novel approach for breast cancer therapy. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45063. [PMID: 22984610 PMCID: PMC3440370 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Calcitriol antiproliferative effects include inhibition of the oncogenic ether-à-go-go-1 potassium channel (Eag1) expression, which is necessary for cell cycle progression and tumorigenesis. Astemizole, a new promising antineoplastic drug, targets Eag1 by blocking ion currents. Herein, we characterized the interaction between calcitriol and astemizole as well as their conjoint antiproliferative action in SUM-229PE, T-47D and primary tumor-derived breast cancer cells. Methodology/Principal Findings Molecular markers were studied by immunocytochemistry, Western blot and real time PCR. Inhibitory concentrations were determined by dose-response curves and metabolic activity assays. At clinically achievable drug concentrations, synergistic antiproliferative interaction was observed between calcitriol and astemizole, as calculated by combination index analysis (CI <1). Astemizole significantly enhanced calcitriol’s growth-inhibitory effects (3–11 folds, P<0.01). Mean IC20 values were 1.82±2.41 nM and 1.62±0.75 µM; for calcitriol (in estrogen receptor negative cells) and astemizole, respectively. Real time PCR showed that both drugs alone downregulated, while simultaneous treatment further reduced Ki-67 and Eag1 gene expression (P<0.05). Astemizole inhibited basal and calcitriol-induced CYP24A1 and CYP3A4 mRNA expression (cytochromes involved in calcitriol and astemizole degradation) in breast and hepatoma cancer cells, respectively, while upregulated vitamin D receptor (VDR) expression. Conclusions/Significance Astemizole synergized calcitriol antiproliferative effects by downregulating CYP24A1, upregulating VDR and targeting Eag1. This study provides insight into the molecular mechanisms involved in astemizole-calcitriol combined antineoplastic effect, offering scientific support to test both compounds in combination in further preclinical and clinical studies of neoplasms expressing VDR and Eag1. VDR-negative tumors might also be sensitized to calcitriol antineoplastic effects by the use of astemizole. Herein we suggest a novel combined adjuvant therapy for the management of VDR/Eag1-expressing breast cancer tumors. Since astemizole improves calcitriol bioavailability and activity, decreased calcitriol dosing is advised for conjoint administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice García-Quiroz
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México, D.F., México
- Departamento de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del I.P.N., México, D.F., México
| | - Rocío García-Becerra
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México, D.F., México
| | - David Barrera
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México, D.F., México
| | - Nancy Santos
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México, D.F., México
- Departamento de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del I.P.N., México, D.F., México
| | - Euclides Avila
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México, D.F., México
| | - David Ordaz-Rosado
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México, D.F., México
| | - Mariana Rivas-Suárez
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México, D.F., México
| | - Ali Halhali
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México, D.F., México
| | - Pamela Rodríguez
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México, D.F., México
| | - Armando Gamboa-Domínguez
- Departamento de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México, D.F., México
| | - Heriberto Medina-Franco
- Departamento de Cirugía, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México, D.F., México
| | - Javier Camacho
- Departamento de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del I.P.N., México, D.F., México
| | - Fernando Larrea
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México, D.F., México
| | - Lorenza Díaz
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México, D.F., México
- * E-mail:
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Bennett RG, Wakeley SE, Hamel FG, High RR, Korch C, Goldner WS. Gene expression of vitamin D metabolic enzymes at baseline and in response to vitamin D treatment in thyroid cancer cell lines. Oncology 2012; 83:264-72. [PMID: 22992568 DOI: 10.1159/000342093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The association between vitamin D and thyroid cancer is unclear. It is unknown if CYP27A1 or CYP2R1 are present in normal thyroid or cancer cells and there is limited information regarding response to treatment with vitamin D. SV40 immortalized follicular cells (N-thy) and six thyroid cancer cell lines were treated with 10 µM vitamin D(3), 0.1 µM 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) or vehicle × 24 h. CYP27A1, CYP2R1, CYP27B1 and CYP24A1 mRNA were measured using quantitative real-time-PCR before and after treatment. Cell proliferation was also evaluated in TPC1 and C643 cells after treatment with D(3), 25(OH)D(3) and 1,25(OH)(2)D(3). Baseline CYP27A1 and CYP27B1 mRNA were present in all cells, CYP2R1 was higher and CYP24A1 mRNA was lower in cancer cell lines versus N-thy. TPC1 cells had increased CYP24A1 mRNA levels when treated with both D(3) (3.49, p < 0.001) and 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) (5.05, p < 0.001). C643 cells showed increased CYP24A1 mRNA expression when treated with 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) (5.36, p < 0.001). D(3), 25(OH)D(3) and 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) all significantly decreased cell proliferation in TPC1 and C643 cells. Overall, both cancerous and N-thy cell lines express CYP27A1 and CYP2R1 in addition to CYP27B1, establishing the potential to metabolize D(3) to 1,25(OH)(2)D(3). Additionally, vitamin D(3), 25(OH)D(3) and 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) all had an antiproliferative effect on two thyroid cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Bennett
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-4120, USA
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25
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Anic GM, Thompson RC, Nabors LB, Burton Nabors L, Olson JJ, Browning JE, Madden MH, Murtagh FR, Reed Murtagh F, Forsyth PA, Egan KM. An exploratory analysis of common genetic variants in the vitamin D pathway including genome-wide associated variants in relation to glioma risk and outcome. Cancer Causes Control 2012; 23:1443-9. [PMID: 22740028 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-012-0018-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Experimental and epidemiological evidence shows a beneficial role of vitamin D in cancer. In vitro evidence is consistent with a similar protective function in glioma; however, no study has yet examined the potential role of vitamin D in glioma. METHODS We evaluated the association between common genetic variants in the vitamin D pathway and glioma risk and patient outcome in 622 newly diagnosed glioma cases and 628 healthy controls enrolled in a clinic-based case-control study. Subjects were genotyped for 7 candidate and tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms in the vitamin D receptor and 8 additional variants in NADSYN1, GC, CYP24A1, CYP2R1, and C10ORF88 linked in genome-wide association studies to serum concentrations of vitamin D. Unconditional logistic regression was used to estimate age- and gender-adjusted odds ratios and 95 % confidence intervals for glioma risk according to vitamin D genotypes. Proportional hazards regression was used to estimate hazard ratios for glioma-related death among 320 patients diagnosed with high-grade tumors. P values were uncorrected for multiple comparisons. RESULTS Risk of astrocytic tumors was associated with variant alleles in rs3829251 (NADSYN1), rs10741657 (CYP2R1), rs2228570 (Fok1, VDR), and rs731236 (Taq1, VDR). No risk associations were found among oligodendroglial tumors. Survival associations were observed according to variant status for rs1544410 (Bsm1, VDR) and rs6013897 (CYP24A1). CONCLUSION This exploratory analysis provides limited evidence of a role for genetic variation in vitamin D pathway genes with glioma risk and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella M Anic
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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Abstract
The most active vitamin D metabolite, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25(OH)(2)D(3)), is a pleiotropic hormone with wide regulatory actions. Classically, vitamin D deficiency was known to alter calcium and phosphate metabolism and bone biology. In addition, recent epidemiological and experimental studies support the association of vitamin D deficiency with a large variety of human diseases, and particularly with the high risk of colorectal cancer. By regulating the expression of many genes via several mechanisms, 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) induces differentiation, controls the detoxification metabolism and cell phenotype, sensitises cells to apoptosis and inhibits the proliferation of cultured human colon carcinoma cells. Consistently, 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) and several of its analogues decrease intestinal tumourigenesis in animal models. Molecular, genetic and clinical data in humans are scarce but they suggest that vitamin D is protective against colon cancer. Clearly, the available evidence warrants new, well-designed, large-scale trials to clarify the role of vitamin D in the prevention and/or therapy of this important neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Pereira
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Bristol ML, Di X, Beckman MJ, Wilson EN, Henderson SC, Maiti A, Fan Z, Gewirtz DA. Dual functions of autophagy in the response of breast tumor cells to radiation: cytoprotective autophagy with radiation alone and cytotoxic autophagy in radiosensitization by vitamin D 3. Autophagy 2012; 8:739-53. [PMID: 22498493 DOI: 10.4161/auto.19313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In MCF-7 breast tumor cells, ionizing radiation promoted autophagy that was cytoprotective; pharmacological or genetic interference with autophagy induced by radiation resulted in growth suppression and/or cell killing (primarily by apoptosis). The hormonally active form of vitamin D, 1,25D 3, also promoted autophagy in irradiated MCF-7 cells, sensitized the cells to radiation and suppressed the proliferative recovery that occurs after radiation alone. 1,25D 3 enhanced radiosensitivity and promoted autophagy in MCF-7 cells that overexpress Her-2/neu as well as in p53 mutant Hs578t breast tumor cells. In contrast, 1,25D 3 failed to alter radiosensitivity or promote autophagy in the BT474 breast tumor cell line with low-level expression of the vitamin D receptor. Enhancement of MCF-7 cell sensitivity to radiation by 1,25D 3 was not attenuated by a genetic block to autophagy due largely to the promotion of apoptosis via the collateral suppression of protective autophagy. However, MCF-7 cells were protected from the combination of 1,25D 3 with radiation using a concentration of chloroquine that produced minimal sensitization to radiation alone. The current studies are consistent with the premise that while autophagy mediates a cytoprotective function in irradiated breast tumor cells, promotion of autophagy can also confer radiosensitivity by vitamin D (1,25D 3). As both cytoprotective and cytotoxic autophagy can apparently be expressed in the same experimental system in response to radiation, this type of model could be utilized to distinguish biochemical, molecular and/or functional differences in these dual functions of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly L Bristol
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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28
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Ciampa J, Yeager M, Jacobs K, Thun MJ, Gapstur S, Albanes D, Virtamo J, Weinstein SJ, Giovannucci E, Willett WC, Cancel-Tassin G, Cussenot O, Valeri A, Hunter D, Hoover R, Thomas G, Chanock S, Holmes C, Chatterjee N. Application of a novel score test for genetic association incorporating gene-gene interaction suggests functionality for prostate cancer susceptibility regions. Hum Hered 2011; 72:182-93. [PMID: 22086326 DOI: 10.1159/000331222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS We introduce an innovative multilocus test for disease association. It is an extension of an existing score test that gains power over alternative methods by incorporating a parsimonious one-degree-of-freedom model for interaction. We use our method in applications designed to detect interactions that generate hypotheses about the functionality of prostate cancer (PRCA) susceptibility regions. METHODS Our proposed score test is designed to gain additional power through the use of a retrospective likelihood that exploits an assumption of independence between unlinked loci in the underlying population. Its performance is validated through simulation. The method is used in conditional scans with data from stage II of the Cancer Genetic Markers of Susceptibility PRCA genome-wide association study. RESULTS Our proposed method increases power to detect susceptibility loci in diverse settings. It identified two high-ranking, biologically interesting interactions: (1) rs748120 of NR2C2 and subregions of 8q24 that contain independent susceptibility loci specific to PRCA and (2) rs4810671 of SULF2 and both JAZF1 and HNF1B that are associated with PRCA and type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS Our score test is a promising multilocus tool for genetic epidemiology. The results of our applications suggest functionality for poorly understood PRCA susceptibility regions. They motivate replication study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Ciampa
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Program, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA
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Yang H, Zhang Y, Zhou Z, Jiang X, Shen A. Snail-1 regulates VDR signaling and inhibits 1,25(OH)-D₃ action in osteosarcoma. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 670:341-6. [PMID: 21963453 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.09.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has shown that vitamin D could suppress proliferation, migration and invasion of cancers, but the effects of vitamin D may be related to the expression of Snail-1, which could inhibit the expression of the vitamin-D gene receptor (VDR). Snail-1 is overexpressed in osteosarcoma, this study was conducted to determine whether inhibiting Snail-1 could increase the role of vitamin D as an anti- osteosarcoma agent. We used stable transfection of the SaOS₂ cell line as in vitro model to study the effect of 1,25(OH)-D₃, which is the most active metabolite of vitamin D. The in vitro antiproliferative, pro-apoptotic and inhibiting of invasion effects were examined. The effects of 1,25(OH)-D₃ on the expression of β-catenin signaling pathways were also studied. Then in vivo antiproliferative effect of 1,25(OH)-D₃ was also detected in nude mice injected with either mock-infected or Snail-1 SaOS₂ cells. We found that inhibition of Snail-1 signaling by transfection could increase the expression of VDR, enhance the anti-proliferative activity of 1,25(OH)-D₃ in osteosarcoma cells, and induce apoptosis and lower invasion in vitro. The effect of 1,25(OH)-D₃ was also associated with decreased expression of β-catenin signaling, which is related to VDR signaling. In vivo, the effect of antiproliferative was higher in mice injected with either Snail-1-infected cells than with mock-infected cells. Our findings suggest that canonical Snail-1/VDR/β-catenin signaling reflects an important underlying mechanism of osteosarcoma progression. Therefore, strategies to suppress Snail-mediated signaling may lead to the better action of 1,25(OH)-D₃ as an anti osteosarcoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiguang Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Jiangyin Hospital of Southeast University, Wuxi 214400, PR China.
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Sertznig P, Seifert M, Tilgen W, Reichrath J. Activation of vitamin D receptor (VDR)- and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-signaling pathways through 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) in melanoma cell lines and other skin-derived cell lines. DERMATO-ENDOCRINOLOGY 2011; 1:232-8. [PMID: 20592797 DOI: 10.4161/derm.1.4.9629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2009] [Accepted: 07/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated expression of vitamin D receptor (VDR) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR)alpha, delta, gamma in primary cultured normal melanocytes (NHM), melanoma cell lines (MeWo, SK-Mel-5, SK-Mel-25, SK-Mel-28), a cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma cell line (SCL-1) and an immortalized sebocyte cell line (SZ95). LNCaP prostate cancer cells, MCF-7 breast cancer cells and embryonic kidney cells (HEK-293) were used as controls. VDR and PPAR mRNA were detected, quantitated and compared in these cell lines using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RTqPCR). The expression patterns of these nuclear receptors (NRs) varied strongly between the different cell lines according to their origin. PPARdelta and PPARgamma were less strongly expressed in the melanoma cell lines and in the other skin-derived cell lines as compared to the control cell lines. PPARalpha and VDR were stronger expressed in the 1,25(OH)(2)D(3)-sensitive melanoma cells (MeWo and in SK-Mel-28) than in the 1,25(OH)(2)D(3)-resistent melanoma cell lines (SK-Mel-5 and SK-Mel-25) or in NHM. Interestingly, VDR expression was increased by the treatment with 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) in 1,25(OH)(2)D(3)-sensitive melanoma cells but not in 1,25(OH)(2)D(3)-resistent melanoma cell lines. 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) increased the expression of PPARalpha in almost all cell lines analyzed. Our results indicate a cross-talk between VDR- and PPAR-signaling pathways in various cell types including melanoma cells. Further investigations are required to investigate the physiological and pathophysiological relevance of this cross-talk. Because VDRand PPAR-signaling pathways regulate a multitude of genes that are of importance for a multitude of cellular functions including cell proliferation, cell differentiation, immune responses and apoptosis, the provided link between VDR and PPAR may open important new perspectives for treatment and prevention of melanoma and other diseases.
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Abstract
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble steroid hormone, which is essential to health and for which epidemiological studies suggest a role in autoimmune disease, infections, cardiovascular disease and cancer. It is ingested in foods such as oily fish and supplements, so that average levels vary between countries, but most individuals worldwide make most of their vitamin D as a result of the effects of sun exposure on the skin. Many studies in different populations around the world have in recent years shown that sub-optimal levels of vitamin D (<70 nmol/L) are common. A series of epidemiological studies have suggested that low vitamin D levels increase the risk of cancers, particularly of the breast and gastrointestinal tracts, so that there has been much interest in understanding the effects of vitamin D on cancer cells. Vitamin D binds to the vitamin D receptor (VDR) resulting in transcription of a number of genes playing a role in inhibition of MAPK signalling, induction of apoptosis and cell-cycle inhibition, and therefore vitamin D has anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects in cells of many lineages. It also has suppressive effects on adaptive immunity and is reported to promote innate immunity. Here we review data on vitamin D and melanoma. There are in vitro data, which suggest that vitamin D has the same anti-proliferative effects on melanoma cells as have been demonstrated in other cells. We have reported data to suggest that vitamin D levels at diagnosis have a role in determining outcome for melanoma patients. There is a curious relationship between melanoma risk and sun exposure where sunburn is causal but occupational sun exposure is not (at least in temperate climes). Seeking to understand this, we discuss data, which suggest (but by no means prove) that vitamin D might also have a role in susceptibility to melanoma. In conclusion, much remains unknown about vitamin D in general and certainly about vitamin D and melanoma. However, the effects of avoidance of suboptimal vitamin D levels on cancer cell proliferation are likely to be beneficial to the melanoma patient. The possible results of high vitamin D levels on the immune system remain unclear however and a source of some concern, but the data support the view that serum levels in the range 70-100 nmol/L might be a reasonable target for melanoma patients as much as for other members of the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinead Field
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS97TF, UK
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Sertznig P, Seifert M, Tilgen W, Reichrath J. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) and vitamin D receptor (VDR) signaling pathways in melanoma cells: promising new therapeutic targets? J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 121:383-6. [PMID: 20214982 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Revised: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) and vitamin D receptor (VDR) signaling pathways regulate a multitude of genes that are of importance for a multitude of cellular functions including cell proliferation, cell differentiation, immune responses and apoptosis. Ligands and other agents influencing the PPAR and VDR signaling pathways have been shown to reveal chemopreventive potential by mediating tumor suppressive activities in a variety of human cancers. Use of these compounds may represent a potential novel strategy to prevent melanoma pathogenesis and to inhibit melanoma progression. We recently showed that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and some of the investigated PPAR ligands inhibited proliferation of the human melanoma cell line MeWo. In addition to this, our results gave an indication of an interconnection of the PPAR and VDR signaling pathways at the level of cross-regulation of their respective transcription factor mRNA levels. The provided link between VDR and PPAR may play an important role in treatment and prevention of melanoma. This review summarizes the currently available data on the roles of the PPARs and the VDR in pathogenesis and progression of melanoma as well as their role as promising future therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pit Sertznig
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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Essa S, Denzer N, Mahlknecht U, Klein R, Collnot EM, Tilgen W, Reichrath J. VDR microRNA expression and epigenetic silencing of vitamin D signaling in melanoma cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 121:110-3. [PMID: 20153427 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma cells express the vitamin D receptor (VDR). However, some melanoma cell lines fail to respond to the antiproliferative effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3). We reported previously that out of seven melanoma cell lines analyzed, three cell lines (MeWo, SK-Mel28, SM) respond to the antiproliferative effects of 1,25(OH)2D3, while the others (SK-Mel5, SK-Mel25, IGR, Meljuso) are resistant. It was the aim of this study to investigate whether epigenetic mechanisms are of importance for the abrogation of vitamin D signaling in vitamin D resistant melanoma cells. We used the histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACI) trichostatin A (TSA) and the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor (DNMTI) 5-azacytidine (5-Aza) to elucidate the effects of protein acetylation and of DNA hypermethylation on 1,25(OH)2D3-induced effects on cell proliferation, respectively. Additionally we analyzed the expression of VDR microRNA in 1,25(OH)2D3-responding and resistant melanoma cells. TSA and 5-Aza exerted dose- and time-dependent antiproliferative effects on melanoma cell lines. Interestingly, combination therapy with 1,25(OH)2D3 and TSA exerted synergistic antiproliferative effects in a 1,25(OH)2D3-resistant melanoma cell line (IGR) (p<0.05). Combination therapy with 1,25(OH)2D3 and 5-Aza resulted in synergistic (MeWo after 72 h; p<0.05) or additive (other melanoma cell lines analyzed) antiproliferative effects. Additionally, we could show that VDR mRNA expression is relatively high in two of three 1,25(OH)2D3-responsive melanoma cells as compared to resistant cells, moreover this relatively high VDR expression is associated with low expression of miRNA125b in MeWo and SK-Mel28 cells. Our results suggest that the endogenous VDR mRNA level is inversely associated with expression of miRNA125b in melanoma cell lines analyzed. Moreover, miRNA125b may be involved in the regulation of VDR expression and in the resistance against 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) in melanoma cells. It can be speculated whether miRNA125b may be of prognostic importance and/or may represent a therapeutic target for malignant melanoma. Drugs that influence epigenetic mechanisms might be promising therapeutics for the treatment of metastasized malignant melanoma, alone or in combination with antiproliferative or cytotoxic agents such as 1,25(OH)2D3.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Essa
- Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, 66421 Homburg, Germany.
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Reichrath S, Müller CSL, Gleissner B, Pfreundschuh M, Vogt T, Reichrath J. Notch- and vitamin D signaling in 1,25(OH)2D3-resistant glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cell lines. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 121:420-4. [PMID: 20206691 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2009] [Accepted: 02/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recently, an important role of Notch activation for Ras-induced transformation of glial cells and for glioma growth and survival has been demonstrated. It was concluded that activation of Notch-signaling may represent a new target for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) therapy. We now analyzed five GBM cell lines (Tx3095, Tx3868, U87, U118, U373) for key components of Notch-signaling pathways (Notch-1, Notch-2, Notch-3, Notch-4, Delta-like 1, Delta-like 3, Delta-like 4, Jagged-1, Jagged-2) using conventional RT-PCR. We found that some components (Notch-1, Notch-2, Notch-4, Jagged-1) were consistently expressed in all cell lines analyzed while, in contrast, other key components of Notch-signaling were differentially expressed. Notch-3 was expressed in three out of five cell lines (in U87, U118 and U373), but was missing in Tx3095 and Tx3868 cells. Jagged-2 was expressed in U87, U373 and Tx3868, but not in U118 or Tx3095 cells. Delta-like 1 and Delta-like 3 were not detected in Tx3905 cells, but in all other cell lines. RNA for Delta-like 4 was only found in U373 and Tx3868 GBM cell lines. Treating GBM cell lines with 1,25(OH)2D3 (10(-6), 10(-8), and 10(-10) M), the biologically active form of vitamin D, did not result in significant dose- or time-dependent antiproliferative effects, indicating that GBM cell lines are resistant against the antiproliferative activity of 1,25(OH)2D3. In vitro treatment of GBM cells with 1,25(OH)2D3 did not result in a modulation of the expression of key components of the Notch-signaling pathway. Treatment with HDAC-inhibitor TSA or DNA-methyltransferase inhibitor 5-aza exerted dose- and time-dependent antiproliferative effects on GBM cell lines. We asked the question whether the resistance against 1,25(OH)2D3 could be restored by co-treatment with TSA or 5-aza. However, combination therapy with 1,25(OH)2D3 and TSA or 5-aza did not result in enhanced antiproliferative effects as compared to treatment with TSA or 5-aza alone. In contrast, antiproliferative effects of TSA and 5-aza were partially antagonized by concomitant treatment with 1,25(OH)2D3, indicating a protective effect of 1,25(OH)2D3 against the antiproliferative effects of TSA and 5-aza in GBM cell lines. In conclusion, our findings point at a differential expression of key components of Notch-signaling in GBM cell lines that may be of importance for the growth characteristics of GBM. Our findings indicate that GBM cell lines are resistant against the antiproliferative effects of 1,25(OH)2D3, and that this resistance may not be overcome by modulation of epigenetic silencing. Our findings do not support the hypothesis that modulation of Notch-signaling pathways by 1,25(OH)2D3 may regulate growth of GBM cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Reichrath
- Department of Internal Medicine I, The Saarland University Hospital, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
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25-Hydroxyvitamin D(3) is an agonistic vitamin D receptor ligand. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2009; 118:162-70. [PMID: 19944755 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2009.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2009] [Revised: 11/17/2009] [Accepted: 11/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
25-Hydroxyvitamin D(3) 1alpha-hydroxylase encoded by CYP27B1 converts 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) into 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3), a vitamin D receptor ligand. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D(3) has been regarded as a prohormone. Using Cyp27b1 knockout cells and a 1alpha-hydroxylase-specific inhibitor we provide in four cellular systems, primary mouse kidney, skin, prostate cells and human MCF-7 breast cancer cells, evidence that 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) has direct gene regulatory properties. The high expression of megalin, involved in 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) internalisation, in Cyp27b1(-/-) cells explains their higher sensitivity to 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3). 25-Hydroxyvitamin D(3) action depends on the vitamin D receptor signalling supported by the unresponsiveness of the vitamin D receptor knockout cells. Molecular dynamics simulations show the identical binding mode for both 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) and 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) with the larger volume of the ligand-binding pocket for 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3). Furthermore, we demonstrate direct anti-proliferative effects of 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) in human LNCaP prostate cancer cells. The synergistic effect of 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) with 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) in Cyp27b1(-/-) cells further demonstrates the agonistic action of 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) and suggests that a synergism between 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) and 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) might be physiologically important. In conclusion, 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) is an agonistic vitamin D receptor ligand with gene regulatory and anti-proliferative properties.
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Newton-Bishop JA, Beswick S, Randerson-Moor J, Chang YM, Affleck P, Elliott F, Chan M, Leake S, Karpavicius B, Haynes S, Kukalizch K, Whitaker L, Jackson S, Gerry E, Nolan C, Bertram C, Marsden J, Elder DE, Barrett JH, Bishop DT. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 levels are associated with breslow thickness at presentation and survival from melanoma. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27:5439-44. [PMID: 19770375 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2009.22.1135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE A cohort study was carried out to test the hypothesis that higher vitamin D levels reduce the risk of relapse from melanoma. METHODS A pilot retrospective study of 271 patients with melanoma suggested that vitamin D may protect against recurrence of melanoma. We tested these findings in a survival analysis in a cohort of 872 patients recruited to the Leeds Melanoma Cohort (median follow-up, 4.7 years). RESULTS In the retrospective study, self-reports of taking vitamin D supplements were nonsignificantly correlated with a reduced risk of melanoma relapse (odds ratio = 0.6; 95% CI, 0.4 to 1.1; P = .09). Nonrelapsers had higher mean 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) levels than relapsers (49 v 46 nmol/L; P = .3; not statistically significant). In the cohort (prospective) study, higher 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) levels were associated with lower Breslow thickness at diagnosis (P = .002) and were independently protective of relapse and death: the hazard ratio for relapse-free survival (RFS) was 0.79 (95% CI, 0.64 to 0.96; P = .01) for a 20 nmol/L increase in serum level. There was evidence of interaction between the vitamin D receptor (VDR) BsmI genotype and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) levels on RFS. CONCLUSION Results from the retrospective study were consistent with a role for vitamin D in melanoma outcome. The cohort study tests this hypothesis, providing evidence that higher 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) levels, at diagnosis, are associated with both thinner tumors and better survival from melanoma, independent of Breslow thickness. Patients with melanoma, and those at high risk of melanoma, should seek to ensure vitamin D sufficiency. Additional studies are needed to establish optimal serum levels for patients with melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A Newton-Bishop
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, St James's Hospital, Beckett St, Leeds LS9 7TF, United Kingdom.
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Randerson-Moor JA, Taylor JC, Elliott F, Chang YM, Beswick S, Kukalizch K, Affleck P, Leake S, Haynes S, Karpavicius B, Marsden J, Gerry E, Bale L, Bertram C, Field H, Barth JH, Silva IDS, Swerdlow A, Kanetsky PA, Barrett JH, Bishop DT, Bishop JAN. Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels, and melanoma: UK case-control comparisons and a meta-analysis of published VDR data. Eur J Cancer 2009; 45:3271-81. [PMID: 19615888 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2009.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2009] [Revised: 05/28/2009] [Accepted: 06/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We have carried out melanoma case-control comparisons for six vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) levels in order to investigate the role of vitamin D in melanoma susceptibility. There was no significant evidence of an association between any VDR SNP and risk in 1028 population-ascertained cases and 402 controls from Leeds, UK. In a second Leeds case-control study (299 cases and 560 controls) the FokI T allele was associated with increased melanoma risk (odds ratio (OR) 1.42, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.06-1.91, p=0.02). In a meta-analysis in conjunction with published data from other smaller data sets (total 3769 cases and 3636 controls), the FokI T allele was associated with increased melanoma risk (OR 1.19, 95% CI 1.05-1.35), and the BsmI A allele was associated with a reduced risk (OR 0.81, 95% CI 0.72-0.92), in each instance under a parsimonious dominant model. In the first Leeds case-control comparison cases were more likely to have a higher body mass index (BMI) than controls (p=0.007 for linear trend). There was no evidence of a case-control difference in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) levels. In 1043 incident cases from the first Leeds case-control study, a single estimation of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) level taken at recruitment was inversely correlated with Breslow thickness (p=0.03 for linear trend). These data provide evidence to support the view that vitamin D and VDR may have a small but potentially important role in melanoma susceptibility, and putatively a greater role in disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette A Randerson-Moor
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
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Gewirtz DA, Hilliker ML, Wilson EN. Promotion of autophagy as a mechanism for radiation sensitization of breast tumor cells. Radiother Oncol 2009; 92:323-8. [PMID: 19541381 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2009.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2009] [Revised: 05/26/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Radiation has long been a useful component of the treatment regimen for solid tumors. However, some malignancies are relatively resistant to radiation treatment while even tumors that may initially respond (to both radiation and chemotherapy) may eventually recover proliferative capacity. A variety of approaches have been utilized in the efforts to enhance radiation sensitivity. Recent studies have identified autophagy as a cell death pathway that may mediate the radiosensitizing effects of selected treatments. Studies in our laboratory support the premise that radiosensitization of breast tumor cells by vitamin D or vitamin D analogs is mediated through autophagy. In addition, promotion of autophagic cell death by a vitamin D analog in irradiated breast tumor cells delays and attenuates the proliferative recovery that may be a preclinical indicator of disease recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Gewirtz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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Tretli S, Hernes E, Berg JP, Hestvik UE, Robsahm TE. Association between serum 25(OH)D and death from prostate cancer. Br J Cancer 2009; 100:450-4. [PMID: 19156140 PMCID: PMC2658536 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2008] [Revised: 12/02/2008] [Accepted: 12/05/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on observations that for certain cancers, mortality varies according to sun exposure, vitamin D has been proposed to influence on disease progression. This study aims to investigate whether serum levels of 25(OH)D are associated with prognosis in patients with prostate cancer. In total, 160 patients with a serum sample in the JANUS serum bank were included. For 123 patients a pre-treatment serum sample was taken, whereas 37 of the patients had received hormone therapy prior to the blood collection. The serum level of 25(OH)D was classified as low (<50 nmol l(-1)), medium (50-80 nmol l(-1)) or high (>80 nmol l(-1)). A Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to assess the association between serum 25(OH)D and cancer mortality. During follow-up, 61 deaths occurred, of whom 52 died of prostate cancer. The median time of follow-up was 44.0 months (range, 1.2-154.6). Serum 25(OH)D at medium or high levels were significantly related to better prognosis (RR 0.33; 95% CI 0.14-0.77, RR 0.16; 95% CI 0.05-0.43) compared with the low level. Analysis restricted to patients receiving hormone therapy gave a stronger association. The serum level of 25(OH)D may be involved in disease progression and is a potential marker of prognosis in patients with prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tretli
- The Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute of Population-based Cancer Research, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Community Medicine and General Practice, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
| | - E Hernes
- The Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute of Population-based Cancer Research, Oslo, Norway
- The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, Norway
| | - J P Berg
- Hormone Laboratory, Aker University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty Division Ullevål University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - U E Hestvik
- The Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute of Population-based Cancer Research, Oslo, Norway
| | - T E Robsahm
- The Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute of Population-based Cancer Research, Oslo, Norway
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Cardus A, Panizo S, Encinas M, Dolcet X, Gallego C, Aldea M, Fernandez E, Valdivielso JM. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 regulates VEGF production through a vitamin D response element in the VEGF promoter. Atherosclerosis 2008; 204:85-9. [PMID: 18834982 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2008] [Revised: 08/19/2008] [Accepted: 08/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In previous studies we have demonstrated that the active form of vitamin D (1,25(OH)(2)D(3)) increases vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and release in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) in vitro. However, the mechanism by which 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) increases VEGF production is currently unknown. In this work, we demonstrated binding of vitamin D receptor to two response elements in the VEGF promoter. We performed promoter transactivation analysis and we observed that, in 293T cells, VEGF promoter was activated after vitamin D treatment. Using site-directed mutagenesis we have shown that both response elements are important for VEGF promoter activity. Therefore, the increase in VEGF expression and secretion induced by 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) in VSMC in vitro could be explained by direct binding of the vitamin D receptor, as a transcription factor, to VEGF promoter. These results could explain part of the beneficial effects of vitamin D treatment in renal patients by a possible VEGF-mediated improvement of the endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Cardus
- Laboratorio de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Arnau de Vilanova, IRBLLEIDA, Spain.
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Schwartz GG. Vitamin D and intervention trials in prostate cancer: from theory to therapy. Ann Epidemiol 2008; 19:96-102. [PMID: 18619854 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2008.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2007] [Revised: 01/28/2008] [Accepted: 03/17/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Studies of vitamin D and prostate cancer have advanced rapidly from the hypothesis that vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of prostate cancer to intervention trials of vitamin D administration in clinical cancer. The hormonal form of vitamin D, 1,25(OH)(2)D, exerts prodifferentiating, antiproliferative, anti-invasive, and antimetastatic effects on prostate cells. Moreover, normal prostate cells synthesize 1,25(OH)(2)D from serum levels of the prohormone, 25-hydroxyvitamin D. The autocrine synthesis of 1,25(OH)(2)D by prostatic cells provides a biochemical mechanism whereby vitamin D may prevent prostate cancer. Many prostate cancer cells have lost the ability to synthesize 1,25(OH)(2)D but still possess 1,25(OH)(2)D receptors. This suggests that whereas vitamin D (e.g., cholecalciferol) might prevent prostate cancer, existing prostate tumors likely would require treatment with 1,25(OH)(2)D and/or its analogs. The major obstacle to the use of 1,25(OH)(2)D in patients therapeutically is the risk of hypercalcemia. Several maneuvers to reduce this risk, including pulse dosing and the use of less calcemic 1,25(OH)(2)D analogs, have been explored in Phase I-III clinical trials. Once merely a promise, vitamin D-based therapies for prostate cancer may soon be medical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary G Schwartz
- Departments of Cancer Biology and Epidemiology and Prevention, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
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Abbas S, Nieters A, Linseisen J, Slanger T, Kropp S, Mutschelknauss EJ, Flesch-Janys D, Chang-Claude J. Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and haplotypes and postmenopausal breast cancer risk. Breast Cancer Res 2008; 10:R31. [PMID: 18419802 PMCID: PMC2397533 DOI: 10.1186/bcr1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2007] [Revised: 02/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vitamin D receptor (VDR) genotypes may influence breast cancer risk by altering potential anticarcinogenic effects of vitamin D, but epidemiological studies have been inconsistent. Effect modification by serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25 [OH]D), the biomarker for vitamin D status in humans, has rarely been examined. METHODS We assessed the effects of two frequently analyzed polymorphisms (FokI and TaqI) and two potentially functional variants (VDR-5132 and Cdx2) in the VDR gene, which thus far have not been analyzed with respect to breast cancer risk, on postmenopausal breast cancer risk in a population-based, case-control study including 1,408 patients (cases) and 2,612 control individuals (controls) matched for year of birth. Odds ratios (ORs) for breast cancer adjusted for potential confounders were calculated for genotypes and estimated haplotypes. RESULTS No differences in serum 25(OD)D concentrations by VDR genotype were observed. None of the analyzed polymorphisms was associated with overall risk for postmenopausal breast cancer. However, the TaqI polymorphism was associated with a significantly increased risk for oestrogen receptor positive tumours (OR = 1.18, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.00 to 1.38, comparing t allele carriers with noncarriers) but not for oestrogen receptor negative tumours (OR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.69 to 1.13; P for interaction = 0.04). Haplotype analysis revealed the haplotype FtCA (FokI F, TaqI t, VDR-5132 C, Cdx2 A), which contains the TaqI t allele, to be associated with a significantly greater breast cancer risk as compared with the most frequent haplotype FTCG (OR = 1.43, 95% CI = 1.00 to 2.05). No significant interaction between VDR genotypes or haplotypes and 25(OH)D was observed. CONCLUSION Our results support potential effects of VDR polymorphisms on postmenopausal breast cancer risk and possible differential effects of receptor status of the tumour. However, further studies focusing on the influence of polymorphisms and haplotypes on VDR functionality, activity and concentration are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Abbas
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Nieters
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jakob Linseisen
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tracy Slanger
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Silke Kropp
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elke Jonny Mutschelknauss
- Institute for Medical Biometrics and Epidemiology, University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr., 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dieter Flesch-Janys
- Institute for Medical Biometrics and Epidemiology, University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr., 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jenny Chang-Claude
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Abstract
The vitamin D endocrine system is known for its essential role in calcium homeostasis and bone metabolism, and induces cell differentiation, inhibits cell growth, controls other hormonal systems, and modulates the immune response. Vitamin D(3) is a prohormone that is taken up by diet or synthesized in ultraviolet radiation-exposed skin and metabolically converted to the active metabolite, 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3). This nuclear hormone binds with high affinity the nuclear receptor vitamin D receptor. More than 3000 synthetic analogs of 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) are known. This review aims to provide an overview on vitamin D signaling from the skin perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Carlberg
- Life Sciences Research Unit, Universitè of Luxembourg, 162A, Avenue de la Faïencerie, L-1511 Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
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Malinen M, Saramäki A, Ropponen A, Degenhardt T, Väisänen S, Carlberg C. Distinct HDACs regulate the transcriptional response of human cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor genes to Trichostatin A and 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Nucleic Acids Res 2007; 36:121-32. [PMID: 17999998 PMCID: PMC2248733 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkm913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-proliferative effects of histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors and 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1alpha,25(OH)2D3] converge via the interaction of un-liganded vitamin D receptor (VDR) with co-repressors recruiting multiprotein complexes containing HDACs and via the induction of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CDKI) genes of the INK4 and Cip/Kip family. We investigated the effects of the HDAC inhibitor Trichostatin A (TSA) and 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 on the proliferation and CDKI gene expression in malignant and non-malignant mammary epithelial cell lines. TSA induced the INK4-family genes p18 and p19, whereas the Cip/Kip family gene p21 was stimulated by 1alpha,25(OH)2D3. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and RNA inhibition assays showed that the co-repressor NCoR1 and some HDAC family members complexed un-liganded VDR and repressed the basal level of CDKI genes, but their role in regulating CDKI gene expression by TSA and 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 were contrary. HDAC3 and HDAC7 attenuated 1alpha,25(OH)2D3-dependent induction of the p21 gene, for which NCoR1 is essential. In contrast, TSA-mediated induction of the p18 gene was dependent on HDAC3 and HDAC4, but was opposed by NCoR1 and un-liganded VDR. This suggests that the attenuation of the response to TSA by NCoR1 or that to 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 by HDACs can be overcome by their combined application achieving maximal induction of anti-proliferative target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjo Malinen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kuopio, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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Sertznig P, Seifert M, Tilgen W, Reichrath J. Present concepts and future outlook: function of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) for pathogenesis, progression, and therapy of cancer. J Cell Physiol 2007; 212:1-12. [PMID: 17443682 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily of transcriptional regulators that regulate lipid, glucose, and amino acid metabolism. In recent studies it also has been shown that these receptors are implicated in tumor progression, cellular differentiation, and apoptosis and modulation of their function is therefore considered as a potential target for cancer prevention and treatment. PPAR ligands and other agents influencing PPAR signalling pathways have been shown to reveal chemopreventive potential by mediating tumor suppressive activities in a variety of human cancers and could represent a potential novel strategy to inhibit tumor carcinogenesis and progression. This review summarizes the currently available data on the roles of PPARs in relation to the processes of cell differentiation and carcinogenesis as well as their role as promising future therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sertznig
- Department of Dermatology, The Saarland University Hospital, Homburg/Saar, Germany
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Seuter S, Väisänen S, Rådmark O, Carlberg C, Steinhilber D. Functional characterization of vitamin D responding regions in the human 5-Lipoxygenase gene. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2007; 1771:864-72. [PMID: 17500032 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2007.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2006] [Revised: 03/30/2007] [Accepted: 04/06/2007] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) is the key enzyme in the biosynthesis of proinflammatory leukotrienes. The 5-LO gene is a primary target of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3)) and its expression is prominently increased during myeloid cell differentiation. Since no functional vitamin D response element (VDRE) has been reported for this gene so far, we performed in silico screening of the whole 5-LO gene area (84 kb, including 10 kb promoter region) and identified 22 putative VDREs. Both gelshift and reporter gene assays identified four of these candidates as functional VDREs. Their approximate positions are -2,250 (promoter), +21,400 (intron 2), +42,000 (intron 4) and +50,600 (intron 5) in relation to the transcription start site (TSS). Remarkably, the VDRE at position +42,000 is one of the strongest known VDREs of the human genome. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays demonstrated simultaneous association of vitamin D receptor (VDR), retinoid X receptor (RXR) and RNA polymerase II (Pol II) to the 5-LO gene regions containing two of these four putative VDREs. This indicates DNA looping of the TSS to even very distant gene regions. In summary, we suggest that the upregulation of the primary 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) target 5-LO is mediated in vivo by a prominent VDRE in intron 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Seuter
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Frankfurt, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany.
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Carlberg C, Dunlop TW, Saramäki A, Sinkkonen L, Matilainen M, Väisänen S. Controlling the chromatin organization of vitamin D target genes by multiple vitamin D receptor binding sites. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 103:338-43. [PMID: 17234401 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2006.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2006] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
An essential prerequisite for the direct modulation of transcription by 1alpha,25-dihydroxy vitamin D(3) (1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3)) is the location of at least one activated vitamin D receptor (VDR) protein close to the transcription start site of the respective primary 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) target gene. This is achieved through the specific binding of VDR to a 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) response element (VDRE). Although these elements are well characterized in vitro, the function of VDREs in living cells in the context of chromatin is still largely unknown. To resolve this issue, approximately 8kB of the promoter regions of the primary 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) target genes CYP24, cyclin C and p21((Waf1/Cip1)) were screened by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays for VDR binding sites using antibodies against VDR and its partner proteins. This approach identified three to four functional VDREs per gene promoter. In parallel, in silico screening of the extended gene areas (i.e. 10kB of promoter, introns, exons and 10kB of the downstream region) of all six members of the insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP) gene family was performed. Gel shift, reporter gene and ChIP assays identified in total 10 functional VDREs in the genes IGFBP1, IGFBP3 and IGFBP5. Taken together, both screening approaches suggest that a reasonable proportion of all VDR target genes, if not all, are under the control of multiple VDREs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Carlberg
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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Becker S, Cordes T, Diesing D, Diedrich K, Friedrich M. Expression of 25 hydroxyvitamin D3-1alpha-hydroxylase in human endometrial tissue. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 103:771-5. [PMID: 17236759 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2006.12.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
1,25(OH)(2)D(3) (calcitriol) has been shown to play an important role in cell proliferation, differentiation and immune responsiveness. The enzyme responsible for calcitriol synthesis 25 hydroxyvitamin D(3)-1alpha-hydroxylase (1alpha-OHase) has been reported in many human tissues. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of 1alpha-OHase in gynaecological tissues. Using a highly specific nested touchdown PCR we examined the expression of 1alpha-OHase in normal and malignant endometrial tissue and in human endometrial Ishikawa cells. In addition, we analyzed the protein expression of 1alpha-OHase by Western blot. The expression of 1alpha-OHase in normal and malignant endometrial tissue and Ishikawa cells was detected and splice variants of the enzyme in Ishikawa cells were identified. These data suggest an alternative splicing of 1alpha-OHase in malignant endometrial tissue and cells. We postulate that the expression of 1alpha-OHase gene variants may contribute to the antiproliferative effects of calcitriol. In conclusion, the modulation of the 1alpha-OHase opens up a new target for vitamin D(3) related therapies in endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffi Becker
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany.
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Shannan B, Seifert M, Boothman DA, Tilgen W, Reichrath J. Clusterin over-expression modulates proapoptotic and antiproliferative effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 in prostate cancer cells in vitro. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 103:721-5. [PMID: 17224269 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2006.12.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in the majority of western countries. Due to their antiproliferative and proapoptotic activity, vitamin D analogues have been introduced recently as an experimental therapy for prostate cancer. Clusterin (CLU) is a glycoprotein that has two known isoforms generated in human cells. A nuclear form of CLU protein (nCLU) is pro-apoptotic, and a secretory form (sCLU) is pro-survival. In this study, we analyzed whether proapoptotic and antiproliferative effects of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) on LNCaP prostate cancer cells are modulated by expression of sCLU. Using colony forming assay, we studied the effect of treatment with different doses of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) (10(-6), 10(-7), 10(-10)M) on proliferation of LNCaP cells that were stable transfected and over-express sCLU (LNT-1) as compared to empty vector-transfected cells (LN/C). We also measured apoptosis using TUNEL assay. sCLU over-expression protected against both antiproliferative (30%) and proapoptotic (15%) effects of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3), although this effect was statistically not significant. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that expression of sCLU modulates growth regulatory effects of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) in prostate cancer indicating that CLU interferes with vitamin D signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Shannan
- Department of Dermatology, The Saarland University Hospital, Building 18, D-66421 Homburg, Germany.
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