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Kwak JY, Jeon H, Kim SJ, Han JH, Cha RR, Lee SS. Etiology and Outcomes of Patients with Extreme Hyperbilirubinemia in Korea: A Retrospective Cohort Study. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY = TAEHAN SOHWAGI HAKHOE CHI 2024; 84:9-16. [PMID: 39049460 DOI: 10.4166/kjg.2024.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Background/Aim Extreme hyperbilirubinemia is occasionally observed in intensive care unit (ICU) and non-ICU settings. This study examined the etiologies of extreme hyperbilirubinemia (bilirubin level ≥12 mg/dL) and the factors associated with the 30-day mortality. Methods This retrospective observational cohort study identified 439 patients with extreme hyperbilirubinemia at the Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital between 2016 and 2020. The patients were classified into three groups and 11 diseases according to their etiology. The risk factors associated with 30-day mortality at the baseline were investigated using the Cox proportional hazards model. Results Of 439 patients with extreme hyperbilirubinemia, 287, 78, and 74 were in the liver cirrhosis/malignancy group, the ischemic injury group, and the benign hepatobiliary-pancreatic etiological group, respectively, with corresponding 30-day mortality rates of 42.9%, 76.9%, and 17.6%. The most common disease leading to hyperbilirubinemia was a pancreatobiliary malignancy (28.7%), followed by liver cirrhosis (17.3%), hepatocellular carcinoma (10.9%), and liver metastases (8.4%). The etiologies of hyperbilirubinemia, obstructive jaundice, infection, albumin level, creatinine level, and prothrombin time-international normalized ratio were independently associated with the 30-day mortality. Conclusions This study suggests three etiologies of extreme hyperbilirubinemia in the ICU and non-ICU settings. The prognosis of patients with extreme hyperbilirubinemia depends largely on the etiology and the presence of obstructive jaundice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yoon Kwak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine and Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Changwon, Korea
- Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine and Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Korea
| | - Hankyu Jeon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine and Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Changwon, Korea
- Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine and Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Korea
| | - Seong Je Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine and Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Korea
| | - Ji Hee Han
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine and Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Changwon, Korea
- Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine and Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Korea
| | - Ra Ri Cha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine and Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Changwon, Korea
- Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine and Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Korea
| | - Sang Soo Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine and Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Changwon, Korea
- Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine and Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Korea
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Bock K, Wedemeyer H, Mederacke YS, Mederacke I. Elevated liver enzymes in a German tertiary-care hospital: Distribution, diagnostic steps and diagnosis groups. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR GASTROENTEROLOGIE 2024; 62:919-929. [PMID: 38198801 DOI: 10.1055/a-2150-2077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The determination of liver blood tests is frequently performed in hospitalized patients, and abnormal values require further diagnostics. Yet, analyses considering the management of elevated liver enzymes are missing. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the distribution of abnormal liver function tests and the subsequent diagnostic steps across different medical specialties. METHODS From our Hannover liver-injury database, we identified 63,300 cases of patients who were hospitalized between January 2008 and July 2021 with AST or ALT > 3 ULN or AP or TBI > 2 ULN at any time point during hospitalization. Of these, 29,547 cases fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were subjected to further analysis. Cases were analyzed according to the three groups: internal medicine, surgery and others. Analyses were performed regarding baseline characteristics, liver-related diagnostics and factors influencing hospital mortality. RESULTS Elevated liver blood tests were mainly observed in internal medicine (n=17,762, 60.1%), followed by the surgery department 34.2% (n=10,105). Notably, 40.2% (n=11,896) developed liver enzyme elevation above the cut-offs during the hospital stay. Testing for hepatitis B and C was more often performed in the surgery department compared to in internal medicine. In total, 5.6% of the cases (n=1,640) had a liver biopsy. Hyperbilirubinemia (total bilirubine ≥ 2ULN) and AST/ALT ratios >2 were associated with in-hospital mortality. CONCLUSION Clinicians are often faced with elevated liver enzymes. However, diagnostic steps differ between different specialties. Physicians should be aware of the increased in-hospital mortality in cases with hyperbilirubinemia or elevated AST/ALT ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kilian Bock
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Infectious diseases and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Heiner Wedemeyer
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Infectious diseases and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Young-Seon Mederacke
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Infectious diseases and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ingmar Mederacke
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Infectious diseases and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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3
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Huang A, Zhu Y, Liu S, Sun Y, Liu Z, Liang QS, Zhao J, Chang BX, Bi JF, Liu JT, Zhai XR, Xie H, Li N, Tian H, Han L, Zhuang Y, Ma H, Teng GJ, Zhang W, Aithal GP, Ji D, Zhao J, Zou Z. An optimized short-term steroid therapy for chronic drug-induced liver injury: A prospective randomized clinical trial. Liver Int 2024; 44:1435-1447. [PMID: 38483145 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The use of corticosteroids in chronic drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is an important issue. Our previous randomized controlled trial showed that patients with chronic DILI benefited from a 48-week steroid stepwise reduction (SSR) regimen. However, it remains unclear whether a shorter course of therapy can achieve similar efficacy. In this study, we aimed to assess whether a 36-week SSR can achieve efficacy similar to that of 48-week SSR. METHODS A randomized open-label trial was performed. Eligible patients were randomly assigned to the 36- or 48-week (1:1) SSR group. Liver biopsies were performed at baseline and at the end of treatment. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients with relapse rate (RR). The secondary outcomes were improvement in liver histology and safety. RESULTS Of the 90 participants enrolled, 84 (87.5%) completed the trial, and 62 patients (68.9%) were women. Hepatocellular damage was observed in 53.4% of the cohort. The RR was 7.1% in the 36-week SSR group but 4.8% in the 48-week SSR group, as determined by per-protocol set analysis (p = 1.000). Significant histological improvements in histological activity (93.1% vs. 92.9%, p = 1.000) and fibrosis (41.4% vs. 46.4%, p = .701) were observed in both the groups. Biochemical normalization time did not differ between the two groups. No severe adverse events were observed. CONCLUSIONS Both the 36- and 48-week SSR regimens demonstrated similar biochemical response and histological improvements with good safety, supporting 36-week SSR as a preferable therapeutic choice (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03266146).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ang Huang
- Senior Department of Hepatology, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, the First Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Zhu
- Senior Department of Hepatology, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shuhong Liu
- Department of Pathology and Hepatology, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Senior Department of Hepatology, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zherui Liu
- Peking University 302 Clinical Medical School, Beijing, China
| | - Qing-Sheng Liang
- Senior Department of Hepatology, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Senior Department of Hepatology, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bin-Xia Chang
- Senior Department of Hepatology, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-Feng Bi
- Epidemiology Department, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jiang-Tao Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hainan Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Hainan, China
| | - Xing-Ran Zhai
- Peking University 302 Clinical Medical School, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Xie
- Senior Department of Hepatology, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Li
- Senior Department of Hepatology, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Tian
- Senior Department of Hepatology, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Han
- Senior Department of Hepatology, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yingjie Zhuang
- Department for Disease Control and Prevention, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hongbin Ma
- Department of Clinical Diagnostic Center, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Guang-Ju Teng
- Senior Department of Hepatology, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Senior Department of Hepatology, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Guruprasad P Aithal
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Center, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Dong Ji
- Senior Department of Hepatology, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Peking University 302 Clinical Medical School, Beijing, China
| | - Jingmin Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Hepatology, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengsheng Zou
- Senior Department of Hepatology, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Peking University 302 Clinical Medical School, Beijing, China
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Björnsson HK, Björnsson ES. Review of human risk factors for idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury: latest advances and future goals. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2023; 19:969-977. [PMID: 37997265 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2023.2288260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a common cause of acute liver injury and can lead to death from acute liver failure or require liver transplantation. Although the total burden of liver injury is high, the frequency of DILI caused by specific agents is often low. As the liver injury is by per definition idiosyncratic, the prediction of which patients will develop liver injury from specific drugs is currently a very difficult challenge. AREAS COVERED The current paper highlights the most important studies on prediction of DILI published in 2019-2023, including studies on genetic, metabolomic, and demographic risk factors, concomitant medication, and the role of comorbid liver diseases. Risk stratification using demographic, metabolomic, and multigenetic risk factors is discussed. EXPERT OPINION Great advances have been made in identifying genetic risk factors for DILI. Combining these risk factors with demographic information and other biomarkers into multigenetic risk models might become highly useful in risk stratifying patients exposed to DILI. However, a more detailed mapping of genetic risk factors is needed. Results of these studies need to be validated in the selected ethnic groups before applicability and cost-effectiveness can be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helgi Kristinn Björnsson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Einar Stefan Björnsson
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Landspitali - The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
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Mohamed MFH, Elfert K, Wadhavkar N, Marino D, Farrakhan K, Beran A, Abdallah MA, Abdalla A, Farrell R. Choledocholithiasis Can Present with Marked Transaminases Elevation: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Dig Dis Sci 2023:10.1007/s10620-023-07981-7. [PMID: 37269372 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-023-07981-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extreme transaminase elevation > 1000 international units per liter (IU/L) is typically caused by hepatocellular injury due to ischemia, drugs, or viral infection. Acute choledocholithiasis can also present with marked transaminase elevation mimicking severe hepatocellular injury, contrary to the presumed cholestatic pattern. METHODS We searched PubMed/Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar for studies reporting the proportion of marked elevation of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) or aspartate aminotransferase (AST) > 1000 IU/L in patients with common bile duct (CBD) stones. A proportion meta-analysis with a corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to pool the proportion of patients with extreme transaminase elevation. I2 was used to examine heterogeneity. We used CMA software utilizing a random effect model for statistical analysis. RESULTS Three studies (n = 1328 patients) were included in our analysis. The reported frequency of ALT or AST > 1000 IU/L in choledocholithiasis patients ranged between 6 and 9.6%, with pooled frequency of 7.8% (95% CI 5.5-10.8%, I2 61%). The frequency of patients with ALT or AST > 500 IU/L was higher, ranging between 28 and 47%, with pooled frequency of 33.1% (95% CI 25.3-42%, I2 88%). CONCLUSION This is the first meta-analysis to study prevalence of severe hepatocellular injury in patients with CBD stones. Results revealed that approximately one-third of patients with choledocholithiasis present with ALT or AST > 500 IU/L. Furthermore, levels > 1000 IU/L are not uncommon. An elaborate work-up for alternative etiologies of severe transaminase elevation is likely unwarranted in cases with clear evidence of choledocholithiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouhand F H Mohamed
- Division of Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 593 Eddy Street, Providence, RI, 02903, USA.
| | - Khaled Elfert
- Department of Medicine, SBH Health System, New York, NY, USA
| | - Neha Wadhavkar
- Division of Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 593 Eddy Street, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Daniel Marino
- Division of Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 593 Eddy Street, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Kanhai Farrakhan
- Division of Gastroenterology, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Azizullah Beran
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Mohamed A Abdallah
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Abubaker Abdalla
- Division of Digestive Disease, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ronan Farrell
- Division of Gastroenterology, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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Fontana RJ, Liou I, Reuben A, Suzuki A, Fiel MI, Lee W, Navarro V. AASLD practice guidance on drug, herbal, and dietary supplement-induced liver injury. Hepatology 2023; 77:1036-1065. [PMID: 35899384 PMCID: PMC9936988 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Fontana
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Iris Liou
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Adrian Reuben
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Ayako Suzuki
- Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - M. Isabel Fiel
- Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York City, New York, USA
| | - William Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Victor Navarro
- Department of Medicine, Einstein Healthcare Network, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Markedly Elevated Aspartate Aminotransferase from Non-Hepatic Causes. J Clin Med 2022; 12:jcm12010310. [PMID: 36615110 PMCID: PMC9821092 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12010310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
There have been no reports on mortality in patients with markedly elevated aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels from non-hepatic causes to date. This study aimed to determine the etiologies of markedly elevated AST levels > 400 U/L due to non-hepatic causes and to investigate the factors associated with mortality in these cases. This retrospective study included 430 patients with AST levels > 400 U/L unrelated to liver disease at two centers between January 2010 and December 2021. Patients were classified into three groups according to etiology: skeletal muscle damage, cardiac muscle damage, and hematologic disorder. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the factors associated with 30-day mortality. The most common etiology for markedly elevated AST levels was skeletal muscle damage (54.2%), followed by cardiac muscle damage (39.1%) and hematologic disorder (6.7%). The 30-day mortality rates for the skeletal muscle damage, cardiac muscle damage, and hematologic disorder groups were 14.2%, 19.5%, and 65.5%, respectively. The magnitude of the peak AST level significantly correlated with 30-day mortality, with rates of 12.8%, 26.7%, and 50.0% for peak AST levels < 1000 U/L, <3000 U/L, and ≥3000 U/L, respectively. In the multivariate analysis, cardiac muscle damage (odds ratio [OR] = 2.76, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.31−5.80), hematologic disorder (OR = 9.47, 95% CI = 2.95−30.39), peak AST < 3000 U/L (OR = 2.94, 95% CI = 1.36−6.35), and peak AST ≥ 3000 U/L (OR = 9.61, 95% CI = 3.54−26.08) were associated with increased 30-day mortality. Our study revealed three etiologies of markedly elevated AST unrelated to liver disease and showed that etiology and peak AST level significantly affected the survival rate.
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Björnsson HK, Björnsson ES. Drug-induced liver injury: Pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical features, and practical management. Eur J Intern Med 2022; 97:26-31. [PMID: 34772600 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2021.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is an important but rare adverse event which can range from mild liver enzyme elevations to liver failure, transplantation or death. A large proportion of commonly used medications, in addition to herbal and dietary supplements, can cause liver injury. DILI has been categorized as direct or idiosyncratic but indirect liver injury has emerged as a third type of drug-induced liver injury. These types of liver injury may warrant different clinical approach and treatment. Associations of HLA genotypes and risk of DILI have highlighted the importance of the immune system in the pathogenesis of DILI. Furthermore, novel agents affecting the immune response can lead to liver injury, often associated with autoimmune features in serologic tests and liver biopsies. Overall, the diagnosis of DILI remains a challenge as it is requires detailed case evaluation in addition to reviewing the hepatotoxic potentials and clinical signatures of the implicated agents. Biochemical profiles vary between agents and although individual drugs tend to portray a consistent clinicopathologic signature, many drugs have multiple signatures. Thanks to multicenter prospective studies on DILI and websites in the public domain such as LiverTox, physicians are provided with tools to investigate suspected DILI cases to increase the likelihood of establishing adiagnosis. The pathogenesis of DILI, epidemiology and current challenges in the diagnosis and management of the disease are reviewed in the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- H K Björnsson
- Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Gothenburg Sweden.
| | - E S Björnsson
- Landspitali - The National University Hospital of Iceland, Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Reykjavik, Iceland; Faculty of Medicine University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
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Jonsdottir S, Arnardottir MB, Andresson JA, Bjornsson HK, Lund SH, Bjornsson ES. Prevalence, clinical characteristics and outcomes of hypoxic hepatitis in critically ill patients. Scand J Gastroenterol 2022; 57:311-318. [PMID: 34846975 DOI: 10.1080/00365521.2021.2005136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoxic hepatitis (HH) is an important clinical entity in patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). The aims of the study were to assess the etiology, clinical characteristics and outcomes of HH in the ICU of a tertiary hospital. Secondary aim was to analyze the effects of concomitant ischemia in other organs than the liver. METHODS All patients with HH, 2011-2018, in a university hospital ICU were included. Data were collected on etiology, relevant clinical data and outcome. HH was defined by an increase in aminotransferases ≥10 times the upper limit of normal within 48 h from a clinical event of cardiac, circulatory or respiratory failure. Other causes of liver cell necrosis were excluded. RESULTS Of 9,931 patients hospitalized in the ICU, 159 (1.6%) fulfilled criteria for HH. In-hospital mortality occurred in 85 (53%) and 60 (38%) survived one year. Median ICU stay was five days (interquartile range (IQR) 3-10) and median hospital stay 16 days (IQR 7-32). Shock (48%), cardiac arrest (25%) and hypoxia (13%) were the most common causes of HH. Acute kidney injury (81%), rhabdomyolysis (50%), intestinal ischemia (6%) and ischemic pancreatitis (3%) occurred concomitantly. Age (odds ratio (OR) 1.05 (95% CI 1.02-1.09)), serum lactate (OR 2.61 (95% CI 1.23-5.50)) and lactate dehydrogenase (OR 1.14 (95% CI 1.02-1.27)) were predictors of mortality. CONCLUSIONS Hypoxic hepatitis was related to shock in approximately 50% of cases and associated with high in-hospital mortality. HH was commonly associated with ischemia in other organs. In-hospital mortality was associated with age, lactate and LD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Einar S Bjornsson
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.,The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
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Gupta M, Manek G, Dombrowski K, Maiwall R. Newer developments in viral hepatitis: Looking beyond hepatotropic viruses. World J Meta-Anal 2021; 9:522-542. [DOI: 10.13105/wjma.v9.i6.522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral hepatitis in the entirety of its clinical spectrum is vast and most discussion are often restricted to hepatotropic viral infections, including hepatitis virus (A to E). With the advent of more advanced diagnostic techniques, it has now become possible to diagnose patients with non-hepatotropic viral infection in patients with hepatitis. Majority of these viruses belong to the Herpes family, with characteristic feature of latency. With the increase in the rate of liver transplantation globally, especially for the indication of acute hepatitis, it becomes even more relevant to identify non hepatotropic viral infection as the primary hepatic insult. Immunosuppression post-transplant is an established cause of reactivation of a number of viral infections that could then indirectly cause hepatic injury. Antiviral agents may be utilized for treatment of most of these infections, although data supporting their role is derived primarily from case reports. There are no current guidelines to manage patients suspected to have viral hepatitis secondary to non-hepatotropic viral infection, a gap that needs to be addressed. In this review article, the authors analyze the common non hepatotropic viral infections contributing to viral hepatitis, with emphasis on recent advances on diagnosis, management and role of liver transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasvi Gupta
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT 06030, United States
| | - Gaurav Manek
- Department of Pulmonology and Critical Care, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States
| | - Kaitlyn Dombrowski
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT 06030, United States
| | - Rakhi Maiwall
- Department of Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi 110070, India
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11
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Liu M, Tan W, Yuan W, Wang T, Lu X, Liu N. Development and Validation of a Diagnostic Model to Predict the Risk of Ischemic Liver Injury After Stanford A Aortic Dissection Surgery. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:701537. [PMID: 34631813 PMCID: PMC8494972 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.701537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To define the risk factors of ischemic liver injury (ILI) following Stanford A aortic dissection surgery and to propose a diagnostic model for individual risk prediction. Methods: We reviewed the clinical parameters of ILI patients who underwent cardiac surgery from Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University between January 1, 2015 and October 30, 2020. The data was analyzed by the use of univariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis. A risk prediction model was established and validated, which showed a favorable discriminating ability and might contribute to clinical decision-making for ILI after Stanford A aortic dissection (AAD) surgery. The discriminative ability and calibration of the diagnostic model to predict ILI were tested using C statistics, calibration plots, and clinical usefulness. Results: In total, 1,343 patients who underwent AAD surgery were included in the study. After univariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis, the following variables were incorporated in the prediction of ILI: pre-operative serum creatinine, pre-operative RBC count <3.31 T/L, aortic cross-clamp time >140 min, intraoperative lactic acid level, the transfusion of WRBC, atrial fibrillation within post-operative 24 h. The risk model was validated by internal sets. The model showed a robust discrimination, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of 0.718. The calibration plots for the probability of perioperative ischemic liver injury showed coherence between the predictive probability and the actual probability (Hosmer-Lemeshow test, P = 0.637). In the validation cohort, the nomogram still revealed good discrimination (C statistic = 0.727) and good calibration (Hosmer-Lemeshow test, P = 0.872). The 10-fold cross-validation of the nomogram showed that the average misdiagnosis rate was 9.95% and the lowest misdiagnosis rate was 9.81%. Conclusion: Our risk model can be used to predict the probability of ILI after AAD surgery and have the potential to assist clinicians in making treatment recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maomao Liu
- Center for Cardiac Intensive, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Tan
- Center for Cardiac Intensive, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Yuan
- Center for Cardiac Intensive, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tengke Wang
- Center for Cardiac Intensive, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuran Lu
- Center for Cardiac Intensive, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Liu
- Center for Cardiac Intensive, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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12
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Björnsson ES. Clinical management of patients with drug-induced liver injury (DILI). United European Gastroenterol J 2021; 9:781-786. [PMID: 35084797 PMCID: PMC8435256 DOI: 10.1002/ueg2.12113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) should be considered in all patients with recent elevation of liver tests without obvious etiology and normal hepatobiliary imaging. There is currently no biomarker that is helpful in diagnosis which relies on clinical and laboratory findings. Diagnosis is dependent on temporal relationship with a recently started drug or herbal and dietary supplement and elevated liver tests with exclusion of competing etiologies. The implicated agent should be discontinued and the patient should be observed closely. This is particularly important in patients with jaundice who have approximately 10% risk of liver related mortality and/or need for liver transplantation. There is no specific therapy for DILI which is only symptomatic such as for itching. Patients with jaundice and coagulopathy usually require hospitalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einar S. Björnsson
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of IcelandReykjavikIceland
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of Internal MedicineThe National University Hospital of IcelandReykjavikIceland
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13
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Curra M, Gabriel AF, Ferreira MBC, Martins MAT, Brunetto AT, Gregianin LJ, Martins MD. Incidence and risk factors for oral mucositis in pediatric patients receiving chemotherapy. Support Care Cancer 2021; 29:6243-6251. [PMID: 33846825 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-021-06199-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the incidence and risk factors for oral mucositis (OM) in patients with childhood cancer undergoing chemotherapy. METHODS Eight hundred and twenty-nine cycles of chemotherapy were evaluated in 112 patients with childhood cancer undergoing chemotherapy. Chemotherapy protocol, hematological, hepatic, and renal function parameters were collected and compared to presence and severity of OM, as graded by the World Health Organization (WHO) scale. Patients received counseling on oral hygiene and those who presented with OM (grade ≥1) received photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT). RESULTS Age ranged from 0 to 17 years (mean/SD, 8.58 ± 5.05) and fifty-one patients (45.54%) were females. The most common baseline diseases were leukemia (51%) followed by sarcomas (23%) and lymphomas (18%). Eight hundred and twenty-nine cycles of chemotherapy were evaluated, and OM was diagnosed in 527 cycles (63.57%). Higher incidence and severity of OM was observed in protocols using high-dose methotrexate (MTX-HD), MTX-HD cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin combination, and MTX-HD combined with cyclophosphamide (p <0.001). Patients with severe OM had lower levels of leukocytes (p = 0.003), hemoglobin (p = 0.005), platelets (p = 0.034), and higher levels of total bilirubin (p = 0.027), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (p = 0.001), and creatinine (p = 0.007). CONCLUSION The study contributes to the elucidation of the risk factors for OM in pediatric cancer patients. Chemotherapy protocols using MTX-HD, MTX-HD associated with doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide, and MTX-HD and cyclophosphamide a have higher incidence of severe grades of OM. Other toxicities such as hematological, hepatic, and renal also developed in patients with OM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Curra
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2492, sala 503, CEP: 90035-003 Santana, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Amanda F Gabriel
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2492, sala 503, CEP: 90035-003 Santana, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Maria Beatriz C Ferreira
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marco Antonio T Martins
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2492, sala 503, CEP: 90035-003 Santana, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Department of Oral Medicine, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA/UFRGS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Lauro J Gregianin
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Porto Alegre Clínicas Hospital (HCPA/UFRGS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Manoela Domingues Martins
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2492, sala 503, CEP: 90035-003 Santana, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. .,Department of Oral Medicine, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA/UFRGS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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14
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Ogunmoyole T, Dada I, Adebamigbe OA. Ameliorative potentials of Persea americana leaf extract on toxicants - induced oxidative assault in multiple organs of wistar albino rat. CLINICAL PHYTOSCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s40816-020-00237-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Persea americana (PA) is a popular medicinal plant in folkloric medicines. The present study therefore investigates the ameliorative potentials of its leaves extract on carbon tetrachloride and rifampicin-induced toxicity in the liver, kidney and heart of albino rat. This was aimed at assessing the potentials of the plant in the management of liver, kidney and heart diseases.
Methodology
Forty (40) rats were randomly divided into eight (8) groups of five animals each. Groups I and II were administered with only distilled water and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) respectively. Groups III and IV animals received 3.0 ml/kg bw of CCl4 and were treated with the extract at 50 mg/kg bw and 100 mg/kg respectively, while group V received 100 mg/kg bw. of silymarin orally for 14 days. Groups VI animals were administered with rifampicin (250 mg/kg bw.) only, while groups VII and VIII animals received rifampicin and were treated with 50 mg and 100 mg/kg bw of the extract respectively. Activities of creatine kinase, aspartate amino transferase, alanine amino transferase, alkaline phosphatase, superoxide dismutase, catalase as well as levels of urea, uric acid, bilirubin and malonidialdehyde (MDA) were assayed. Lipid profiles and histopathological examination of liver and kidney slices were also performed.
Result
Treatment with P. americana significantly (p < 0.05) restored all deranged biochemical parameters (creatine kinase, aspartate amino transferase, alanine amino transferase, alkaline phosphatase, urea, uric acid, bilirubin, MDA, lipid profile as well as superoxide dismutase and catalase) in a dose-dependent manner. Normal hepatic and renal histoarchitecture were also restored following treatment with P. americana.
Conclusion
Amelioration of distorted cardiac, hepatic and renal histoarchitecture as well as restoration of lipid profile, biomarkers of liver and kidney injury and antioxidant enzymes (catalase and superoxide dismutase) affirm the potential usefulness of P. americana in the management of liver, kidney and heart diseases.
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15
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Bunchorntavakul C, Reddy KR. Epstein-Barr Virus and Cytomegalovirus Infections of the Liver. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2020; 49:331-346. [PMID: 32389366 DOI: 10.1016/j.gtc.2020.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections are common and are associated with a variety of liver manifestations. EBV and CMV infections, in immunocompetent hosts, commonly manifest as acute hepatitis, with severity varying from asymptomatic, self-limited icteric hepatitis to acute liver failure. Atypical manifestations, such as cholestasis, chronic hepatitis, precipitation of acute-on-chronic liver failure, and autoimmune hepatitis, are reported with EBV infection, whereas cholestasis, portal vein thrombosis, and Budd-Chiari syndrome are reported with CMV infection. In the setting of liver transplantation, CMV is the most common infectious complication and carries significant morbidity; EBV is the major cause of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chalermrat Bunchorntavakul
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Rajavithi Hospital, College of Medicine, Rangsit University, 2 Phayathai Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - K Rajender Reddy
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 2 Dulles, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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16
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Epidemiology of drug-induced liver injury in a University Hospital from Colombia: Updated RUCAM being used for prospective causality assessment. Ann Hepatol 2020; 18:501-507. [PMID: 31053545 DOI: 10.1016/j.aohep.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND AIM Epidemiological information regarding drug-induced liver injury in some Latin American countries remains limited. Therefore, disease prevention and health promotion strategies are imperative to reduce drug-induced liver injuries and its fatal outcomes. This study aimed to collect epidemiological data regarding drug-induced liver injury and identify associated factors in patients admitted to a university hospital in Colombia. METHODS AND PATIENTS A prospective study was conducted for 1 year to assess the incidence of drug-induced liver injury in patients aged >18 years who showed elevated values in liver tests. Data were collected after obtaining informed consent from the patients. The updated Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method was applied to assess the causality of drug-induced liver injury. RESULTS The study included 286 patients with elevated values in liver tests, 18 of whom presented with drug-induced liver injury. The mean age of patients was 54.7±19.1 years. The associated pharmacological groups were anti-infectives and anticonvulsants (isoniazid, rifampicin, nitrofurantoin, phenytoin, and valproic acid), with a total of 15 drugs. The affected patients presented with cytopenia, jaundice, nausea, vomiting, or hepatomegaly. The most common type of liver injury was hepatocellular, and most patients recovered satisfactorily. The number of patients who had highly probable and probable causality grading was 1 and 9, respectively. CONCLUSION The incidence of drug-induced liver injury in a university hospital in Colombia was 6%. Comorbidities and concomitant drugs are risk factors for drug-induced liver injury. TRIAL REGISTRATION Registered in The Cuban Public Registry of Clinical Trials (identifier RPCEC00000242).
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17
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Con D, Buckle A, Nicoll AJ, Lubel JS. Epidemiology and outcomes of marked elevations of alanine aminotransferase >1000 IU/L in an Australian cohort. JGH Open 2020; 4:106-112. [PMID: 32280751 PMCID: PMC7144769 DOI: 10.1002/jgh3.12224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background and Aim Marked elevations of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) are caused by a limited number of underlying pathologies, including hepatic ischemia, drugs/toxins, viral hepatitis, and—rarely—autoimmune hepatitis. The aim of this study was to determine the relative incidence of pathologies resulting in ALT greater than 1000 IU/L and factors predicting clinical outcomes in an Australian cohort. Methods A retrospective cohort study of all adult patients with ALT levels greater than 1000 IU/L between January 2013 and December 2015 was conducted at a large teaching hospital network in Australia. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to determine predictors of etiology and mortality. Results There were 287 patients identified with ALT levels greater than 1000 IU/L. The most common causes were ischemia (44%), drugs/toxins (19%), biliary obstruction (16%), and viral hepatitis (7%). Independent predictors of a diagnosis of ischemic hepatitis included (adjusted odds ratio; 95% confidence interval): hypotension (29.2; 8.2–104.7), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (20.2; 2.8–145.3), coronary artery disease (12.9; 1.7–98.9), congestive cardiac failure (7.8; 1.2–49.2), diabetes mellitus (7.4; 1.6–33.9), metabolic acidosis (6.2; 2.0–19.4), gamma‐glutamyltransferase < 135 IU/L (5.1; 1.5–17.6), and albumin <34 g/L (3.4; 1.1–11.0). Independent risk factors for all‐cause 28‐day mortality included: septic shock (14.7; 4.3–50.7), metabolic acidosis (7.3; 2.5–21.3), history of COPD (5.4; 1.6–17.8), cardiogenic shock (4.3; 1.6–11.7), prothrombin time ≥ 20 s (3.7; 1.5–9.2), and age ≥ 65 years (3.0; 1.3–7.2). Conclusions Ischemic hepatitis was the most common cause of ALT levels greater than 1000 IU/L and was associated with high mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Con
- Department of GastroenterologyEastern Health Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Andrew Buckle
- Department of GastroenterologyEastern Health Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Amanda J Nicoll
- Department of GastroenterologyEastern Health Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Eastern Health Clinical SchoolMonash University Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - John S Lubel
- Eastern Health Clinical SchoolMonash University Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Central Clinical SchoolMonash University Melbourne Victoria Australia
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18
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Valgeirsson KB, Hreinsson JP, Björnsson ES. Increased incidence of autoimmune hepatitis is associated with wider use of biological drugs. Liver Int 2019; 39:2341-2349. [PMID: 31436903 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Population-based studies on the epidemiology of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) are scarce. Drug-induced AIH (DIAIH) is increasingly recognized in association with immunomodulatory therapy. We aimed to determine the incidence, prevalence and natural history of AIH in a population-based setting. METHODS We collected data of new diagnosis of AIH in Iceland from 2006 to 2015. Cases were identified through search of diagnostic codes and text search for AIH within electronical medical records of all hospitals in Iceland and through records of smooth muscle antibodies (SMA) test results by the only laboratory in the country analyzing SMA. Patients were included in the final analysis if they received the clinical diagnosis of AIH or were started on immunosuppressive therapy. RESULTS The mean annual incidence of AIH in Iceland was 2.2 cases per 100 000 inhabitants. Point prevalence on 31 December 2015 was 27/100 000. The median age at diagnosis was 56 years and 86% of patients were of female gender. DIAIH was suspected in 13 of 71 patients (18%) of which eight cases were related to infliximab. Immunosuppressive treatment was started in all but two patients. At the end of follow-up (median 4.8 years) 66 of 71 (93%) patients were alive. CONCLUSION The incidence and prevalence rates of AIH in Iceland are the highest reported so far in a population-based setting. Higher incidence can partly be explained by the increasing use of biological drugs. Immunosuppressive therapy was very effective in achieving remission and prognosis was favorable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjartan B Valgeirsson
- Department of Internal Medicine, National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Jóhann P Hreinsson
- Department of Internal Medicine, National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Einar S Björnsson
- Department of Internal Medicine, National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
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19
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Björnsson HK, Björnsson ES. A significant proportion of patients with choledocholithiasis have markedly elevated alanine aminotransferase. Scand J Gastroenterol 2019; 54:1155-1159. [PMID: 31479284 DOI: 10.1080/00365521.2019.1657177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To determine the frequency and nature of liver enzyme elevations among patients presenting with choledocholithiasis (CDL). Methods: A prospective study identified all patients with serum level of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ≥500 U/L (normal levels: <70 U/L in men, <45 U/L in women) over 1 year. Additionally, other patients with CDL were identified during the same period retrospectively by diagnostic codes and ERCP procedures, providing data on all CDL patients. Symptoms, liver tests, history of cholecystectomy, and radiological imaging were analyzed. Patients with radiologically confirmed CDL or a clinical diagnosis of CDL were included. Results: During the study period, 110 patients had CDL, 60% women, mean age 65 years. Overall 86/110 (78%) had confirmed CDL on imaging and 24/110 (22%) clinically diagnosed. Overall 26% had undergone cholecystectomy, median bile duct diameter 10.0 mm, median maximal liver tests: ALT 436, ALP 226, bilirubin 60 μmol/L (<25). Overall 9/110 (8%) had ALT ≥1000, 43/110 (39%) ALT levels between 500 and 1000 IU/L and 58/110 (53%) had ALT <500 IU/L. Patients with ALT ≥1000 had smaller bile duct diameter of 7 versus 10 mm (p < .001) but similar proportions of cholecystectomies. In the multivariate analysis age, maximal AST and maximal bilirubin were independent predictors of ALT >500. Maximal AST and bile duct diameter were independent predictors of ALT >1000. Conclusions: Approximately 8% of patients with CDL had markedly elevated ALT. These patients had smaller bile duct diameter. Pronounced ALT elevation is a part of the clinical spectrum of CDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helgi K Björnsson
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The National University Hospital of Iceland , Reykjavik , Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland , Reykjavik , Iceland
| | - Einar S Björnsson
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The National University Hospital of Iceland , Reykjavik , Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland , Reykjavik , Iceland
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20
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Abstract
Idiosyncratic (unpredictable) drug-induced liver injury is one of the most challenging liver disorders faced by hepatologists, because of the myriad of drugs used in clinical practice, available herbs and dietary supplements with hepatotoxic potential, the ability of the condition to present with a variety of clinical and pathological phenotypes and the current absence of specific biomarkers. This makes the diagnosis of drug-induced liver injury an uncertain process, requiring a high degree of awareness of the condition and the careful exclusion of alternative aetiologies of liver disease. Idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity can be severe, leading to a particularly serious variety of acute liver failure for which no effective therapy has yet been developed. These Clinical Practice Guidelines summarize the available evidence on risk factors, diagnosis, management and risk minimization strategies for drug-induced liver jury.
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21
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A Multicenter Study Into Causes of Severe Acute Liver Injury. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 17:1201-1203. [PMID: 30103039 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2018.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The differential diagnosis of an increase in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level and/or aspartate aminotransferase (AST) level of ≥1000 IU/L often is stated to include 3 main etiologies: ischemic hepatitis, acute viral hepatitis (typically hepatitis A and hepatitis B), and drug-induced (more specifically, acetaminophen/paracetamol) liver injury (DILI).1 Unfortunately, there are a paucity of studies examining the most common causes of acute liver injury (ALI) and those that have been published have been small,2 single-center,2 or examined less severe increases in ALT or AST levels.3,4 We conducted a multicenter study of all patients with an ALT and/or AST level ≥1000 IU/L. Our study had 3 main goals: (1) to determine the most common causes of an ALT and/or AST level ≥1000 IU/L, along with their relative frequencies; (2) to determine differences in etiology based on hospital type (liver transplant center, community hospital, Veterans Affairs hospital); and (3) to confirm or disprove the differential heuristic that ischemic hepatitis, acute viral hepatitis, and acetaminophen toxicity are the most common etiologies.
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Schmilovitz-Weiss H, Gingold-Belfer R, Grossman A, Issa N, Boltin D, Beloosesky Y, Morag Koren N, Meyerovitch J, Weiss A. Lowering the upper limit of serum alanine aminotransferase levels may reveal significant liver disease in the elderly. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212737. [PMID: 30973940 PMCID: PMC6459546 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study sought to determine the prevalence of significant liver disease in those subjects with serum alanine aminotransferase levels in the range between the current and the newly suggested upper limit of normal (termed the delta range). The files of the previous study subjects (who underwent at least one alanine aminotransferase measurement in 2002 and followed to 2012) were reviewed for a diagnosis of chronic liver disease; aspartate aminotransferase/platelet ratio index, FIB-4 and alanine aminotransferase/aspartate aminotransferase ratio were used to evaluate liver fibrosis. The prevalence of significant liver disease, by diagnoses and fibrosis scores was compared between subjects with alanine aminotransferase levels in the delta range (men, 42-45 IU/L; women, 26-34 IU/L) and in the newly suggested normal range (men, 15-42 IU/L; women, 10-26 IU/L). The cohort included 49,634 subjects (41% male, mean age 83±6 years) of whom 2022 were diagnosed with chronic liver disease including 366 with cirrhosis. Compared to subjects with alanine aminotransferase levels in the newly suggested normal range, subjects with alanine aminotransferase levels in the delta range had a significantly higher rate of chronic liver disease (men, 15.3% vs. 4.9%; women, 7.8% vs. 3.3%) and of cirrhosis specifically (men, 4.2% vs. 0.9%; women, 1.5% vs. 0.4%) and also had higher mean fibrosis scores (P <0.001 for all). Lowering the current upper limit of normal of serum alanine aminotransferase may help to identify elderly patients at risk of significant liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemda Schmilovitz-Weiss
- Gastroenterology Unit, Rabin Medical Center, Hasharon Hospital, Petach Tikva, Israel
- * E-mail:
| | - Rachel Gingold-Belfer
- Department of Surgery B, Rabin Medical Center, Hasharon Hospital, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Alon Grossman
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petach Tikva, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nidal Issa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petach Tikva, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Doron Boltin
- Department of Surgery B, Rabin Medical Center, Hasharon Hospital, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Yichayaou Beloosesky
- Department of Geriatrics, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petach Tikva, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nira Morag Koren
- Department of Epidemiology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Joseph Meyerovitch
- Community Division, Clalit Health Services, Dan-Petach Tikva District, Petach Tikva Israel
| | - Avraham Weiss
- Department of Geriatrics, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petach Tikva, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Acute Hepatitis E is an Underreported Cause of Severe Acute Liver Injury. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 17:1004-1006. [PMID: 30902228 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2018.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a major clinical and regulatory challenge. As a result, interest in DILI biomarkers is growing. So far, considerable progress has been made in identification of biomarkers for diagnosis (acetaminophen-cysteine protein adducts), prediction (genetic biomarkers), and prognosis (microRNA-122, high mobility group box 1 protein, keratin-18, glutamate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial DNA). Many of those biomarkers also provide mechanistic insight. The purpose of this chapter is to review major advances in DILI biomarker research over the last decade, and to highlight some of the challenges involved in implementation. Although much work has been done, more liver-specific biomarkers, more DILI-specific biomarkers, and better prognostic biomarkers for survival are all still needed. Furthermore, more work is needed to define reference intervals and medical decision limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell R McGill
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States.
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
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25
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Li X, Zhou TC, Wu CH, Tao LL, Bi R, Chen LJ, Deng DY, Liu C, Otecko NO, Tang Y, Lai X, Zhang L, Wei J. Correlations between mitochondrial DNA haplogroup D5 and chronic hepatitis B virus infection in Yunnan, China. Sci Rep 2018; 8:869. [PMID: 29343698 PMCID: PMC5772044 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19184-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial abnormality is frequently reported in individuals with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, but the associated hosts’ mitochondrial genetic factors remain obscure. We hypothesized that mitochondria may affect host susceptibility to HBV infection. In this study, we aimed to detect the association between chronic HBV infection and mitochondrial DNA in Chinese from Yunnan, Southwest China. A total of 272 individuals with chronic HBV infection (CHB), 310 who had never been infected by HBV (healthy controls, HC) and 278 with a trace of HBV infection (spontaneously recovered, SR) were analysed for mtDNA sequence variations and classified into respective haplogroups. Haplogroup frequencies were compared between HBV infected patients, HCs and SRs. Haplogroup D5 presented a higher frequency in CHBs than in HCs (P = 0.017, OR = 2.87, 95% confidence interval [CI] = (1.21–6.81)) and SRs (P = 0.049, OR = 2.90, 95% CI = 1.01–8.35). The network of haplogroup D5 revealed a distinct distribution pattern between CHBs and non-CHBs. A trend of higher viral load among CHBs with haplogroup D5 was observed. Our results indicate the risk potential of mtDNA haplogroup D5 in chronic HBV infection in Yunnan, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li
- Central Lab, Liver Disease Research Center, the Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650203, Yunnan, China
| | - Tai-Cheng Zhou
- Central Lab, Liver Disease Research Center, the Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650203, Yunnan, China
| | - Chang-Hui Wu
- Central Lab, Liver Disease Research Center, the Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650203, Yunnan, China
| | - Li-Lin Tao
- Central Lab, Liver Disease Research Center, the Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650203, Yunnan, China
| | - Rui Bi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China
| | - Li-Jun Chen
- Central Lab, Liver Disease Research Center, the Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650203, Yunnan, China
| | - De-Yao Deng
- Clinical Laboratory of the Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650203, Yunnan, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Clinical Laboratory of the Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650203, Yunnan, China
| | - Newton O Otecko
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution & Yunnan Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650204, China
| | - Yang Tang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650000, China
| | - Xin Lai
- Central Lab, Liver Disease Research Center, the Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650203, Yunnan, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Central Lab, Liver Disease Research Center, the Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650203, Yunnan, China.
| | - Jia Wei
- Central Lab, Liver Disease Research Center, the Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650203, Yunnan, China.
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Cheng SQ. Influence of non-pathological factors on ALT measurements. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2017; 25:3005-3020. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v25.i34.3005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alanine transaminase (ALT) is still the most sensitive marker for evaluating the damage of liver cells. ALT measurements may be affected by common non-pathological factors such as gender, age, pregnancy, different physiological conditions, circadian rhythm, diet, drinking, smoking, strenuous exercise, metabolic factors, drugs, blood collection methods, and specimen collection, transmission, and preservation. It is important to emphasize the definition of limits of normal ALT and the influence of the above-mentioned non-pathological factors on its test results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Quan Cheng
- Department of Hepatology, the Third People's Hospital of Guilin, Guilin 541002, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
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Björnsson ES, Bergmann O, Jonasson JG, Grondal G, Gudbjornsson B, Olafsson S. Drug-Induced Autoimmune Hepatitis: Response to Corticosteroids and Lack of Relapse After Cessation of Steroids. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 15:1635-1636. [PMID: 28535988 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2017.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Einar Stefan Björnsson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
| | - Ottar Bergmann
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Jon Gunnlaugur Jonasson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland; Department of Pathology, The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Gerdur Grondal
- Division of Rheumatology, The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Björn Gudbjornsson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland; Division of Rheumatology, The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Sigurdur Olafsson
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
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Leonardsson H, Hreinsson JP, Löve A, Björnsson ES. Hepatitis due to Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus: clinical features and outcomes. Scand J Gastroenterol 2017; 52:893-897. [PMID: 28446048 DOI: 10.1080/00365521.2017.1319972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the frequency of cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) hepatitis among those with acute CMV and EBV infection in a population based setting and to compare these two types of hepatitis and analyze the outcomes. METHODS A retrospective search was undertaken on all patients with IgM antibodies to CMV and EBV during the period of 2006-2015 in the virological database of the University Hospital of Iceland covering the metropolitan area of Reykjavík (population 202,255). Patients with available liver tests at the University Hospital and/or admitted to this institution were included and relevant clinical data obtained from medical records. RESULT Overall, 190 patients had acute EBV infection during the study period and 118 patients were diagnosed with acute CMV. Overall, 82% of patients with acute EBV infection had hepatitis, males 43%, median age 17 years, 15% had jaundice and 26% hospitalized. Among those with acute CMV infection, 69% had elevated liver tests, 63% males, median age 33 years, 9% had jaundice and also 26% hospitalized. Overall, 17% of those with CMV hepatitis were immunosuppressed, 6% were pregnant and 4% developed Guillain-Barré syndrome following the infection. CONCLUSION A high proportion of patients with acute CMV and EBV developed hepatitis and jaundice, most of those patients have good prognosis. Patients with CMV hepatitis were more often immunosuppressed, required hospitalization or were pregnant in comparison with patients with EBV hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilmar Leonardsson
- a Faculty of Medicine , University of Iceland, Landspitali, The National University Hospital of Iceland , Reykjavík , Iceland.,b Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , Landspitali, The National University Hospital of Iceland , Reykjavík , Iceland
| | - Jóhann Páll Hreinsson
- b Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , Landspitali, The National University Hospital of Iceland , Reykjavík , Iceland
| | - Arthur Löve
- a Faculty of Medicine , University of Iceland, Landspitali, The National University Hospital of Iceland , Reykjavík , Iceland.,c Department of Virology , Landspitali, The National University Hospital of Iceland , Reykjavík , Iceland
| | - Einar S Björnsson
- a Faculty of Medicine , University of Iceland, Landspitali, The National University Hospital of Iceland , Reykjavík , Iceland.,b Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , Landspitali, The National University Hospital of Iceland , Reykjavík , Iceland
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29
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Aboelsoud MM, Javaid AI, Al-Qadi MO, Lewis JH. Hypoxic hepatitis - its biochemical profile, causes and risk factors of mortality in critically-ill patients: A cohort study of 565 patients. J Crit Care 2017; 41:9-15. [PMID: 28460210 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2017.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE A retrospective analysis of critically-ill patients with hypoxic hepatitis (HH) to characterize the biochemical profile and to identify predictors of mortality using the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care III database. METHODS HH was defined as a rapid increase in AST/ALT≥800IU/L after exclusion of other causes. We investigated the correlation between various clinical and laboratory parameters and mortality rates using regression models. RESULTS Among 38,645 ICU-patients, 565 (1.46%) were diagnosed with HH; 57.9% were males; median age was 63years. The unique biochemical profile of HH was confirmed; lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was higher than both ALT and AST; AST>ALT for the first 2days then the ratio is reversed until recovery. All-cause hospital mortality was 44.1%. All-cause hospital mortality was 44.1%. On multivariate analysis, older age, higher SAPS-II, higher INR, higher bilirubin, higher LDH, acute kidney injury (AKI), and the need for vasopressors were independently associated with mortality. CONCLUSION Older age, higher SAPS-II, LDH, INR and bilirubin levels, concomitant AKI and the need for vasopressors were all factors associated with increased mortality. The diagnosis of HH was an important harbinger of mortality in this population, which appears to be driven mainly by the severity of the underlying conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed M Aboelsoud
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Hospital of Rhode Island/Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 11l1 Brewster St, Pawtucket, RI 02860, USA.
| | - Amen I Javaid
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Hospital, 3800 Reservoir Rd NW, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
| | - Mazen O Al-Qadi
- Department of Medicine, Yale-New Haven Hospital, 20 York St, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
| | - James H Lewis
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Georgetown University Hospital, 3800 Reservoir Rd NW, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
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