Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for vitamin E as α‐tocopherol

Monodopsis subterranea is a source of α-tocomonoenol, and its concentration, in contrast to α-tocopherol, is not affected by nitrogen depletion

α-Tomonoenols (αT1) are tocochromanols structurally related to tocopherols (T) and tocotrienols (T3), the bioactive members of the vitamin E family. However, limited evidence exists regarding the sources and biosynthesis of tocomonoenols. Nitrogen depletion increases the content of α-tocopherol (αT), the main vitamin E congener, in microalgae, but little is known regarding its effect on other tocochromanols, such as tocomonoenols and tocotrienols. We therefore quantified the concentrations of T, T1, and T3, in freeze-dried biomass from nitrogen-sufficient, and nitrogen-depleted Monodopsis subterranea (Eustigmatophyceae). The identities of isomers of αT1 were confirmed by LC-MS and GC-MS. αT was the predominant tocochromanol (82% of total tocochromanols). αT1 was present in higher quantities than the sum of all T3 (6% vs. 1% of total tocochromanols). 11'-αT1 was the main αT1 isomer. Nitrogen depletion increased αT, but not αT1 or T3 in M. subterranea. In conclusion, nitrogen depletion increased the content of αT, the biologically most active form of vitamin E, in M. subterranea without affecting αT1 and T3 and could potentially be used as a strategy to enhance its nutritional value but not to increase αT1 content, indicating that αT1 accumulation is independent of that of αT in microalgae.

Vitamin E - a scoping review for Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2023

Current evidence suggests that dietary vitamin E (as α-tocopherol) intake has a beneficial role in preventing certain chronic diseases. In contrast, there is no clear evidence for the benefit of α-tocopherol supplements in a generally healthy population. Deficiency symptoms are rare and mainly occur due to genetic or other factors affecting α-tocopherol absorption and/or metabolism, rather than a low α-tocopherol intake. No qualified systematic review was identified by the NNR2023 project for updating the dietary reference values (DRV).

Dietary Vitamin E Isoforms Intake: Development of a New Tool to Assess Tocopherols and Tocotrienols Intake in Adults

Due to the documented health benefits of tocopherols and tocotrienols as bioactive compounds, it seems important to assess their intake. The aim of this study was to develop a new tool and its application for assessment of tocopherol and tocotrienol intake in adults. Dietary data were collected by semiquantitative FFQ (VitE-FFQ) and by a 1-day dietary record in a group of 447 subjects. The database of the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) was used to calculate the individual isoforms of vitamin E and develop the tool-VIT_E.CAL. The assessment of measuring agreement between the two methods was conducted by analysis of the correlations and Bland-Altman plots. The average α-tocopherol intake was 11.3 mg/day for the data obtained using the FFQ method and 12.8 mg/day for the results obtained using the 1-day dietary record. Depending on the adopted recommendation, only 40-57% of the subjects had adequate vitamin E intake. The intake of α-tocopherol did not exceed the UL value in any of the respondents. The dominant forms of vitamin E in the diet of the studied group were α- and γ- forms (55% and 38% of the total sum) among tocopherols and β- and γ- forms (49% and 24% of the total sum) among tocotrienols. VIT_E.CAL allows us to calculate not only the total amount of vitamin E but also its eight isoforms. It can be a useful tool to assess individual and group intake of various forms of vitamin E in the diet. The use of VIT_E.CAL enables the proper assessment of vitamin E (as α-tocopherol and not α-tocopherol equivalent) in the diet of Poles, and most likely also in the European diet. The obtained results indicate the need to take into account the content of individual forms of vitamin E in food/diet, which will allow for a reliable assessment of its consumption. It also seems necessary to standardize the nomenclature regarding the name of vitamin E and its use for correct nutritional assessment.

Assessing the nutritional quality of lipid components in commercial meal replacement shakes using an in vitro digestion model

This study aimed to investigate the nutritional value of five commercial meal-replacement shakes, and mainly focused on the lipid digestion fates and fat-soluble vitamin bioavailability. Four out of five samples exhibited a low lipolysis level (37.33-61.42%), aligning with the intended objectives of these products. Although the remaining sample rich in diacylglycerol (DAG) had a higher lipolysis level (80.83%), the inherent low-calorie nature of DAG might compensate for this drawback. The release level of individual fatty acid was largely determined by the glycerolipid composition. Moreover, the strong positive correlation between lipid hydrolyzed products amounts and the fat-soluble vitamin bioavailability was observed. Surprisingly, one out of five samples can provide enough vitamin A and vitamin E for consumers as a total replacement of one or two regular meals. Consequently, the meal-replacement shakes hold the potential to emerge as healthy products for this fast-paced era if the composition and structure were carefully designed and calculated.

Associations of Dietary Intake and Nutrient Status with Micronutrient and Lipid Composition in Breast Milk of Donor Women

The influence of the diet and nutritional status of milk donors on the nutritional composition of donor human milk (DHM) is unknown. The present study aimed to determine the nutritional profile of DHM and the associations between donors' dietary intake and nutritional status and the micronutrient and lipid composition in DHM. For this purpose, 113 donors completed a food frequency questionnaire, provided a five-day weighed dietary record, and collected milk for five consecutive days. Nutrient determinations in donors' erythrocytes, plasma, urine, and milk were performed. Multiple linear regressions were conducted for the evaluation of the associations. We highlight the following results: DHM docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was positively associated with donors' plasma DHA content and donors' DHA intake (R2 0.45, p < 0.001). For every 1 g/day DHA intake, an increase of 0.38% in DHA content and 0.78% in total omega-3 content was observed in DHM (R2 0.29, p < 0.001). DHM saturated fatty acids were positively associated with erythrocyte dimethyl acetals, plasma stearic acid, trans fatty acids intake, and breastfeeding duration and negatively associated with erythrocyte margaroleic acid (R2 0.34, p < 0.01). DHM cholecalciferol was associated with plasma cholecalciferol levels and dairy intake (R2 0.57, p < 0.01). Other weaker associations were found for free thiamin, free riboflavin, pyridoxal, dehydroascorbic acid, and the lipid profile in DHM. In conclusion, the diet and nutritional status of donors influence the fatty acid profile and micronutrient content of DHM.

Novel Lipids to Regulate Obesity and Brain Function: Comparing Available Evidence and Insights from QSAR In Silico Models

Lipid molecules, such as policosanol, ergosterol, sphingomyelin, omega 3 rich phosphatidylcholine, α-tocopherol, and sodium butyrate, have emerged as novel additions to the portfolio of bioactive lipids. In this state-of-the-art review, we discuss these lipids, and their activity against obesity and mental or neurological disorders, with a focus on their proposed cellular targets and the ways in which they produce their beneficial effects. Furthermore, this available information is compared with that provided by in silico Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicity (ADMET) models in order to understand the usefulness of these tools for the discovery of new bioactive compounds. Accordingly, it was possible to highlight how these lipids interact with various cellular targets related to the molecule transportation and absorption (e.g., α-tocopherol transfer protein for α-Tocopherol, ATP-binding cassette ABC transporters or Apolipoprotein E for sphingomyelins and phospholipids) or other processes, such as the regulation of gene expression (involving Sterol Regulatory Element-Binding Proteins for ergosterol or Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors in the case of policosanol) and inflammation (the regulation of interleukins by sodium butyrate). When comparing the literature with in silico Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) models, it was observed that although they are useful for selecting bioactive molecules when compared in batch, the information they provide does not coincide when assessed individually. Our review highlights the importance of considering a broad range of lipids as potential bioactives and the need for accurate prediction of ADMET parameters in the discovery of new biomolecules. The information presented here provides a useful resource for researchers interested in developing new strategies for the treatment of obesity and mental or neurological disorders.

Natural Mitochondria Targeting Substances and Their Effect on Cellular Antioxidant System as a Potential Benefit in Mitochondrial Medicine for Prevention and Remediation of Mitochondrial Dysfunctions

Based on the knowledge that many diseases are caused by defects in the metabolism of the cells and, in particular, in defects of the mitochondria, mitochondrial medicine starts precisely at this point. This new form of therapy is used in numerous fields of human medicine and has become a central focus within the field of medicine in recent years. With this form of therapy, the disturbed cellular energy metabolism and an out-of-balance antioxidant system of the patient are to be influenced to a greater extent. The most important tool here is mitotropic substances, with the help of which attempts are made to compensate for existing dysfunction. In this article, both mitotropic substances and accompanying studies showing their efficacy are summarized. It appears that the action of many mitotropic substances is based on two important properties. First, on the property of acting antioxidantly, both directly as antioxidants and via activation of downstream enzymes and signaling pathways of the antioxidant system, and second, via enhanced transport of electrons and protons in the mitochondrial respiratory chain.

Protective Effect of Olive Oil Microconstituents in Atherosclerosis: Emphasis on PAF Implicated Atherosclerosis Theory

Atherosclerosis is a progressive vascular multifactorial process. The mechanisms underlining the initiating event of atheromatous plaque formation are inflammation and oxidation. Among the modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, diet and especially the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet), has been widely recognized as one of the healthiest dietary patterns. Olive oil (OO), the main source of the fatty components of the MedDiet is superior to the other "Mono-unsaturated fatty acids containing oils" due to the existence of specific microconstituents. In this review, the effects of OO microconstituents in atherosclerosis, based on data from in vitro and in vivo studies with special attention on their inhibitory activity against PAF (Platelet-Activating Factor) actions, are presented and critically discussed. In conclusion, we propose that the anti-atherogenic effect of OO is attributed to the synergistic action of its microconstituents, mainly polar lipids that act as PAF inhibitors, specific polyphenols and α-tocopherol that also exert anti-PAF activity. This beneficial effect, also mediated through anti-PAF action, can occur from microconstituents extracted from olive pomace, a toxic by-product of the OO production process that constitutes a significant ecological problem. Daily intake of moderate amounts of OO consumed in the context of a balanced diet is significant for healthy adults.

A Miniaturized Sample Preparation Method for the Determination of Vitamins A and E in Food Products

A new analytical approach to the simultaneous identification and quantification of vitamins A and E in three representative matrices (Parmesan, spinach, and almonds) was developed. The analyses were based on high-performance liquid chromatography with UV-VIS/DAD detection. The procedure was optimized by a significant reduction in the weight of the tested products and quantities of reagents added during the saponification and extraction stages. A full method validation study was performed for retinol at two concentration levels (LOQ and 200 × LOQ), which showed satisfactory results, with recoveries ranging from 98.8 to 110.1%, and an average CV of 8.9%. Linearity was tested in the range of 1-500 µg/mL and showed the coefficient of determination R² = 0.999. The satisfactory recovery and precision parameters were achieved for α-tocopherol (LOQ and 500 × LOQ) in the range of 70.6-143.2%, with a mean CV equal to 6.5%. The observed linearity for this analyte in the concentration range of 1.06-532.0 µg/mL was R² = 0.999. The average extended uncertainties were estimated, using a top-down approach of 15.9% and 17.6% for vitamin E and A, respectively. Finally, the method was successfully applied to determine vitamins in 15 commercial samples.

Human Milk Composition and Nutritional Status of Omnivore Human Milk Donors Compared with Vegetarian/Vegan Lactating Mothers

Women of childbearing age in Western societies are increasingly adopting vegetarian diets. These women are sometimes rejected as milk donors, but little about the composition of their milk is known. The present study aimed to compare the intake, nutritional status, and nutritional composition of human milk from omnivore human milk donors (Donors) and vegetarian/vegan lactating mothers (Veg). Milk, blood, and urine samples from 92 Donors and 20 Veg were used to determine their fatty acid profiles, as well as vitamins and minerals. In a representative sample of both groups, we also determined the lipid class profile as a distribution of neutral and polar lipids, the molecular species of triacylglycerols, and the relative composition of phospholipids in their milk. A dietary assessment was conducted with a five-day dietary record (while considering the intake of supplements). We highlight the following results, expressed as the mean (SE), for the Veg vs. Donors: (1) Their docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) intake was 0.11 (0.03) vs. 0.38 (0.03) g/day; the plasma DHA was 0.37 (0.07) vs. 0.83 (0.06)%; and the milk DHA was 0.15 (0.04) vs. 0.33 (0.02)%. (2) Their milk B12 levels were 545.69 (20.49) vs. 482.89 (4.11) pM; 85% of the Veg reported taking B12 supplements (mean dose: 312.1 mcg/day); and the Veg group showed no differences with Donors in terms of total daily intake or plasma B12. (3) Their milk phosphatidylcholine levels were 26.88 (0.67) vs. 30.55 (1.10)%. (4) Their milk iodine levels were 126.42 (13.37) vs. 159.22 (5.13) mcg/L. In conclusion, the Vegs' milk was shown to be different from the Donors' milk, mainly due to its low DHA content, which is concerning. However, raising awareness and ensuring proper supplementation could bridge this gap, as has already been achieved for cobalamin.

Beneficial and adverse effects of vitamin E on the kidney

This article reviews the beneficial and adverse effects of high-dose vitamin E supplementation on the vitamin E status and renal function in human and rodent studies. The high doses of vitamin E, which can cause renal effects, were compared to upper limits of toxicity (UL) as established by various authorities worldwide. In recent mice studies with higher doses of vitamin E, several biomarkers of tissue toxicity and inflammation were found to be significantly elevated. In these biomarker studies, the severity of inflammation and the increased levels of the biomarkers are discussed together with the need to re-evaluate ULs, given the toxic effects of vitamin E on the kidney and emphasizing oxidative stress and inflammation. The controversy in the literature about vitamin E effects on the kidney is mainly caused by the dose-effects relations that do not give a clear view, neither in human nor animals studies. In addition, more recent studies on rodents with new biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation give new insights into possible mechanisms. In this review, the controversy is shown and an advice given on the vitamin E supplementation for renal health.

Polyunsaturated Lipids in the Light-Exposed and Prooxidant Retinal Environment

The retina is an oxidative stress-prone tissue due to high content of polyunsaturated lipids, exposure to visible light stimuli in the 400–480 nm range, and high oxygen availability provided by choroidal capillaries to support oxidative metabolism. Indeed, lipids’ peroxidation and their conversion into reactive species promoting inflammation have been reported and connected to retinal degenerations. Here, we review recent evidence showing how retinal polyunsaturated lipids, in addition to oxidative stress and damage, may counteract the inflammatory response triggered by blue light-activated carotenoid derivatives, enabling long-term retina operation despite its prooxidant environment. These two aspects of retinal polyunsaturated lipids require tight control over their synthesis to avoid overcoming their protective actions by an increase in lipid peroxidation due to oxidative stress. We review emerging evidence on different transcriptional control mechanisms operating in retinal cells to modulate polyunsaturated lipid synthesis over the life span, from the immature to the ageing retina. Finally, we discuss the antioxidant role of food nutrients such as xanthophylls and carotenoids that have been shown to empower retinal cells’ antioxidant responses and counteract the adverse impact of prooxidant stimuli on sight.

The Contribution of Theoretical Prediction Studies to the Antioxidant Activity Assessment of the Bioactive Secoiridoids Encountered in Olive Tree Products and By-Products

Assessment of the antioxidant activity of different types of natural compounds is a complex research area that encompasses various in vitro tests and in vivo studies. Sophisticated modern analytical tools permit the unambiguous characterization of the compounds present in a matrix. The contemporary researcher, knowing the chemical structure of the compounds present, can carry out quantum chemical calculations that provide important physicochemical information assisting the prediction of antioxidant potential and the mechanism behind the activity of target compounds before further experimentation. The efficiency of calculations is steadily improved due to the rapid evolution of both hardware and software. It is possible, consequently, to study compounds of medium or even larger size, incorporating also models that simulate the liquid phase (solution). This review contributes to the establishment of theoretical calculations as an inherent part of the antioxidant activity assessment process, having as a case study the complex mixtures of olive bioactive secoiridoids (oleuropein, ligstroside, and related compounds). The literature indicates great variability in theoretical approaches and models used so far for only a limited number of this group of phenolic compounds. Proposals are made for standardization of methodology (reference compounds, DFT functional, basis set size, and solvation model) to facilitate comparisons and communication of findings.

A Comprehensive Review of Health-Benefiting Components in Rapeseed Oil

Rapeseed oil is the third most consumed culinary oil in the world. It is well-known for its high content of unsaturated fatty acids, especially polyunsaturated fatty acids, which make it of great nutritional value. There is increasing evidence that a diet rich in unsaturated fatty acids offers health benefits. Although the consumption of rapeseed oil cuts across many areas around the world, the nutritional elements of rapeseed oil and the exact efficacy of the nutrients remain unclear. In this review, we systematically summarized the latest studies on functional rapeseed components to ascertain which component of canola oil contributes to its function. Apart from unsaturated fatty acids, there are nine functional components in rapeseed oil that contribute to its anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, neuroprotective, and cardioprotective, among others. These nine functional components are vitamin E, flavonoids, squalene, carotenoids, glucoraphanin, indole-3-Carbinol, sterols, phospholipids, and ferulic acid, which themselves or their derivatives have health-benefiting properties. This review sheds light on the health-benefiting effects of rapeseed oil in the hope of further development of functional foods from rapeseed.

Cow's Milk in Human Nutrition and the Emergence of Plant-Based Milk Alternatives

Cow's milk is considered a complete food, providing high-quality protein and essential micronutrients, including vitamins and minerals. For medical reasons or as a lifestyle choice, consumers are replacing cow's milk with plant-based milk alternatives (PBMA); some perceive them as healthier alternatives to cow's milk due to their low saturated fatty acid content and no cholesterol content. However, the nutritional composition of PBMA is quite variable between different types and even within, which makes a comparison with cow's milk a complex issue. Furthermore, the consumption of PBMA has been associated with the development of some diseases in infants and children. Meanwhile, the consumption of cow's milk in human health is a controversial issue since it has been associated with a favorable effect in some diseases (such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and Alzheimer's) and a negative effect in others (such as prostate cancer risk and Parkinson's disease); while in some diseases, there is no consensus in the cow's milk consumption effect. The aim of this review is to make a nutritional comparison of cow's milk with PBMA and to clarify the potential health issues related to their consumption.

Vitamin E Intake and Risk of Prostate Cancer: A Meta-Analysis

Vitamin E is a group of antioxidative tocopherols and tocotrienols that play a potential role in chemoprevention. Studies investigating the association between vitamin E and prostate cancer risk have been conflicting. We identified observational and interventional studies examining the association between vitamin E intake and prostate cancer risk from PubMed, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library. A random-effects model was used to perform a meta-analysis and estimate relative risks (RRs) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of prostate cancer risk according to vitamin E intake. Subgroup analyses were conducted by study design, sample size, study population characteristics, geographical region, and dose of vitamin E intake. The association between dietary (RR = 0.97; 95% CI = 0.92-1.02) and supplemental (RR = 0.99; 95% CI = 0.94-1.04) vitamin E intake on prostate cancer risk was non-significant. In subgroup analyses, supplemental vitamin E was significantly associated with reduced prostate cancer risk in studies in Europe (RR = 0.81, 95% CI = 0.69-0.97). Overall, this meta-analysis demonstrates little evidence for a beneficial effect of vitamin E intake on prostate cancer risk but suggests that there may be some conditions in which supplements could confer a protective effect on prostate cancer risk.

Associations of 24 h urinary excretions of α- and γ-carboxyethyl hydroxychroman with plasma α- and γ-tocopherol and dietary vitamin E intake in older adults: the Lifelines-MINUTHE Study

BACKGROUND

Urinary metabolites of vitamin E, i.e., α- and γ-carboxyethyl hydroxychroman (α- and γ-CEHC), have gained increasing attention and have been proposed as novel biomarkers of vitamin E intake and status. However, there are insufficient data on the relationship of plasma α-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol and dietary vitamin E intake with 24 h urinary excretions of α- and γ-CEHC.

OBJECTIVES

We aimed to (1) investigate the associations of urinary α- and γ-CEHC/creatinine ratios and 24 h urinary excretions of α- and γ-CEHC with plasma α- and γ-tocopherol, respectively; (2) investigate the associations of urinary α- and γ-CEHC/creatinine ratios and 24 h urinary excretions of α- and γ-CEHC with dietary vitamin E intake, and we hypothesize that 24 h urinary excretions of α- and γ-CEHC will better correlate with vitamin E intake than urinary α- and γ-CEHC/creatinine ratios.

DESIGN

24 h Urine and plasma samples were collected from 1519 participants (60-75 years, male: 50%) included in the Lifelines-MINUTHE Study for the assessments of urinary α- and γ-CEHC/creatinine ratios and 24 h urinary excretions of α- and γ-CEHC, and plasma α- and γ-tocopherol. Among those participants, dietary vitamin E intake data from 387 participants were available from an externally validated Flower-Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). The associations of plasma α- and γ-tocopherol, dietary vitamin E intake, with urinary α- and γ-CEHC were assessed using multivariate linear regressions.

RESULTS

24 h Urinary excretion of α-CEHC (median (IQR): 0.9 (0.3-2.4) µmol) was less than that of γ-CEHC (median (IQR): 1.5 (0.5-3.5) µmol). After adjustment for covariates, we found that 24 h urinary α-CEHC excretion and urinary α-CEHC/creatinine ratio were both positively associated with plasma α-tocopherol (std.beta: 0.06, p = 0.02; std.beta: 0.06, p = 0.01, respectively). Furthermore, the sum of 24 h urinary α- and γ-CEHC excretions was positively associated with dietary vitamin E intake (std.beta: 0.08; p = 0.03), whereas there was no relation between urinary α- and γ-CEHC/creatinine ratios and vitamin E intake. No association was observed neither between plasma α- and γ-tocopherol and dietary vitamin E intake, nor between urinary γ-CEHC and plasma γ-tocopherol.

CONCLUSION

Our study confirmed our hypothesis that 24 h urinary α- and γ-CEHC excretions would be a better marker for dietary vitamin E intake than urinary α- and γ-CEHC/creatinine ratios. Considering that both 24 h urinary α- and γ-CEHC excretions and α- and γ-CEHC/creatinine ratios were also associated with plasma α-tocopherol status, we suggest that 24 h urinary α- and γ-CEHC excretions could be used to assess overall vitamin E status.

Recent Advances in Lipases and Their Applications in the Food and Nutraceutical Industry

Lipases are efficient enzymes with promising applications in the nutraceutical and food industry, as they can offer high yields, pure products under achievable reaction conditions, and are an environmentally friendly option. This review addresses the production of high-value-added compounds such as fatty acid esters, with the potential to be used as flavoring agents or antioxidant and antimicrobial agents, as well as structured lipids that offer specific functional properties that do not exist in nature, with important applications in different food products, and pharmaceuticals. In addition, the most recent successful cases of reactions with lipases to produce modified compounds for food and nutraceuticals are reported.

The potential of wild olive leaves (Olea europaea L. subsp. oleaster) addition as a functional additive in olive oil production: the effects on bioactive and nutraceutical compounds using LC–ESI–QTOF/MS

This study aims to investigate the influence of traditional maceration upon the enrichment of olive oil with oleaster leaves. The phenolic and tocopherolic compositions of control olive oil and enriched olive oils were determined. The influence of these oil preparation procedures on oil quality indicators was also investigated through spectrophotometric indices and fatty acid profiles. The total contents of bioactive compounds and pigments improved in oils obtained by maceration of fresh wild olive leaves, and were in statistically significant correlation with leaves proportions additions. The obtained results revealed that 15 phenolic compounds belonging to different phenolic types were characterized and quantified by an effective HPLC–DAD–ESI–MS/MS method. In all expected olive oils, the oleuropein aglycon (3,4-DHPEA-EA), and ligstroside aglycon (p-HPEAEA) derivatives were the most abundant compounds. Similarly, to phenolic compounds, tocopherols strongly increased with leaves addition during maceration process.

The data obtained from this study suggested that the addition of olive leaf to oils allowed more functional olive oils with higher antioxidant contents. Thus, Extra Virgin Olive Oil (EVOO) extracted with 10% of olive leaves presented the highest amount of phenolic and tocopherol compounds.

Quantification of tocochromanols in vitamin E dietary supplements by instrumental thin-layer chromatography

A variety of vitamin E dietary supplement capsules (DSC) based on different natural oils or synthesis products are currently found on the market whose vitamin contents need to be controlled before and after marketing. Here, we present an instrumental thin-layer chromatography (TLC) method which allows a direct determination of all tocopherols (T) and tocotrienols (T3) as well as α-tocopherol acetate simultaneously in one run with short analysis time. For this purpose, contents of the DSC were extracted, applied on silica gel 60 plates, and developed with n-hexane/ethyl acetate/acetic acid, 90:10:2 (v/v/v) as mobile phase. The UV scan of the plate at 293 nm was used for quantification based on the peak height. Following the scan, the plate was treated with 10% sulphuric acid in methanol which led to characteristic yellow-to-brown colouring of the tocochromanol spots which allowed to distinguish tocochromanols from matrix components with similar Rf values. In most cases, determined vitamin E contents matched well with the information listed on the label of the investigated DSC samples. The method is fast, easy to perform and gently treats the analytes as it requires no thermal treatment prior to quantification, which makes it suitable as a screening method.

Assessment of a feed additive consisting of all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E) for all animal species for the renewal of its authorisation (Jilin Beisha Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd)

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the assessment of the application for renewal of authorisation of all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E) as a feed additive for all animal species. The applicant provided data demonstrating that the additive currently in the market complies with the conditions of authorisation. The FEEDAP Panel confirms that the use of all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate under the current authorised conditions of use is safe for the target species, the consumers and the environment. No concern for user safety is expected from the use of the active substance; however, due to the lack of information, the FEEDAP Panel is not able to conclude on its skin sensitisation potential. To draw conclusions on the safety for the user of the final formulated additives, specific studies would be required. There is no need to assess the efficacy of all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate in the context of the renewal of the authorisation.

Vitamins as Possible Cancer Biomarkers: Significance and Limitations

The Western-style diet, which is common in developed countries and spreading into developing countries, is unbalanced in many respects. For instance, micronutrients (vitamins A, B complex, C, D, E, and K plus iron, zinc, selenium, and iodine) are generally depleted in Western food (causing what is known as ‘hidden hunger’), whereas some others (such as phosphorus) are added beyond the daily allowance. This imbalance in micronutrients can induce cellular damage that can increase the risk of cancer. Interestingly, there is a large body of evidence suggesting a strong correlation between vitamin intake as well as vitamin blood concentrations with the occurrence of certain types of cancer. The direction of association between the concentration of a given vitamin and cancer risk is tumor specific. The present review summarized the literature regarding vitamins and cancer risk to assess whether these could be used as diagnostic or prognostic markers, thus confirming their potential as biomarkers. Despite many studies that highlight the importance of monitoring vitamin blood or tissue concentrations in cancer patients and demonstrate the link between vitamin intake and cancer risk, there is still an urgent need for more data to assess the effectiveness of vitamins as biomarkers in the context of cancer. Therefore, this review aims to provide a solid basis to support further studies on this promising topic.

Analysis of the Impact of Selected Vitamins Deficiencies on the Risk of Disability in Older People

Vitamin deficiencies have a serious impact on healthy aging in older people. Many age-related disorders have a direct or indirect impact on nutrition, both in terms of nutrient assimilation and food access, which may result in vitamin deficiencies and may lead to or worsen disabilities. Frailty is characterized by reduced functional abilities, with a key role of malnutrition in its pathogenesis. Aging is associated with various changes in body composition that lead to sarcopenia. Frailty, aging, and sarcopenia all favor malnutrition, and poor nutritional status is a major cause of geriatric morbidity and mortality. In the present narrative review, we focused on vitamins with a significant risk of deficiency in high-income countries: D, C, and B (B6/B9/B12). We also focused on vitamin E as the main lipophilic antioxidant, synergistic to vitamin C. We first discuss the role and needs of these vitamins, the prevalence of deficiencies, and their causes and consequences. We then look at how these vitamins are involved in the biological pathways associated with sarcopenia and frailty. Lastly, we discuss the critical early diagnosis and management of these deficiencies and summarize potential ways of screening malnutrition. A focused nutritional approach might improve the diagnosis of nutritional deficiencies and the initiation of appropriate clinical interventions for reducing the risk of frailty. Further comprehensive research programs on nutritional interventions are needed, with a view to lowering deficiencies in older people and thus decreasing the risk of frailty and sarcopenia.

Characterization of Sweet Almond Oil Content of Four European Cultivars (Ferragnes, Ferraduel, Fournat, and Marcona) Recently Introduced in Morocco

This study concerns the characterization of oil content and quality indices for almond cultivars (Marcona (Mr), Fournat (Fn), Ferragnes (Fg), and Ferraduel (Fd)) recently introduced into marginal agricultural areas in eastern Morocco. These verities are known for their rusticity and late flowering stage. The analyzed almond oils showed low acidity and peroxide values ranging, respectively, from 0.32 to 0.36% and 1.88 to 3.18 meq O₂/kg. Fatty acid (FA) profile revealed a predominance of the unsaturated FA represented essentially by the oleic (56.64-64.03%) and linoleic FA (24.57-29.80%). Triacylglycerol (TAG) analysis allowed the determination of eleven species with a remarkable dominance of trioleylglycerol (OOO: 30%) and dioleyllinoleoylglcerol (OOL: 27.25%). Regarding the minor compounds, the results showed that the total phenol content ranges between 85.33 and 141.66 mg/kg. Concerning the tocopherol content, the studied oils showed richness in these secondary metabolites (408.99-491.77 mg/kg) with a dominance of α-tocopherol. In comparison to their homologues in the Mediterranean area, the evaluated almond oils demonstrated a slight superiority in terms of quality, in particular, to those produced in Spain.

Intake of Vitamin E and C in Women of Reproductive Age: Results from the Latin American Study of Nutrition and Health (ELANS)

Vitamin E was identified as a lipophilic compound essential to maintain rat pregnancy. Low vitamin E intake during early pregnancy associates with congenital malformations and embryonic loss in animals and with miscarriage and intrauterine growth restriction in humans. Vitamin E protects cell membranes from lipoperoxidation and exerts non-antioxidant activities. Its function can be restored by vitamin C; thus, intake and circulating levels of both micronutrients are frequently analyzed together. Although substantial vitamin E inadequacy was reported worldwide, its consumption in Latin America (LatAm) is mostly unknown. Using data from the Latin American Study of Nutrition and Health (Estudio Latinoamericano de Nutrición y Salud, ELANS), we evaluated vitamin E and C intake in women of reproductive age (WRA) from eight LatAm countries and identified their main food sources. Two non-consecutive 24-h dietary recalls in 3704 women aged from 15 to 49 years and living in urban locations showed low average intake of vitamin E (7.9 mg/day vs. estimated average requirement (EAR) of 12 mg/day) and adequate overall vitamin C consumption (95.5 mg/day vs. EAR of 60 mg/day). The mean regional inadequacy was 89.6% for vitamin E and 36.3% for vitamin C. The primary food sources of vitamin E were fats and oils, as well as vegetables. Vitamin C intake was explained mainly by the consumption of fruit juices, fruits, and vegetables. Combined deficient intake of both vitamins was observed in 33.7% of LatAm women. Although the implications of low antioxidant vitamins' consumption in WRA are still unclear, the combined deficient intake of both vitamins observed in one-third of ELANS participants underscores the need for further research on this topic.

Vitamin E beyond Its Antioxidant Label

Vitamin E, comprising tocopherols and tocotrienols, is mainly known as an antioxidant. The aim of this review is to summarize the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways linked to inflammation and malignancy modulated by its vitamers. Preclinical reports highlighted a myriad of cellular effects like modulating the synthesis of pro-inflammatory molecules and oxidative stress response, inhibiting the NF-κB pathway, regulating cell cycle, and apoptosis. Furthermore, animal-based models have shown that these molecules affect the activity of various enzymes and signaling pathways, such as MAPK, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, JAK/STAT, and NF-κB, acting as the underlying mechanisms of their reported anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and anti-cancer effects. In clinical settings, not all of these were proven, with reports varying considerably. Nonetheless, vitamin E was shown to improve redox and inflammatory status in healthy, diabetic, and metabolic syndrome subjects. The anti-cancer effects were inconsistent, with both pro- and anti-malignant being reported. Regarding its neuroprotective properties, several studies have shown protective effects suggesting vitamin E as a potential prevention and therapeutic (as adjuvant) tool. However, source and dosage greatly influence the observed effects, with bioavailability seemingly a key factor in obtaining the preferred outcome. We conclude that this group of molecules presents exciting potential for the prevention and treatment of diseases with an inflammatory, redox, or malignant component.

Assessment of a feed additive consisting of all-rac-alpha tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E) for all animal species for the renewal of its authorisation (EUROPE-ASIA Import Export GmbH)

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the assessment of the application for renewal of authorisation of all-rac-alpha tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E) as a feed additive for all animal species. The applicant provided data demonstrating that the additive currently in the market complies with the conditions of authorisation. The FEEDAP Panel confirms that the use of all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate under the current authorised conditions of use is safe for the target species, the consumers and the environment. No concern for user safety is expected from the use of the active substance; however, due to the lack of information, the FEEDAP Panel is not able to conclude on its skin sensitisation potential. To draw conclusions on the safety for the user of the final formulated additives, specific studies would be required. There is no need to assess the efficacy of all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate in the context of the renewal of the authorisation.

Assessment of a feed additive consisting of all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E) for all animal species for the renewal of its authorisation (NHU Europe GmbH)

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the assessment of the application for renewal of authorisation of all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E) as a feed additive for all animal species. The applicant provided data demonstrating that the additive currently in the market complies with the conditions of authorisation. The FEEDAP Panel confirms that the use of all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate under the current authorised conditions of use is safe for the target species, the consumers and the environment. No concern for user safety is expected from the use of the active substance, however, due to the lack of information, the FEEDAP Panel is not able to conclude on its skin sensitisation potential. To draw conclusions on the safety for the user of the final formulated additives, specific studies would be required. There is no need to assess the efficacy of all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate in the context of the renewal of the authorisation.

Assessment of a feed additive consisting of RRR-alpha-tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E) for all animal species for the renewal of its authorisation (Specialty Ingredients (Europe) B.V. and Vitae Caps S.A.)

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the assessment of the application for renewal of authorisation of RRR-alpha-tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E) as a feed additive for all animal species. The applicant provided data demonstrating that the additive currently in the market complies with the conditions of authorisation. The FEEDAP Panel confirms that the use of RRR-alpha-tocopheryl acetate under the current authorised conditions of use is safe for the target species, the consumers and the environment. No concern for user safety is expected from the use of the active substance; however, due to the lack of information, the FEEDAP Panel is not able to conclude on its skin sensitisation potential. To draw conclusions on the safety for the user of the final formulated additives, specific studies would be required. There is no need to assess the efficacy of RRR-alpha-tocopheryl acetate in the context of the renewal of the authorisation.

Assessment of a feed additive consisting of all-rac-alpha tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E) for all animal species for the renewal of its authorisation (BASF SE)

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the assessment of the application for renewal of authorisation of all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E) as a feed additive for all animal species. The applicant provided data demonstrating that the additive currently in the market complies with the conditions of authorisation. The FEEDAP Panel confirms that the use of all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate under the current authorised conditions of use is safe for the target species, the consumers and the environment. No concern for user safety is expected from the use of the active substance however, due to the lack of information, the FEEDAP Panel is not able to conclude on its skin sensitisation potential. To draw conclusions on the safety for the user of the final formulated additives, specific studies would be required. There is no need to assess the efficacy of all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate in the context of the renewal of the authorisation.

Impact of Mild Oven Cooking Treatments on Carotenoids and Tocopherols of Cheddar and Depurple Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis)

The effect of steam and sous-vide oven procedures on liposoluble antioxidants of colored cauliflower (orange and purple) was assessed for the first time and compared with domestic practice (boiling). In raw samples, the total carotenoid content was 10-fold higher in Cheddar than in Depurple (20.9 ± 2.1 vs. 2.3 ± 0.5 mg/kg dry weight), whereas the level of tocopherols was similar (28.5 ± 4.4 vs. 33 ± 5.2 mg/kg dry weight). The Cheddar liposoluble antioxidant matter contained violaxanthin, neoxanthin, α-carotene and δ-tocopherol, not detected in Depurple. All tests increased the bioactive compounds extractability with steam oven and sous-vide displaying similar effects, lower than boiling. In boiled Cheddar cauliflower, the total carotenoids and tocopherols contents increased with cooking time until they were 13-fold and 6-fold more than in raw cauliflower, respectively. Conversely, in the Depurple variety, contents increased by half with respect to the orange variety. However, from a nutritional point of view, no differences were revealed among the three different cooking treatments in terms of vitamin A and E levels expressed in μg/100 g of fresh vegetable because of the higher water content of boiled samples that must be considered when evaluating the effect of thermal treatment on cauliflower nutritional traits.

Positive Associations of Dietary Intake and Plasma Concentrations of Vitamin E with Skeletal Muscle Mass, Heel Bone Ultrasound Attenuation and Fracture Risk in the EPIC-Norfolk Cohort

The prevalence of sarcopenia, frailty and fractures is increasing. Prevention options are limited, but dietary factors including vitamin E have the potential to confer some protection. This study investigated cross-sectional associations between dietary and plasma concentrations of vitamin E with indices of skeletal muscle mass (SMM) (n = 14,179 and 4283, respectively) and bone density (n = 14,694 and 4457, respectively) and longitudinal fracture risk (n = 25,223 and 7291, respectively) in European Prospective Investigation Into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Norfolk participants, aged 39-79 years at baseline. Participants completed a health and lifestyle questionnaire, a 7-day diet diary (7dDD) and had anthropometric measurements taken. Fat-free mass (as a SMM proxy) was measured using bioimpedance and bone density was measured using calcaneal broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) and incident fractures over 18.5 years of follow-up. Associations between indices of SMM, BUA and fracture risk were investigated by quintiles of dietary vitamin E intake or plasma concentrations. Positive trends in SMM indices and BUA were apparent across dietary quintiles for both sexes, with interquintile differences of 0.88%-1.91% (p < 0.001), and protective trends for total and hip fracture risk. Circulating plasma α- and γ-tocopherol results matched the overall dietary findings. Dietary vitamin E may be important for musculoskeletal health but further investigation is required to fully understand the relationships of plasma tocopherols.

Genetic Variants Shaping Inter-individual Differences in Response to Dietary Intakes-A Narrative Review of the Case of Vitamins

Recent advances in the field of nutrigenetics have provided evidence on how genetic variations can impact the individuals' response to dietary intakes. An objective and reliable assessment of dietary exposures should rely on combinations of methodologies including frequency questionnaires, short-term recalls or records, together with biological samples to evaluate markers of intake or status and to identify genetic susceptibilities. In an attempt to present current knowledge on how genetic fingerprints contribute to an individual's nutritional status, we present a review of current literature describing associations between genetic variants and levels of well-established biomarkers of vitamin status in free-living and generally healthy individuals. Based on the outcomes of candidate gene, genome-wide-association studies and meta-analyses thereof, we have identified several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) involved in the vitamins' metabolic pathways. Polymorphisms in genes encoding proteins involved in vitamin metabolism and transport are reported to have an impact on vitamin D status; while genetic variants of vitamin D receptor were most frequently associated with health outcomes. Genetic variations that can influence vitamin E status include SNPs involved in its uptake and transport, such as in SCAR-B1 gene, and in lipoprotein metabolism. Variants of the genes encoding the sodium-dependent vitamin C transport proteins are greatly associated with the body's status on vitamin C. Regarding the vitamins of the B-complex, special reference is made to the widely studied variant in the MTHFR gene. Methodological attributes of genetic studies that may limit the comparability and interpretability of the findings are also discussed. Our understanding of how genes affect our responses to nutritional triggers will enhance our capacity to evaluate dietary exposure and design personalized nutrition programs to sustain health and prevent disease.

Contribution of Tocols to Food Sensorial Properties, Stability, and Overall Quality

This paper reviews the contribution of tocopherols and tocotrienols (tocols) to food quality as well as their bioactivity and health-promoting properties, which have attracted researchers and food technologists. Tocols are lipophilic phenolic antioxidants encompassing tocopherols that are characterized by a saturated side chain and tocotrienols with an unsaturated isoprenoid side chain. Tocols are natural constituents of several foods like dairy, vegetable oils, nuts, and grains. Their presence in foods, namely, as food additives, helps prevent lipid oxidation, which negatively affects the sensorial quality of foods, and even the nutritional value and safety. Supplementation of animals’ diets with tocopherols has proven its effectiveness in preserving fresh color and flavor of the meat. Although alfa-tocopherol displays much higher vitamin E activity than other tocols, health outcomes have been reported for tocotrienols, thus calling for more studies.

Modulation of Lipid Transport and Adipose Tissue Deposition by Small Lipophilic Compounds

Small lipophilic molecules present in foods of plant origin have relevant biological activities at rather low concentrations. Evidence suggests that phytosterols, carotenoids, terpenoids, and tocopherols can interact with different metabolic pathways, exerting beneficial effects against a number of metabolic diseases. These small molecules can modulate triacylglycerol absorption in the intestine and the biosynthesis of chylomicrons, the lipid carriers in the blood. Once in the bloodstream, they can impact lipoprotein clearance from blood, thereby affecting fatty acid release, incorporation into adipocytes and triglyceride reassembling and deposit. Consequently, some of these molecules can regulate pathophysiological processes associated to obesity and its related conditions, such as insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and type-2 diabetes. The protective capacity of some lipophilic small molecules on oxidative and chemotoxic stress, can modify the expression of key genes in the adaptive cellular response, such as transcription factors, contributing to prevent the inflammatory status of adipose tissue. These small lipophilic compounds can be incorporated into diet as natural parts of food but they can also be employed to supplement other dietary and pharmacologic products as nutraceuticals, exerting protective effects against the development of metabolic diseases in which inflammation is involved. The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge of the influence of dietary lipophilic small biomolecules (phytosterols, carotenoids, tocopherols, and triterpenes) on lipid transport, as well as on the effects they may have on pathophysiological metabolic states, related to obesity, insulin resistance and inflammation, providing an evidence-based summary of their main beneficial effects on human health.

Interrelation between Plasma Concentrations of Vitamins C and E along the Trajectory of Ageing in Consideration of Lifestyle and Body Composition: A Longitudinal Study over Two Decades

Although the interrelation between vitamins C and E has been demonstrated on an experimental level, its impact on biomarkers in community-dwelling subjects along the trajectory of ageing has not yet been shown. The present longitudinal study investigates the determinants and interrelation of vitamins C and E plasma concentrations in 399 subjects aged ≥60 years with a median follow-up time of 12 years. Linear mixed-effects models were used to analyze the influence of age, sex, body composition, dietary intake, physical activity, smoking and supplement/drug use on plasma vitamin C, plasma α-tocopherol and α-tocopherol/total cholesterol ratio. At baseline, median plasma concentrations of vitamin C and α-tocopherol were 74 and 35 µmol/L. Absolute fat-free mass, physical activity, use of supplements, and plasma α-tocopherol were main determinants of plasma vitamin C in the course of ageing. For the α-tocopherol/total cholesterol ratio, age, use of supplements, use of lipid-modifying drugs, and plasma vitamin C were main determinants. The results reveal a stable positive interrelation between plasma concentrations of vitamins C and E along the trajectory of ageing independent of the other identified determinants. The possible regulatory mechanisms that could explain this robust positive interrelation remain to be elucidated.

The Use of a Nutrient Quality Score is Effective to Assess the Overall Nutritional Value of Three Brassica Microgreens

Microgreens have immense potential for improving dietary patterns, but little information is available regarding their overall nutritional value. We evaluated the nutritional traits of three hydroponically grown Brassica microgreens by using a Nutrient Quality Score. Micro cauliflower, micro broccoli and micro broccoli raab were grown using nutrient solutions with three different NH₄:NO₃ molar ratios (5:95, 15:85, and 25:75). Protein, dietary fiber, β-carotene, α-tocopherol and mineral elements (Ca, K, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, and Na) were analyzed. We developed the Nutrient Quality Score (NQS 11.1) on the basis of 11 desirable nutrients and 1 nutrient (sodium) to be limited. All Brassica microgreens are an excellent source of Vitamins A and E (more than 20% of the daily reference value—DRV), as well as a good source of calcium and manganese (10–19% of the DRV). Micro cauliflower showed a NQS 11.1 at 47% higher than micro broccoli raab and micro broccoli. Using NH₄:NO₃ 25:75 molar ratio, the average score was 27% higher than other molar ratios. In all cases, the microgreens in the present study showed a higher NQS 11.1 than their mature counterpart (on the basis of data from the United States Department of Agriculture), highlighting that the score of micro cauliflower was about six-fold higher than mature cauliflower. In conclusion, the NQS 11.1 was useful for assessing the overall nutritional quality of the three Brassica microgreens, instead of simply quantifying nutrient content, in order to compare a single nutrient among different genotypes. Furthermore, the results highlight that the micro broccoli raab, micro broccoli and micro cauliflower in this study can be considered nutrient-rich vegetables that are able to improve dietary patterns more effectively than their mature counterparts.

Concentration of Potentially Bioactive Compounds in Italian Extra Virgin Olive Oils from Various Sources by Using LC-MS and Multivariate Data Analysis

High quality extra virgin olive oils represent an optimal source of nutraceuticals. The European Union (EU) is the world’s leading olive oil producer, with the Mediterranean region as the main contributor. This makes the EU the greatest exporter and consumer of olive oil in the world. However, small olive oil producers also contribute to olive oil production. Beneficial effects on human health of extra virgin olive oil are well known, and these can be correlated to the presence of vitamin E and phenols. Together with the origin of the olives, extraction technology can influence the chemical composition of extra virgin olive oil. The aim of this study was to investigate the concentration of potentially bioactive compounds in Italian extra virgin olive oils from various sources. For this purpose, vitamin E and phenolic fractions were characterized using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with fluorescence, photodiode array and mass spectrometry detection in fifty samples of oil pressed at industrial plants and sixty-six samples of oil produced in low-scale mills. Multivariate statistical data analysis was used to determine the applicability of selected phenolic compounds as potential quality indicators of extra virgin olive oils.

Targeted Nutritional Intervention for Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment: The Cognitive impAiRmEnt Study (CARES) Trial 1

Omega-3 fatty acids (ω-3FAs), carotenoids, and vitamin E are important constituents of a healthy diet. While they are present in brain tissue, studies have shown that these key nutrients are depleted in individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in comparison to cognitively healthy individuals. Therefore, it is likely that these individuals will benefit from targeted nutritional intervention, given that poor nutrition is one of the many modifiable risk factors for MCI. Evidence to date suggests that these nutritional compounds can work independently to optimize the neurocognitive environment, primarily due to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. To date, however, no interventional studies have examined the potential synergistic effects of a combination of ω-3FAs, carotenoids and vitamin E on the cognitive function of patients with MCI. Individuals with clinically confirmed MCI consumed an ω-3FA plus carotenoid plus vitamin E formulation or placebo for 12 months. Cognitive performance was determined from tasks that assessed global cognition and episodic memory. Ω-3FAs, carotenoids, and vitamin E were measured in blood. Carotenoid concentrations were also measured in tissue (skin and retina). Individuals consuming the active intervention (n = 6; median [IQR] age 73.5 [69.5–80.5] years; 50% female) exhibited statistically significant improvements (p < 0.05, for all) in tissue carotenoid concentrations, and carotenoid and ω-3FA concentrations in blood. Trends in improvements in episodic memory and global cognition were also observed in this group. In contrast, the placebo group (n = 7; median [IQR] 72 (69.5–75.5) years; 89% female) remained unchanged or worsened for all measurements (p > 0.05). Despite a small sample size, this exploratory study is the first of its kind to identify trends in improved cognitive performance in individuals with MCI following supplementation with ω-3FAs, carotenoids, and vitamin E.

Do Antioxidant Vitamins Prevent Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage? A Systematic Review

Free radicals produced during exercise play a role in modulating cell signaling pathways. High doses of antioxidants may hamper adaptations to exercise training. However, their benefits are unclear. This review aims to examine whether vitamin C (VitC) and/or vitamin E (VitE) supplementation (SUP) prevents exercise-induced muscle damage. The PubMed, Web of Science, Medline, CINAHL, and SPORTDiscus databases were searched, and 21 articles were included. Four studies examined the effects of acute VitC SUP given pre-exercise: in one study, lower CK levels post-exercise was observed; in three, no difference was recorded. In one study, acute VitE SUP reduced CK activity 1 h post-exercise in conditions of hypoxia. In three studies, chronic VitE SUP did not reduce CK activity after an exercise session. Chronic VitE SUP did not reduce creatine kinase (CK) concentrations after three strength training sessions, but it was effective after 6 days of endurance training in another study. Chronic SUP with VitC + E reduced CK activity post-exercise in two studies, but there was no such effect in four studies. Finally, three studies described the effects of chronic VitC + E SUP and long-term exercise, reporting dissimilar results. To conclude, although there is some evidence of a protective effect of VitC and/or VitE against exercise-induced muscle damage, the available data are not conclusive.

Assessment of genetically modified soybean SYHT0H2 for food and feed uses, import and processing, under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 (application EFSA-GMO-DE-2012-111)

The scope of application EFSA‐GMO‐DE‐2012‐111 is for food and feed uses, import and processing of genetically modified (GM) soybean SYHT0H2 in the European Union. Soybean SYHT0H2 was developed to confer tolerance to the herbicidal active substances mesotrione and other p‐hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD)‐inhibiting herbicides and glufosinate ammonium. The molecular characterisation data and bioinformatic analyses do not identify issues except for sequence similarity of AvHPPD‐03 to bacterial haemolysins that was considered in food/feed safety assessment. The outcome of the comparative analysis (agronomic/phenotypic and compositional characteristics) did not need further assessment except for the changes in seed levels of α‐tocopherol and γ‐tocopherol that were assessed for food and feed relevance. The GMO Panel does not identify toxicological and allergenicity concerns for the AvHPPD‐03 and PAT proteins expressed in soybean SYHT0H2 and finds no evidence that the genetic modification would change the overall allergenicity of soybean SYHT0H2. The nutritional impact of food/feed from soybean SYHT0H2 is expected to be the same as that of food/feed from the conventional counterpart and commercial non‐GM soybean reference varieties. The GMO Panel concludes that soybean SYHT0H2 is as safe as and nutritionally equivalent to the conventional counterpart and the tested non‐GM soybean reference varieties, and no post‐market monitoring of food/feed is considered necessary. In the case of accidental release of viable soybean SYHT0H2 grains into the environment, soybean SYHT0H2 would not raise environmental safety concerns. The post‐market environmental monitoring plan and reporting intervals are in line with the intended uses of soybean SYHT0H2. In conclusion, the GMO Panel considers that soybean SYHT0H2, as described in this application, is as safe as its conventional counterpart and the tested non‐GM soybean reference varieties with respect to potential effects on human and animal health and the environment.

The Elderly-Nutrient Rich Food Score Is Associated With Biochemical Markers of Nutritional Status in European Older Adults

Background: In order to prevent age-related degenerative diseases in the aging population, their diets should be nutrient dense. For this purpose, the Elderly-Nutrient rich food (E-NRF7.3) score has been developed to assess nutrient density of diets by capturing dietary reference values for older adults. To demonstrate its practical importance such score should be validated against markers of nutritional status and health. Objective: The objective of this study was to examine the association between the E-NRF7.3 score and markers of nutritional status and inflammation. Design: This study was carried out in a sample of the NU-AGE study including 242 Dutch and 210 Polish men and women, aged 65-79 years. Dietary intake was assessed by means of 7-day food records and structured questionnaires collected data on supplement use, lifestyle, and socio-economic information. Baseline measurements included anthropometrics, physical and cognitive function tests, and a fasting venipuncture. E-NRF7.3 scores were calculated to estimate nutrient density of foods and the diet. Associations between the E-NRF7.3 scores and micronutrient status of vitamin D, folate, vitamin B12, homocysteine, and c-reactive protein (CRP) were examined using linear regression analysis while adjusting for confounders. Results: Each one unit increase in E-NRF7.3 score was associated with a 2.2% increase in serum folate in Dutch and 1.6% increase in Polish participants in the fully adjusted models (both p < 0.01). Each one unit increase in E-NRF7.3 was significantly associated with a 1.5% decrease in homocysteine levels in Dutch participants (p < 0.01), whereas, a 0.9% increase in vitamin B12 levels was observed in Polish participants only (p < 0.01). Higher E-NRF7.3 scores were not associated with vitamin D or CRP levels. Adjustment for potential confounders did not substantially alter these results. Discussion: The E-NRF7.3 was developed to reflect dietary intake of relevant nutrients for older adults. Its association with markers of nutritional status could be confirmed for folate (both populations), vitamin B12 (Poland only), and homocysteine (the Netherlands only). There was no association with vitamin D and CRP. To further demonstrate its validity and practical implication, future studies should include a wider range of nutritional status makers, health outcomes, and inflammation markers.

Perioperative Vitamin C and E levels in Cardiac Surgery Patients and Their Clinical Significance

BACKGROUND

Oxidative stress contributes to organ dysfunction after cardiac surgery and still represents a major problem. Antioxidants, such as vitamins C and E might be organ protective.

METHODS

The primary objective of this prospective observational study was the description to evaluate the perioperative vitamin C and E levels in 56 patients undergoing cardiac surgery with the use of cardiopulmonary bypass. The association of vitamin C with inflammatory reaction, oxidative stress, organ dysfunctions, and clinical outcomes were evaluated in an explorative approach.

RESULTS

Vitamin C levels decreased significantly from 6.5 (3.5-11.5) mg/L before surgery to 2.8 (2.0-3.9) mg/L 48 h after surgery (p < 0.0001). Fifty-six percent of patients had a suboptimal vitamin C status even before surgery. In protein-denaturized probes, significantly higher vitamin C concentrations were detected (p = 0.0008). Vitamin E levels decreased significantly from preoperative level 11.6 (9.5-13.2) mg/L to 7.1 (5.5-7.4) mg/L, (p = 0.0002) at the end of cardiopulmonary bypass, remained low during the first day on ICU and recovered to 8.2 (7.1-9.3) mg/L 48 h after surgery. No patient was vitamin E deficient before surgery. Analysis showed no statistically significant association of vitamin C with inflammation, oxidative stress or organ dysfunction levels in patients with previously suboptimal vitamin C status or patients with a perioperative decrease of ≥50% vitamin C after surgery. Patients with higher vitamin C levels had a shorter ICU stay than those who were vitamin C depleted, which was not statistically significant (72 versus 135 h, p = 0.1990).

CONCLUSION

Vitamin C and E levels significantly declined intraoperatively and remained significantly reduced low for 2 days after cardiac surgery. The influence of reduced serum levels on the inflammatory reaction and clinical outcome of the patients remain unclear in this small observational study and need to be investigated further. Given vitamin C´s pleiotropic role in the human defense mechanisms, further trials are encouraged to evaluate the clinical significance of Vitamin C in cardiac surgery patients.

Vine Waste Valorisation: Integrated Approach for the Prospection of Bioactive Lipophilic Phytochemicals

Substantial amounts of vine wastes are produced during vineyard management, and the chemical profiling of high-value lipophilic phytochemicals is becoming crucial in order to find a complementary route towards their integrated valorisation. The prospection of bioactive phytochemicals from unripe grape, vine shoot, vine cane, stalk and leaf dichloromethane extracts was carried out by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), analysing samples from a mixture of four red Vitis vinifera L. varieties (Baga, Aragonez, Água Santa and Shiraz), collected at Bairrada Appellation, as a representative case study of typical multi-variety Portuguese vineyards. Vine wastes showed distinct amounts of lipophilic extract, ranging from 0.68% (vine canes) to 13.35% (vine leaves) at dry weight (dw). Thirty-three components were identified, including fatty acids and alcohols, sterols and triterpenoids accounting for amounts from 118.9 mg/100 g dw to 1512.0 mg/100 g dw. The integrated study revealed that unripe grape, stalk and leaf dichloromethane extracts stood out as possible sources of triterpenic compounds (103.2 to 653.5 mg/100 g dw), with lupeol, ursolic and oleanolic acids prevailing. Leaf extract is also reported as an undervalued source of α-tocopherol, as the major component detected in this matrix (300.5 mg/100 g dw). These exploratory results are a relevant contribution for the exploitation of undervalued vine residues as a source of health-promoting components with the potential to be used as supplements or nutraceutical ingredients.

The Newly Developed Elderly Nutrient-Rich Food Score Is a Useful Tool to Assess Nutrient Density in European Older Adults

Objective: To develop a nutrient-rich food (NRF) score that captures dietary reference values for older adults and to validate this against a diet index that was specifically designed to assess adherence to dietary guidelines for the older population. Design: A cross-sectional study within the Dutch National Food Consumption Survey (DNFCS, n = 735 men and women aged 70-94 years, enrolled between October 2010 and February 2012) and within the NU-AGE study (n = 250 men and women aged 65-79 years, enrolled between April 2012 and March 2013). Dietary intake was assessed by means of two non-consecutive dietary record assisted 24-h recalls and 7-day food records, respectively. Structured questionnaires collected data on lifestyle and socio-economic information. Anthropometrics were measured by trained dieticians or research assistants. We evaluated Elderly NRF (E-NRF) scores against the NU-AGE index, a measure of adherence to European dietary guidelines for the aging population. The E-NRF scores were composed of nutrients that: (1) have been shown to be of inadequate intake in the aging population (>20%), (2) were defined as nutrients of public health relevance, and (3) were associated with relevant health outcomes. Results: The E-NRF score that best predicted the NU-AGE index included seven nutrients to encourage (protein, dietary fiber, folate, vitamin D, calcium, magnesium, potassium) and three nutrients to limit (saturated fat, sodium and mono- and disaccharides) on a 100-kcal basis, the E-NRF7.3 score (model R2 0.27 in DNFCS and 0.41 in NU-AGE). Food groups contributing the most to the individual E-NRF7.3 scores were vegetables, bread, potatoes and milk and milk products. Conclusion: The E-NRF7.3 score is a useful tool for assessing nutrient density of diets within the older population. No index has previously been developed with the aim of evaluating nutrient density of diets and foods specifically capturing dietary reference values for older adults.

Impact of Red versus White Meat Consumption in a Prudent or Western Dietary Pattern on the Oxidative Status in a Pig Model

Human diets contain a complex mixture of antioxidants and pro-oxidants that contribute to the body's oxidative status. In this study, 32 pigs were fed chicken versus red and processed meat in the context of a prudent or Western dietary pattern for 4 weeks, to investigate their oxidative status. Lipid oxidation products (malondialdehyde, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, and hexanal) were higher in the chicken versus red and processed meat diets (1.7- to 8.3-fold) and subsequent in vitro (1.3- to 1.9-fold) and in vivo (1.4 to 3-fold) digests ( P < 0.001), which was presumably related to the higher polyunsaturated fatty acid content in chicken meat and/or the added antioxidants in processed meat. However, diet had only a marginal or no effect on the systemic oxidative status, as determined by plasma oxygen radical absorbance capacity, malondialdehyde, glutathione, and glutathione peroxidase activity in blood and organs, except for α-tocopherol, which was higher after the consumption of the chicken-Western diet. In conclusion, in contrast to the hypothesis, the consumption of chicken in comparison to that of the red and processed meat resulted in higher concentrations of lipid oxidation products in the pig intestinal contents; however, this was not reflected in the body's oxidative status.