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Manzato MC, de Santi F, da Silva AAS, Beltrame FL, Cerri PS, Sasso‐Cerri E. Cimetidine-induced androgenic failure causes cell death and changes in actin, EGF and V-ATPase immunoexpression in rat submandibular glands. J Anat 2021; 239:136-150. [PMID: 33713423 PMCID: PMC8197950 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Submandibular gland (SMG) is responsive to androgens via androgen receptor (AR). We verified whether cimetidine induces androgenic dysfunction in SMG, and evaluated the structural integrity, cell death and immunoexpression of actin, EGF and V-ATPase in androgen-deficient SMG. Male rats received cimetidine (CMTG) and control animals (CG) received saline. Granular convoluted tubules (GCTs) diameter and number of acinar cell nuclei were evaluated. TUNEL and immunofluorescence reactions for detection of AR, testosterone, actin, EGF and V-ATPase were quantitatively analysed. In CG, testosterone immunolabelling was detected in acinar and ductal cells cytoplasm. AR-immunolabelled nuclei were observed in acinar cells whereas ductal cells showed AR-immunostained cytoplasm, indicating a non-genomic AR action. In CMTG, the weak testosterone and AR immunoexpression confirmed cimetidine-induced androgenic failure. A high cell death index was correlated with decreased number of acinar cells, GCTs diameter and EGF immunoexpression under androgenic dysfunction. Actin immunofluorescence decreased in the SMG cells, but an increased and diffuse cytoplasmic V-ATPase immunolabelling was observed in striated ducts, suggesting a disruption in the actin-dependent V-ATPase recycling due to androgenic failure. Our findings reinforce the androgenic role in the maintenance of SMG histophysiology, and point to a potential clinical use of cimetidine against androgen-dependent glandular tumour cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariane Castro Manzato
- Department of Morphology, Genetics, Orthodontics and Pediatric DentistrySchool of DentistrySão Paulo State University (Unesp)AraraquaraBrazil
| | - Fabiane de Santi
- Department of Morphology and GeneticsFederal University of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - André Acácio Souza da Silva
- Department of Morphology, Genetics, Orthodontics and Pediatric DentistrySchool of DentistrySão Paulo State University (Unesp)AraraquaraBrazil
| | - Flávia L. Beltrame
- Department of Morphology and GeneticsFederal University of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Paulo S. Cerri
- Department of Morphology, Genetics, Orthodontics and Pediatric DentistrySchool of DentistrySão Paulo State University (Unesp)AraraquaraBrazil
| | - Estela Sasso‐Cerri
- Department of Morphology, Genetics, Orthodontics and Pediatric DentistrySchool of DentistrySão Paulo State University (Unesp)AraraquaraBrazil
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Oliveira EMD, Guieiro RS, Cruz BL, Aguiar MCFD, Silva JMD, Silva TA, Caldeira PC. Salivary molecules of bone remodeling and tissue repair after head and neck radiotherapy. Braz Oral Res 2021; 35:e079. [PMID: 34161416 DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2021.vol35.0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck radiotherapy causes quantitative and qualitative changes in saliva. The objective of this case-control study was to evaluate the salivary biomarkers associated with bone remodeling and tissue repair in patients submitted to radiotherapy for head and neck cancer treatment, compared with non-irradiated individuals. Total unstimulated saliva was collected for ELISA assay analysis of receptor activator for nuclear factor κ B (RANK) and its ligand (RANK-L), osteoprotegerin, matrix metalloproteinase-9/ tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2, vascular endothelial growth factor, and epidermal growth factor. Statistics were performed, and revealed that salivary RANK (p = 0.0304), RANK-L (p = 0.0005), matrix metalloproteinase-9/ tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (p = 0.0067), vascular endothelial growth factor (p = 0.0060), and epidermal growth factor (p < 0.0001) were reduced in patients, compared with the control group. Osteoprotegerin did not differ between the groups (p = 0.3765). Salivary biomarkers did not differ according to radiotherapy completion time (p > 0.05). In conclusion, the lower output of the salivary molecules - essential for bone remodeling and tissue repair - may disrupt tissue homeostasis and play a role in the pathogenesis of the radiotherapy-induced deleterious effects in the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Morato de Oliveira
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, School of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Rafael Soares Guieiro
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, School of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Lima Cruz
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, School of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Maria Cássia Ferreira de Aguiar
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, School of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Janine Mayra da Silva
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, School of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Tarcília Aparecida Silva
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, School of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Carlos Caldeira
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, School of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) in minor salivary glands and saliva. J Immunol Methods 2019; 476:112681. [PMID: 31629739 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2019.112681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to characterize the baseline expression of tumor necrosis factor (tnf)-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) in minor salivary glands, gingiva and saliva from healthy individuals. DESIGN Minor salivary gland and gingival tissues were used in the study for immunohistochemical staining. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure the levels of TRAIL in unstimulated saliva and parotid saliva collected from non-smoking individuals. The salivary levels of TRAIL are presented as secretory output. RESULTS Parotid saliva showed higher secretory output (327.8 ± 41.6 pg/min) for TRAIL compared to unstimulated saliva (212.3 ± 32.1 pg/min; p =0.041). For unstimulated saliva, the young female subjects had the lowest secretory output (119 ± 17.2 pg/min) compared to elderly females (275 ± 62.18 pg/min; p =0.046) and young males (294.4 ± 50.2 pg/min; p =0.021). The ductal cells of salivary glands exhibited the strongest positivity for TRAIL, whereas mucous cells showed no staining for TRAIL. Serous cells displayed an intermediate staining. Gingival tissues showed gradually decreasing staining towards the basal layer. CONCLUSIONS The current study shows that TRAIL is not only expressed by immune cells, but also by the epithelial cells of salivary glands. Saliva contains high concentrations of soluble TRAIL that suggest roles of this protein in the apoptosis of tumor cells.
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Brain-Behavior-Immune Interaction: Serum Cytokines and Growth Factors in Patients with Eating Disorders at Extremes of the Body Mass Index (BMI) Spectrum. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11091995. [PMID: 31450770 PMCID: PMC6770139 DOI: 10.3390/nu11091995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations of the immune system are known in eating disorders (EDs), however the importance of cytokine balance in this context has not been clarified. We compared cytokines and growth factors at opposite ends of BMI ranges, in 90 patients classified in relation to BMI, depressive and EDs comorbidities. Serum concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and epidermal growth factor (EGF) were determined by a biochip analyzer (Randox Labs). Differences were calculated through ANOVA. Possible predictors of higher cytokine levels were evaluated through regression analysis. IL-1α, IL-10, EGF, and IFN-γ were altered individuals with anorexia nervosa (AN) and binge eating disorder (BED). Night-eating was associated with IL-8 and EGF levels, IL-10 concentrations with post-dinner eating and negatively with sweet-eating, long fasting with higher IFN-γ levels. IL-2 increase was not linked to EDs, but to the interaction of depression and BMI. Altogether, for the first time, IL-1α, IL-10, EGF, and IFN-γ were shown to differ between AN and HCs, and between AN and individuals with obesity with or without BED. Only IL-2 was influenced by depression. Dysfunctional eating behaviors predicted abnormal concentrations of IL-10, EGF, IL-8 and IFN-γ.
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Redman RS, Bayley NC, Nylén ES. Salivary and serum biomarkers of inflammation in a man with metastatic medullary thyroid carcinoma and hyperreactive gingiva: a fourteen year odyssey. Biotech Histochem 2019; 94:389-397. [PMID: 31423894 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2019.1649463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A peripheral (gingival) fibroma, a gingival cyst and hyperplastic gingivitis occurred simultaneously in a man with metastatic medullary thyroid carcinoma (MCT). The gingival growths and hyperplasia appeared to be related to poor oral hygiene rather than to the MTC. Despite the patient's improved oral hygiene, the hyperplastic gingivitis and peripheral fibroma recurred, and a new peripheral fibroma and gingival cyst developed, which prompted reconsideration of a link with the MTC. MTC cells secrete calcitonin (CT), procalcitonin (ProCT) and growth factors; the patient's serum CT and ProCT were several fold higher than normal. The patient's salivary CT and ProCT also were elevated, but α-amylase and epidermal growth factor (EGF) were not, compared to three healthy controls. A possible link between the MTC and gingival hyper-reactivity due to CT and/or ProCT promoting inflammatory cytokines, and the utility of salivary ProCT as an indicator of periodontitis in this patient were explored further. Unstimulated whole saliva and serum were collected from the patient followed by a standard periodontal examination before periodontal treatment, and 3 weeks and 3 months after treatment. This cycle was repeated 7 months after the previous periodontal treatment. The saliva was assayed for ProCT and the serum was assayed for ProCT, high sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and proadrenomedullin (ProADM). The results were analyzed for correlations among the severity of periodontitis and the biomarkers/cytokines. Only the salivary ProCT was correlated with the severity of periodontitis, i.e. it was higher just before and lower at 3 weeks and 3 months after each periodontal treatment. The patient's salivary ProCT content also was much higher than reported elsewhere. The other biomarkers/cytokines were within normal ranges. Our findings indicate that salivary ProCT is independent of serum ProCT and therefore may be a useful marker for moderate to severe periodontitis in patients with MTC. The greatly elevated salivary and serum CT and ProCT, and a trend toward correlation between the serum CRP and ProCT suggest a pro-inflammatory link between the MTC and the hyperreactive gingiva in this patient. Further studies are warranted to determine whether hyperplastic gingivitis and gingival growths, such as cysts and fibromas, occur with unusual frequency in patients with MTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Redman
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oral Pathology Research Laboratory , Washington , DC , USA
| | - N C Bayley
- Dental Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Section , Washington , DC , USA
| | - E S Nylén
- Medical Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Endocrinology Section , Washington , DC , USA.,Department of Endocrinology, Medical School, George Washington University , Washington , DC , USA
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Stempniewicz A, Ceranowicz P, Warzecha Z. Potential Therapeutic Effects of Gut Hormones, Ghrelin and Obestatin in Oral Mucositis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071534. [PMID: 30934722 PMCID: PMC6479885 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy and/or head and neck radiotherapy are frequently associated with oral mucositis. Oral pain, odynophagia and dysphagia, opioid use, weight loss, dehydration, systemic infection, hospitalization and introduction of a feeding tube should be mentioned as the main determinated effect of oral mucositis. Oral mucositis leads to a decreased quality of life and an increase in treatment costs. Moreover, oral mucositis is a life-threatening disease. In addition to its own direct life-threatening consequences, it can also lead to a reduced survival due to the discontinuation or dose reduction of anti-neoplasm therapy. There are numerous strategies for the prevention or treatment of oral mucositis; however, their effectiveness is limited and does not correspond to expectations. This review is focused on the ghrelin and obestatin as potentially useful candidates for the prevention and treatment of chemo- or/and radiotherapy-induced oral mucositis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Stempniewicz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Grzegórzecka 16 St., 31-531 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Piotr Ceranowicz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Grzegórzecka 16 St., 31-531 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Zygmunt Warzecha
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Grzegórzecka 16 St., 31-531 Krakow, Poland.
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Chernoff D, Scott Eastman P, Hwang CC, Flake DD, Wang X, Kivitz A, Curtis JR. Determination of the minimally important difference (MID) in multi-biomarker disease activity (MBDA) test scores: impact of diurnal and daily biomarker variation patterns on MBDA scores. Clin Rheumatol 2018; 38:437-445. [PMID: 30159791 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-018-4276-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Multi-Biomarker Disease Activity (MBDA) score is a validated rheumatoid arthritis (RA) disease activity measure based on 12 serum biomarkers. Here, we evaluate short-term biological variability of MBDA scores to determine the magnitude of change that might be considered clinically meaningful. Twenty-eight adult seropositive RA patients with clinically stable disease and no changes in RA medications for 4 weeks prior to study were enrolled. Nine serum samples were obtained over four consecutive days (non-fasting). MBDA score variation was assessed day-to-day (daily) and within 24 h (diurnal). The standard deviation (SD) of MBDA scores was calculated by a linear mixed model including random effects for patient, day, and time of day. The minimally important difference (MID) was calculated as [Formula: see text]. A subgroup analysis was performed for patients with active RA (moderate or high MBDA score). The SD of MBDA score change in the full cohort was 4.7 in a combined daily-diurnal variation analysis, which corresponds with an MID of 11. The SD of MBDA score change in the subset of patients with active RA (moderate/high MBDA scores) was 3.6. This corresponds with an MID of 8 units in patients with active RA for whom clinicians are most likely to need guidance with respect to therapeutic decisions. Changes in MBDA score ≥ 8 represent a change in RA disease activity that clinicians can use as a benchmark for therapeutic drug efficacy and can be incorporated into a treat-to-target strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Chernoff
- Crescendo Bioscience Inc., 341 Oyster Point Blvd, South San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - P Scott Eastman
- Crescendo Bioscience Inc., 341 Oyster Point Blvd, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ching Chang Hwang
- Crescendo Bioscience Inc., 341 Oyster Point Blvd, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Darl D Flake
- Myriad Genetics, Inc., 320 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Xingbin Wang
- Crescendo Bioscience Inc., 341 Oyster Point Blvd, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alan Kivitz
- Altoona Center for Clinical Research, 1125 Old Rte 220 N, Duncansville, PA, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Curtis
- The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 510 20th Street S, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Azuma N, Katada Y, Sano H. Deterioration in saliva quality in patients with Sjögren's syndrome: impact of decrease in salivary epidermal growth factor on the severity of intraoral manifestations. Inflamm Regen 2018; 38:6. [PMID: 29657585 PMCID: PMC5890343 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-018-0062-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease characterized by lymphocytic infiltration of the exocrine glands, especially the salivary and lacrimal glands. As a result of salivary gland dysfunction, most patients with SS have xerostomia related to a reduced salivary flow rate. In addition to the discomfort due to xerostomia, dry mouth can cause various intraoral manifestations such as refractory stomatitis, ulcer, and atrophic changes in the oral mucosa and tongue, and the patient’s quality of life (QoL) is severely impaired. These manifestations are believed to be caused mainly by a decrease in the clearance in the oral cavity owing to hyposalivation. However, because saliva has several beneficial physiological effects on the intraoral environment, qualitative changes in sialochemistry should also be considered a cause of the refractory intraoral manifestations in SS. Main text Salivary epidermal growth factor (EGF) is considered an important cytoprotective factor against injuries. It contributes to wound healing in the oral cavity and to maintenance of mucosal integrity in the oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract. We evaluated changes in salivary EGF levels and assessed the association between salivary EGF levels and the severity of intraoral manifestations in patients with SS. The following novel findings were obtained: (1) salivary EGF levels in SS patients were significantly lower than those in non-SS patients; (2) salivary EGF levels as well as the salivary flow rate decreased with the progression of SS; (3) with prolonged SS disease duration, salivary EGF levels decreased more rapidly than the salivary flow rate; and (4) decreases in salivary EGF levels significantly correlated with exacerbation of the oral health-related QoL in patients with SS. Conclusions The deterioration in saliva quality as well as lower intraoral clearance by hyposalivation could play a role in the pathogenesis of refractory intraoral manifestations in patients with SS. Our findings suggest a new target for therapeutic intervention for SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Azuma
- 1Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501 Japan
| | - Yoshinori Katada
- Division of General Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Sakai City Medical Center, 1-1-1 Ebaraji-cho, Nishi-ku, Sakai, 593-8304 Japan
| | - Hajime Sano
- 1Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501 Japan
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The Role of Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) and Its Precursor Forms in Oral Wound Healing. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18020386. [PMID: 28208669 PMCID: PMC5343921 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF) and its different precursor forms are secreted into human saliva by salivary glands and are also produced by an array of cells in the tissues of the oral cavity. The major forms of NGF in human saliva are forms of pro-nerve growth factor (pro-NGF) and not mature NGF. The NGF receptors tropomyosin-related kinase A (TrkA) and p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) are widely expressed on cells in the soft tissues of the human oral cavity, including keratinocytes, endothelial cells, fibroblasts and leukocytes, and in ductal and acinar cells of all types of salivary glands. In vitro models show that NGF can contribute at most stages in the oral wound healing process: restitution, cell survival, apoptosis, cellular proliferation, inflammation, angiogenesis and tissue remodeling. NGF may therefore take part in the effective wound healing in the oral cavity that occurs with little scarring. As pro-NGF forms appear to be the major form of NGF in human saliva, efforts should be made to study its function, specifically in the process of wound healing. In addition, animal and clinical studies should be initiated to examine if topical application of pro-NGF or NGF can be a therapy for chronic oral ulcerations and wounds.
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Eckley CA, Michelsohn N, Rizzo LV, Tadokoro CE, Tadakoro CE, Costa HO. Salivary Epidermal Growth Factor Concentration in Adults with Reflux Laryngitis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2016; 131:401-6. [PMID: 15467608 DOI: 10.1016/j.otohns.2004.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The mechanisms involved in the muco-sal alterations of laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) have not been well established. Reports indicate a decrease in the salivary epidermal growth factor (EGF) of patients with reflux esophagitis, but there are no reports of its behavior in LPR. Our objective was to determine the salivary concentration of EGF in adults with LPR. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: Salivary EGF concentration of 26 patients with LPR and 20 healthy controls was determined using a commercially available ELISA kit. Patients with LPR were graded according to endoscopic and laryngoscopic criteria. RESULTS: Salivary EGF concentration was significantly lower in the LPR group when compared with controls ( P = 0.002). No correlation between the severity of laryngeal findings or esophagitis and salivary EGF concentration could be determined. CONCLUSIONS: The decreased salivary concentration of EGF in adults with LPR suggests that a deficiency in this polypeptide could be associated to the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia A Eckley
- Otolaryngology Department, Santa Casa School of Medicine of São Paulo, Brasil.
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Jimenez L, Jayakar SK, Ow TJ, Segall JE. Mechanisms of Invasion in Head and Neck Cancer. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2015; 139:1334-48. [PMID: 26046491 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2014-0498-ra] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The highly invasive properties demonstrated by head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) are often associated with locoregional recurrence and lymph node metastasis in patients and is a key factor leading to an expected 5-year survival rate of approximately 50% for patients with advanced disease. It is important to understand the features and mediators of HNSCC invasion so that new treatment approaches can be developed. OBJECTIVES To provide an overview of the characteristics, mediators, and mechanisms of HNSCC invasion. DATA SOURCES A literature review of peer-reviewed articles in PubMed on HNSCC invasion. CONCLUSIONS Histologic features of HNSCC tumors can help predict prognosis and influence clinical treatment decisions. Cell surface receptors, signaling pathways, proteases, invadopodia function, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, microRNAs, and tumor microenvironment are all involved in the regulation of the invasive behavior of HNSCC cells. Identifying effective HNSCC invasion inhibitors has the potential to improve outcomes for patients by reducing the rate of spread and increasing responsiveness to chemoradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jeffrey E Segall
- From the Departments of Pathology (Mss Jimenez and Jayakar, and Drs Ow and Segall) and Anatomy and Structural Biology (Mss Jimenez and Jayakar, and Dr Segall), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
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12
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Azuma N, Katada Y, Kitano S, Sekiguchi M, Kitano M, Nishioka A, Hashimoto N, Matsui K, Iwasaki T, Sano H. Rapid decrease in salivary epidermal growth factor levels in patients with Sjögren's syndrome: A 3-year follow-up study. Mod Rheumatol 2015; 25:876-82. [DOI: 10.3109/14397595.2015.1034941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Azuma
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Katada
- Division of Kidney, Metabolism and Immunity, Department of Internal Medicine, Sakai City Hospital, Sakai, Japan
| | - Sachie Kitano
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sekiguchi
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Masayasu Kitano
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Aki Nishioka
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Naoaki Hashimoto
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
- Hashimoto Clinic for Rheumatic Diseases, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Matsui
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Iwasaki
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
- Division of Pharmacotherapy, Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Hyogo University of Health Sciences, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hajime Sano
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
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13
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Dafar A, Rico P, Işık A, Jontell M, Cevik-Aras H. Quantitative detection of epidermal growth factor and interleukin-8 in whole saliva of healthy individuals. J Immunol Methods 2014; 408:46-51. [PMID: 24816468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2014.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 03/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aims to create consensus concerning the use of a methodology by which the handling of saliva is standardized and quantitative detection of IL-8 and EGF in whole saliva is achieved. Our study involves evaluating the extent to which the pre-treatment of saliva samples with an anionic detergent - sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) - improved detection levels for IL-8 and EGF. METHODS Whole saliva samples (n=28) were collected from healthy individuals and a protease inhibitor cocktail was added immediately. They were treated with either SDS or PBS for 20min and were then applied to a sandwich ELISA. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Saliva is a complex viscous fluid that requires degrading before the analysis of salivary biomarkers. We found that pre-treatment of samples with SDS significantly increased the detection levels for both EGF (293%) and IL-8 (346%) when compared with PBS-treated pairs (***P<0.001). According to the results we recommend: (i) pre-treatment of whole saliva samples with SDS for quantitative analysis (ii) using secretory output instead of concentration in the presentation of results to avoid individual variations and (iii) taking into consideration gender, age and meal intake since these have an impact on the secretory output of salivary proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Dafar
- Department of Oral Medicine and Pathology, University of Gothenburg, Odontology Institute at Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Paula Rico
- Department of Oral Medicine and Pathology, University of Gothenburg, Odontology Institute at Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ayşegül Işık
- Department of Oral Medicine and Pathology, University of Gothenburg, Odontology Institute at Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mats Jontell
- Department of Oral Medicine and Pathology, University of Gothenburg, Odontology Institute at Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hülya Cevik-Aras
- Department of Oral Medicine and Pathology, University of Gothenburg, Odontology Institute at Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Azuma N, Katada Y, Kitano S, Sekiguchi M, Kitano M, Nishioka A, Hashimoto N, Matsui K, Iwasaki T, Sano H. Correlation between salivary epidermal growth factor levels and refractory intraoral manifestations in patients with Sjögren's syndrome. Mod Rheumatol 2013; 24:626-32. [DOI: 10.3109/14397595.2013.850766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Azuma
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine,
Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Katada
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Hospital Organization Osaka-Minami Medical Center,
Kawachinagano, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sachie Kitano
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine,
Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sekiguchi
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine,
Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Masayasu Kitano
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine,
Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Aki Nishioka
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine,
Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Naoaki Hashimoto
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine,
Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
- Hashimoto Clinic for Rheumatic Diseases,
Chuo-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Matsui
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine,
Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Iwasaki
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine,
Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
- Division of Pharmacotherapy, Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Hyogo University of Health Sciences,
Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hajime Sano
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine,
Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
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15
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Pimenta Amaral TM, Campos CC, Moreira dos Santos TP, Leles CR, Teixeira AL, Teixeira MM, Bittencourt H, Silva TA. Effect of salivary stimulation therapies on salivary flow and chemotherapy-induced mucositis: a preliminary study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2012; 113:628-37. [PMID: 22668621 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2011.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Revised: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of salivary stimulation therapies on the salivary flow, oral mucositis, and salivary cytokine levels in patients receiving allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. STUDY DESIGN Thirty-five eligible patients were randomized into 4 groups: control, mechanical sialogogue, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) sialogogue, and combined mechanical/electrical sialogogue. Saliva was collected from patients before transplantation and at days 3, 7, and 14 after transplantation. The volume was measured and salivary cytokines were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS By day 14, resting and stimulated salivary flow levels were diminished. Resting salivary flow rates decreased the most in the control and mechanical groups. In contrast, TENS alone or in combination with mechanical stimulatory therapy benefited the patients. TENS-treated patients showed increase in resting salivary flow. Also, the groups treated with TENS had fewer patients affected by grades 3 and 4 mucositis, and less mucositis was associated with better patient survival (P = .027). CONCLUSIONS TENS-associated salivary stimulation therapies minimized the reduction of salivary flow and prevented severe chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia Mara Pimenta Amaral
- Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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16
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Abstract
The objective of this research was to investigate the salivary levels of epidermal growth factor (EGF) in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in comparison with clinically healthy individuals and to verify the immunoexpression of EGF in tumor samples. In addition, the relationship between salivary levels and tumoral EGF expression with clinicopathologic features was investigated. We carried out an investigation on EGF expression in lesion samples and in saliva of OSCC patients through immunohistochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. EGF salivary levels of OSCC patients were also compared with levels in saliva of healthy controls. EGF levels were significantly lower in OSCC patients in comparison with the control group. Smoking, tumor location, and alcohol consumption affected salivary levels of EGF. Strong immunoexpression of EGF was associated with a more aggressive histologic pattern of the lesion. There was no significant association among salivary levels and immunohistochemical expression of EGF. Although EGF expression is frequently observed in tumors, salivary levels of EGF are reduced in patients with OSCC samples. Tobacco and alcohol may decrease EGF in saliva, which may contribute to oral carcinogenesis. Indeed, further investigations are needed to elucidate the EGF pathways.
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17
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Mandel AL, Ozdener H, Utermohlen V. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in human saliva: ELISA optimization and biological correlates. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2011; 32:18-30. [PMID: 21253967 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2011.538625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In order to assess the physiological significance of human salivary brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), we have optimized a sensitive and specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We determined the range of salivary BDNF concentrations, the impact of saliva collection method, and the association of salivary BDNF with several biological characteristics. The ELISA had a detection limit of 62.5 pg/mL, and intra-assay and interassay precisions of 4.2% and 8.2%, respectively. Salivary BDNF concentrations were highly variable between individuals (median = 618 pg/mL) and were affected by collection method. Women had significantly higher levels of salivary BDNF than men. There was no relationship, however, between salivary BDNF levels and the other biological characteristics examined.
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18
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Murdoch-Kinch CA, Russo N, Griffith S, Braun T, Eisbruch A, D'Silva NJ. Recovery of salivary epidermal growth factor in parotid saliva following parotid sparing radiation therapy: a proof-of-principle study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 111:64-70. [PMID: 21176822 DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2010.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Revised: 08/28/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although radiation therapy (RT) causes permanent xerostomia, parotid-sparing radiation therapy (PSRT) ensures recovery of saliva quantity over time. Salivary epidermal growth factor (EGF) is produced primarily by parotid glands. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine whether salivary EGF can be detected in parotid saliva after PSRT and whether protein secretion is time dependent. STUDY DESIGN Salivary EGF concentration (pg/mL) was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in stimulated parotid saliva before RT and at 3, 6, and 12 months after RT from 22 patients with head and neck cancer treated with PSRT. RESULTS Saliva samples were from 17 men and 5 women (age ranges 23-70 years and 46-71 years, respectively). At 6 months after RT, EGF concentration was 407 pg/mL lower than at baseline (P = .045). Twelve months after PSRT, parotid glands produce substantial amounts of EGF and other proteins, eventually approximating pre-RT levels, with recovery of salivary function. CONCLUSIONS This proof-of-principle study shows that even proteins in picogram quantities, such as EGF, can be detected in saliva after PSRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Anne Murdoch-Kinch
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Hospital Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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19
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Wu JC, Beale KK, Ma JD. Evaluation of current and upcoming therapies in oral mucositis prevention. Future Oncol 2011; 6:1751-70. [PMID: 21142661 DOI: 10.2217/fon.10.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer chemotherapy has evolved from a few therapeutic agents in three drug classes to more than 50 drugs in over ten drug classes. With generally cytotoxic mechanisms of action, there is continued research interest in preventing and managing adverse events of chemotherapy. Although treatment-induced symptom management has made significant progress, most therapies lead to intolerable reactions that result in a dose reduction or discontinuation of therapy. Mucositis is a common adverse event that can occur after administration of systemic chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy leading to inflammatory lesions anywhere from the oral cavity to the GI tract. Although pathophysiologically similar, gastrointestinal mucositis and oral mucositis (OM) differ in terms of symptom presentation and offending therapies. The focus of the article will be on OM; gastrointestinal mucositis will be mentioned when therapy efficacy is relevant to OM. OM prophylaxis has been a subject of interest for at least the past 30 years, yet progress has been limited due to a lack of understanding of the condition. With the recent introduction of palifermin (Kepivance™), novel therapies continue to be developed that may significantly reduce the incidence, duration and/or severity of OM. In addition, outcomes including an improvement in patient quality of life, increasing treatment dose intensity or reducing healthcare costs may result from successful management of OM prophylaxis. This article will review currently available OM prophylactic therapies. Agents in preclinical or clinical development and natural supplements will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry C Wu
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0714, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
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20
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Moon BC, Han SJ, Jeong D, Kim KW. Epidermal growth factor receptor overexpression and K-ras mutation detection in the oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg 2011. [DOI: 10.5125/jkaoms.2011.37.5.396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Byeong-Chool Moon
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Se-Jin Han
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Dongjun Jeong
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Kyung-Wook Kim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
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21
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Bernardes VF, Gleber-Netto FO, Sousa SF, Silva TA, Aguiar MCF. Clinical significance of EGFR, Her-2 and EGF in oral squamous cell carcinoma: a case control study. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2010; 29:40. [PMID: 20429940 PMCID: PMC2877010 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-29-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background The erbB receptors and their ligands are involved in the pathogenesis and progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Although EGFR and Her-2 are frequently overexpressed in OSCC, few studies evaluated these proteins in saliva and their association with the tumor, which may represent potential usefulness in a clinical setting. Methods The levels of EGFR, Her-2, and EGF were evaluated in saliva of 46 patients with OSCC before and after the surgical removal of the lesion, as well as in matched healthy controls. The relationship of salivary levels and EGFR and Her-2 immunoexpression in tumor samples with clinicopathological features was analyzed. Results EGFR and Her-2 salivary levels did not show difference between to pre-surgery and control groups, however, both demonstrated an increase after surgical removal of the tumor. No association was detectable among receptor salivary levels, tissue expression and clinicopathological features. EGF levels in pre-surgery group were significantly lower when compared to the control group. Conclusions EGFR and Her-2 were not considered to be valuable salivary tumor markers in OSCC, however, lower levels of EGF in saliva may suggest a higher susceptibility for OSCC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa F Bernardes
- Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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22
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Ryu SH, Moon SY, Yang YJ, Moon SR, Hong JP, Choi J, Lee SW. Recombinant human epidermal growth factor accelerates the proliferation of irradiated human fibroblasts and keratinocytes in vitro and in vivo. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2009; 50:545-552. [PMID: 19959882 DOI: 10.1269/jrr.09066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Irradiation causes the impaired proliferation of cells lining mucosal membranes. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) facilitates proliferation of various skin cells; however, the wound healing effects of EGF on radiation-damaged cells is less well known. To evaluate the effects of recombinant human EGF (rhEGF) on the proliferation of cells following irradiation, we tested two types of fibroblast cell lines and one keratinocyte cell line. The viable cell numbers were significantly increased by rhEGF treatment for 24 h immediately after 8 Gy of irradiation. The most effective dose of rhEGF was 10 nM in all cell lines used in this study. The percentage of BrdU-labeled cells was also significantly increased by rhEGF treatment. To evaluate the effects of rhEGF on radiation-induced oral mucosal damage in BALB/c mice, we systematically injected 1 mg/kg/day EGF for three days after 17 Gy of irradiation. Administered rhEGF ameliorated radiation-induced mucosal damage in vivo. rhEGF significantly increased the epithelial cell layer thickness and the proliferation of basal layer cells as detected by Ki-67 staining. Our results suggest that rhEGF can be a therapeutic treatment for radiation-induced wounds by stimulating the proliferation of fibroblasts and keratinocytes following irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hee Ryu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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23
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Wu HG, Song SY, Kim YS, Oh YT, Lee CG, Keum KC, Ahn YC, Lee SW. Therapeutic effect of recombinant human epidermal growth factor (rhEGF) on mucositis in patients undergoing radiotherapy, with or without chemotherapy, for head and neck cancer. Cancer 2009; 115:3699-708. [DOI: 10.1002/cncr.24414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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24
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Hong JP, Lee SW, Song SY, Ahn SD, Shin SS, Choi EK, Kim JH. Recombinant human epidermal growth factor treatment of radiation-induced severe oral mucositis in patients with head and neck malignancies. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl) 2009; 18:636-41. [PMID: 19456848 PMCID: PMC2776929 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2354.2008.00971.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Mucositis of the oral cavity and pharynx is a major dose-limiting factor in the application of radiotherapy (RT) to patients with head and neck cancer. Therefore, we evaluated the wound healing effect of human recombinant epidermal growth factor (rhEGF) in head and neck cancer and lymphoma patients with irradiation (with or without combined chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis). Patients at Asan Medical Center who had undergone definitive RT of the head and neck region with or without combined chemotherapy and who had developed severe oral mucositis (higher than the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group grade 3) were treated with topical rhEGF twice daily for 7 days. The evaluation of response with regard to oral mucositis was performed 1 week later. Of the 11 treated patients, three had nasopharyngeal carcinoma, three had carcinoma of the oropharynx, two had carcinoma of the oral cavity, one had carcinoma of the hypopharynx and two had lymphoma of the head and neck. Six patients received RT only, and five patients received concurrent chemoradiotherapy. All patients showed improvements in their oral mucositis after topical treatment with rhEGF in that the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group grade was significantly decreased (P = 0.0000). This finding suggests that rhEGF is effective and safe for the treatment of radiation-induced mucositis. Further studies are needed to determine the optimal dosage and fractionation schedule.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Hong
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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25
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Molecular pathways and genetic factors in the pathogenesis of laryngopharyngeal reflux. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2009; 266:795-801. [DOI: 10.1007/s00405-009-0966-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2008] [Accepted: 03/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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26
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Lee SW, Moon SY, Kim YH, Hong JP. The use of recombinant human epidermal growth factor to promote healing for chronic radiation ulcer. Int Wound J 2008; 4:216-20. [PMID: 17924878 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-481x.2007.00332.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This case report describes the first successful use of recombinant human epidermal growth factor (rh-EGF) in radiation-induced chronic wound of bone and skin which remains to be difficult to treat. Such wound on the chest of a 59-year-old female patient is presented lasting 3 years despite flap surgery and conventional treatment. The treatment with rh-EGF achieved healing within 16 weeks but further study to evaluate its potential for radiation-induced chronic wounds is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-wook Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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27
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Lee SW, Jung KI, Kim YW, Jung HD, Kim HS, Hong JP. Effect of epidermal growth factor against radiotherapy-induced oral mucositis in rats. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007; 67:1172-8. [PMID: 17336218 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2006.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2006] [Revised: 08/04/2006] [Accepted: 10/26/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We tested the efficacy of oral recombinant human epidermal growth factor (rhEGF) against radiation-induced oral mucositis in a rat model. METHODS AND MATERIALS Each of 35 Sprague-Dawley rats, 7 to 8 weeks of age and weighing 178 +/- 5 grams, was irradiated once in the head region with 25 Gy, using a 4-MV therapeutic linear accelerator at a rate of 2 Gy/min. The irradiated rats were randomly divided into four groups: those receiving no treatment (Group 1), those treated with vehicle only three times per day (Group 2), and those treated with 50 microg/mL (Group 3), or 100 microg/mL (Group 4) rhEGF three times per day. RESULTS Rats were monitored for survival rate and daily activity, including hair loss, sensitivity, and anorexia. We found that survival rate and oral intake were significantly increased and histologic changes were significantly decreased in the rhEGF-treated rats. There was no difference, however, between rats treated with 50 microg/mL or 100 microg/mL rhEGF. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that orally administered rhEGF decreased radiation-induced oral mucositis in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Wook Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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28
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von Bültzingslöwen I, Brennan MT, Spijkervet FKL, Logan R, Stringer A, Raber-Durlacher JE, Keefe D. Growth factors and cytokines in the prevention and treatment of oral and gastrointestinal mucositis. Support Care Cancer 2006; 14:519-27. [PMID: 16775647 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-006-0052-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2006] [Accepted: 02/21/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
GOALS OF WORK Growth factors and cytokines may be useful in preventing chemotherapy (CT)- and radiotherapy (RT)-induced oral and gastrointestinal mucositis. Two systematic reviews of the medical literature on growth factors and cytokines for the amelioration of CT- and RT-induced mucositis throughout the alimentary tract were performed by the Mucositis Study Group of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer/International Society for Oral Oncology. The aim of these evidence-based scientific reviews was to critically evaluate the literature and create evidence-based guidelines for the use of growth factors and cytokines in the prevention or treatment of CT- and RT-induced mucositis. METHOD The two reviews covered articles on clinical trials from January 1966 through May 2002 and preclinical studies from June 2002 through May 2005, respectively. The systematic review process was based on a well-established method for evaluating scientific literature. MAIN RESULTS The number of articles in the first review was 29. In the second review, 23 articles were evaluated, 14 preclinical and 9 clinical studies. It was concluded from the first review that there was no sufficient evidence to provide any recommendations for clinical practice guidelines regarding growth factors and cytokines. From the second review, a guideline could be presented recommending the use of recombinant human keratinocyte growth factor-1 (palifermin) to prevent oral mucositis in patients receiving high-dose CT and total body irradiation followed by stem cell transplantation for haematological malignancies. A guideline could also be provided suggesting that granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor mouthwash not be used for the prevention of oral mucositis in the transplant setting with high-dose CT and autologous or allogeneic stem cell transplantation. CONCLUSIONS These systematic reviews have provided clarity and shown exciting new results. Further studies will provide new options for this debilitating side-effect of cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inger von Bültzingslöwen
- Department of Oral Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg University, P.O. Box 450, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden.
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29
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Balicki R, Grabowska SZ, Citko A. Salivary epidermal growth factor in oral cavity cancer. Oral Oncol 2005; 41:48-55. [PMID: 15598585 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2004.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2004] [Accepted: 06/03/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Salivary epidermal growth factor (EGF) effect on oral cancer biology is unknown. We examined changes in minute volumes of whole resting and stimulated saliva, EGF concentration and its output (ELISA) in whole resting and stimulated saliva before and 2 weeks after surgical treatment in oral carcinoma patients compared to the control group. After stimulation salivary flow increased both in the control (P=0.003) and in the patients group--before (P=0.007) and after surgery (P=0.005). Higher stimulated saliva volume levels were observed before surgery than in post-treatment patients (P=0.032). A trend was seen with increasing EGF salivary concentrations after tumour excision both in resting (P=0.508) and stimulated (P=0.647) saliva. A similar ascending tendency of EGF output in stimulated saliva of post-treatment patients was observed (P=0.878). Decreased levels of EGF concentration in saliva before and its contrary tendency after surgical treatment may suggest an important role of EGF in oral cancer tumourogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Balicki
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Medical University of Bialystok, M.C. Sklodowskiej 24a, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland.
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30
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Egéa JC, Hirtz C, Valcarcel J, Deville De Périère D. [Epidermal growth factor: a probable oral and digestive health protector]. PATHOLOGIE-BIOLOGIE 2002; 50:608-12. [PMID: 12504370 DOI: 10.1016/s0369-8114(02)00357-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The integrity of oral and digestive mucosa depend on many salivary components like the Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF). Sometimes indicative, sometimes stimulated or modulated factor of oral and digestive health, EGF appears as a clinical marker in neoplastic and inflammatory diseases. As cellular growth factor, it protects the digestive mucosa with stimulation of mucus production and with inhibition of gastric secretion. Equally implicated in healing process, it enhances this one, and determines, in patients, more or less sensibility to inflammatory damages. Its strategic place in various pathologies, as stomach ulcer and tumoral process, open research prospects with a real potential of repair and pronostic.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Egéa
- Unité d'endocrinologie et de physiologie orofaciale-EA 2988, UFR Odontologie, 545, avenue du Professeur J.L.-Viala, 34193 Montpellier cedex 05, France.
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31
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Thulesen J, Bor MV, Thulesen S, Nexø E, Poulsen SS, Jørgensen PE. Altered secretion and processing of epidermal growth factor in adrenergic-induced growth of the rat submandibular gland. REGULATORY PEPTIDES 2002; 106:105-14. [PMID: 12047917 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-0115(02)00058-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The granular convoluted tubule (GCT) cells of the submandibular glands represent a major production site for epidermal growth factor (EGF). This study investigates EGF production in the submandibular glands in relation to beta-adrenergic stimulation. Rats were treated with isoproterenol (beta-agonist), which caused up to a 400% increase in submandibular tissue weight after 3 weeks. The weight increase coincided with marked morphologic changes, with degranulation and an apparent decrement in the number of the GCT cells. Immunostaining against EGF revealed a reduction in the number of EGF-immunoreactive cells. Concomitantly, the glandular contents of 6-kDa EGF decreased from 12.86+/-3.42 nmol/gland (mean+/-S.E.M.) in controls to 0.26+/-0.03 nmol/gland. EGF mRNA levels, expressed relative to total RNA levels, only tended to be reduced after 3 weeks as judged from RT-PCR and in situ hybridization (ISH). The isoproterenol-treated rats had increased output of EGF in the saliva, but the salivary secretion of protein was also increased. In both glandular tissue and saliva, gel filtration revealed partially processed high molecular weight forms of EGF in the isoproterenol-treated rats. These data indicate that isoproterenol treatment leads to a hyperstimulatory state of the GCT cells, which then causes depletion of the cellular stores of mature EGF, and most likely due to a shortened posttranslational transit, incomplete peptide processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Thulesen
- Department of Medical Anatomy, Section B, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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32
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Thie NMR, Kato T, Bader G, Montplaisir JY, Lavigne GJ. The significance of saliva during sleep and the relevance of oromotor movements. Sleep Med Rev 2002; 6:213-27. [PMID: 12531122 DOI: 10.1053/smrv.2001.0183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Saliva is an essential component of the oroesophageal milieu and allows for normal speech, taste, mastication, food bolus formation and swallowing. Saliva has important functions in protecting the hard and soft tissues of the oral cavity from acids and pathogenic microbes. A large number of people suffer either subjective or objective alterations in quantity and/or quality of their saliva that may be secondary to disease, medications, medical treatments or emotional events. Sleep-related xerostomia is a sensation of dry mouth associated with a report of either mouth and/or throat discomfort that induces awakenings for water intake. The prevalence of self-reported dry mouth complaint during sleep (associated with awakening and water intake) in a Canadian survey was estimated at 23%. The biological significance of decreased saliva during sleep is unknown and it is unclear how the oral cavity compensates for this period of relative dryness. The amount of saliva produced is greatest during the waking hours of the day and diminishes dramatically during sleep and may represent another process in the human body that displays a circadian rhythmicity. Salivary secretion during wakefulness is, in part, associated with oromotor activity involving the masticatory muscles. Rhythmic masticatory muscle activity and swallowing are non-disruptive events that occur during normal sleep. We hypothesize herein that lubrication from saliva is necessary during sleep to protect tissue integrity and health of oroesophageal structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman M R Thie
- University of Montreal, Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, CP 6128 succursale Centre-ville, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada
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Tandler B, Gresik EW, Nagato T, Phillips CJ. Secretion by striated ducts of mammalian major salivary glands: review from an ultrastructural, functional, and evolutionary perspective. THE ANATOMICAL RECORD 2001; 264:121-45. [PMID: 11590591 DOI: 10.1002/ar.1108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In addition to their role in electrolyte homeostasis, striated ducts (SDs) in the major salivary glands of many mammalian species engage in secretion of organic products. This phenomenon usually is manifested as the presence of small serous-like secretory granules in the apical cytoplasm of SD cells. The composition of these granules is largely unknown, except in the case of the cat and rat submandibular gland, where the granules have unequivocally been shown to contain kallikrein. In some species, the apical cytoplasm of SD cells contains variable numbers of vesicles, both spherical and elongated, that vary in appearance from 'empty' to moderately dense. In the rat parotid gland, lucent vesicles transport glycoproteins to the luminal surface where they are incorporated into the apical plasmalemma and the glycocalyx. There is a strong possibility that in various species some of these vesicles are involved in transcytosis of antibodies to the saliva from their source (plasma cells) in the surrounding connective tissue. In addition, vesicles may engage in transfer of growth factors from the saliva to the interstitium. In a few species, conventional SDs have been replaced by ducts that are wholly given over to secretion, i.e., they entirely lack basal striations; although such ducts occupy the histological position of conventional SDs, it is not clear whether they represent a new type of duct or merely are modifications of SDs. Broad-based comparisons of ultrastructural and other data about SDs offer some insight into evolutionary history of salivary glands and their role in the adaptive radiation of mammals. Evolutionary patterns emerged when we made interspecific comparisons across mammalian orders. Among the bats, there is a clear relationship between SD secretion and general categories of diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Tandler
- Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA
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Haus E, Dumitriu L, Nicolau GY, Bologa S, Sackett-Lundeen L. Circadian rhythms of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), cortisol, and melatonin in women with breast cancer. Chronobiol Int 2001; 18:709-27. [PMID: 11587092 DOI: 10.1081/cbi-100106083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circadian rhythms in plasma concentrations of many hormones and cytokines determine their effects on target cells. METHODS Circadian variations were studied in cortisol, melatonin, cytokines (basic fibroblast growth factor IbFGF], EGF, insulin-like growth factor-1 [IGF-1]), and a cytokine receptor (insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 [IGFBP-3]) in the plasma of 28 patients with metastatic breast cancer. All patients followed a diurnal activity pattern. Blood was drawn at 3h intervals during waking hours and once during the night, at 03:00. The plasma levels obtained by enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) or radioimmunoassay (RIA) were evaluated by population mean cosinor (using local midnight as the phase reference) and by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). RESULTS Cortisol and melatonin showed a high-amplitude circadian rhythm and a superimposed 12h frequency. bFGF showed a circadian rhythm with an acrophase around 13:00 with a peak-to-trough interval (double amplitude) of 18.2% and a superimposed 12h frequency. EGF showed a circadian rhythm with an acrophase around 14:20, a peak-to-trough interval of 25.8%, and a superimposed 12h frequency. IGF-1 showed a high value in the morning, which is statistically different (t test) from the low value at 10:00, but a regular circadian or ultradian rhythm was not recognizable as a group phenomenon. IGFBP-3 showed a low-amplitude (peak-to-trough difference 8.4%) circadian rhythm with the acrophase around 11:00 and low values during the night. CONCLUSIONS (1) Circadian periodicity is maintained in hospitalized patients with metastatic breast cancer. (2) Ultradian (12h) variations were superimposed on the circadian rhythms of the hormones and several of the cytokines measured. (3) Studies of hormones and cytokines in cancer patients have to take their biologic rhythms into consideration. (4) The circadian periodicity of tumor growth stimulating or restraining factors raises questions about circadian and/or ultradian variations in the pathophysiology of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Haus
- HealthPartners/Regions Hospital/University of Minnesota, St. Paul, USA.
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Ishizaki H, Westermark A, van Setten G, Pyykkö I. Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in saliva--physiological and clinical implications. ACTA OTO-LARYNGOLOGICA. SUPPLEMENTUM 2001; 543:193-5. [PMID: 10909018 DOI: 10.1080/000164800454378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) has significant properties in wound healing, tissue regeneration and ulcer repair of the upper digestive tract. The purpose of the present study was to identify and analyse factors affecting the concentration of bFGF in saliva from healthy human individuals. A commercially available enzyme-linked immunosolvent assay kit (ELISA) was used for the analyses of bFGF in saliva. In total, 56 samples were collected from 28 healthy subjects, 15 male and 13 female. Determination of bFGF was performed by spectrophotometer (wavelength 490 nm). bFGF was detected in all samples. Mean bFGF concentration was 0.87 pg/ml (SD 0.49) and the concentration ranged from 0.3 to 1.9 pg/ml. In subjects aged 22 to 49 years, no age-dependent variation in bFGF was present, females did not differ from males, and no difference was evident between European and Asian subjects. Smokers had significantly higher saliva concentrations of bFGF than non-smokers. Since bFGF, together with other growth factors, is involved in wound healing and tissue repair, we suggest that bFGF in saliva is involved in the reparative processes of mucous membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ishizaki
- Department of Otolaryngology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Epstein JB, Gorsky M, Guglietta A, Le N, Sonis ST. The correlation between epidermal growth factor levels in saliva and the severity of oral mucositis during oropharyngeal radiation therapy. Cancer 2000; 89:2258-65. [PMID: 11147596 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(20001201)89:11<2258::aid-cncr14>3.0.co;2-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is present in biologic fluids, including saliva, and plays a role in maintenance of the epithelial barrier and in healing of damaged mucosa. The purpose of this study was to assess the relation between salivary EGF and the severity of oral mucositis in patients with carcinoma of the head and neck during radiation therapy. METHODS Whole resting saliva (WRS) and whole stimulated saliva (WSS) were collected prior to radiation and each week during radiation treatment for 11 men and 7 women. Oral mucositis was evaluated using the National Cancer Institute (NCI) scale of 0-4 and the Oral Mucositis Assessment Scale (OMAS), which evaluates the extent of erythema (scale of 0-2) and ulcerations (scale of 0-3) in nine oral sites. The overall OMAS score of 0-45 reflected the mucosal condition. EGF was assayed in the saliva specimens. RESULTS The total mean radiation dose delivered to the head and neck was 5667 centigrays (cGy) in a mean of 24 fractions. Ulcerative oral mucositis occurred in 94% of patients. The mean OMAS score ranged from 2.83 in the first week of treatment to 14.77 in the fifth week. The mean WRS and WSS volumes decreased significantly from pretreatment to the first week of radiation treatment and then remained stable. A similar pattern was seen for the mean total output of EGF. A significant and negative correlation was found between higher levels of EGF in stimulated saliva and low OMAS score, reflecting less severe erythema and ulceration. A general trend showing that less tissue damage was associated with a higher EGF level in resting saliva also was illustrated. EGF levels were correlated with the OMAS score; however, no correlation was found when assessing the NCI score, which combines tissue damage with function and symptoms in a single score. CONCLUSIONS Radiation-induced mucositis appeared to be modified by saliva volume, total EGF, and concentration of EGF in the oral environment. Saliva volume and total EGF output decreased significantly in the first weeks of treatment and remained reduced throughout radiation therapy. The findings suggest that higher levels of EGF in saliva, particularly in stimulated saliva, prior to and during radiation treatment may be associated with less severe mucosal damage due to radiation therapy. It is also postulated that human EGF may affect the development and healing of radiation-damaged mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Epstein
- Department of Dentistry, Vancouver Hospital and Health Sciences Center, British Columbia, Canada.
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Dumbrigue HB, Sandow PL, Nguyen KH, Humphreys-Beher MG. Salivary epidermal growth factor levels decrease in patients receiving radiation therapy to the head and neck. ORAL SURGERY, ORAL MEDICINE, ORAL PATHOLOGY, ORAL RADIOLOGY, AND ENDODONTICS 2000; 89:710-6. [PMID: 10846125 DOI: 10.1067/moe.2000.106343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to assess changes in salivary epidermal growth factor (EGF) in patients receiving radiation therapy to the head and neck and to determine whether salivary EGF levels correlate with the severity of radiation-induced oral mucositis. STUDY DESIGN Thirteen patients and 18 control subjects were enrolled in the study. Saliva was collected before, during (weekly), and after radiation therapy. Salivary total protein (TP) and EGF concentrations were measured and correlated with the severity of oral mucositis. The variability in normalized EGF (ngEGF/mgTP) values and mucositis scores were analyzed with analysis of covariance, and the adjusted correlation coefficient was calculated. RESULTS EGF levels decreased (P =.004), whereas TP levels increased over time (P =.039). A strong correlation was seen with decreasing normalized EGF values and more severe mucositis (P =. 0001). CONCLUSION A strong negative correlation between normalized EGF and mucositis severity suggests a possible role for EGF in the progression of radiation-induced mucosal breakdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- H B Dumbrigue
- University of Florida College of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
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Shin CE, Falcone RA, Stuart L, Erwin CR, Warner BW. Diminished epidermal growth factor levels in infants with necrotizing enterocolitis. J Pediatr Surg 2000; 35:173-6; discussion 177. [PMID: 10693661 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3468(00)90005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Because epidermal growth factor (EGF) is trophic to the intestinal mucosa, and neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is associated with a disrupted intestinal mucosal barrier, the authors sought to determine whether diminished levels of EGF were present in infants with NEC. METHODS Saliva, serum, and urine specimens were obtained from infants with NEC during a 3-year period (February 1995 to May 1998). Control patients without NEC were chosen based on similar postnatal age and birthweight. EGF levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Differences between groups were compared using Mann-Whitney Rank sum test with P less than .05 considered significant. Results are presented as mean values +/-SEM. RESULTS Twenty-five infants with NEC were compared with 19 control patients. Birth weight (1,616+/-238 g control v. 1,271+/-124 g NEC) and postnatal age (23+/-6 days control v. 22+/-3 days NEC) were similar. Infants with NEC had significantly lower levels of EGF in both saliva (590+/-80 pg/mL control v. 239+/-41 pg/mL NEC; P<.001) and serum (35+/-8 pg/mL control v. 5.6+/-1.9 pg/mL NEC; P<.001). Urinary EGF was also lower in the NEC group, but was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS Premature infants with NEC have significantly diminished levels of salivary and serum EGF. Reduced levels of this growth factor may distinguish infants at risk for NEC and play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of the perturbed intestinal mucosal barrier that is central to this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Shin
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH 45229-3039, USA
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Pammer J, Weninger W, Mildner M, Burian M, Wojta J, Tschachler E. Vascular endothelial growth factor is constitutively expressed in normal human salivary glands and is secreted in the saliva of healthy individuals. J Pathol 1998; 186:186-91. [PMID: 9924435 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9896(1998100)186:2<186::aid-path148>3.0.co;2-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a specific mitogen for endothelial cells, was examined in salivary glands and in normal saliva. In normal salivary glands, VEGF mRNA and protein were strongly present in acinar cells, whereas little or no VEGF was found in ductal cells. In chronically inflamed glands, VEGF protein was in addition present in ductal elements and in infiltrating mononuclear cells. No difference of VEGF expression was observed between benign and malignant salivary gland tumours. By ELISA, whole saliva of 24 healthy individuals contained up to 2.5 ng/ml (mean 1.4 ng/ml; SD 0.77 ng/ml) of VEGF, confirming the constitutive secretion of this cytokine by human salivary glands. Western blot analysis of normal saliva under non-reducing conditions detected anti-VEGF reactive protein moieties of approximately 46 kD, corresponding to VEGF secreted by cells in tissue culture. Additional anti-VEGF reactive proteins of approximately 60 and 90 kD were detected in the saliva of some individuals. The presence of considerable quantities of VEGF in normal human saliva suggests an important role for this cytokine in the maintenance of the homeostasis of mucous membranes, with rapid induction of neoangiogenesis by salivary VEGF helping to accelerate wound healing within the oral cavity. Moreover, salivary VEGF may permeabilize intraglandular capillaries and thus participate in the regulation of saliva production itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pammer
- Institute of Clinical Pathology, University of Vienna Medical School, Austria
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Oxford GE, Nguyen KH, Alford CE, Tanaka Y, Humphreys-Beher MG. Elevated salivary EGF levels stimulated by periodontal surgery. J Periodontol 1998; 69:479-84. [PMID: 9609379 DOI: 10.1902/jop.1998.69.4.479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown epidermal growth factor (EGF) to be involved in oral wound healing as well as gastric cytoprotection. EGF functions with hormone-like properties to stimulate epithelial cells by binding to the EGF receptor which ultimately leads to proliferation via signal transduction mechanisms. Salivary glands are a major source of EGF The purpose of this study was to determine if intra-oral wounding by periodontal surgery stimulated increased salivary EGF levels. Salivary EGF levels were determined for 12 systemically healthy individuals (ages 27 to 70 years old) presurgically and postsurgically at 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, and 42 hours and 2 and 6 weeks. Three ml of unstimulated whole saliva was obtained at each time point to allow immunoassay quantitation. Age and gender matched unoperated patients served as controls. Salivary samples were incubated with monoclonal and polyclonal EGF antibodies in these "sandwich" enzyme immunoassays. Quantitation was obtained by spectrometric analysis at OD 450 nm after addition of 200 microl of colorimetric substrate. Mean EGF levels ranged from 2441 pg/ml presurgically to 3349 pg/ml at 18 hours postsurgically and 1207 pg/ml at 6 weeks postsurgically. Repeated measures analysis of variance indicated statistically significant differences in 18 hours postsurgical salivary EGF levels when compared to controls and to postsurgical levels from 36 hours forward (P < 0.01). A second smaller rise in EGF was detected at 30 hours. These results suggest a transient increase in salivary EGF levels in response to intra-oral wounding.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Oxford
- University of Florida College of Medicine, Department of Oral Biology, Gainesville 32610-0434, USA
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Epstein JB, Emerton S, Guglietta A, Le N. Assessment of epidermal growth factor in oral secretions of patients receiving radiation therapy for cancer. Oral Oncol 1997; 33:359-63. [PMID: 9415337 DOI: 10.1016/s1368-8375(97)00009-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Biological response modifiers have been studied in animal models of oral mucositis. We assessed the presence of epidermal growth factor (EGF) in patients during radiation therapy for head and neck cancer. The findings of this preliminary study showed that it is possible to measure the presence of EGF in oral secretions during radiation therapy. EGF was shown to decrease during the course of radiation therapy, and a trend was seen with decreasing EGF and increasing oral ulceration (P = 0.10) and increasing total mucositis score (P = 0.09).
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Epstein
- British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada
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Solmi R, Tietz C, Zucchini C, Gualandi G, Pugnaloni A, Talassi O, Castaldini C, Simonelli L, Biagini G. In vitro study of gingival fibroblasts from normal and inflamed tissue: age-related responsiveness. Mech Ageing Dev 1996; 92:31-41. [PMID: 9032753 DOI: 10.1016/s0047-6374(96)01800-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize some phenotypic expressions of fibroblasts from the human oral mucosa. Gingival and lower forearm fibroblasts from young (20-30 years) and elderly (> 60 years) subjects were analyzed. Gingival fibroblasts were taken from donors with (P) and without (NP) periodontal disease, while skin biopsies were taken from healthy subjects. Cell proliferation was assessed by evaluating the cell multiplication coefficient (C.M.C.). The proliferation potential of gingival fibroblasts from elderly individuals with and without periodontopathy did not differ from that of young subjects in the same condition but differed significantly in the skin samples. Enzyme neutral endopeptidase (EC 3.4.24.11) (NEP) activity, studied as a possible marker of cell ageing, showed an age-related increase in human skin fibroblasts but not consistently in gingival fibroblasts from individuals with or without periodontal disease. Cell area and substrate adhesion were evaluated by morphometric analysis. There were no significant differences between elderly P and NP subjects, while significant differences were observed between young and elderly P subjects. In conclusion, proliferative capacity and NEP activity in gingival fibroblasts did not appear to be age-related, probably because their microenvironment is continually moistened by saliva, which continues to contain growth factors, notably EGF, even into senescence. Tissue reaction and repair are important clinical and therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Solmi
- Instituto di Istologia ed Embriologia generale, Università di Bologna, Italy
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Axelson J, Fan BG, Ohlsson B, Rehfeld J, Ekelund M, Ihse I. The changes in the rat parotid glands following total parenteral nutrition and pancreatico-biliary diversion are not mediated by cholecystokinin. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PANCREATOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF PANCREATOLOGY 1996; 20:109-18. [PMID: 8968866 DOI: 10.1007/bf02825509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study suggest that the pancreas and parotid glands both respond with hypoplasia during absence of food in the digestive tract and with hyperplasia following pancreatico-biliary diversion (PBD). Factors other than cholecystokinin (CCK) are, however, involved in the effects on the parotid glands, since infusion of CCK-8S and devazepide was without influence. BACKGROUND AND AIM Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) causes reduced pancreatic weight, whereas PBD evokes hyperCCKemia and enlargement of the rat pancreas. The pancreas and parotid glands have in part similar morphology and function. Therefore, we studied the possible presence of alterations also in the parotid glands during TPN, after PBD and during infusion of sulfated cholecystokinin (CCK-8S) and the CCK-A receptor antagonist devazepide, respectively. MATERIALS AND RESULTS Rats either received TPN for 7 d, or were kept under otherwise identical conditions with free access to food and water. TPN markedly reduced both pancreatic and parotid wet weight and thereby also the protein and amylase contents, and pancreatic DNA content was decreased. There was a significant correlation between the pancreas and parotid glands when comparing these parameters. The concentration of plasma CCK was unaffected by TPN. PBD caused a sevenfold increase in plasma CCK and a three fold increase in the pancreatic weight compared to control rats 28 d after the operation. The protein and DNA contents in the pancreas were found to be increased. The parotid glands increased twofold in weight, but their protein and amylase contents were not affected. There was a significant correlation between the pancreas and parotid glands when comparing weight, and protein and amylase concentrations. Infusion of CCK-8S during 28 d caused a marked increase in pancreatic wet wt and protein and DNA contents. The CCK-A receptor antagonist devazepide induced a reduction in protein and DNA contents in the pancreas. The parotid glands were not affected by either treatment. No effect on the labeling index of serous and ductal cells of the parotid gland was seen at 36 h, 3, 7, and 28 d of infusion with CCK-8S or devazepide.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Axelson
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
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Possible compensation in epidermal growth factor production by saliva in rat. Inflammopharmacology 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02731878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Christensen ME, Hansen HS, Poulsen SS, Bretlau P, Nexo E. Immunohistochemical and quantitative changes in salivary EGF, amylase and haptocorrin following radiotherapy for oral cancer. Acta Otolaryngol 1996; 116:137-43. [PMID: 8820365 DOI: 10.3109/00016489609137727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor (EGF), amylase and haptocorrin are molecules produced in the salivary glands. The aim of the present study was to determine immunohistochemical and quantitative alterations in EGF as compared with haptocorrin and amylase following radiotherapy for oral cancer. Changes in the salivary secretion of EGF are of interest because of the importance of EGF in mucosal regeneration. Immunohistochemical studies on normal tissue from parotid and submandibular glands have demonstrated EGF in the serous acini with a tendency to single cell expression in the parotid gland. Amylase has been found in the serous acini of both the submandibular and parotid glands. Haptocorrin was localized in the duct system of both glands. In the submandibular glands with radiotherapy induced sialoadenitis only very few acini with weak or no staining for EGF and amylase were demonstrated, while no changes were observed in the staining for haptocorrin. Analysis on stimulated whole saliva samples collected from 20 healthy individuals and from 20 patients prior to, and 1, 2 and 3 weeks following radiotherapy showed significant reduction in salivary contents of EGF and amylase after treatment as expressed per g protein (p < 0.0002). The salivary content of haptocorrin increased significantly after treatment (p < 0.002). These alterations may be explained by the different cellular sites of the molecules studied, the serous acini being more sensitive to ionising radiation than the duct system. The concentration of EGF in saliva before treatment was significantly higher in patients than in the control group (p < 0.02), which may indicate that the tumors induce increased secretion of salivary EGF, or alternatively that the oral tumors contribute with EGF to the saliva. In conclusion we have demonstrated a reduction in the mitogenic peptide EGF both immunohistochemically and quantitatively following irradiation for oral cancer, results which may contribute to the understanding of the clinical signs of mucositis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Christensen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Chuang LY, Hung WC, Yang ML, Chang CC, Tsai JF. Urinary epidermal growth factor receptor-binding growth factors in patients with cancers of the digestive tract. Clin Biochem 1994; 27:485-9. [PMID: 7697894 DOI: 10.1016/0009-9120(94)00053-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
To investigate whether the urinary excretion of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha) is increased in patients with cancer of the digestive tract, EGF and TGF-alpha were determined in 109 cancer patients and 40 healthy controls. Excluding EGF in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and TGF-alpha in pancreatic cancer, both growth factors in each cancer group were significantly higher than in the control group. A receiver operating characteristic curve and likelihood ratio were applied to obtain the best diagnostic efficiency. Both EGF and TGF-alpha had high specificity (100%) in all cancer group. The high sensitivity of EGF in gastric cancer (100%) and metastatic liver cancer (93.3%), moderate sensitivity of TGF-alpha in metastatic liver cancer (86.6%), colon cancer (80.0%), and HCC (61.7%) suggested that they might be helpful in identifying these cancers. In conclusion, urinary excretion of EGF and TGF-alpha increased in most cancers of the digestive tract. They may be used as tumor markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Y Chuang
- Department of Biochemistry, Kaohsiung Medical College, Taiwan
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