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Song L, Zhou H, Yu W, Ding X, Yang L, Wu J, Song C. Effects of Phytosterol Ester on the Fatty Acid Profiles in Rats with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. J Med Food 2020; 23:161-172. [PMID: 31913753 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2019.4468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Both serum and hepatic fatty acid (FA) compositions differ among nonalcoholic hepatic steatosis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and healthy subjects. The severity of the above liver disease is closely associated with the concentration and composition of FAs. Our previous study found that phytosterol ester (PSE) could alleviate hepatic steatosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease rats. The aims of this work were to explore the effects of PSE (0.05/100 g·body weight) on FA profiles and the mRNA levels of FA metabolism-related genes. Compared with a high-fat diet alone group, PSE treatment significantly decreased hepatic saturated fatty acid levels (P < .05) and increased monounsaturated fatty acid (especially C16:1 n-7) levels in the liver, serum, and adipose tissue and polyunsaturated fatty acid levels in the serum and liver (P < .05) after 12 weeks of intervention. In particular, PSE treatment increased the level of C22:5 n-3, an FA that was negatively correlated with the degree of hepatic steatosis in the serum, liver, and adipose tissue. The increases in some unsaturated fatty acids are probably related to the upregulation of stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase-1 and fatty acid desaturase-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Song
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Bor S. Luh Food Safety Research Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiyue Zhou
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Bor S. Luh Food Safety Research Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjuan Yu
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinwen Ding
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Bor S. Luh Food Safety Research Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Bor S. Luh Food Safety Research Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiayi Wu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Bor S. Luh Food Safety Research Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenwei Song
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Bor S. Luh Food Safety Research Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Bhatt SP, Misra A, Nigam P. Nutrition and physical activity in Asian Indians with non-alcoholic fatty liver: A case control study. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2019; 13:1271-1274. [PMID: 31336476 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2019.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM We tested the hypothesis that Asian Indians with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) would have imbalanced diets and lower intensity of physical activity than those without NAFLD. METHODS We studied dietary intake, intensity of physical activity and anthropometric and metabolic profiles in subjects with NAFLD and in healthy controls. Complete clinical, biochemical, dietary and physical activity profiles were studied for 169 cases and 173 controls in a prospective manner. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were carried out to identify the predictors of NAFLD [odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI)]. RESULTS The mean dietary intakes of total energy, carbohydrate, protein, total fat, saturated fat and total cholesterol were significantly higher, while intake of monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids was significantly lower in cases as compared to controls (p < 0.01 for all). Further, mean physical activity in a day (expressed as MET.Minutes) and total energy expenditure were significantly lower in cases than in controls (33.3 ± 3.6 vs.36.2 ± 0.5, p = 0.001 and 2707.6 ± 505.6 vs. 2904.3 ± 690.3, p = 0.02, respectively). On multivariate analysis, percentage dietary total fat intake (OR: 13.4; 95% CI: 4.6-39.3, p = 0.001), homeostatis model assessment for insulin resistance (OR: 6.9; 95% CI: 3.2-14.8, p = 0.001) abdominal obesity (OR: 2.7; 95% CI: 1.5-5.0, p = 0.001) and high serum triglycerides (OR: 2.1; 95%CI: 1.2-3.8, p = 0.007) were associated with an increased risk for development of NAFLD. CONCLUSION Decrease in intake of total dietary fats and improvement of insulin resistance, abdominal obesity and blood triglycerides should be important measures for management of NAFLD in Asian Indians in north India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surya Prakash Bhatt
- National Diabetes Obesity and Cholesterol Foundation (N-DOC), SDA, New Delhi, 110016, India; Diabetes Foundation (India), New Delhi, 110016, India; Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Sleep Disorders, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Anoop Misra
- National Diabetes Obesity and Cholesterol Foundation (N-DOC), SDA, New Delhi, 110016, India; Diabetes Foundation (India), New Delhi, 110016, India; Fortis C-DOC Center of Excellence for Diabetes, Metabolic Diseases, and Endocrinology, B16, Chirag Enclave, New Delhi, India.
| | - Priyanka Nigam
- National Diabetes Obesity and Cholesterol Foundation (N-DOC), SDA, New Delhi, 110016, India; Diabetes Foundation (India), New Delhi, 110016, India
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Olive oil combined with Lycium barbarum polysaccharides attenuates liver apoptosis and inflammation induced by carbon tetrachloride in rats. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Wijesundera KK, Izawa T, Tennakoon AH, Golbar HM, Tanaka M, Kuwamura M, Yamate J. M1-/M2-macrophage polarization in pseudolobules consisting of adipohilin-rich hepatocytes in thioacetamide (TAA)-induced rat hepatic cirrhosis. Exp Mol Pathol 2016; 101:133-42. [PMID: 27453055 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Liver steatosis is the most frequent liver disease and may further develop into non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), liver cirrhosis, and finally hepatocellular carcinoma. Adipophilin (Adp) is localized on lipid droplet membrane in cytoplasm, and its increased expression is related to development of steatosis and NASH. The relationship between M1-/M2-macrophage polarization and Adp-rich hepatocyte-consisting pseudolobules (PLs) was investigated in thioacetamide (TAA)-induced rat cirrhosis. MATERIALS AND METHOD F344 rats were injected twice weekly with TAA (100mg/kg bodyweight) and sacrificed at post-first injection (PFI) weeks 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 32. Macrophage immunophenotypes and Adp-containing hepatocytes were analyzed by single immunolabeling. Adp and M1-/M2-related factors were analyzed by real -time RT-PCR. RESULTS PLs consisting exclusively of Adp-containing hepatocytes (Adp-positive) and PLs consisting of few Adp-containing hepatocytes (Adp-negative) were clearly distinguishable at PFI week 20 onwards. The numbers of M1-macrophages (reacting to CD68 and Iba1) and M2- macrophages (reacting to CD163, CD204 and Gal-3) were considerably greater in Adp-positive PLs. Expressions for both M1 (TNF-α, MCP-1, and Iba1)- and M2 (IL-4, TGF-β1, Gal-3, and Hsp25)-related factors were markedly higher in Adp-positive PLs at PFI week 25. Interestingly, MHC class II-positive macrophages/dendritic cells were increased in Adp-positive clusters/foci at the early stages at PFI weeks 5 and 10, and the level was gradually decreased thereafter. CONCLUSIONS M1-/M2-macrophages may simultaneously participate in the pathogenesis of steatosis in TAA-induced cirrhosis through M1- and M2-related factors. MHC class II cells may be responsible for steatosis at early stages, suggesting different functions from the above M1-/M2-macropahges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavindra Kumara Wijesundera
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58, Rinku-ourai-kita, Izumisano City, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan; Veterinary Pathology, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 20000
| | - Takeshi Izawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58, Rinku-ourai-kita, Izumisano City, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
| | - Anusha Hemamali Tennakoon
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58, Rinku-ourai-kita, Izumisano City, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan; Teaching Hospital Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Hossain Md Golbar
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58, Rinku-ourai-kita, Izumisano City, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
| | - Miyuu Tanaka
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58, Rinku-ourai-kita, Izumisano City, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Kuwamura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58, Rinku-ourai-kita, Izumisano City, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
| | - Jyoji Yamate
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58, Rinku-ourai-kita, Izumisano City, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan.
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Beneficial effect of docosahexaenoic acid on cholestatic liver injury in rats. J Nutr Biochem 2011; 23:252-64. [PMID: 21497498 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2010.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2010] [Revised: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Bile duct obstruction and subsequent cholestasis are associated with hepatocellular injury, cholangiocyte proliferation, stellate cell activation, Kupffer cell activation, oxidative stress, inflammation and fibrosis. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an essential polyunsaturated fatty acid that has been shown to possess health beneficial effects, including hepatoprotection. However, the molecular mechanism of DHA-mediated hepatoprotection is not fully understood. In the present study, we report the protective effect of DHA on cholestatic liver injury. Cholestasis was produced by bile duct ligation (BDL) in male Sprague-Dawley rats for 3 weeks. Daily administration of DHA was started 2 weeks before injury and lasted for 5 weeks. In comparison with the control group, the BDL group showed hepatic damage as evidenced by histological changes and elevation in serum biochemicals, ductular reaction, fibrosis, inflammation and oxidative stress. These pathophysiological changes were attenuated by chronic DHA supplementation. DHA alleviated BDL-induced transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1), intereukin-1beta, connective tissue growth factor and collagen expression. The anti-fibrotic effect of DHA was accompanied by reductions in α-smooth muscle actin-positive matrix-producing cells and Smad 2/3 activity critical to the fibrogenic potential of TGF-β1. DHA also attenuated BDL-induced leukocyte accumulation and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation. Further studies demonstrated an inhibitory effect of DHA on redox-sensitive intracellular signaling molecule extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). Taken together, the hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects of DHA seem to be multifactorial. The beneficial effects of chronic DHA supplementation are associated with anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory potential as well as down-regulation of NF-κB and transforming growth factor beta/Smad signaling probably via interference with ERK activation.
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Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common clinical condition which is associated with metabolic syndrome in 70% of cases. Inappropriate dietary fat intake, excessive intake of soft drinks, insulin resistance and increased oxidative stress combine to increase free fatty acid delivery to the liver, and increased hepatic triglyceride accumulation contributes to fatty liver. Regular soft drinks have high fructose corn syrup which contains basic sugar building blocks, fructose 55% and glucose 45%. Soft drinks are the leading source of added sugar worldwide, and have been linked to obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. The consumption of soft drinks can increase the prevalence of NAFLD independently of metabolic syndrome. During regular soft drinks consumption, fat accumulates in the liver by the primary effect of fructose which increases lipogenesis, and in the case of diet soft drinks, by the additional contribution of aspartame sweetener and caramel colorant which are rich in advanced glycation end products that potentially increase insulin resistance and inflammation. This review emphasizes some hard facts about soft drinks, reviews fructose metabolism, and explains how fructose contributes to the development of obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and NAFLD.
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Assy N, Nassar F, Nasser G, Grosovski M. Olive oil consumption and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15:1809-15. [PMID: 19370776 PMCID: PMC2670406 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.15.1809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical implications of non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD) derive from their potential to progress to fibrosis and cirrhosis. Inappropriate dietary fat intake, excessive intake of soft drinks, insulin resistance and increased oxidative stress results in increased free fatty acid delivery to the liver and increased hepatic triglyceride (TG) accumulation. An olive oil-rich diet decreases accumulation of TGs in the liver, improves postprandial TGs, glucose and glucagon-like peptide-1 responses in insulin-resistant subjects, and upregulates glucose transporter-2 expression in the liver. The principal mechanisms include: decreased nuclear factor-kappaB activation, decreased low-density lipoprotein oxidation, and improved insulin resistance by reduced production of inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-6) and improvement of jun N-terminal kinase-mediated phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1. The beneficial effect of the Mediterranean diet is derived from monounsaturated fatty acids, mainly from olive oil. In this review, we describe the dietary sources of the monounsaturated fatty acids, the composition of olive oil, dietary fats and their relationship to insulin resistance and postprandial lipid and glucose responses in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, clinical and experimental studies that assess the relationship between olive oil and NAFLD, and the mechanism by which olive oil ameliorates fatty liver, and we discuss future perspectives.
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Loguercio C, Federico A, Masarone M, Torella R, Blanco CDV, Persico M. The impact of diet on liver fibrosis and on response to interferon therapy in patients with HCV-related chronic hepatitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2008; 103:3159-66. [PMID: 18786125 DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2008.02159.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS A deranged metabolic status and alcohol intake may trigger induction and progression of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) liver disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether dietary composition affects the severity of liver damage and response to therapy in patients with HCV-related chronic hepatitis. METHODS We enrolled 1,084 patients with biopsy-proven HCV-related chronic hepatitis (432 treated with interferon plus ribavirin) and 2,326 healthy subjects in this prospective study conducted in a university hospital. Dietary habits were recorded in enrolled individuals, and their alcohol consumption was evaluated with a questionnaire (AUDIT). Body mass index, and plasma levels of blood glucose, nitrogen, creatinine, cholesterol, and triglycerides were also measured. All individuals underwent routine liver tests and HCV genotyping. RESULTS At study onset, there were no differences in metabolic status or alcohol consumption between patients and controls. About 50% of each group was overweight, and about 60% consumed alcohol. Patients and controls had similar dietary habits. Intake of carbohydrates, lipids and polyunsaturated fatty acids, and alcohol consumption were independent factors of liver damage at histology (logistic regression analysis). Some dietary components (unsaturated fatty acids, iron, zinc, vitamin A, and niacin) and alcohol intake differed significantly (P < 0.05 and P 0.01, respectively; univariate analysis) between responders and nonresponders to interferon therapy. Genotype, age, body mass index, steatosis, and fibrosis were independent predictors of therapy outcome (P < 0.02; multivariate analysis). CONCLUSIONS The severity of HCV-related chronic hepatitis depends on a variety of factors. Our results show that dietary composition is related to the extent of liver damage. Although traditional risk factors independently affected treatment response, some dietary components were associated with nonresponse to therapy in our patients. This suggests that HCV patients may benefit from instructions regarding their diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Loguercio
- Department of Internal Medicine and Hepatogastroenterology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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Federico A, Niosi M, Vecchio Blanco CD, Loguercio C. Emerging drugs for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2008; 13:145-58. [PMID: 18321154 DOI: 10.1517/14728214.13.1.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a condition of emerging relevance that includes different forms of chronic liver damage, from a simple fatty infiltration (steatosis) of hepatocytes to steatohepatitis (NASH) with fibrosis. This last form may evolve to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. OBJECTIVE To discuss therapeutic management of NAFLD. Theoretically, only patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) need to be treated, as only NASH may evolve to cirrhosis. Differentiation between steatosis and NASH currently requires a liver biopsy. METHODS We discuss different therapeutic approaches proposed in literature for patients with NAFLD. RESULTS The treatment of associated conditions leads to an improvement of NAFLD and NASH. No specific drug is actually present to treat liver steatosis or NASH. CONCLUSIONS The treatment of NAFLD depends on the individual characteristics of each patient. Diet and physical exercise may be considered a basal universal approach. Future research will discover possible specific liver drugs.
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Ratziu V, Vispo M, Tahiri M, Bonyhay L, de Torres M, Bernhardt C, Poynard T, Lebray P. Peut-on traiter la stéatohépatite métabolique ? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 31:333-40. [PMID: 17396098 DOI: 10.1016/s0399-8320(07)89386-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vlad Ratziu
- Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière et Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris.
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Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is common and may progress to cirrhosis and its complications. The pathogenesis of steatosis and cellular injury is thought to be related mostly to insulin resistance and oxidative stress. Therefore, management entails identification and treatment of metabolic risk factors, improving insulin sensitivity, and increasing antioxidant defences in the liver. Weight loss and exercise improve insulin sensitivity. Bariatric surgery may improve liver histology in patients with morbid obesity. Insulin sensitising drugs showed promise in pilot trials as have a number of hepatoprotective agents. Further randomised, well controlled trials are required to determine the efficacy of these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Adams
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Fremantle Hospital, Perth, Australia
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Fernández I, Fontana L, Gil A, Ríosc A, Torres MI. Dietary supplementation with monounsaturated and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids influences the liver structural recovery and hepatocyte binuclearity in female Wistar rats in experimental cirrhosis induced by thioacetamide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 57:65-75. [PMID: 16089321 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2005.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Oral administration of 300 mg/l thioacetamide (TAA) for 4 months causes hepatic lesions comparable to those described in alcoholic liver cirrhosis in humans and associated protein-energy malnutrition. In this sense, direct supplementation with monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and/or polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) might provide an advantage in the correction of the fatty acid deficiency in these patients. PUFAs are essential components of cell membranes maintaining its fluidity and function, important energy sources, and precursors of eicosanoids. Moreover, these fatty acids also modulate gene transcription, mRNA stability, and cellular differentiation. METHODS Fifty-four female Wistar rats (Interfauna Ibérica, Barcelona, Spain) weighing 110-120 g were used in this study. The animals were divided into two groups: one group was treated with 300 mg/l TAA dissolved in drinking water during 4 months, and the other group, which served as a control, was given water without TAA. To evaluate the changes induced by the administration of TAA for 4 months, TAA-treated (n = 7) and control animals (n = 5) were killed. Then, the TAA treatment was stopped and the rest of the animals in both TAA and control groups were divided into three experimental groups and three control groups which received for 2 weeks different type of diets. Using the TAA-induced liver cirrhosis model in rats, we analysed the effects of dietary supplementation with MUFAs and PUFAs on binuclearity and ultrastructure of hepatocytes. After TAA-induced cirrhosis, we analysed whether dietary supplementation with fatty acids may restore the normal percentage of binucleated cells, as well as the ultrastructure, nuclear area, and nuclear/cytoplasm index of hepatocytes. RESULTS Treatment with TAA causes cirrhosis characterized by the appearance of parenchyma nodules and fibrous septae, as well as qualitative and quantitative alterations in liver and plasma lipids. Our results indicate that dietary MUFAs support hepatocyte recovery regarding its ultrastructural and morphometric values. However, PUFAs-enriched diets (n-3 and n-3 + n-6) do not correct hepatomegaly, fibrosis or lipid accumulation. Thus, dietary PUFAs do not enhance hepatocyte recovery from morphological and ultrastructural alterations. CONCLUSIONS In our experimental model of cirrhosis, dietary supplementation with a high proportion of long-chain PUFAs (n-3 or n-6) negatively influences liver recovery. This negative effect was likely due to the increased susceptibility of cell membranes to lipid peroxidation, together with an alteration in lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Fernández
- Department of Cell Biology and Pathology Anatomy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Low TY, Leow CK, Salto-Tellez M, Chung MCM. A proteomic analysis of thioacetamide-induced hepatotoxicity and cirrhosis in rat livers. Proteomics 2005; 4:3960-74. [PMID: 15526343 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200400852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Thioacetamide (TAA) administration is an established technique for generating rat models of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. Oxidative stress is believed to be involved as TAA-induced liver fibrosis is initiated by thioacetamide S-oxide, which is derived from the biotransformation of TAA by the microsomal flavine-adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-containing monooxygense (FMO) and cytochrome P450 systems. A two-dimensional gel electrophoresis-mass spectrometry approach was applied to analyze the protein profiles of livers of rats administered with sublethal doses of TAA for 3, 6 and 10 weeks respectively. With this approach, 59 protein spots whose expression levels changed significantly upon TAA administration were identified, including three novel proteins. These proteins were then sorted according to their common biochemical properties and functions, so that pathways involved in the pathogenesis of rat liver fibrosis due to TAA-induced toxicity could be elucidated. As a result, it was found that TAA-administration down-regulated the enzymes of the primary metabolic pathways such as fatty acid beta-oxidation, branched chain amino acids and methionine breakdown. This phenomenon is suggestive of the depletion of succinyl-CoA which affects heme and iron metabolism. Up-regulated proteins, on the other hand, are related to oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. Finally, these proteomics data and the data obtained from the scientific literature were integrated into an "overview model" for TAA-induced liver cirrhosis. This model could now serve as a useful resource for researchers working in the same area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teck Yew Low
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Caldwell SH, Chang CY, Nakamoto RK, Krugner-Higby L. Mitochondria in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Liver Dis 2004; 8:595-617, x. [PMID: 15331066 DOI: 10.1016/j.cld.2004.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) is associated with fundamental issues of fat metabolism and insulin resistance. These abnormalities have been linked to impairment of ATP homeostasis, and a growing body of literature has reported mitochondrial abnormalities in various forms of hepatic steatosis. The changes are evident as structural abnormalities, including greatly increased size and the development of crystalline inclusions, and are usually regarded as pathologic, reflecting either a protective or degenerative response to injury. Although the relationships between structural changes,decreased mitochondrial function, and disease states are becoming clearer, the molecular basis for the perturbations is not well understood. Oxidative damage is the most likely causative process and may result in alterations of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), stimulated apoptotic pathways, and increased propensity for necrosis.Overall mitochondrial health likely depends on multiple factors including the integrity of the mtDNA, the composition of cellular lipids, lipoprotein trafficking, the balance of pro- and antioxidant factors, and the metabolic demands placed on the liver. Mitochondrial dysfunction may play a role in numerous clinical conditions associated with NAFL, such as hepatocellular carcinoma, lipodystrophy,age-related insulin resistance, gut dysmotility, cryptogenic cirrhosis, a mild form of gaze palsy, and possibly other more severe neurodegenerative diseases. The prominent role of mitochondrial dysfunction in NAFL provides a new and exciting paradigm in which to view this disorder, its complications, and potential dietary and pharmacologic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen H Caldwell
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Virginia Health System, PO Box 800708, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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Aguila MB, Pinheiro ADR, Parente LB, Mandarim-de-Lacerda CA. Dietary effect of different high-fat diet on rat liver stereology. Liver Int 2003; 23:363-70. [PMID: 14708898 DOI: 10.1034/j.1478-3231.2003.00858.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Dietary habits are considered to be responsible for a fatty liver. The aims of this work are to study the effects of different lipid sources on rat hepatic structure. METHODS Twenty 21-day-old to 18-month-old male rats were fed one of the following diets: soybean oil, canola oil, lard and egg yolk (LE), or canola oil+lard and egg yolk (CA+LE). The blood serum triglyceride samples were analyzed. The following hepatic biometry and the stereology parameters were determined: densities of volume (V(v)) and surface (S(v)), absolute volume (V) and surface (S) of the hepatocytes (h), fat globules (g), and hepatic sinusoids (s), and numerical density of the hepatocytes (N(v)[h]). RESULTS The largest values of V(v)[h], S(v)[h], V[h], and S[h] were found in the LE group. However, the largest values of V(v)[g], S(v)[g], and S[g] were found in the CA+LE group, and the smallest values of those parameters were found in the LE group. On the other hand, V[g] was larger in the CA+LE group. V(v)[s] and V[s] were larger in the LE group and smaller in the CA+ LE group. CONCLUSION Long-term administration of canola oil or soybean oil resulted in similar effects on hepatocytes, hepatic sinusoids, and fat globules. Long-term administration of lard and egg yolk attenuates hepatic fat accumulation and increases hepatic sinusoids. The administration of the canola oil and lard and egg yolk mixture increases hepatic fat accumulation, reducing the hepatic sinusoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcia Barbosa Aguila
- Laboratory of Morphometry and Cardiovascular Morphology, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), RJ, Brazil.
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Loguercio C, Cuomo A, Tuccillo C, Gazzerro P, Cioffi M, Molinari AM, Del Vecchio Blanco C. Liver p53 expression in patients with HCV-related chronic hepatitis. J Viral Hepat 2003; 10:266-70. [PMID: 12823592 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2893.2003.00432.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Mutated p53 acts as a dominant oncogene and alterations in the p53 gene are described in a large number of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). It has been demonstrated that hepatitis C virus (HCV)-core protein regulates transcriptionally cellular genes, as well as cell growth and apoptosis. This study was undertaken to evaluate whether p53 may be expressed also in a precocious stage of HCV-related liver damage. We studied p53 expression by immunoluminometric assay on liver samples from 40 patients (M/F 18/ 22, median age 44 years, range 13-64 years) with biopsy-proven HCV-related chronic hepatitis. We considered the following factors: degree of liver damage, liver iron content and HCV-RNA titre. We also evaluated as possible co-factors alcohol and food intake in the last 3 years. p53 was over-expressed in seven of 40 (17.5%) patients. Liver histology documented the presence of unexpected cirrhosis in two patients among the p53 positive subjects. The p53 positive group had a daily ethanol intake significantly higher in respect to that of the p53 negative group (P < 0.05). Alimentary history documented that patients with a p53 over-expression had a lower intake of total calories, monounsaturated fatty acids, vitamin C and riboflavin. Data indicate that p53 over-expression can occur even in initial stages of HCV-related liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Loguercio
- Department of Gastroenterology and Institute of Pathology and Oncology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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Abstract
Treatment of patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has typically been focused on the management of associated conditions such as obesity, diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidaemia. NAFLD associated with obesity may be resolved by weight reduction, although the benefits of weight loss have been inconsistent. Improving insulin sensitivity with lifestyle modifications or medications usually improves glucose and lipid levels in patients with diabetes and hyperlipidaemia. Improving insulin sensitivity is expected to improve the liver disease but in many diabetic/hyperlipidaemic patients with NAFLD, the appropriate control of glucose and lipid levels is not always accompanied by improvement of the liver condition. Results of pilot studies evaluating ursodeoxycholic acid, gemfibrozil, betaine, N-acetylcysteine, alphatocopherol, metformin and thiazolidinedione derivatives suggest that these medications may be of potential benefit. This article reviews the treatment modalities currently available for patients with NAFLD, including emerging data from clinical trials evaluating promising medications as well as possibilities for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Angulo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Medical School, Clinic and Foundation, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Musso G, Gambino R, De Michieli F, Cassader M, Rizzetto M, Durazzo M, Fagà E, Silli B, Pagano G. Dietary habits and their relations to insulin resistance and postprandial lipemia in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology 2003; 37:909-16. [PMID: 12668986 DOI: 10.1053/jhep.2003.50132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 508] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The relations of dietary habits to insulin sensitivity and postprandial triglyceride metabolism were evaluated in 25 patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and 25 age-, body mass index (BMI)-, and gender-matched healthy controls. After a 7-day alimentary record, they underwent a standard oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), and the insulin sensitivity index (ISI) was calculated from the OGTT; an oral fat load test was also performed in 15 patients and 15 controls. The dietary intake of NASH patients was richer in saturated fat (13.7% +/- 3.1% vs. 10.0% +/- 2.1% total kcal, respectively, P =.0001) and in cholesterol (506 +/- 108 vs. 405 +/- 111 mg/d, respectively, P =.002) and was poorer in polyunsaturated fat (10.0% +/- 3.5% vs. 14.5% +/- 4.0% total fat, respectively, P =.0001), fiber (12.9 +/- 4.1 vs. 23.2 +/- 7.8 g/d, respectively, P =.000), and antioxidant vitamins C (84.3 +/- 43.1 vs. 144.2 +/- 63.1 mg/d, respectively, P =.0001) and E (5.4 +/- 1.9 vs. 8.7 +/- 2.9 mg/d, respectively, P =.0001). The ISI was significantly lower in NASH patients than in controls. Postprandial total and very low density lipoproteins triglyceride at +4 hours and +6 hours, triglyceride area under the curve, and incremental triglyceride area under the curve were higher in NASH compared with controls. Saturated fat intake correlated with ISI, with the different features of the metabolic syndrome, and with the postprandial rise of triglyceride. Postprandial apolipoprotein (Apo) B48 and ApoB100 responses in NASH were flat and strikingly dissociated from the triglyceride response, suggesting a defect in ApoB secretion. In conclusion, dietary habits may promote steatohepatitis directly by modulating hepatic triglyceride accumulation and antioxidant activity as well as indirectly by affecting insulin sensitivity and postprandial triglyceride metabolism. Our findings provide further rationale for more specific alimentary interventions, particularly in nonobese, nondiabetic normolipidemic NASH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Musso
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Abstract
Liver fibrosis represents a major worldwide healthcare burden. Current therapy is limited to removing the causal agent. This approach is successful in some diseases; particularly haemochromatosis and chronic viral hepatitis. However, for many patients treatment is not possible, while other patients present to medical attention at an advanced stage of fibrosis. There is therefore a great need for novel therapies for liver fibrosis. The hepatic stellate cell has been recognised to be responsible for most of the excess extracellular matrix observed in chronic liver fibrosis. The detailed understanding of hepatic stellate cell biology has allowed the rational design of novel antifibrotic therapies. This review describes for the general reader the novel emerging therapies for liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Murphy
- Liver Research Group, Division of Infection, Inflammation & Repair, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK.
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20
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Baybutt RC, Rosales C, Brady H, Molteni A. Dietary fish oil protects against lung and liver inflammation and fibrosis in monocrotaline treated rats. Toxicology 2002; 175:1-13. [PMID: 12049831 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-483x(02)00063-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of fish oil in preventing tissue pathologies associated with monocrotaline (MCT) toxicity. Twenty-four weanling rats were randomly assigned to one of two groups: (1) 12 to a group fed a diet containing 15% (w/w) corn oil (control) and (2) 12 to a group fed a diet containing fish oil (13%) and corn oil (2%) as the source of fat. Rats were fed for 4 weeks prior to MCT treatment. Six rats in each group were subcutaneously injected with MCT and six injected with its vehicle (water) and all were continued on their respective diets. All rats were sacrificed 3 weeks after injection. In rats receiving MCT, we observed severe interstitial pneumonia, septal fibrosis, vasculitis with virtual obliteration of the lumen of the small arteries and arterioles, right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH), and hepatomegaly and hepatocyte vacuole formation. Dietary fish oil significantly reduced septal fibrosis and development of pneumonia. There was a slight, but statistically insignificant decrease in vasculitis and fish oil did not prevent RVH (pulmonary hypertension). In addition, fish oil effectively protected the MCT-treated rats from development of hepatocyte vacuoles (steatosis), hepatic inflammation and vasculitis, increased presence of fibroblasts and collagen deposition in the centrilobular and, to a lesser extent, in the periportal spaces. These results suggest that lung parenchymal inflammation can be attenuated without altering the course of development of pulmonary hypertension in the MCT model. These results also indicate that fish oil protects against inflammation and fibrosis in the lung and liver, and against hepatocyte vacuole formation in MCT-treated rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C Baybutt
- Department of Human Nutrition, Kansas State University, Justin Hall, Manhattan, KS 66502-1407, USA.
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Lu LG, Zeng MD, Li JQ, Hua J, Fan JG, Fan ZP, Qiu DK. Effect of lipid on proliferation and activation of rat hepatic stellate cells (I). World J Gastroenterol 1998; 4:497-499. [PMID: 11819353 PMCID: PMC4723437 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v4.i6.497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To study the effect of lipid (triglyceride and very low-density lipoprotein, VLDL) on proliferation and activation of rat hepatic stellate cells (HSC).
METHODS: HSC were isolated and cultured from liver of Wistar rats by in situperfusion with pronase and collagenase and density gradient centrifugation with Nycodenz. HSC proliferation was examined with MTT colorimetric assay.
RESULT: Triglyceride of 12.5 mg/L had a promoting effect on proliferation of HSC (P < 0.05), 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg/L had no effects (P > 0.05), but 400 mg/L had an inhibiting effect (P < 0.01). VLDL of 6.25 and 12.5 mg/L had no effect on proliferation of HSC (P > 0.05), but increased concentration of VLDL could promote the HSC proliferation (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: Lipid had an effect on proliferation of HSC. Triglyceride and VLDL may promote HSC proliferation and may be associated with fatty liver and hepatic fibrogenesis.
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