Physicochemical properties and biological activity of the water depleted of heavy isotopes

A Novel Explanation for the Arrangement of the Universe–Solar System–Planets–Earth. Part 3

New ideas are presented about the nature of the evolution of the Universe, which call for a deeper scientific understanding and reassessment of the existing views on the so-called Big Bang cosmological model. According to this model, the Universe has now been expanding for ~20 Ga, with the lightest elements forming during the first few seconds at T ~ 10⁹ K as a result of nuclear fusion. These elements are H, D, and ^3,4He; at first, hydrogen turns into helium, and then helium transforms into carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, etc., up to iron group elements. The probability is examined of the action of attraction forces due to electromagnetic interaction of rotating charged baryonic particles, instead of the classical Newton theory of gravitation, i.e., the law describing gravitational interaction in classical mechanics. A discussion is provided of the nature and role of black holes in the Universe, which are seen as an integral and obligatory part of all physical structures of the Cosmos. So far, no theory has been able to fully describe the internal structure of black holes; however, as follows from the Planck and Boltzmann laws, these holes are a perpetuum mobile of evolution for the entire Universe, controlling the transformation mechanism through electromagnetic resonance oscillations of the entire cosmic ether (like the human brain), which propagate across all structures of the Universe. Space objects are Earth-like planets with a solid core, liquid mantle, and a hard crust, above which the atmosphere immediately begins; gas giants with no solid surface (a substantial part of them is the atmosphere, which at low altitudes turns into a liquid due to increased pressure, while there is no clear boundary between the liquid ocean and the atmosphere); and stars, all of which have a solid core and poles synchronized with black holes. Although our conceptions about the existence of dark matter and dark energy in the Universe still remain the most mysterious ones, we argue that the bulk of matter and energy is concentrated in cosmic–plasma electromagnetic fields (>95%). All stars and planets must be increasing in volume with time while retaining their angular momentum and position in space. Both space and time are equivalent to each other and are the most uncertain and multivector universal functions of the Universe. They change simultaneously and proportionally with the form of existence of matter, which inevitably leads to the emergence of a fundamentally new quality—life. Living beings evolve and acquire spirituality, i.e., the ability to cognize not only themselves but the surrounding world. However, space–time is an extremely complex system, yet to be understood by new generations of scientists: physicists, cosmologists, and others.

Evaluation of Poorly Soluble Drugs' Dissolution Rate by Laser Scattering in Different Water Isotopologues

The most important task in the design of dosage forms is to modify the pharmaceutical substances structure in order to increase solubilization, targeted delivery, controlled rate of drug administration, and its bioavailability. Screening-laboratory (in vitro) or computer (in silico)-as a procedure for selecting a prototype for the design of a drug molecule, involves several years of research and significant costs. Among a large number of solvents and diluents (alcohol, ether, oils, glycerol, Vaseline) used in the pharmaceutical industry for the manufacture of drugs water finds the greatest application. This is because all biological reactions (reactions in living systems) take place in water and distribution of the fluid in the body and the substances found within is critical for the maintenance of intracellular and extracellular functions. Modern studies in the field of the stable isotopic compositions of natural water and its structure and properties make it possible to use isotopic transformations of the water to improve the pharmacokinetic properties of medicinal substances without previous structural modification. It is known that by replacing any of the atoms in the reacting substance molecule with its isotope, it is possible to record changes in the reactivity, which are expressed as a change in the reaction rate constant, i.e., in the manifestation of the kinetic isotope effect (KIE). The article presents the results of studies on the effect of the kinetic isotope effect of a solvent-water-on increasing the solubility and dissolution rate constants of poorly soluble drugs using laser diffraction spectroscopy. The results of the studies can be successfully implemented in pharmaceutical practice to overcome the poor solubility of medicinal substances of classes II and IV, according to the biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS), in water for pharmaceutical purposes by performing its preliminary and safe isotopic modification.

Mechanical Transformation of Compounds Leading to Physical, Chemical, and Biological Changes in Pharmaceutical Substances

This study demonstrates the link between the modification of the solid-phase pharmaceutical substances mechanical structure and their activity in waters with different molar ratio «deuterium-protium». Mechanochemical transformation of the powders of lactose monohydrate and sodium chloride as models of nutrients and components of dosage forms was investigated by the complex of physicochemical and biological methods. The solubility and kinetic activity of substances dispersed in various ways showed a positive correlation with the solvent isotope profile. Substances dissolved in heavy water were more active than solutes in natural water. Differential IR spectroscopy confirmed the modification of substituents in the sample of lactose monohydrate, demonstrating physicochemical changes during mechanical intervention. The biological activity of the compounds was determined by the method of Spirotox. The activation energy was determined by Arrhenius. Compared with the native compound, dispersed lactose monohydrate showed lower activation energy and, therefore, greater efficiency. In conclusion, proposed data confirm the statement that mechanical changes in compounds can lead to physicochemical changes that affect chemical and biological profiles.

The effect of the deuterium depleted water on the biological activity of the eukaryotic cells

Here we show the dependence of the unicellular biosensor S.ambigua lifespan on the water D/H isotopic composition. This dependence is bell-shaped with descents both in case of deficiency or excess of deuterium in water. The influence of the water D/H isotopic composition on the cell culture proliferative potential and colony forming efficiency in vitro was tested on the human dermal fibroblasts. We observed that the deuterium depleted water stimulates cell colony formation at the early passages. The dynamics of the cell doubling index in the deuterium depleted water-based growth medium showed higher proliferation potential compared to the water with normal isotopic composition. Using scratch assay, we have also studied the impact of the growth medium D/H isotopic composition on the cell motility of human cancer cell lines A549 and HT29. We have shown that the deuterium depleted water considerably suppressed cancer cell lines amoeboid movement in vitro.

In Vitro Study of Deuterium Effect on Biological Properties of Human Cultured Adipose-Derived Stem Cells

In current in vitro study we have shown the impact of deuterium content in growth medium on proliferation rate of human cultured adipose-derived stem cells (ADSC). ADSCs have also demonstrated morphological changes when cultured in deuterated growth medium: the cell cultures did not reach confluence but acquired polygonal morphology with pronounced stress fibers. At high deuterium concentrations the ADSCs population doubling time increased which indicated the cell cycle retardation and decrease of cell proliferation rate. The deuterated and deuterium-depleted growth media demonstrated acute and chronic cytotoxicity, respectively. The minimal migration ability was observed in deuterated medium whereas the highest migration activity was observed in the medium with the deuterium content close to natural. The cells in deuterated growth medium demonstrated decrease in metabolic activity after three days in culture. In contrast, in deuterium-depleted medium there was an increase in ADSC metabolic activity.

Deuterium content of water increases depression susceptibility: the potential role of a serotonin-related mechanism

Environmental factors can significantly affect disease prevalence, including neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression. The ratio of deuterium to protium in water shows substantial geographical variation, which could affect disease susceptibility. Thus the link between deuterium content of water and depression was investigated, both epidemiologically, and in a mouse model of chronic mild stress. We performed a correlation analysis between deuterium content of tap water and rates of depression in regions of the USA. Next, we used a 10-day chronic stress paradigm to test whether 2-week deuterium-depleted water treatment (91 ppm) affects depressive-like behavior and hippocampal SERT. The effect of deuterium-depletion on sleep electrophysiology was also evaluated in naïve mice. There was a geographic correlation between a content of deuterium and the prevalence of depression across the USA. In the chronic stress model, depressive-like features were reduced in mice fed with deuterium-depleted water, and SERT expression was decreased in mice treated with deuterium-treated water compared with regular water. Five days of predator stress also suppressed proliferation in the dentate gyrus; this effect was attenuated in mice fed with deuterium-depleted water. Finally, in naïve mice, deuterium-depleted water treatment increased EEG indices of wakefulness, and decreased duration of REM sleep, phenomena that have been shown to result from the administration of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI). Our data suggest that the deuterium content of water may influence the incidence of affective disorder-related pathophysiology and major depression, which might be mediated by the serotoninergic mechanisms.

Revealing water's secrets: deuterium depleted water

Background

The anomalous properties of water have been of great interest for generations of scientists. However the impact of small amount of deuterium content which is always present in water has never been explored before. For the first time the fundamental properties of deuterium depleted (light) water at 4°C and 20°C are here presented.

Results

The obtained results show the important role of the deuterium in the properties of bulk water. At 4°C the lowest value of the kinematic viscosity (1.46 mm²/s) has been found for 96.5 ppm D/H ratio. The significant deviation in surface tension values has been observed in deuterium depleted water samples at the both temperature regimes. The experimental data provides direct evidence that density, surface tension and viscosity anomalies of water are caused by the presence of variable concentration of deuterium which leads to the formation of water clusters of different size and quantity.

Conclusions

The investigated properties of light water reveal the origin of the water anomalies. The new theoretical model of cluster formation with account of isotope effect is proposed.

Water as the Earth’s Buffer and Immune System

A comprehensive review on water as a buffer of the planet and its immune system is presented. The relationship between the quality of drinking water, the level of development of human intelligence, and its health is highlighted. The problems of obtaining cytogenetically and physiologically safe high-quality drinking water are discussed along with the problems of its decontamination. The solutions to maintain stable development of aquatic ecosystems are proposed. It is shown that tap water is the habitat of multiresistant genetically-mutated microorganisms.