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Kim YR, Yun EB, Ryu DI, Kim BH, Kim JS, Kim YS, Kang JH, Cho EH, Koh JT, Lim HP, Park C, Lee BN. The potential bone regeneration effects of leptin- and osteolectin-coated 3D-printed PCL scaffolds: an in vivostudy. Biomed Mater 2024; 19:045008. [PMID: 38688311 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ad45d7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the effectiveness of bone regeneration upon the application of leptin and osteolectin to a three-dimensional (3D) printed poly(ϵ-caprolactone) (PCL) scaffold. A fused deposition modeling 3D bioprinter was used to fabricate scaffolds with a diameter of 4.5 mm, a height of 0.5 mm, and a pore size of 420-520 nm using PCL (molecular weight: 43 000). After amination of the scaffold surface for leptin and osteolectin adhesion, the experimental groups were divided into the PCL scaffold (control), the aminated PCL (PCL/Amine) scaffold, the leptin-coated PCL (PCL/Leptin) scaffold, and the osteolectin-coated PCL (PCL/Osteo) scaffold. Next, the water-soluble tetrazolium salt-1 (WST-1) assay was used to assess cell viability. All groups exhibited cell viability rates of >100%. Female 7-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats were used forin vivoexperiments. Calvarial defects were introduced on the rats' skulls using a 5.5 mm trephine bur. The rats were divided into the PCL (control), PCL/Leptin, and PCL/Osteo scaffold groups. The scaffolds were then inserted into the calvarial defect areas, and the rats were sacrificed after 8-weeks to analyze the defect area. Micro-CT analysis indicated that the leptin- and osteolectin-coated scaffolds exhibited significantly higher bone regeneration. Histological analysis revealed new bone and blood vessels in the calvarial defect area. These findings indicate that the 3D-printed PCL scaffold allows for patient-customized fabrication as well as the easy application of proteins like leptin and osteolectin. Moreover, leptin and osteolectin did not show cytotoxicity and exhibited higher bone regeneration potential than the existing scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Ran Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Byeol Yun
- College of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dam-In Ryu
- College of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Hye Kim
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Animal Behavior, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 FOUR Program, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong-Seon Kim
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Animal Behavior, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 FOUR Program, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye-Seul Kim
- Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Ho Kang
- Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Hyo Cho
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Tae Koh
- Department of Pharmacology and Dental Therapeutics, College of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Pil Lim
- Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Park
- Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Bin-Na Lee
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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Park A, Heo TH. Celastrol regulates psoriatic inflammation and autophagy by targeting IL-17A. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 172:116256. [PMID: 38367550 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Anti-IL-17A antibodies, such as secukinumab and ixekizumab, are effective proinflammatory cytokine inhibitors for autoimmune disorders, including psoriasis. However, anti-IL-17A small molecule treatments are yet to be commercialized. Celastrol, a natural compound extracted from the roots of traditional Chinese medicinal plants, has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. However, the binding of celastrol to IL-17A and the associated anti-inflammatory mechanisms remain unclear. This study investigated whether celastrol could directly bind to IL-17A and regulate inflammation in psoriatic in vitro and in vivo models. The results showed that celastrol directly binds to IL-17A and inhibits its downstream signaling, including the NF-kB and MAPK pathways. Interestingly, celastrol restored autophagy dysfunction and reduced proinflammatory cytokine secretion in keratinocytes. In addition, celastrol increased autophagy in the epidermis of a mouse model of psoriasis. Celastrol decreased Th17 cell populations and proinflammatory cytokine levels in mice. Thus, IL-17A-targeting celastrol reduced inflammation by rescuing impaired autophagy in in vitro and in vivo models of psoriasis, demonstrating its potential as a substitute for anti-IL-17A antibodies for treating psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aeri Park
- Laboratory of PharmacoImmunology, Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and BK21 FOUR Team for Advanced Program for SmartPharma Leaders, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hwe Heo
- Laboratory of PharmacoImmunology, Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and BK21 FOUR Team for Advanced Program for SmartPharma Leaders, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Young MS, Kelly JC, Anderson SR, Riffle LA, Spears SL, Kalen JD, Suess-Radford E, Gulani J. Subcutaneous Alfaxalone-XylazineBuprenorphine for Surgical Anesthesia and Echocardiographic Evaluation of Mice ( Mus musculus). JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE : JAALAS 2024; 63:49-56. [PMID: 38191146 PMCID: PMC10844737 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-23-000090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Alfaxalone is a commonly used injectable anesthetic in dogs and cats due to its minimal cardiovascular side effects. Data for its use in mice are limited and demonstrate strain- and sex-associated differences in dose-response relationships. We performed a dose-comparison study of alfaxalone-xylazine-buprenorphine (AXB) in Crl: CFW (SW) mice. Subcutaneous injection of 50 mg/kg alfaxalone-10 mg/kg xylazine-0.1 mg/kg buprenorphine HCl consistently achieved a surgical plane of anesthesia (loss of toe pinch) for 48.6 ± 4.7 and 60.8 ± 9.6 min in females and males, respectively. The same dose and route of AXB induced a surgical plane of anesthesia in C57Bl/6NCrl (females: 42.3 ± 11.2 min; males: 51.6 ± 12.3 min), NCr-Foxn1nu (females: 76.8 ± 32.5 min; males: 80.0 ± 1.2 min), and NOD. Cg-Prkdc SCID Il2rg tm1Wjl /SzJCr (females: 56.0 ± 37.2 min and males: 61.2 ± 10.2 min) mice. We found no significant difference in the duration of the surgical plane of anesthesia between males and females within the mouse strains Crl: CFW (SW), C57Bl/6NCrl, NCr-Foxn1nu, and NOD. Cg-PrkdcSCID Il2rgtm1Wjl /SzJCr. We next performed an echocardiography study (n = 5 per group) of Crl: CFW (SW) mice ( n = 5 per group) to compare subcutaneous AXB anesthesia with that produced by intraperitoneal injection of 100 mg/kg ketamine and 10 mg/kg xylazine (KX). AXB induced significantly less bradycardia (295.4 ± 29 bpm) than KX (185.8 ± 38.9 bpm) did, with no significant differences in cardiac output, ejection fraction, end-diastolic volume, end-systolic volume, or fractional shortening. These results suggest that subcutaneous administration of AXB is a viable alternative to KX for inducing a surgical plane of anesthesia in Crl: CFW (SW), C57Bl/6NCrl, NCr-Foxn1nu, and NOD. Cg-PrkdcSCID Il2rgtm1Wjl /SzJCr mice, regardless of sex. AXB may also be a better injectable anesthetic option as compared with KX for avoiding adverse cardiac effects in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina S Young
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland; and
| | - Jackie C Kelly
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland; and
| | - Staci R Anderson
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland; and
| | - Lisa A Riffle
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland; and
| | - Stella L Spears
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland; and
| | - Joseph D Kalen
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland; and
| | | | - Jatinder Gulani
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland; and
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Kim KE, Jeong JY, Jo JY, Ryu HJ, Kim IH. Efficacy of skin rejuvenation with a fractional 1927-nm thulium laser alone or combined with a chemical peel: a controlled histopathological preliminary study in a mouse model. Lasers Med Sci 2023; 38:262. [PMID: 37947906 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-023-03928-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Many patients demand minimally invasive treatments for skin rejuvenation, such as nonablative laser and superficial chemical peels. Combination therapy yet has not been studied histopathologically. The purpose of this study is to assess the histopathological efficacy of a 1927-nm thulium laser-assisted salicylic acid (SA) peel in skin rejuvenation. A six-segment table was drawn on the shaved back of C57BL/6 mouse. All segments were irradiated with the thulium laser-different tips and passes were used for specific segments. A 30% SA peel was then applied to the right-hand segments. After treatment, the skin samples were collected from each segment and examined for dermal thickness, collagen density, and melanin content. Greater thickness was seen in the combination therapy group compared with the laser alone group and in those segments receiving more passes with larger beam-sized tip. Collagen density increased in all treated skin segments, irrespective of the group. No adverse events were noted in the treated areas. The sample size was small and mouse skin has histological differences with human skin. The combination of a thulium laser and 30% SA peel has a synergistic effect on dermal thickness, so that can be suggested as a novel skin rejuvenation technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko Eun Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Jeokgeum-Ro 123, Danwon-Gu, Ansan-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Yeong Jeong
- Department of Dermatology, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Jeokgeum-Ro 123, Danwon-Gu, Ansan-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Young Jo
- Department of Dermatology, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Jeokgeum-Ro 123, Danwon-Gu, Ansan-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa Jung Ryu
- Department of Dermatology, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Jeokgeum-Ro 123, Danwon-Gu, Ansan-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Hwan Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Jeokgeum-Ro 123, Danwon-Gu, Ansan-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea.
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Park A, Heo TH. IL-17A-targeting fenofibrate attenuates inflammation in psoriasis by inducing autophagy. Life Sci 2023:121755. [PMID: 37236601 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
IL-17A is a critical pro-inflammatory cytokine in autoimmune diseases such as psoriasis. Targeting of IL-17A is an effective strategy to treat patients with autoimmune diseases; however, relevant small molecule therapeutics have not yet been developed. Here, the small molecule drug fenofibrate was validated as an inhibitor of IL-17A through ELISA and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assays. We further confirmed that fenofibrate blocked IL-17A signalings including the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and NF-κB signaling pathways, in IL-17A-treated HaCaT cells, HEKa (human primary epidermal keratinocytes) and imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriasis mouse model. Fenofibrate attenuated systemic inflammation by suppressing Th17 populations and inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17A, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Surprisingly, fenofibrate upregulated LC3 and p62 in the psoriatic mouse group. The autophagy changes were caused by ULK1 pathway in hIL-17A-treated HaCaT and HEKa. In addition, the enhancement of autophagy by fenofibrate exerted anti-inflammatory effects, as demonstrated by the suppression of IL-6 and IL-8 in the IL-17A-treated keratinocytes. Thus, IL-17A-targeting fenofibrate can be a potential therapeutic for psoriasis and other autoimmune diseases via regulating autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aeri Park
- Laboratory of PharmacoImmunology, Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and BK21 FOUR Team for Advanced Program for SmartPharma Leaders, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43, Jibong-ro, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hwe Heo
- Laboratory of PharmacoImmunology, Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and BK21 FOUR Team for Advanced Program for SmartPharma Leaders, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43, Jibong-ro, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Pharmacokinetic Criteria of Ketoprofen and its Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibition in Mice: Influence of Xylazine Administration. MACEDONIAN VETERINARY REVIEW 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/macvetrev-2022-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the effect of ketoprofen with or without combination with xylazine on the level of cyclooxygenase-2 in mice. The intraperitoneal (i.p.) dose of ketoprofen and xylazine that caused an analgesic response in half of the mouse population was 1.26 mg/kg and 6.63 mg/kg, respectively. Serum cyclooxygenase-2 concentration (activity) in the control mice was 16.94 ng/ml. The ketoprofen-treated group (2.52 mg/kg, i.p.) decreased the cyclooxygenase-2 concentration by 58% (7.16 ng/ml). The combined ketoprofen and xylazine treatment (13.26 mg/kg, i.p.) decreased the cyclooxygenase-2 by 94% (0.98 ng/ml). The ketoprofen plasma concentration in the combined treatment group was significantly higher compared to the ketoprofen treatment group. Ketoprofen plasma concentrations measured at 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 24 hours were 19.07, 18.94, 14.66, 6.53, 5.44, and 5.54 µg/ml, respectively. Plasma concentrations of ketoprofen and xylazine were raised to 28.74, 29.74, 15.32, 13.04, 14.64, and 11.95 µg/ml or by 51%, 56%, 5%, 100%, 169%, and 116%, respectively. Ketoprofen pharmacokinetic variables were increased (AUC0-∞ (515%), AUMC0-∞ (2389%), MRT (305%), t1/2β (375%), Tmax (100%), and Cmax (55%)), while other values were decreased (Kel (79%), Vss (25%), and Cl (88%)). Our findings suggested a synergistic interaction between ketoprofen and xylazine on the level of cyclooxygenase-2 (pharmacodynamic interaction) which was exerted by modification of the ketoprofen pharmacokinetic properties in mice.
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Wang L, Wei L, Long W, Zhang Q, Zou Y. Sustained transdermal delivery of human growth hormone from niosomal gel: in vitro and in vivo studies. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE. POLYMER EDITION 2022; 33:1198-1212. [PMID: 35192434 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2022.2045667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Human growth hormone (hGH) is widely used to treat several diseases for decades. However, the current treatment regime requires frequent injections via subcutaneous route due to short in vivo half-life, which leads to pain and poor patient compliance. In this study, a novel transdermal (non-invasive) hGH loaded niosomes gel was prepared to reduce the frequency of subcutaneous injections and to improve the patient compliance. Niosomes were prepared by film hydration technique at three levels of cholesterol. The particle size and entrapment efficiency increases with an increase in the level of cholesterol. Transmission electron microscopy images confirmed the spherical shape of niosomes without aggregation. Texture profiles analysis indicates that the niosomal gel has the required mechanical properties for transdermal application. The ex vivo permeation profile showed sustain hGH release for 4 days from the niosomal gel compared to 24 h from the control gel without niosomes. A rabbit skin irritation study showed no sign of irritation after application of niosomal gel. The pharmacokinetic parameters in the rat model showed 7.22-fold higher bioavailability with niosomal gel compared to control gel. In conclusion, the study demonstrated the potential of niosomal gel as an effective long-term sustained release strategy for hGH delivery to replace traditional subcutaneous injections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine the First Affiliated Hospital, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi City, China
| | - Lulu Wei
- Department of Child Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University, Jiamusi City, China
| | - Wenbin Long
- Department of Laboratory Medicine the First Affiliated Hospital, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi City, China
| | - Quan Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jiamusi Central Hospital, Jiamusi City, China
| | - Yanhong Zou
- Department of Child Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University, Jiamusi City, China
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Lee JM, Han I, Nam KH, Kim DH, Song S, Park H, Kim H, Kim M, Choi J, Lee JI. Preclinical mouse model of optical coherence tomography for subcortical brain imaging without dissection. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2021; 14:e202100143. [PMID: 34346171 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202100143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of using optical coherence tomography (OCT) to identify internal brain lesions, specifically intracerebral hemorrhage, without dissection. Mice with artificially injected brain hematomas were used to test the OCT system, and the recorded images were compared with microscopic images of the same mouse brains after hematoxylin and eosin staining. The intracranial structures surrounding the hematomas were clearly visualized by the OCT system without dissection. These images reflect the ability of OCT to determine the extent of a lesion in several planes. OCT is a useful technology, and these findings could be used as a starting point for future research in intraoperative imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Meen Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, South Korea
| | - Inho Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, South Korea
| | - Kyoung Hyup Nam
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, South Korea
| | - Dong Hwan Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, South Korea
| | - Seunghwan Song
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, South Korea
| | - Heejeong Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, South Korea
| | - Hongki Kim
- Kohyoung Technology, Inc, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Minkyu Kim
- Kohyoung Technology, Inc, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Jae Il Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, South Korea
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The Safety Profile of the Anesthetic Effect of Alfaxalone and its Interaction with Xylazine and Ketamine in Chick’s Model (Gallus Gallus Domesticus). MACEDONIAN VETERINARY REVIEW 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/macvetrev-2021-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The objective of our research was to estimate the therapeutic index and assess the interaction of alfaxalone (IP) with ketamine or xylazine (IM) in chicks by using isobolographic analysis. The up-and-down technique was involved to calculate the median effective anesthetic dosages (ED50) of alfaxalone, xylazine, and ketamine given separately or at the same time in young chicks. Then the up-and-down technique was involved to estimate the median lethal dosage (LD50) of alfaxalone (IP) to determine the safety profile. The ED50 of all anesthetics was evaluated isobolographically to assess the type of interaction between alfaxalone and xylazine or alfaxalone and ketamine. The alfaxalone ED50 was 32.88 mg/kg (IP), whereas the LD50 was 102.40 mg/kg (IP). The ED50 values for alfaxalone, ketamine, and xylazine were 32.88, 12.24, and 2.45 mg/kg, respectively. The ED50 values of alfaxalone with ketamine or xylazine (25:25 ED50 values) were: 7.39+2.35, and 8.61+0.63 mg/kg, respectively. ED50 values were decreased when the combinations of alfaxalone/ketamine or alfaxalone/xylazine were administered by 22-21% and 26-25%, respectively. The anesthesia of chicks with alfaxalone is safe, produces a surgical stage of anesthesia, and can be used for minor surgical procedures. The use of alfaxalone with ketamine or xylazine has been shown to have a synergistic effect and these findings may be of clinical relevance in poultry or may be extended to mammals following further clinical trials.
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Coulter I, Timic Stamenic T, Eggan P, Fine BR, Corrigan T, Covey DF, Yang L, Pan JQ, Todorovic SM. Different roles of T-type calcium channel isoforms in hypnosis induced by an endogenous neurosteroid epipregnanolone. Neuropharmacology 2021; 197:108739. [PMID: 34339750 PMCID: PMC8478885 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many neuroactive steroids induce sedation/hypnosis by potentiating γ-aminobutyric acid (GABAA) currents. However, we previously demonstrated that an endogenous neuroactive steroid epipregnanolone [(3β,5β)-3-hydroxypregnan-20-one] (EpiP) exerts potent peripheral analgesia and blocks T-type calcium currents while sparing GABAA currents in rat sensory neurons. This study seeks to investigate the behavioral effects elicited by systemic administration of EpiP and to characterize its use as an adjuvant agent to commonly used general anesthetics (GAs). METHODS Here, we utilized electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings to characterize thalamocortical oscillations, as well as behavioral assessment and mouse genetics with wild-type (WT) and different knockout (KO) models of T-channel isoforms to investigate potential sedative/hypnotic and immobilizing properties of EpiP. RESULTS Consistent with increased oscillations in slower EEG frequencies, EpiP induced an hypnotic state in WT mice when injected alone intra-peritoneally (i.p.) and effectively facilitated anesthetic effects of isoflurane (ISO) and sevoflurane (SEVO). The CaV3.1 (Cacna1g) KO mice demonstrated decreased sensitivity to EpiP-induced hypnosis when compared to WT mice, whereas no significant difference was noted between CaV3.2 (Cacna1h), CaV3.3 (Cacna1i) and WT mice. Finally, when compared to WT mice, onset of EpiP-induced hypnosis was delayed in CaV3.2 KO mice but not in CaV3.1 and CaV3.3 KO mice. CONCLUSION We posit that EpiP may have an important role as novel hypnotic and/or adjuvant to volatile anesthetic agents. We speculate that distinct hypnotic effects of EpiP across all three T-channel isoforms is due to their differential expression in thalamocortical circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Coulter
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado,
Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora 80045
| | - Tamara Timic Stamenic
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado,
Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora 80045
| | - Pierce Eggan
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado,
Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora 80045
| | - Brier R. Fine
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado,
Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora 80045
| | - Timothy Corrigan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology,
Translational Epilepsy Research Program, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical
Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Douglas F. Covey
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University
School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA;,Taylor Family Institute for Innovative Psychiatric
Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Lingling Yang
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of
Harvard and MIT
| | - Jen Q. Pan
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of
Harvard and MIT
| | - Slobodan M. Todorovic
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado,
Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora 80045;,Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical
Campus, Aurora 80045;,Pharmacology Graduate Programs, University of Colorado,
Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora 80045
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11
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Scioscia NP, Pensel PE, Denegri GM, Elissondo MC. Development of an improved anesthesia protocol to increase CF1 mice survival in a portal vein infection with Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato protoscoleces. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06496. [PMID: 33817372 PMCID: PMC8005768 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to optimize the survival rate of animals, the purpose of this study was to evaluate an injectable anesthesia protocol for the development of a murine model of hepatic cystic echinococcosis in female CF-1 mice. Three protocols of injectable anesthesia were evaluated during the infection of mice with Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato protoscoleces via the portal vein. The use or not of pre-anesthesia [atropine (0.4 mg/kg) and tramadol (2 mg/kg)] and the incorporation or not of yohimbine (0.5 mg/kg) (a reverser of xylazine) in mice anesthetized with ketamine/xylazine 80/8 mg/kg were evaluated. Most mice treated only with ketamine/xylazine 80/8 mg/kg did not achieve a deep surgical anesthetic plane. All mice treated with pre-anesthetic drugs achieved a deep surgical anesthetic plane after the administration of the anesthetic cocktail. Pre-anesthetic drugs application significantly reduced time induction of animals compared with those that received only anesthetic cocktail. Recovery time was significantly faster in the group that received yohimbine. Mice underwent laparotomy that did not receive yohimbine after surgery had a survival rate of 67%, whereas in the group treated with yohimbine the survival was 100 %. We recommend the protocol that applied pre-anesthetic drugs + ketamine/xylazine 80/8 mg/kg + yohimbine, as safe and reliable for the portal vein infection of mice with protoscoleces of E. granulosus sensu lato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia P Scioscia
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Sanidad y Ambiente (IIPROSAM), CONICET-UNMdP, Centro de Asociación Simple CIC PBA, Argentina.,Laboratorio de Zoonosis Parasitarias, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Patricia E Pensel
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Sanidad y Ambiente (IIPROSAM), CONICET-UNMdP, Centro de Asociación Simple CIC PBA, Argentina.,Laboratorio de Zoonosis Parasitarias, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Guillermo M Denegri
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Sanidad y Ambiente (IIPROSAM), CONICET-UNMdP, Centro de Asociación Simple CIC PBA, Argentina.,Laboratorio de Zoonosis Parasitarias, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - María Celina Elissondo
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Sanidad y Ambiente (IIPROSAM), CONICET-UNMdP, Centro de Asociación Simple CIC PBA, Argentina.,Laboratorio de Zoonosis Parasitarias, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Argentina
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12
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Kim W, Jung HY, Yoo DY, Kwon HJ, Hahn KR, Kim DW, Yoon YS, Choi SY, Hwang IK. Gynura procumbens Root Extract Ameliorates Ischemia-Induced Neuronal Damage in the Hippocampal CA1 Region by Reducing Neuroinflammation. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13010181. [PMID: 33435613 PMCID: PMC7828071 DOI: 10.3390/nu13010181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gynura procumbens has been used in Southeast Asia for the treatment of hypertension, hyperglycemia, and skin problems induced by ultraviolet irradiation. Although considerable studies have reported the biological properties of Gynura procumbens root extract (GPE-R), there are no studies on the effects of GPE-R in brain damages, for example following brain ischemia. In the present study, we screened the neuroprotective effects of GPE-R against ischemic damage and neuroinflammation in the hippocampus based on behavioral, morphological, and biological approaches. Gerbils received oral administration of GPE-R (30 and 300 mg/kg) every day for three weeks and 2 h after the last administration, ischemic surgery was done by occlusion of both common carotid arteries for 5 min. Administration of 300 mg/kg GPE-R significantly reduced ischemia-induced locomotor hyperactivity 1 day after ischemia. Significantly more NeuN-positive neurons were observed in the hippocampal CA1 regions of 300 mg/kg GPE-R-treated animals compared to those in the vehicle-treated group 4 days after ischemia. Administration of GPE-R significantly reduced levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β, -6, and tumor necrosis factor-α 6 h after ischemia/reperfusion. In addition, activated microglia were significantly decreased in the 300 mg/kg GPE-R-treated group four days after ischemia/reperfusion compared to the vehicle-treated group. These results suggest that GPE-R may be one of the possible agents to protect neurons from ischemic damage by reducing inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woosuk Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (W.K.); (H.Y.J.); (K.R.H.); (Y.S.Y.)
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Hyo Young Jung
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (W.K.); (H.Y.J.); (K.R.H.); (Y.S.Y.)
| | - Dae Young Yoo
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Korea;
| | - Hyun Jung Kwon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Korea; (H.J.K.); (D.W.K.)
| | - Kyu Ri Hahn
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (W.K.); (H.Y.J.); (K.R.H.); (Y.S.Y.)
| | - Dae Won Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Korea; (H.J.K.); (D.W.K.)
| | - Yeo Sung Yoon
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (W.K.); (H.Y.J.); (K.R.H.); (Y.S.Y.)
| | - Soo Young Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.Y.C.); (I.K.H.)
| | - In Koo Hwang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (W.K.); (H.Y.J.); (K.R.H.); (Y.S.Y.)
- Correspondence: (S.Y.C.); (I.K.H.)
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13
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Ferrini E, Mecozzi L, Corsi L, Ragionieri L, Donofrio G, Stellari FF. Alfaxalone and Dexmedetomidine as an Alternative to Gas Anesthesia for Micro-CT Lung Imaging in a Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis Murine Model. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:588592. [PMID: 33134367 PMCID: PMC7578219 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.588592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Micro-CT imaging could be considered a powerful non-invasive tool for accessing pulmonary fibrosis in mice. However, the choice of the anesthesia protocol plays a fundamental role to obtain robust and reproducible data, avoiding misinterpretations of the results. Inhaled anesthesia is commonly used for micro-CT lung imaging, but sometimes the standardization of the protocol may be challenging for routine activities in drug discovery. In this study we used micro-CT to evaluate the effects of two anesthetic protocols, consisting in Alfaxalone and Dexmedetomidine mixture, as injectable agents, and gaseous isoflurane, on vehicle and bleomycin-treated mice. No significant differences were highlighted between the protocols either for lung aeration degrees by micro-CT or histologic analyses in both the controls and bleomycin-treated groups. Our results support Alfaxalone and Dexmedetomidine mixture as a suitable and safe alternative compared to isoflurane for lung imaging. We also concluded that this injectable mixture may be applied for several imaging technologies and on different mice models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Ferrini
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Laura Mecozzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Luisa Corsi
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D, Parma, Italy
| | - Luisa Ragionieri
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Gaetano Donofrio
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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14
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West SE, Lee JC, Johns TN, Nunamaker EA. Intraperitoneal Alfaxalone and Alfaxalone-Dexmedetomidine Anesthesia in Sprague-Dawley Rats ( Rattus norvegicus). JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE 2020; 59:531-538. [PMID: 32758333 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-19-000161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Due to their unpredictability and variable effects, injectable anesthetic regimens in laboratory rodent species warrant refinement. In our study we sought to evaluate alfaxalone, which has gained recent popularity in veterinary medicine, alone and in combination with dexmedetomidine to evaluate their anesthetic ability in Sprague-Dawley rats when administered intraperitoneally. Three doses of alfaxalone only and 4 dose combinations of alfaxalone-dexmedetomidine were tested in males and female rats. The time to induction, anesthetic duration, pulse rate, respiratory rate, temperature, and time to recovery were recorded by a blind observer. The level of anesthesia induced by the various anesthetic protocols was assessed by using pedal withdrawal reflex to a noxious stimulus and scored according to the response. Dependent on the treatment group, atipamezole or saline was administered intraperitoneally once animals reached 60 min of anesthesia. Regardless of the dose, alfaxalone alone achieved only a sedative level of anesthesia, whereas all alfaxalone-dexmedetomidine combinations led to a surgical level of anesthesia in all animals. Anesthesia regimens using alfaxalone alone and in combination with dexmedetomidine demonstrated sex-associated differences, with female rats maintaining longer durations of sedation or anesthesia than their male counterparts. Both male and female rats displayed decreases in physiologic parameters consistent with the effects of dexmedetomidine. Given the results described herein, we recommend 20 mg/kg alfaxalone for sedation and 30 mg/kg alfaxalone combined with 0.05 mg/kg dexmedetomidine for surgical anesthesia in female rats. Appropriate doses of alfaxalone only and alfaxalone-dexmedetomidine for male rats were not determined in this study and need further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia E West
- Animal Care Services, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida;,
| | - Jonathan C Lee
- Animal Care Services, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Tinika N Johns
- Animal Care Services, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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15
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Ambar N, Eshar D, Shrader TC, Beaufrère H. Anesthetic Effects of Intramuscular Alfaxalone-Ketamine in Naked Mole Rats ( Heterocephalus glaber). JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE 2020; 59:539-545. [PMID: 32680579 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-19-000170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In this study, adult intact male and female (n = 10) naked mole rats (Heterocephalus glaber) were anesthetized by using a combination of ketamine (20 mg/kg IM), and alfaxalone (4.0 mg/kg IM). Induction and recovery times were recorded. Vital parameters, including heart rate, respiratory rate, and reflexes, were monitored every 5 min during the anesthetic period. Anesthetic induction was smooth and rapid. Induction time was significantly longer in male rats (median, 325 s; range, 180 to 385 s) than in females (median, 145 s; range, 118 to 180 s). In addition, overall duration of loss of righting reflex was shorter in male mole rats (median, 50 min; range, 36 to 65 min) than females (median, 70 min; range, 60 to 85 min). Males largely had intact withdrawal reflexes, whereas females showed variable loss of both forelimb and hindlimb withdrawal reflexes. Neither recovery time (mean ± 1 SD, 16 ± 13 min) nor vital parameters differed between sexes. None of animals showed any anesthesia-related adverse responses. According to these findings, intramuscular AK is a safe and effective protocol that provides brief, light anesthesia in male naked mole rats and deeper anesthesia in females. We recommend adding analgesics when this AK protocol is used for pain-inducing or invasive procedures, and further studies evaluating higher doses and different combinations are indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neta Ambar
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas;,
| | - David Eshar
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | | | - Hugues Beaufrère
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
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16
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Eshar D, Beaufrère H. Anesthetic Effects of Alfaxalone-Ketamine, Alfaxalone-Ketamine-Dexmedetomidine, and Alfaxalone-Butorphanol-Midazolam Administered Intramuscularly in Five‑striped Palm Squirrels (Funambulus pennantii). JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE : JAALAS 2020; 59. [PMID: 32471522 PMCID: PMC7338876 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-19-000146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Injectable anesthesia protocols for five-striped palm squirrels (Funambulus pennantii) are poorly described in the literature.In this study, male intact squirrels received intramuscular injections of either alfaxalone (6 mg/kg) and ketamine (40 mg/kg; AK group, n = 8); alfaxalone (6 mg/kg), ketamine (20 mg/kg), and dexmedetomidine (0.1 mg/kg; AKD group, n = 8); or alfaxalone (8 mg/kg), butorphanol (1 mg/kg), and midazolam (1 mg/kg; ABM group, n = 8). Atipamezole (0.15 mg/kg IM) and flumazenil (0.1 mg/kg IM) were administered 40 min after anesthesia induction (defined as loss of the righting reflex) with AKD and ABM, respectively. Heart rate, respiratory rate, rectal temperature, and reflexes were recorded every 5 min during anesthesia. Anesthetic induction was rapid in all groups (AK: median, 49 s; range, 33 to 60 s; AKD, 60 s; 54 to 70 s; and ABM, 15 s; 5 to 58 s). The anesthetic duration (from induction to full recovery) for the AK group was 62 ± 3 min (mean ± 1 SD). Therewas no statistically significant difference between the ABM and AKD groups regarding recovery time after partial antagonist administration and was 51 ± 5 and 48 ± 5 min, respectively. All AK animals showed twitching and abnormal vocalization during recovery. The righting reflex was absent in all squirrels for 20 min in the AK treatment group and throughout the 40-min anesthetic period in the AKD and ABM groups. The frontlimb withdrawal response was absent in all squirrels for the 40-min anesthetic period in the AKD and ABM groups, with variable responses for the AK treatment. All tested protocols in this study provided safe and effective immobilization in five-striped palm squirrels, but oxygen and thermal support wereindicated. Anesthetic depth must be determined before surgical procedures are performed in palm squirrels anesthetized by using these regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Eshar
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, Kansas; and
| | - Hugues Beaufrère
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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17
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Eshar D, Huckins GL, Shrader TC, Beaufrère H. Comparison of intramuscular administration of alfaxalone-ketamine-dexmedetomidine and alfaxalone-butorphanol-midazolam in naked mole-rats ( Heterocephalus glaber). Am J Vet Res 2020; 80:1089-1098. [PMID: 31763939 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.80.12.1089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare anesthetic effects of alfaxalone-ketamine-dexmedetomidine (AKD) and alfaxalone-butorphanol-midazolam (ABM) in naked mole-rats (Heterocephalus glaber). ANIMALS 20 naked mole-rats. PROCEDURES Naked mole-rats received AKD (alfaxalone, 2 mg/kg; ketamine, 20 mg/kg; and dexmedetomidine, 0.02 mg/kg; n = 10) or ABM (alfaxalone, 2 mg/kg; butorphanol, 2 mg/kg; and midazolam, 1 mg/kg; 9) IM; 1 animal was removed from the study. Atipamezole (I mg/kg) and flumazenil (0.1 mg/kg) were administered 40 minutes after anesthetic induction (defined as loss of the righting reflex) with AKD and ABM, respectively. Heart rate, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, and reflexes were recorded every 5 minutes. RESULTS The ABM group had significantly longer median times for induction and recovery than the AKD group. Administration of ABM resulted in significantly lower respiratory rates than administration of AKD from time of anesthetic induction to 10 minutes after induction. Respiratory rate significantly decreased in the AKD group from I0 minutes after induction through the end of the anesthetic period but did not change over time in the ABM group. Males had higher respiratory rates in both groups. Loss of the righting reflex was still evident 40 minutes after induction in both groups. In the AKD group, all tested reflexes were absent from I0 to 40 minutes after induction; the ABM group had variable reflexes that recovered within individual animals over time. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Both AKD and ABM provided effective immobilization in naked mole-rats, but AKD appeared to provide more consistent and deeper anesthesia, compared with administration of ABM.
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Heng K, Marx JO, Jampachairsi K, Huss MK, Pacharinsak C. Continuous Rate Infusion of Alfaxalone during Ketamine-Xylazine Anesthesia in Rats. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE 2020; 59:170-175. [PMID: 32059754 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-19-000122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Alfaxalone is an injectable anesthetic agent that is used in veterinary medicine for general anesthesia. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of alfaxalone delivered through continuous rate infusion by comparing ketamine-xylazine-alfaxalone (KXA) anesthesia with ketamine-xylazine (KX) anesthesia in Sprague-Dawley rats. Anesthesia was induced in male and female rats by using subcutaneous KX. After induction, rats in the KXA group received alfaxalone (10 mg/kg/h IV) for 35 min, whereas rats in the KX group did not receive alfaxalone. At the end of the trial, alfaxalone was discontinued, and xylazine was reversed in all rats by using atipamezole. Throughout anesthesia, we assessed forepaw withdrawal reflex (FPWR), hindpaw withdrawal reflex (HPWR), response to surgical stimulation, heart rate, respiratory rate, SpO₂, body temperature, and time to standing. KXA produced a reliable surgical plane of anesthesia, as evidenced by the loss of both FPWR and HPWR and lack of response to surgical stimulation in all 16 rats, whereas only 6 of the 16 rats in the KX group lost HPWR. No rat in the KXA group regained a paw withdrawal reflex during alfaxalone administration, whereas 3 of the 12 rats (25%) in the KX group that reached a surgical plane of anesthesia exited that plane within the 35-min timeframe. Neither heart rate, respiratory rate, SpO₂, body temperature, nor time to standing differed between KXA and KX groups; and there were no sex-associated differences in anesthesia response. These results indicate that alfaxalone (10 mg/kg/h IV) delivered through continuous rate infusion, in combination with ketamine and xylazine, provides a safe, prolonged, and reliable surgical plane of anesthesia in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Heng
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - James O Marx
- University Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Monika K Huss
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California;,
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19
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Smith JC. A Review of Strain and Sex Differences in Response to Pain and Analgesia in Mice. Comp Med 2019; 69:490-500. [PMID: 31822324 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-19-000066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Pain and its alleviation are currently a highly studied issue in human health. Research on pain and response to analgesia has evolved to include the effects of genetics, heritability, and sex as important components in both humans and animals. The laboratory mouse is the major animal studied in the field of pain and analgesia. Studying the inbred mouse to understand how genetic heritable traits and/or sex influence pain and analgesia has added valuable information to the complex nature of pain as a human disease. In the context of biomedical research, identifying pain and ensuring its control through analgesia in research animals remains one of the hallmark responsibilities of the research community. Advancements in both human and mouse genomic research shed light not only on the need to understand how both strain and sex affect the mouse pain response but also on how these research achievements can be used to improve the humane use of all research animal species. A better understanding of how strain and sex affect the response to pain may allow researchers to improve study design and thereby the reproducibility of animal research studies. The need to use both sexes, along with an improved understanding of how genetic heritability affects nociception and analgesic sensitivity, remains a key priority for pain researchers working with mice. This review summarizes the current literature on how strain and sex alter the response to pain and analgesia in the modern research mouse, and highlights the importance of both strain and sex selection in pain research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Smith
- Department of Bioresources, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan;,
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