1
|
Sheffer R, Bucris E, Amitai Z, Indenbaum V, Lustig Y, Savion M, Nuss N, Roee Singer S, Alroy Preis S, Almagor S, Leshem E, Salama M. Measles outbreak associated with a preschool setting among partially vaccinated children in the Tel Aviv District, Israel, October 2023. Vaccine 2024; 42:3153-3156. [PMID: 38627149 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
In October 2023, the Tel Aviv District was notified of ten cases of measles. The outbreak initiated in a preschool with high vaccination coverage with one dose of MMR vaccine. Serological testing was available for eight patients (six children and two adults). Among the six children vaccinated with one dose of MMR vaccine, primary vaccine failure was demonstrated. Among the adults, secondary vaccine failure was confirmed. The outbreak was successfully contained due to a combination of factors, notably its occurrence within a population characterized by high vaccination coverage in Tel Aviv, during a period of restricted public interactions due to the prevailing state of war in the country. Despite challenging wartime conditions, effective prophylactic measures were promptly executed, encompassing a 2-dose MMR vaccination schedule for close contacts and the broader community of children in the TA district, successfully curbing the outbreak and preventing widespread infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rivka Sheffer
- Tel Aviv District Health Office, Ministry of Health, Israel
| | - Efrat Bucris
- Central Virology Laboratory, Public Health Services, Ministry of Health, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 5266202, Israel
| | - Ziva Amitai
- Tel Aviv District Health Office, Ministry of Health, Israel
| | - Victoria Indenbaum
- Central Virology Laboratory, Public Health Services, Ministry of Health, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 5266202, Israel
| | - Yaniv Lustig
- Central Virology Laboratory, Public Health Services, Ministry of Health, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 5266202, Israel; School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Michal Savion
- Tel Aviv District Health Office, Ministry of Health, Israel
| | - Naama Nuss
- Tel Aviv District Health Office, Ministry of Health, Israel
| | - Shepherd Roee Singer
- Israel Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel; Hadassah/Hebrew University Braun School of Public Health, Israel
| | | | - Sharon Almagor
- Tel Aviv District Health Office, Ministry of Health, Israel
| | - Eyal Leshem
- School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Division of Infectious Diseases, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 5266202, Israel
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cassini A, Cobuccio L, Glampedakis E, Cherpillod P, Crisinel PA, Pérez-Rodríguez FJ, Attinger M, Bachelin D, Tessemo MN, Maeusezahl M, Gardiol C, Boubaker K. Adapting response to a measles outbreak in a context of high vaccination and breakthrough cases: an example from Vaud, Switzerland, January to March 2024. Euro Surveill 2024; 29:2400275. [PMID: 38818746 PMCID: PMC11141130 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2024.29.22.2400275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
A measles outbreak with 51 cases occurred in the canton of Vaud, Switzerland, between January and March 2024. The outbreak was triggered by an imported case, and 37 (72.5%) subsequent cases were previously vaccinated individuals. Epidemiological investigations showed that vaccinated measles cases were symptomatic and infectious. In a highly vaccinated population, it is important to raise awareness among healthcare professionals to suspect and test for measles virus when an outbreak is declared, irrespective of the vaccination status of the patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Cassini
- These authors contributed equally to this work and share first authorship
- Infectious Diseases Service, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Cantonal Doctor Office, Public Health Department, Canton of Vaud, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ludovico Cobuccio
- These authors contributed equally to this work and share first authorship
- Infectious Diseases Service, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Cantonal Doctor Office, Public Health Department, Canton of Vaud, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Emmanouil Glampedakis
- Cantonal Doctor Office, Public Health Department, Canton of Vaud, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Cherpillod
- Laboratory of Virology, Laboratory Medicine Division, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- National Measles and Rubella Reference Laboratory, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Geneva Center for Emerging Viral Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Alex Crisinel
- Unit of paediatric infectious diseases and vaccinology, Service of Paediatrics, Women-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Francisco-Javier Pérez-Rodríguez
- Laboratory of Virology, Laboratory Medicine Division, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- National Measles and Rubella Reference Laboratory, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Geneva Center for Emerging Viral Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Monica Attinger
- Cantonal Doctor Office, Public Health Department, Canton of Vaud, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Bachelin
- Cantonal Doctor Office, Public Health Department, Canton of Vaud, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Mirjam Maeusezahl
- Communicable Disease Division, Federal Office of Public Health, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Céline Gardiol
- Communicable Disease Division, Federal Office of Public Health, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Karim Boubaker
- Cantonal Doctor Office, Public Health Department, Canton of Vaud, Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Smíšková D, Janovic S, Kadeřávková P, Nováková L, Blechová Z, Malý M, Limberková R. Measles in Czech population with varying vaccination rates in 2018-2019: clinical and laboratory differences between vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals and their relevance to clinical practice. Infect Dis (Lond) 2024:1-8. [PMID: 38613412 DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2024.2339870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES In a highly vaccinated population, an increasing number of previously vaccinated measles cases can be expected. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of vaccination on the clinical course and immune response in relation to the current measles case definition. METHODS The presence of fever, catarrhal symptoms, exanthema and complications, and specific IgM and IgG positivity were assessed in all 230 patients and compared in 193 patients with known vaccination status, divided into measles-containing vaccine (MCV) groups: MCV0 (85 patients), MCV1 (25 patients) and MCV2 (83 patients). RESULTS Statistically significant differences between groups were found for catarrhal symptoms.Conjunctivitis and rhinitis were significantly less frequent in the MCV2 group (47% and 54%) compared to MCV0 (80% and 80%), p < 0.001 and p = 0.002 respectively. Typical exanthema was present in 74 (87%) MCV0 and 56 (67%) MCV2 patients, p = 0.005. Complications were most common in the MCV0 group (29%). ECDC clinical case criteria were met in 81 (95%) MCV0, 18 (72%) MCV1 and 59 (71%) MCV2 patients, p < 0.001. IgM were positive in 64 (83%) MCV0, 14 (74%) MCV1 and 36 (67%) MCV2 patients, differences were not statistically significant. There were highly significant differences in IgG between MCV0 and both vaccinated groups (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS A redefinition of the clinical case classification is essential to better capture modified measles and to raise awareness among healthcare workers of the differences in measles in vaccinated patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dita Smíšková
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Bulovka University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Simona Janovic
- Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavlína Kadeřávková
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Bulovka, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ludmila Nováková
- Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Blechová
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Bulovka University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Malý
- Department of Biostatistics, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radomíra Limberková
- Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Seto J, Aoki Y, Komabayashi K, Yamada K, Ishikawa H, Ichikawa T, Ahiko T, Mizuta K. Measles Outbreak Response Activity in Japan, and a Discussion for a Possible Strategy of Outbreak Response Using Cycle Threshold Values of Real-Time Reverse Transcription PCR for Measles Virus in Measles Elimination Settings. Viruses 2023; 15:171. [PMID: 36680212 PMCID: PMC9863267 DOI: 10.3390/v15010171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Measles is a highly contagious, but vaccine-preventable disease caused by the measles virus (MeV). Although the administration of two doses of measles vaccines is the most effective strategy to prevent and eliminate measles, MeV continues to spread worldwide, even in 2022. In measles-eliminated countries, preparedness and response to measles outbreaks originating from imported cases are required to maintain elimination status. Under these circumstances, real-time reverse transcription (RT) PCR for MeV could provide a diagnostic method capable of strengthening the subnational capacity for outbreak responses. Real-time RT-PCR can detect MeV RNA from patients with measles at the initial symptomatic stage, which can enable rapid public health responses aimed at detecting their contacts and common sources of infection. Furthermore, low cycle threshold (Ct) values (i.e., high viral load) of throat swabs indicate high infectiousness in patients with measles. The high basic reproduction number of measles suggests that patients with high infectiousness can easily become super-spreaders. This opinion proposes a possible strategy of rapid and intensive responses to counter measles outbreaks caused by super-spreader candidates showing low Ct values in throat swabs. Our strategy would make it possible to effectively prevent further measles transmission, thereby leading to the early termination of measles outbreaks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junji Seto
- Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Yamagata 990-0031, Japan
| | - Yoko Aoki
- Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Yamagata 990-0031, Japan
| | | | - Keiko Yamada
- Okitama Public Health Center, Yamagata 992-0012, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ishikawa
- Department of Physical Therapy, Yamagata Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Yamagata 990-2212, Japan
| | - Tomoo Ichikawa
- Department of Society and Regional Culture, Okinawa International University, Ginowan 901-2701, Japan
| | - Tadayuki Ahiko
- Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Yamagata 990-0031, Japan
- Department of Health and Welfare, Yamagata Prefectural Government, Yamagata 990-8570, Japan
| | - Katsumi Mizuta
- Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Yamagata 990-0031, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shafqat A, Omer MH, Ahmad O, Niaz M, Abdulkader HS, Shafqat S, Mushtaq AH, Shaik A, Elshaer AN, Kashir J, Alkattan K, Yaqinuddin A. SARS-CoV-2 epitopes inform future vaccination strategies. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1041185. [PMID: 36505475 PMCID: PMC9732895 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1041185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
All currently approved COVID-19 vaccines utilize the spike protein as their immunogen. SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) contain mutations in the spike protein, enabling them to escape infection- and vaccination-induced immune responses to cause reinfection. New vaccines are hence being researched intensively. Studying SARS-CoV-2 epitopes is essential for vaccine design, as identifying targets of broadly neutralizing antibody responses and immunodominant T-cell epitopes reveal candidates for inclusion in next-generation COVID-19 vaccines. We summarize the major studies which have reported on SARS-CoV-2 antibody and T-cell epitopes thus far. These results suggest that a future of pan-coronavirus vaccines, which not only protect against SARS-CoV-2 but numerous other coronaviruses, may be possible. The T-cell epitopes of SARS-CoV-2 have gotten less attention than neutralizing antibody epitopes but may provide new strategies to control SARS-CoV-2 infection. T-cells target many SARS-CoV-2 antigens other than spike, recognizing numerous epitopes within these antigens, thereby limiting the chance of immune escape by VOCs that mainly possess spike protein mutations. Therefore, augmenting vaccination-induced T-cell responses against SARS-CoV-2 may provide adequate protection despite broad antibody escape by VOCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Areez Shafqat
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,*Correspondence: Areez Shafqat,
| | - Mohamed H. Omer
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Omar Ahmad
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahnoor Niaz
- Medical College, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | | | | | - Abdullah Shaik
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Junaid Kashir
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,Department of Comparative Medicine, King Faisal Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled Alkattan
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fappani C, Gori M, Canuti M, Terraneo M, Colzani D, Tanzi E, Amendola A, Bianchi S. Breakthrough Infections: A Challenge towards Measles Elimination? Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10081567. [PMID: 36013985 PMCID: PMC9413104 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10081567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles is one of the most contagious diseases known to man. Despite the existence of a safe and effective live attenuated vaccine, measles can appear in vaccinated individuals. Paradoxically, breakthrough cases increase as vaccination coverage in the general population rises. In measles endemic areas, breakthrough cases represent less than 10% of total infections, while in areas with high vaccination coverage these are over 10% of the total. Two different vaccination failures have been described: primary vaccination failure, which consists in the complete absence of humoral response and occurs in around 5% of vaccinated individuals; and secondary vaccination failure is due to waning immunity or incomplete immunity and occurs in 2–10% of vaccinees. Vaccination failures are generally associated with lower viral loads and milder disease (modified measles) since vaccination limits the risk of complicated disease. Vaccination failure seems to occur between six and twenty-six years after the last vaccine dose administration. This review summarizes the literature about clinical, serological, epidemiological, and molecular characteristics of measles breakthrough cases and their contribution to virus transmission. In view of the measles elimination goal, the assessment of the potential decline in antibody protection and the targeted implementation of catch-up vaccination are essential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clara Fappani
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20146 Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Gori
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20146 Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Canuti
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Mara Terraneo
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20146 Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Colzani
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20146 Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Tanzi
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20146 Milan, Italy
- Coordinated Research Center “EpiSoMI”, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Antonella Amendola
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20146 Milan, Italy
- Coordinated Research Center “EpiSoMI”, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (S.B.)
| | - Silvia Bianchi
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20146 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (S.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nishijima H, Ogawa T, Shirasawa H. Diagnostic Significance of Lactate Dehydrogenase in Measles Virus Reinfection Cases. Microbiol Immunol 2022; 66:519-528. [PMID: 35909326 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.13021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels in measles virus (MeV) reinfection cases for the diagnosis of measles have not been extensively studied. Thus, we evaluated the significance of serum LDH in the immune response of patients with MeV reinfection in comparison with those of patients with primary infection. Among 70 patients who tested positive for MeV-RNA, 42 with high MeV-specific IgG avidity (HA) were suspected as cases of reinfection and 28 with low MeV-specific IgG (LA) were suspected as cases of primary infection. The viral loads in the HA group were also lower than those in the LA group (p < 0.001). The titers of MeV-specific IgM and IgG in the HA group were significantly lower and higher, respectively, than those in the LA group (p < 0.001). The total LDH and LDH isozyme levels were elevated in the LA group compared with those in the HA group (p < 0.001). Through receiver operating characteristic curve analyses, we determined that the area under the curve of total LDH level was 0.87 (95% confidence interval 0.74-1.00) and that the discriminatory accuracy was high for total LDH and all isozymes. By stepwise binary logistic regression analysis considering MeV-specific IgG avidity, we developed a model using IgG, IgM, and total LDH as explanatory variables, which was optimal for distinguishing the LA and HA groups (adjusted R2 : 0.773, p < 0.001). Thus, the serum LDH level in addition to IgM and IgG may be useful parameters for differentiating MeV reinfection from primary infection. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haruna Nishijima
- Department of Molecular Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.,Division of Virology and Medical Zoology, Chiba Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Virology 3, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Ogawa
- Department of Molecular Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shirasawa
- Department of Molecular Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Immunogenicity after outbreak response immunization activities among young healthcare workers with secondary vaccine failure during the measles epidemic in Korea, 2019. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:530. [PMID: 35676650 PMCID: PMC9175155 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07511-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite high vaccination coverage, measles outbreaks have been reported in measles elimination countries, especially among healthcare workers in their 20 and 30 s. This study was designed to identify measles-susceptible individuals and to evaluate whether primary or secondary vaccine failure occurred during measles outbreak response immunization (ORI) activities. METHODS The study population was divided into three groups as follows: natural immunity group (Group 1), vaccine-induced immunity group (Group 2), and vaccine failure group (Group 3). We evaluated the immunogenicity of measles among healthcare workers using three methods-enzyme-linked immunoassays, plaque reduction neutralization tests, and avidity assays. The results were assessed at baseline, 4 weeks after, and 6 months after the completion of measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccination. RESULTS In total, 120 subjects were enrolled, with 40 subjects in each group. The median age of Group 3 was 29 years, which was significantly lower than that of the other groups. The baseline negative measles virus (MeV) IgG in Group 3 increased to a median value of 165 AU/mL at 4 weeks after ORI and was lower than that in Groups 1 and 2. The median neutralizing antibody titer was highest in Group 1, and this was significantly different from that in Group 2 or Group 3 at 4 weeks (944 vs. 405 vs. 482 mIU/mL, P = 0.001) and 6 months (826 vs. 401 vs. 470, P = 0.011) after ORI. The rates of high MeV avidity IgG were highest in Group 2, and these were significantly different from those in Groups 1 or 3 at 4 weeks (77.5 vs. 90% vs. 88.6%, P = 0.03) and 6 months (81 vs. 94.8 vs. 82.1%, P = 0.01) after ORI. CONCLUSIONS Considering the MeV-neutralizing antibodies and IgG avidity after MMR vaccination in measles-susceptible group, vaccine failure is inferred as secondary vaccine failure, and further data regarding the maintenance of immunogenicity are needed based on long-term data. The MeV-neutralizing antibody levels were highest in the natural immunity group, and the primary vaccine-induced immunity group showed the highest rates of high MeV IgG avidity.
Collapse
|
9
|
Characterization of Vaccine Breakthrough Cases during Measles Outbreaks in Milan and Surrounding Areas, Italy, 2017–2021. Viruses 2022; 14:v14051068. [PMID: 35632809 PMCID: PMC9147195 DOI: 10.3390/v14051068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the existence of an effective live-attenuated vaccine, measles can appear in vaccinated individuals. We investigated breakthrough measles cases identified during our surveillance activities within the measles/rubella surveillance network (MoRoNet) in Milan and surrounding areas (Northern Italy). Between 2017 and 2021, we confirmed measles virus (genotypes B3 or D8) infections in 653 patients and 51 of these (7.8%) were vaccinees. Among vaccinated individuals whose serum was available, a secondary failure was evidenced in 69.4% (25/36) of cases while 11 patients (30.6%) were non-responders. Non-responders were more frequently hospitalized and had significantly lower Ct values in both respiratory and urine samples. Median age and time since the last immunization were similar in the two groups. Importantly, we identified onward transmissions from vaccine failure cases. Vaccinees were involved in 20 outbreaks, in 10 of them they were able to transmit the virus, and in 8 of them, they were the index case. Comparing viral hemagglutinin sequences from vaccinated and non-vaccinated subjects did not show a specific mutation pattern. These results suggest that vaccination failure was likely due to the poor immune response of single individuals and highlights the importance of identifying breakthrough cases and characterizing their clinical and virologic profiles.
Collapse
|
10
|
Sengpiel V, Carlsson Y, Liljeqvist J, Elfvin A, Fyhr I, Lundgren A, Nyström K, Bemark M, Gisslen M, Ringlander J. Confirmed reinfection with SARS‐CoV‐2 during a pregnancy: A case report. Clin Case Rep 2022; 10:e05400. [PMID: 35223007 PMCID: PMC8847408 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.5400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy might impact immunity after SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and/or vaccination. We describe the first case of reinfection with SARS‐CoV‐2 during a pregnancy. While the mother lacked detectable antibodies 2 months after the first infection, both mother and baby had IgG antibodies at delivery. Infection did not cause any adverse pregnancy outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Verena Sengpiel
- Region Västra Götaland Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Sahlgrenska University Hospital Gothenburg Sweden
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Institute for Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Ylva Carlsson
- Region Västra Götaland Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Sahlgrenska University Hospital Gothenburg Sweden
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Institute for Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Jan‐Åke Liljeqvist
- Department of Infectious Diseases Institute of BiomedicineUniversity of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
- Region Västra Götaland Department of Infectious Diseases Sahlgrenska University Hospital Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Anders Elfvin
- Department of Paediatrics Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
- Region Västra Götaland Department of Paediatrics Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Queen Silvia Children’s Hospital Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Ing‐Marie Fyhr
- Region Västra Götaland Department of Pathology Sahlgrenska University Hospital Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Anna Lundgren
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Institute of Biomedicine University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
- Region Västra Götaland Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine Sahlgrenska University HospitalUniversity of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Kristina Nyström
- Region Västra Götaland Department of Clinical Microbiology Sahlgrenska University Hospital Gothenburg Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases Institute of Biomedicine Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Mats Bemark
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Institute of Biomedicine University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
- Region Västra Götaland Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine Sahlgrenska University HospitalUniversity of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Magnus Gisslen
- Department of Infectious Diseases Institute of Biomedicine Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
- Region Västra Götaland Department of Infectious Diseases Sahlgrenska University Hospital Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Johan Ringlander
- Region Västra Götaland Department of Clinical Microbiology Sahlgrenska University Hospital Gothenburg Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases Institute of Biomedicine Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Doornekamp L, Comvalius AD, GeurtsvanKessel CH, Slobbe L, Scherbeijn SMJ, van Genderen PJJ, van Binnendijk RS, van Gorp ECM, de Swart RL, Goeijenbier M. Measles seroprevalence among Dutch travelling families. Travel Med Infect Dis 2021; 44:102194. [PMID: 34728385 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2021.102194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While measles vaccination is widely implemented in national immunisation programmes, measles incidence rates are increasing worldwide. Dutch inhabitants who were born between 1965-1975 may have fallen between two stools, lacking protection from a natural infection, and having missed the introduction of the measles vaccination schedule. With this study we aim to find the measles seroprevalence in travellers born between 1965 and 1975, compared to those born before 1965 and after 1975. METHODS Families travelling to Eastern Europe or outside Europe during the preceding year were recruited via Dutch secondary schools between 2016 and 2018. Their vaccination status was assessed using questionnaires, vaccination records and measles serology in dried blood spot (DBS) eluates. Measles virus antibody concentrations were determined with an ELISA (EUROIMMUNE®) and a subset was retested with a focus reduction neutralization assay (FRNT). RESULTS In 188 (79%) of the 239 available DBS eluates, the ELISA could detect sufficient measles virus-specific IgG antibodies. Of the negative samples that were retested with FRNT, 85% remained negative, resulting in an overall seroprevalence of 82% [95% CI 76-86]. Children had a lower seroprevalence (72%) than adults (87%). Travellers born between 1965 and 1975 were protected in 89%. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we report a measles seroprevalence of 82% among Dutch travelling families. Remarkably, seroprevalence rates were lowest in children (12-18 years) instead of travellers born between 1965 and 1975. Although a fraction of people without detectable antibodies may be protected by other immune mechanisms, these data suggest that measles (re)vaccination should be considered for travellers to endemic regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Doornekamp
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Travel Clinic, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anouskha D Comvalius
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Corine H GeurtsvanKessel
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lennert Slobbe
- Travel Clinic, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Institute for Tropical Diseases, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sandra M J Scherbeijn
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Perry J J van Genderen
- Travel Clinic, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Institute for Tropical Diseases, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rob S van Binnendijk
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Eric C M van Gorp
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Travel Clinic, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rik L de Swart
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marco Goeijenbier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ringlander J, Olausson J, Nyström K, Härnqvist T, Jakobsson HE, Lindh M. Recurrent and persistent infection with SARS-CoV-2 - epidemiological data and case reports from Western Sweden, 2020. Infect Dis (Lond) 2021; 53:900-907. [PMID: 34308755 DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2021.1957143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reinfections with SARS-CoV-2 have been reported and most cases were classified as mild. Reports of persistent infection with SARS-CoV-2 are rare. AIM To investigate the frequency of recurrent and persistent infection with SARS-CoV-2. METHODS Possible cases of reinfection and persistent infection were retrospectively identified in a database of 59,998 patients. Deep sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 genomes was performed. RESULTS We report the first case of COVID-19 reinfection in Sweden and three cases of infection with persistence over several months. The rate of sequencing-verified reinfection was 0.02% (one patient out of 6014 patients testing positive during the period). CONCLUSIONS The reinfected patient had mild symptoms during the second episode, which might reflect partial immunity. The frequency of reinfection during the first wave of the pandemic in western Sweden was very low. Our results indicate that elderly with a putative reinfection more likely have persistent COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johan Ringlander
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Josefin Olausson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristina Nyström
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tor Härnqvist
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Infectious Diseases, NU Hospital Group, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hedvig E Jakobsson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Magnus Lindh
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kurata T, Kanbayashi D, Komano J, Motomura K. Relationship between biochemical markers and measles viral load in patients with immunologically naive cases and secondary vaccine failure: LDH is one of the potential auxiliary indicators for secondary vaccine failure. Microbiol Immunol 2021; 65:265-272. [PMID: 33951212 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the correlation between biochemical markers and viral load among 38 measles cases, including 15 immunologically naive patients and 23 patients with secondary vaccine failure (SVF). We examined four biochemical markers, namely, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, C-reactive protein, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and their relationship between virus genome copy numbers in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and throat swabs as well as the concentration of measles-specific IgG. Although viral genome copies in both clinical specimens showed a significant correlation with specific IgG concentration, they had a higher correlation in PBMCs (Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficient, -0.662; p < .0001) than in throat swabs (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, -0.443; p = .0078). The viral load in PBMCs also significantly correlated with LDH values (correlation coefficient, 0.360; p = .036). Thus, the serum LDH level might be a potential auxiliary indicator to distinguish immunologically naive patients with measles from those with SVF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takako Kurata
- Osaka Institute of Public Health, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Jun Komano
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kohnen M, Hoffmann P, Frisch C, Charpentier E, Sausy A, Hübschen JM. Diagnostic challenges and pockets of susceptibility identified during a measles outbreak, Luxembourg, 2019. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 26. [PMID: 34085633 PMCID: PMC8176676 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2021.26.22.2000012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Luxembourg was among the first countries in the World Health Organization (WHO) European Region documenting interruption of endemic measles transmission, but an increased incidence was registered in spring 2019. The outbreak started with an unvaccinated student who had been to a winter sports resort in a neighbouring country, where a measles outbreak was ongoing. Subsequently, 12 secondary and two tertiary cases were confirmed among students from the same school, relatives and healthcare workers, as well as six probably unrelated cases. Only 11 cases initially fulfilled the WHO definition for suspected measles cases. Fourteen of 20 cases with information on country of birth and the majority of unvaccinated cases (10/12) were born outside of Luxembourg. Measles IgM antibody results were available for 16 of the confirmed cases, and five of the eight IgM negative cases had been vaccinated at least once. All 21 cases were PCR positive, but for three previously vaccinated cases with multiple specimen types, at least one of these samples was negative. The outbreak highlighted diagnostic challenges from clinical and laboratory perspectives in a measles elimination setting and showed that people born abroad and commuters may represent important pockets of susceptible people in Luxembourg.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michel Kohnen
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.,Clinical laboratory, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
| | - Patrick Hoffmann
- Health Directorate Luxembourg, Division de l'inspection sanitaire, Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
| | - Caroline Frisch
- Health Directorate Luxembourg, Division de l'inspection sanitaire, Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
| | - Emilie Charpentier
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
| | - Aurélie Sausy
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
| | - Judith M Hübschen
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Eposi HC, Randolph NA, Benjamin KM. Measles outbreak investigation in a highly vaccinated community in the Centre region of Cameroon. J Public Health Afr 2021; 12:1775. [PMID: 34249295 PMCID: PMC8239452 DOI: 10.4081/jphia.2021.1775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Measles remains a threat in many African settings due to sub-optimal routine immunisation and catchup campaigns. The Global Vaccine Action Plan goal to eliminate measles by 2020 remains unmet as several countries reported an increase in cases in 2019. In Cameroon, a measles-rubella vaccination campaign was organised in 2019 to reduce the cohort of susceptible children. However, in 2020, eleven suspected cases of measles were notified in the Sa'a Health District and five were confirmed. OBJECTIVE This report summarizes a measles outbreak investigation and contact tracing in a highly vaccinated community residing in the Sa'a Health District of Cameroon. METHODS Outbreak investigations were carried out in the Sa'a, Nlong-Onambele and Nkolmgbana health areas from 18 to 21 February 2020. A register review from December 2019 to February 2020 was carried out in all health facilities of the affected health areas. followed by contact tracing in the community. RESULTS Thirty households were visited in four neighbourhoods. Six missed Epidemiologically-linked cases were discovered in the community, bringing the total number of suspected and confirmed cases to 17. Thirty-five percent of the cases had not received any measles-containing vaccine; 35% of the cases were aged 5 years or older; 53% had history of travel. Community transmission only occurred in the Sa'a health area through a breakthrough case. CONCLUSIONS This outbreak investigation portrayed the role that adequate vaccination coverage plays in preventing widespread outbreaks. Nonetheless, community sensitisation and routine immunisation require strengthening in order to erase pockets of susceptible children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haddison C. Eposi
- Saa District Health Service, Centre Regional Delegation of Public Health, Cameroon
| | | | - Kagina M. Benjamin
- Vaccines For Africa Initiative (VACFA), University of Cape Town, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kurata T, Yamamoto SP, Nishimura H, Yumisashi T, Motomura K, Kinoshita M. A measles outbreak in Kansai International Airport, Japan, 2016: Analysis of the quantitative difference and infectivity of measles virus between patients who are immunologically naive versus those with secondary vaccine failure. J Med Virol 2021; 93:3446-3454. [PMID: 33325052 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Since the elimination of the measles virus, patients with vaccination records for the measles-containing vaccine have increased in Japan. According to several studies, the transmission risk from previously immunized patients, especially those with secondary vaccine failure (SVF), is lower than that from those with primary measles infections. Immunological features of SVF were identified per specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) induction with high avidity and high plaque reduction neutralization antibody concentration. However, the virological features of SVF have not been well investigated. To examine not only immunological but also virological differences between SVF and immunologically naive patients, throat swabs and blood and urine specimens of 25 patients with confirmed measles infection after an outbreak at the Kansai International Airport in 2016 were analyzed. Patients were categorized as naive (n = 3) or with SVF (n = 22) based on measles-specific IgG antibody concentrations and their avidity. Virus isolation and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction were performed to quantify the viral load in clinical specimens and estimate the infectivity in each specimen. The number of viral genome copies in the blood specimens of those with SVF was significantly different and approximately 1 out of 100 of that in immunologically naive patients. However, genome copy numbers in throat swabs and urine specimens were not significantly different between the groups. The virus was isolated only from those in the naive group. Our study indicated low transmission risk of the virus in patients with SVF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takako Kurata
- Osaka Institute of Public Health, Morinomiya Center, Osaka, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Kazushi Motomura
- Osaka Institute of Public Health, Morinomiya Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaru Kinoshita
- Department of Health and Medical Care, Osaka Prefectural Government, Osaka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
von Linstow ML, Yde Nielsen A, Kirkby N, Eltvedt A, Nordmann Winther T, Bybeck Nielsen A, Bang D, Poulsen A. Immunity to vaccine-preventable diseases among paediatric healthcare workers in Denmark, 2019. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 26. [PMID: 33928900 PMCID: PMC8086246 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2021.26.17.2001167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Healthcare workers (HCW) have been identified as index cases in disease outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases (VPD) in hospitals. Aim We investigated whether Danish paediatric HCW were protected against selected serious VPD. Methods We included 90% of staff members from two paediatric departments. All 555 HCW (496 women) supplied a blood sample for serology and filled in a questionnaire. Antibodies were measured with enzyme immunoassay against measles, mumps, rubella (MMR), varicella zoster, pertussis toxin and diphtheria toxin. Results Protective levels of IgG were found for measles (90.3%), mumps (86.5%), rubella (92.3%), varicella (98.6%) and diphtheria (80.5%). We found seropositivity for all three MMR components in 421 (75.9%) HCW, lowest in those younger than 36 years (63.3%). Only 28 (5%) HCW had measurable IgG to pertussis. HCW with self-reported immunity defined as previous infection or vaccination, had protective levels of IgG against measles, mumps, rubella and varicella in 87.4–98.8% of cases, not significantly higher than in those not reporting immunity. Previous history of disease had a high positive predictive value (PPV) of 96.8–98.8%. The PPV for previous vaccination ranged from 82.5% to 90.3%. In contrast, negative predictive values of self-reported history of disease and vaccination were remarkably low for all diseases. Conclusion The immunity gaps found primarily in young HCW indicate a need for a screening and vaccination strategy for this group. Considering the poor correlation between self-reported immunity and seropositivity, efforts should be made to check HCW’s immune status in order to identify those who would benefit from vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Louise von Linstow
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The Juliane Marie Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alex Yde Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nikolai Kirkby
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna Eltvedt
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Nordsjællands Hospital, Hillerød, Denmark
| | - Thilde Nordmann Winther
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Allan Bybeck Nielsen
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark.,Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The Juliane Marie Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Didi Bang
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Nordsjællands Hospital, Hillerød, Denmark
| | - Anja Poulsen
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The Juliane Marie Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Dub T, Søborg B, Andersen PH, Gudnason T, Nøkleby H, Lindstrand A, Carlsson RM, Nohynek H. Immunisation of healthcare workers in the Nordic countries: Variation in recommendations and practices and a lack of assessment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 26. [PMID: 33509337 PMCID: PMC7848784 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2021.26.4.1900555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Healthcare workers (HCWs) are at increased risk of both exposure and transmission of infectious disease. Two European Union (EU) directives state that health services are responsible for assessing their employees’ potential exposure to infectious diseases and offering immunisation free of charge. We assessed current policy for immunisation of HCWs and the availability of vaccine coverage data in the Nordic countries by surveying national vaccination experts in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden, as well as Swedish county medical officers (CMOs). All national experts and 17 of 21 Swedish CMOs responded. All EU countries had transposed the European directives into national law, while Norway and Iceland had similar national legislation. Recommendations or guidelines were issued in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and 15 of 17 responding Swedish counties. The range of diseases covered differed by countries and Swedish counties. HCW vaccine coverage data were not systematically collected; incomplete estimates were only available for Finland and two Swedish counties. In conclusion, recommendations or guidelines exist in the Nordic countries, but their impact cannot be assessed, as vaccine uptake among HCWs is not currently measured. Systematic collection of data is a necessary step towards improving HCW immunisation policy and practice in the Nordic countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothee Dub
- European Programme for Intervention Epidemiology Training (EPIET), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Peter Henrik Andersen
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thorolfur Gudnason
- Centre for Health Security and Communicable Disease Control, Directorate of Health, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Ann Lindstrand
- Unit for Vaccination Programmes, Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden
| | - Rose-Marie Carlsson
- Unit for Vaccination Programmes, Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden
| | - Hanna Nohynek
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
An efficient molecular approach to distinguish chains of measles virus transmission in the elimination phase. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 91:104794. [PMID: 33662587 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Measles viruses continue to spread globally, despite the availability of a safe and effective vaccine. Molecular surveillance of measles virus has become an essential tool to demonstrate whether cascades of infections in a certain region or country are the result of endemic spread or the repeatedly introduction of the virus in contained outbreaks. Currently, molecular surveillance of measles viruses worldwide is mainly based on 450 nucleotides of the C-terminal region of the nucleoprotein (N450). However, as a result of the disappearance of particular measles virus clades over the past decades, this gene segment does not provide sufficient resolution anymore to answer these questions. To increase the molecular resolution, sequence data were collected from three regions of the measles virus genome, the partial non-coding region between the M and F gene (M-F NCR4465-4754), partial H gene (H8022-8621) and the partial L gene (L10724-11438) for measles viruses detected in 2018 and 2019 in the Netherlands. Analysis of obtained sequence data indicated that sequencing of these three regions resulted in an increase in molecular resolution for measles virus genotype B3 and D8 viruses, two of the four global genotypes currently predominant in the European region. Furthermore, this improved resolution was sufficient to support an epidemiology characterized by repeat introduction of measles virus rather than endemic virus spread. In conclusion, sequencing of the M-F NCR4465-4754, H8022-8621 and L10724-11438 regions of the measles virus is an efficient and useful approach for molecular surveillance of measles viruses.
Collapse
|
20
|
Lucca A, Bayoumi N, Ramanathan LV, Sepkowitz K, Kamboj M. Lower Rate of Seropositivity to Measles Among Young Healthcare Personnel in New York City. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 71:3241-3243. [PMID: 32478832 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the prevalence of measles antibody among 12 349 newly hired HCP between 2009 and 2019. Younger HCP were significantly more likely to have no immunity. Compared with a 92.2% seropositive rate among 1057 persons hired at age >50 years, only 84.4% of approximately 10 000 HCP aged <40 years had protective antibody.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anabella Lucca
- Employee Health and Wellness Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nagla Bayoumi
- Infection Control, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lakshmi V Ramanathan
- Clinical Chemistry Service, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kent Sepkowitz
- Division of Quality and Safety, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mini Kamboj
- Infection Control and Infectious Disease Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Atkinson KM, Mithani SS, Bell C, Rubens-Augustson T, Wilson K. The digital immunization system of the future: imagining a patient-centric, interoperable immunization information system. Ther Adv Vaccines Immunother 2020; 8:2515135520967203. [PMID: 33681700 PMCID: PMC7900792 DOI: 10.1177/2515135520967203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
To ensure the effectiveness of increasingly complex immunization programs in upper-middle and high-income settings, comprehensive information systems are needed to track immunization uptake at individual and population levels. The maturity of cloud systems and mobile technologies has created new possibilities for immunization information systems. In this paper, we describe a vision for the next generation of digital immunization information systems for upper-middle and high-income settings based on our experience in Canada. These systems center on the premise that the public is engaged and informed about the immunization process beyond their interaction with primary care, and that they will be a contributor and auditor of immunization data. The digital immunization system of the future will facilitate reporting of adverse events following immunization, issue digital immunization receipts, permit identification of areas of need and allow for delivery of interventions targeting these areas. Through features like immunization reminders and targeted immunization promotion campaigns, the system will reduce many of the known barriers that influence immunization rates. In light of the global COVID-19 pandemic, adaptive digital public health information systems will be required to guide the rollout and post-market surveillance of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M. Atkinson
- Department of Global Public Health,
Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, CANImmunize Inc,
Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Salima Saleem Mithani
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa
Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Kumanan Wilson
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa
Hospital Research Institute, 1053 Carling Ave, Ottawa, ON
K1Y4E9, Canada
- CANImmunize Inc, Ottawa, ON,
Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of
Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Bruyere Research Institute, Ottawa,
ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Shen W, Ye H, Zhang X, Huo L, Shen J, Zhu L, Wang X, Cui D. Elevated expansion of follicular helper T cells in peripheral blood from children with acute measles infection. BMC Immunol 2020; 21:49. [PMID: 32873255 PMCID: PMC7466526 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-020-00379-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Measles outbreaks have threatened the global elimination and eradication of measles in recent years. Measles virus (MeV)-specific antibodies are successful in clearing MeV infection. Follicular helper T (Tfh) cells play a crucial role in promoting antibody production. This study investigated the potential role of Tfh cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from children with acute MeV infection. RESULTS The frequencies of CXCR5+CD4+ Tfh, ICOShigh Tfh, and PD-1high Tfh cells in PBMCs and levels of IL-6 and IL-21 in plasma were significantly elevated in patients with acute MeV infection. Moreover, a positive correlation was discovered among the frequency of ICOShigh Tfh cells, plasma levels of IL-21 and optical density (OD) values of MeV-specific IgM antibodies in the patients with acute MeV infection. However, elevated plasma MeV-specific NAb titres were not associated with the frequency of Tfh, ICOShigh Tfh, or PD-1high Tfh cells in the patients with acute MeV infection. CONCLUSION These results suggest that an elevated Tfh cell frequency and associated molecules possibly play a key role in children with acute MeV infection, which contributes to the prevention and treatment of MeV infection in children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiyun Shen
- Key Laboratory for Translational Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Huzhou Teachers College, the First People's Hospital of Huzhou, Huzhou, 313000, China
| | - Hongzhou Ye
- Department of Paediatrics, First Affiliated Hospital, Huzhou Teachers College, the First People's Hospital of Huzhou, Huzhou, 313000, China
| | - Xilin Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Translational Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Huzhou Teachers College, the First People's Hospital of Huzhou, Huzhou, 313000, China
| | - Lixia Huo
- Key Laboratory for Translational Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Huzhou Teachers College, the First People's Hospital of Huzhou, Huzhou, 313000, China
| | - Jingli Shen
- Key Laboratory for Translational Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Huzhou Teachers College, the First People's Hospital of Huzhou, Huzhou, 313000, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Department of Paediatrics, First Affiliated Hospital, Huzhou Teachers College, the First People's Hospital of Huzhou, Huzhou, 313000, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Key Laboratory for Translational Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Huzhou Teachers College, the First People's Hospital of Huzhou, Huzhou, 313000, China
| | - Dawei Cui
- Department of Blood Transfusion, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Williamson KM, Merritt T, Durrheim DN. Australia: an island in a sea of measles. Med J Aust 2020; 213:101-103.e1. [DOI: 10.5694/mja2.50650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten M Williamson
- Hunter New England Local Health District Newcastle NSW
- Australian National University Canberra ACT
| | - Tony Merritt
- Hunter New England Local Health District Newcastle NSW
| | - David N Durrheim
- Hunter New England Local Health District Newcastle NSW
- University of Newcastle Newcastle NSW
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Sundell N, Dotevall L, Lindh M, Westin J, Liljeqvist JÅ, Bergström T, Studahl M, Andersson LM. Authors' response: Measles outbreak in Gothenburg urban area, Sweden, 2017/18: lower viral load in breakthrough infections. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 24. [PMID: 31362806 PMCID: PMC6668285 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2019.24.30.1900478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicklas Sundell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Leif Dotevall
- Department of Communicable Disease Control, Region Västra Götaland, Sweden
| | - Magnus Lindh
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johan Westin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jan-Åke Liljeqvist
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tomas Bergström
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marie Studahl
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lars-Magnus Andersson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Bolotin S, Crowcroft NS, Hughes SL, De Serres G. Letter to the editor: Measles outbreak in Gothenburg urban area, Sweden, 2017 to 2018: low viral load in breakthrough infections. Euro Surveill 2019; 24. [PMID: 31362810 PMCID: PMC6668287 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2019.24.30.1900465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shelly Bolotin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Toronto, Canada
- Public Health Ontario, 480 University Avenue, Suite 300, Toronto, Canada
| | - Natasha S Crowcroft
- ICES, 2075 Bayview Ave, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Toronto, Canada
- Public Health Ontario, 480 University Avenue, Suite 300, Toronto, Canada
| | - Stephanie L Hughes
- Public Health Ontario, 480 University Avenue, Suite 300, Toronto, Canada
| | - Gaston De Serres
- Laval University, Quebec, Canada
- Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, Québec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|