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Mondkar SA, Khadilkar V, Jahagirdar R, Kore V, Yewale S, Dange N, More C, Khadilkar A. Comparison of Nutritional Status of Healthy Under-Five Indian Children Using Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure on WHO 2006 versus 2019 Indian Synthetic Growth Charts. Indian J Pediatr 2024; 91:659-666. [PMID: 37880468 DOI: 10.1007/s12098-023-04865-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess nutritional status of apparently-healthy under-five Indian children using Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure (CIAF) and to compare anthropometric failure prevalence using conventional indices and CIAF on World Health Organization (WHO) vs. synthetic Indian growth charts. METHODS This observational study was conducted over 2 y. The inclusion criteria was apparently-healthy children (0-60 mo) and the exclusion criteria were acute/chronic illness and small for gestational age. RESULTS A total of 1557 children (762 girls) were included in the study. The mean age of the subjects was 21 mo. The Z-scores for height, weight, body mass index (BMI) for age and weight for height in children were lower on WHO vs. synthetic charts (p = 0.0001). Significantly higher proportion of children were moderately and severely underweight, stunted and wasted on WHO charts. Synthetic charts identified significantly higher proportion as normal for weight, height, BMI for age, weight for height, overweight (overall), and a higher prevalence of severe stunting, and severe acute malnutrition (SAM) was noted among girls compared to boys. Using CIAF, 54.1% children were normal on WHO charts vs. 78.0% on synthetic (p = 0.0001). Larger proportion of girls (8.8%) were stunted+underweight (category-E) vs. boys (4.3%) on synthetic charts (p = 0.0003). Significantly higher proportion of children demonstrated failure (single/dual/multiple) on WHO charts except category-Y (higher proportion of underweight on synthetic charts). Maximum difference in CIAF (WHO vs. synthetic) was observed between 0-24 mo age. Of 1215 children normal on synthetic charts, 837 (68.9%) were normal on WHO charts. Of 116 underweight children (category-Y) on synthetic charts, 20 (17.2%) were underweight on WHO charts; remaining had compound failure (wasting+underweight = 49.1%, wasting+stunting+underweight = 14.7%, stunting+underweight = 12.1%) on WHO charts. Among those stunted+underweight (category-E) on synthetic charts, WHO charts classified 1/4th as wasted+stunted+underweight (category-D). CONCLUSIONS Synthetic references are more representative of Indian growth patterns, and seem more appropriate for monitoring growth of Indian children to avoid mislabelling as malnourished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti A Mondkar
- Department of Growth and Pediatric Endocrinology, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Block V Lower Basement, Jehangir Hospital, 32 Sassoon Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411001, India
| | - Vaman Khadilkar
- Department of Growth and Pediatric Endocrinology, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Block V Lower Basement, Jehangir Hospital, 32 Sassoon Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411001, India
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Savitribai Phule University, Pune, India
| | | | - Vrushali Kore
- Bharati Vidyapeeth University Medical College, Pune, India
| | - Sushil Yewale
- Department of Growth and Pediatric Endocrinology, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Block V Lower Basement, Jehangir Hospital, 32 Sassoon Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411001, India
| | - Nimisha Dange
- Department of Growth and Pediatric Endocrinology, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Block V Lower Basement, Jehangir Hospital, 32 Sassoon Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411001, India
| | - Chidvilas More
- Department of Growth and Pediatric Endocrinology, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Block V Lower Basement, Jehangir Hospital, 32 Sassoon Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411001, India
| | - Anuradha Khadilkar
- Department of Growth and Pediatric Endocrinology, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Block V Lower Basement, Jehangir Hospital, 32 Sassoon Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411001, India.
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Savitribai Phule University, Pune, India.
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Baumgartel K. Teleological Considerations: Human Milk Collection for Research. J Hum Lact 2024:8903344241254827. [PMID: 38855832 DOI: 10.1177/08903344241254827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
We discuss the evolution and composition of breast milk and briefly describe how mammalian evolution resulted in lactation, which played a crucial role in infant growth and development. We focus on three teleological factors that significantly contribute to breast milk composition: (1) biological sex at birth, (2) gestational age, and (3) circadian rhythms. We also explain how these factors lead to variability in human milk composition. We emphasize the importance of standardizing the definitions of "preterm" and "term" to accurately study the effects of gestational age on milk composition. Finally, we discuss the role of the circadian clock in regulating lactation and the impact of breast milk on fetal and infant sleep. Investigators may integrate these critical factors when designing a research study that involves the collection of breast milk samples. Teleological factors greatly influence milk composition, and these factors may be considered when designing a study that requires breast milk. We provide both the rationale and application of solutions to address these factors.
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de Oliveira MH, Costa RFD, Fisberg M, Kruel LFM, Conde WL. Comparison of international height and BMI-for-age growth references and their correlation with adiposity in Brazilian schoolchildren. Br J Nutr 2024; 131:1699-1708. [PMID: 38258413 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114524000254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
This study verified the diagnostic accuracy of the nutritional status classified by the international height and BMI references of the World Health Organization (WHO) (WHO/2007), International Obesity Task Force (IOTF/2012) and MULT (2023). The data pool was composed by 22 737 subjects aged five to 16 years from the Santos and Porto Alegre surveys. A correlation matrix between the z-scores of the BMI references and the skinfold measurements was calculated through the Pearson correlation coefficient (r), and the subject's nutritional status was classified according to the international growth references. The accuracy for diagnosing obesity was performed separately by sex and using the 95th percentile of the triceps and subscapular skinfold sum, while Lin's concordance coefficient, Bland-Altman method and the Cohen's Kappa coefficient (Kappa) were used to verify the concordance and reliability among the BMI references. The correlation matrix showed a high positive correlation among the BMI z-scores (r ≥ 0·99) and among the skinfold measurements (r ≥ 0·86). The prevalence of stunting was higher when applying the MULT reference (3·4 %) compared with the WHO reference (2·3 %). The Bland-Altman plots showed the lowest critical difference (CD) between the height references of WHO and MULT (CD = 0·22). Among the BMI references, the WHO obesity percentile presented lower performance than MULT for boys, presenting a lower +LR value (WHO = 6·99/MULT 18 years = 10·99; 19 years = 8·99; 20 years = 8·09) for the same -LR values (0·04). Therefore, MULT reference holds promise as a valuable tool for diagnosing childhood obesity, particularly when considering sex differences. This enhances its suitability for assessing the nutritional status of Brazilian schoolchildren.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariane Helen de Oliveira
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo01246-904, Brazil
| | | | - Mauro Fisberg
- Department of Paediatrics', Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando Martins Kruel
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Wolney Lisboa Conde
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo01246-904, Brazil
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Khatun R, Bin Siddique MK, Khatun MR, Benzir M, Islam MR, Ahmed S, Muurlink O. Nutritional status of children with neurodevelopmental disorders: a cross-sectional study at a tertiary-level hospital in northern Bangladesh. BMC Nutr 2024; 10:61. [PMID: 38641622 PMCID: PMC11027387 DOI: 10.1186/s40795-024-00863-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malnutrition in children with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) is a significant global public health issue. Nutritional assessment combined with management or advice are essential to produce optimal outcomes. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to assess nutritional status and the sociodemographic profile of children with neurodevelopmental disorders in Bangladesh. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted from December to April 2020 among the population of children with NDDs who presented to the pediatric department of the TMSS Medical College and Rafatullah Community Hospital in Bogura during this period. Socio-demographic data along with anthropometric measurements of the children were taken. Assessment of nutritional status were made using metrics such as z-scores for weight-for-age (WAZ), height-for-age (HAZ), and body mass index-for-age (BAZ). Descriptive statistics (number and percentage) and analytical statistics (chi-square and logistic regression) were included. RESULTS 58.6% of children displayed malnutrition, with 47.8% showing undernutrition (WHZ / BAZ - 1 SD-≤-3 SD), and 10.8% overnutrition (BAZ > 2SD). Significant negative associations were found between malnutrition and parental education level, urban residency, and monthly family income. Children diagnosed with cerebral palsy exhibited twice the likelihood to be malnourished (AOR 2.39, 95% CI 0.83-6.87). Furthermore, residing in rural regions was associated with an increased risk of experiencing malnutrition, as indicated by an adjusted odds ratio of 1.60 (95% CI 0.12-3.09). CONCLUSIONS While the results are cross-sectional, over half of children with NDDs were found to be malnourished, suggesting that children with NDD in Bangladesh are vulnerable to developing any form of malnutrition. Therefore, regular assessments and timely nutritional support may improve their situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabeya Khatun
- Department of Pediatrics, TMSS Medical College & Rafatullah Community Hospital (TMC&RCH), Bogura, Bangladesh
| | - Md Kaoser Bin Siddique
- Research, Planning & Development (RP&D), TMSS Grand Health Sector (TGHS), TMSS, Rangpur Road, Thengamara,, Bogura, Bangladesh.
| | - Mst Reshma Khatun
- Department of Pharmacy, Manarat International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Maskura Benzir
- Department of Anatomy, TMSS Medical College (TMC), Rangpur Road, Thengamara, Bogura, Bangladesh
| | - Md Rafiqul Islam
- Department of Pediatrics, TMSS Medical College & Rafatullah Community Hospital (TMC&RCH), Bogura, Bangladesh
| | - Sohel Ahmed
- Ahmed Physiotherapy & Research Center, Kalabagan, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Olav Muurlink
- Sustainable Innovation, School of Business and Law, Central Queensland University, Brisbane, Australia
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Aasim M, Chand S. Height-for-age and weight-for-age growth charts for Pakistani infants under six months: derived from a novel case selection method using multiple indicator cluster survey data. BMC Med Res Methodol 2023; 23:289. [PMID: 38066412 PMCID: PMC10709855 DOI: 10.1186/s12874-023-02116-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the past two decades, there has been a growing recognition of the need to establish indigenous standards or reference growth charts, particularly following the WHO multicenter growth study in 2006. The availability of accurate and reliable growth charts is crucial for monitoring child health. The choice of an appropriate model for constructing growth charts depends on various data characteristics, including the distribution's tails and peak. While Pakistan has reported some reference growth charts, there is a notable absence of indigenous charts for children under two years of age, especially for infants aged 0-6 months who are exclusively breastfed. Additionally, acquiring data poses a significant challenge, particularly for low-income countries, as it demands substantial resources such as finances, time, and expertise. The Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) constitutes a large-scale national survey conducted periodically in low-income countries under the auspices of UNICEF. In this study, we propose methods for generating selection variables utilizing the "Novel Case Selection Method," as previously published. Further our approach enables to select and fit appropriate model to the MICS data, selected, and to develop the standard growth charts. METHODS Out of the 11,478 children under 6 months of age included in MICS-6 (Pakistan), 3,655 children (1,831 males and 1,824 females) met the specified criteria and were selected using the "Novel Case Selection Method". The sample was distributed across provinces as follows: 841 (23.0%) from KPK, 1,464 (40.1%) from Punjab, 819 (22.4%) from Sindh, and 531 (14.5%) from Balochistan. This sample encompassed both rural (76.4%) and urban (23.6%) populations. Following data cleaning and outlier removal, a total of 3,540 records for weight (1,768 males and 1,772 females) and 3,515 records for height (1,759 males and 1,756 females) were ultimately available for the development of standard charts. The Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) was employed to determine the optimal degrees of freedom for L, M, and S using RefCurv_0.4.2. Three families within the gamlss class-namely, Box Cox Cole and Green (BCCG), Box Cox T (BCT), and Box Cox Power Exponential (BCPE)-were applied, each with three smoothing techniques: penalized splines (ps), cubic splines (cs), and polynomial splines (poly). The best-fitted model was selected from these nine combinations based on the Akaike Information Criteria. RESULTS The Novel Case Selection Method yielded 3655 cases as per criteria. After cleaning the data, this method lead to selection of 3540 children for "weight for age" (W/A) and 3515 children for "height for age" (H/A). The "BCPE" family and "ps" as smoothing method proved to be best on AIC for all four curves, i.e. the W/A male, W/A female, H/A male, and H/A female. The optimum selected degrees of freedom for the curve "W/A", for both genders were (M = 1, L = 0, S = 0). The optimum degrees of freedom for H/A male were again (M = 1, L = 0, S = 0), but for females the selected degrees of freedom were (M = 1, L = 1, S = 1). The indigenous fitted standard curves for Pakistan were on lower trajectory in comparison to WHO standards. CONCLUSION This study uses the Novel Case Selection Method with introduced algorithms to construct tailored growth charts for lower and middle-income countries. Leveraging extensive MICS data, the methodology ensures representative national samples. The resulting charts hold practical value and await validation from established data sources, offering valuable tools for policy makers and clinicians in diverse global contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Aasim
- NHRC, NIH (HRI) Research Centre, Shaikh Zayed Medical Complex, Lahore, Pakistan.
- College of Statistical Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Sohail Chand
- College of Statistical Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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Önal V, Metin Tellioğlu A, Durum Polat Y. Morphometric assessment of the hip joint in children aged 2-13 years. Clin Anat 2023; 36:926-936. [PMID: 37272199 DOI: 10.1002/ca.24061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Our study aimed to evaluate the hip joints of healthy children aged 2-13 years morphometrically through radiographic images. Demographic characteristics of 300 healthy children in our study include an average age of 6.4 years old based on the 2-to-13-year-old bracket and sex classified to 133 girls and 167 boys. A total of 600 normal hips from these children were digitally measured based on Acetabular Index, ACM angle, MZ distance, Sharp angle, CE angle, Femoral Head Coverage Ratio, Cranial, and medial joint space (MJS). *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01 indicated a statistically significant difference. It was found that Acetabular Index, ACM angle, MZ distance, Sharp angle, Cranial, and MJSs decreased with age; Acetabular Depth value and CE angle increased with age; the CE angle differed between the sides (right-left) in the young teens period and in boys; and the cranial joint space (CJS) differed between the sides in girls. In addition, girls had higher values than boys in terms of Acetabular Index, ACM angle, Sharp angle, MZ distance, and Femoral Head Coverage Ratio; CE angle and MJS were higher in girls; and Acetabular Depth Value and CJS did not differ significantly between sexes. Obtaining the normal values will guide in the diagnosis and treatment of many clinical conditions including DDH and Legg-Calve-Perthes disease. It can also be used to compare the hips between healthy children and those diagnosed with Cerebral Palsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vildan Önal
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayfer Metin Tellioğlu
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Durum Polat
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
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Cuntz U, Quadflieg N, Voderholzer U. Health Risk and Underweight. Nutrients 2023; 15:3262. [PMID: 37513680 PMCID: PMC10383423 DOI: 10.3390/nu15143262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa is associated with a significant risk of morbidity and mortality. In clinical practice, health risk is assessed and estimated using routinely collected laboratory data. This study will develop a risk score using clinically relevant laboratory parameters. The related question is how to estimate the health risk associated with underweight using body weight, height and age. METHODS We used routinely collected laboratory parameters from a total of 4087 patients. The risk score was calculated on the basis of electrolytes, blood count, transaminases and LDH. The nine parameters used were summed as zlog-transformed values. Where appropriate, the scales were inverted so that high values represented higher risk. For statistical prediction of the risk score, weight/height and age reference values from the WHO, the CDC (Center of Disease Control) and representative studies of German children and adults (KIGGS and NNS) were used. RESULTS The score calculated from nine laboratory parameters already shows a convincing relationship with BMI. Among the weight measures used for height and age, the z-score from the CDC reference population emerged as the best estimate, explaining 34% of the variance in health risk measured by the laboratory score. The percentile rank for each age-specific median weight from the KIGGS/NNS still explained more than 31% of the variance. In contrast, percentiles explained less variance than BMI without age correction. CONCLUSIONS The score we used from routine laboratory parameters appears to be an appropriate measure for assessing the health risk associated with underweight, as measured by the quality of the association with BMI. For estimating health risk based on weight, height and age alone, z-scores and percentages of age-specific median weight, as opposed to percentiles, are appropriate parameters. However, the study also shows that existing age-specific BMI reference values do not represent risk optimally. Improved statistical estimation methods would be desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Cuntz
- Center for Psychosomatic Medicine, Schoen Klinik Roseneck, Am Roseneck 6, 83209 Prien am Chiemsee, Germany
- Forschungsprogramm für Psychotherapieevaluation im Komplexen Therapiesetting, Paracelsus Medizinische Universität, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Departamento de Enlace y Medicina Psicosomatica, Universidad Catolica, Santiago 8831314, Chile
| | - Norbert Quadflieg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig Maximilians Universität, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrich Voderholzer
- Center for Psychosomatic Medicine, Schoen Klinik Roseneck, Am Roseneck 6, 83209 Prien am Chiemsee, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig Maximilians Universität, 80336 Munich, Germany
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Ruiz Brunner MDLM, Cuestas E, von Kries R, Brooks J, Wright C, Heinen F, Schroeder AS. Growth patterns in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy from Argentina and Germany. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8947. [PMID: 37268651 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34634-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
To analyze growth patterns of children with CP between countries; to examine differences in growth; and to assess the fit of growth charts. Cross-sectional study in children with CP from 2 to 19 years old, 399 from Argentina and 400 from Germany. Growth measures were converted into z-scores and compared to WHO reference and US CP growth charts. Generalized Linear Model was used to analyze the growth expressed as mean z-scores. 799 children. Mean age 9 years (± 4). Compared to the WHO reference, the decrease in Height z-scores (HAZ) with age in Argentina (- 0.144/year) was double that in Germany (- 0.073/year). For children in GMFCS IV-V, BMI z-scores (BMIZ) decreased with age (- 0.102/year). Using the US CP charts, both countries showed decreasing HAZ with age, in Argentina (- 0.066/year) and in Germany (- 0.032/year). BMIZ increased more among children with feeding tubes (0.062/year), similar in both countries. Argentinian children with oral feeding decrease their Weight z-score (WAZ) by - 0.553 compared to their peers. With WHO charts BMIZ presented an excellent fit for GMFCS I-III. HAZ presents a poor fit to growth references. BMIZ and WAZ presented a good fit to US CP Charts. Growth differences due to ethnicity also act in children with CP, and are related to motor impairment, age and feeding modality, possibly reflecting differences in environment or health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria de Las Mercedes Ruiz Brunner
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Córdoba, Argentina.
- Department of Paediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine, Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany.
| | - Eduardo Cuestas
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Córdoba, Argentina
- Catedra de Clínica Pediátrica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Hospital Nuestra Señora de La Misericordia, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Rüdiger von Kries
- Division of Epidemiology, Institute of Social Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LMU University, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Charlotte Wright
- Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
| | - Florian Heinen
- Department of Paediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine, Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Sebastian Schroeder
- Department of Paediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine, Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany.
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Pineau JC. Longitudinal growth of stature in boys according to age and puberty: Prediction of adult stature from the age of 13 years. Am J Hum Biol 2023; 35:e23877. [PMID: 36789803 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to cross-validate and demonstrate how adult stature can be predicted in 13-year-old teenager's boys by using a new reference specific growth curve obtained from chronological age and maturity. METHODS Stature measurements of 125 boys aged from 12 to 17.5 years were obtained over a period of five consecutive years. The maturity was based on the age of peak height velocity (APHV). An assessment of secondary pubertal stages using a simplification of the Tanner stages was also carried out. We found a connection between the secondary pubertal stage and the APHV. We carried out a prediction of the adult stature of 67 teenagers aged from 160 and 164 months. RESULTS Significant differences between APHV enabled us to classify the adolescents into three categories according to their biological maturity: 19% of adolescents with advanced puberty, 62% with standard puberty and 19% with delayed puberty. The mean growth curves were used to predict the adult stature of 67 individuals with a good accuracy (±3 cm). The mean differences between predicted and real adult stature are -0.11 cm with 95% limits of agreement of [-3.2; + 2.8 cm]. CONCLUSIONS The new stature growth curves developed from age and maturation enables us to accurately track individual growth kinetics.
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de Oliveira MH, Araújo J, Ramos E, Conde WL. MULT: New height references and their efficiency in multi-ethnic populations. Am J Hum Biol 2023; 35:e23859. [PMID: 36626316 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To develop new height references (MULT) based on longitudinal data of multi-ethnic populations and to compare them to the height references from the Dutch Growth Study, from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and from the World Health Organization (WHO). METHODS The MUL height references were developed through the LMS method and the Generalized Additive Models for Location Scale and Shape. They were constructed based on 2611 subjects (15 292 measurements) from the advantaged quintile of the Young Lives (Younger Cohort), Millennium Cohort Study, Adolescent Nutritional Assessment Longitudinal Study, and Epidemiological Health Investigation of Teenagers in Porto studies. The M, S curves were described to compare the growth trajectory of the MULT, DUTCH, CDC and WHO height references. For the population comparative analysis, we used the total sample of the studies (91 063 observations, 17 641 subjects). The Lin's concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) and Cohen's kappa coefficient (K) were used to verify the agreement between MULT, WHO and CDC height references. RESULTS The MULT height references showed taller boys for the periods of 61-174 months and 196-240 months and taller girls for 61-147 and 181-240 months, when compared to CDC and WHO height references. There was an almost perfect agreement between WHO and MULT height references (CCC >0.99) for the subjects aged 2 to 5 years. CONCLUSIONS MULT height references presented a taller population and a high agreement with WHO growth charts, especially for children under 5 years, indicating that it could be useful to assess nutritional status of multi-ethnic populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joana Araújo
- EPIUnit - Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Porto, Portugal.,Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences, and Medical Education - Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Elisabete Ramos
- EPIUnit - Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Porto, Portugal.,Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences, and Medical Education - Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Wolney Lisboa Conde
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health - University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Multiplier Method for Predicting the Sitting Height Growth at Maturity: A Database Analysis. CHILDREN 2022; 9:children9111763. [DOI: 10.3390/children9111763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to develop multipliers for the spine and sitting height to predict sitting height at maturity. With the aid of longitudinal and cross-sectional clinical databases, we divided the total sitting height, cervical, thoracic, and lumbar lengths at skeletal maturity by these same four factors at each age for each percentile given. A series of comparisons were then carried out between the multipliers as well as the percentiles and the varied racial and ethnic groups within them. Regarding sitting height, there was little variability and correlated with the multipliers calculated for the thoracic and lumbar spine. The multiplier method has demonstrated accuracy that is not influenced by generation, percentile, race, and ethnicity. This multiplier can be used to anticipate mature sitting height, the heights of the thoracic, cervical, and lumbar spine, as well as the lack of spinal growth after spinal fusion surgery in skeletally immature individuals.
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Patry C, Sauer LD, Sander A, Krupka K, Fichtner A, Brezinski J, Geissbühler Y, Aubrun E, Grinienko A, Strologo LD, Haffner D, Oh J, Grenda R, Pape L, Topaloğlu R, Weber LT, Bouts A, Kim JJ, Prytula A, König J, Shenoy M, Höcker B, Tönshoff B. Emulation of the control cohort of a randomized controlled trial in pediatric kidney transplantation with Real-World Data from the CERTAIN Registry. Pediatr Nephrol 2022; 38:1621-1632. [PMID: 36264431 PMCID: PMC9584233 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-022-05777-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Randomized controlled trials in pediatric kidney transplantation are hampered by low incidence and prevalence of kidney failure in children. Real-World Data from patient registries could facilitate the conduct of clinical trials by substituting a control cohort. However, the emulation of a control cohort by registry data in pediatric kidney transplantation has not been investigated so far. METHODS In this multicenter comparative analysis, we emulated the control cohort (n = 54) of an RCT in pediatric kidney transplant patients (CRADLE trial; ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01544491) with data derived from the Cooperative European Paediatric Renal Transplant Initiative (CERTAIN) registry, using the same inclusion and exclusion criteria (CERTAIN cohort, n = 554). RESULTS Most baseline patient and transplant characteristics were well comparable between both cohorts. At year 1 posttransplant, a composite efficacy failure end point comprising biopsy-proven acute rejection, graft loss or death (5.8% ± 3.3% vs. 7.5% ± 1.1%, P = 0.33), and kidney function (72.5 ± 24.9 vs. 77.3 ± 24.2 mL/min/1.73 m2 P = 0.19) did not differ significantly between CRADLE and CERTAIN. Furthermore, the incidence and severity of BPAR (5.6% vs. 7.8%), the degree of proteinuria (20.2 ± 13.9 vs. 30.6 ± 58.4 g/mol, P = 0.15), and the key safety parameters such as occurrence of urinary tract infections (24.1% vs. 15.5%, P = 0.10) were well comparable. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, usage of Real-World Data from patient registries such as CERTAIN to emulate the control cohort of an RCT is feasible and could facilitate the conduct of clinical trials in pediatric kidney transplantation. A higher resolution version of the Graphical abstract is available as Supplementary information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Patry
- Department of Pediatrics I, University Children's Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Lukas D. Sauer
- Institute of Medical Biometry, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anja Sander
- Institute of Medical Biometry, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kai Krupka
- Department of Pediatrics I, University Children’s Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Fichtner
- Department of Pediatrics I, University Children’s Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jolanda Brezinski
- Institute of Medical Biometry, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Luca Dello Strologo
- Renal Transplant Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Pediatric subspecialities, Rome, Italy
| | - Dieter Haffner
- Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jun Oh
- Pediatric Nephrology, University Hospital Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ryszard Grenda
- Department of Nephrology, Kidney Transplantation and Hypertension, Children’s Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lars Pape
- Clinic for Paediatrics III, Essen University Hospital, Essen, Germany
| | - Rezan Topaloğlu
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, School of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Lutz T. Weber
- Pediatric Nephrology, Children’s and Adolescents’ Hospital, University Hospital Cologne, Medical Faculty University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Antonia Bouts
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jon Jin Kim
- Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Nottingham University Hospital, Nottingham, UK
| | - Agnieszka Prytula
- Pediatric Nephrology and Rheumatology Department, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jens König
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Children’s Hospital, Munster, Germany
| | - Mohan Shenoy
- Paediatric Nephrology, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - Britta Höcker
- Department of Pediatrics I, University Children’s Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Burkhard Tönshoff
- Department of Pediatrics I, University Children’s Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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13
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Marume A, Archary M, Mahomed S. Validation of growth standards and growth references: A review of literature. J Child Health Care 2022; 26:498-510. [PMID: 34114485 DOI: 10.1177/13674935211024816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) growth standards provide the most recognized and widely accepted way of assessing child growth. To ensure its applicability, accuracy, and reliability, studies have validated WHO growth standards against local populations and other internationally recognized growth references. We reviewed outcomes of evaluations done on WHO growth standards and assess the appropriateness of using these growth standards on a global level. We undertook a systematic quantitative review of studies published from 2011 to 2020 from multiple databases. Studies were included if they considered children aged 59 months and below and reported on validation of growth standards. There was an agreement in studies that validated WHO growth standards against international growth references of its superiority in identifying stunted, overweight, and obese children. However, they were less likely to identify underweight children. None of the studies reviewed reported similar growth trajectories to WHO standards in all indicators considered. Regional differences in child growth were observed in comparison to WHO growth standards. Adoption of regional-specific standards increases the sensitivity of identifying children with adverse nutrition outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anesu Marume
- 72753College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Ministry of Health and Child Care, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Moherndran Archary
- 72753College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,164785King Edward VIII Hospital, Durban, South Africa
| | - Saajida Mahomed
- 72753College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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14
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Choi S, Nah S, Kim S, Seong EO, Kim SH, Han S. A validation of newly developed weight estimating tape for Korean pediatric patients. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271109. [PMID: 35797338 PMCID: PMC9262219 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatric drug dosages are based on body weight, so accurate measurement thereof is essential. However, this is not possible in emergencies. When using weight-estimating tapes, World Health Organization (WHO) growth charts serve as reference weights; however, local growth charts might be more accurate. This study developed a tape based on 2017 Korean National Growth Charts, which are more suitable for the Korean population than WHO growth charts, and evaluated its performance in a Korean pediatric population. This prospective cross-sectional study analyzed 792 pediatric patients who had visited the emergency department from June 2021 to December 2021. Weights were estimated using the Broselow tape (BT), Pediatric Advanced Weight Prediction in the Emergency Room XL (PAWPER XL), and Body Habitus-based Pediatric Emergency Tape (BHPET). The performance and measurement agreement of the tapes were analyzed. Among the tapes, the BHPET had the smallest mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), of 10.23%, and a root mean square percentage error (RMSPE) of 14.14%. Also, the percentage of weight estimations within 10% of the actual weight (PW10) was 59.6%, indicating better accuracy than the BT and PAWPER XL in all age groups. The intraclass correlation coefficients of the BT, PAWPER XL, and BHPET were 0.931, 0.977, and 0.985, respectively (p < 0.001). The performance and accuracy of the BHPET was similar or slightly superior to that of the other tapes. The body weight estimated using the BHPET for a local pediatric population was sufficiently correlated with the actual body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungwoo Choi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangun Nah
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sumin Kim
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun O. Seong
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - So Hyun Kim
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangsoo Han
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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15
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Reiter UM, Eckert AJ, Dunstheimer D, Bechtold-Dalla Pozza S, Lüllwitz C, Golembowski S, Freff M, Herrlinger S, von dem Berge T, Rehberg M, Lilienthal E, Holl RW. Cataract in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Insights from the German/Austrian DPV registry. Pediatr Diabetes 2022; 23:362-369. [PMID: 35064955 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.13316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study diabetic cataract in type 1 diabetes in a large pediatric cohort. METHODS The 92,633 patients aged 0.5-21 years from German/Austrian multicenter diabetes registry (DPV) were analyzed. The 235 patients (0.25%) with diabetic cataract were found, 200 could be categorized: 67 with early cataract (3 months before diabetes onset - 12 months afterwards), 133 with late cataract (>12 months after diabetes onset). Regression models adjusted for age and gender were used to compare clinical parameters at diabetes onset. Regression models for patients with late cataract were implemented for the total documentation period and additionally adjusted for diabetes duration. RESULTS Rate of cataract development shows a peak at diabetes onset and declines with longer diabetes duration. Patients with cataract showed strong female preponderance. Patients developing early cataract were older at diabetes onset (12.8 years [11.8/13.9] vs. 8.9 [8.9/9.0]; p < 0.001) and showed higher HbA1c than patients without cataract (9.0% [8.55/9.38] vs. 7.6% [7.60/7.61]; p < 0.001). They had lower height-SDS, (-0.22 [-0.48/0.04] vs. 0.25 [0.24/0.26]; p < 0.001), lower weight-SDS (-0.31 [-0.55/-0.08] vs. 0.21 [0.20/0.21]; p < 0.001) and lower BMI-SDS (-0.25 [-0.49/-0.02] vs. 0.12 [0.12/0.13); p = 0.002). Patients with late cataract showed higher HbA1c at diabetes onset (8.35% [8.08/8.62] vs. 8.04% [8.03/8.05]; p = 0.023) and higher mean HbA1c during total documentation period (8.00% [7.62/8.34] vs. 7.62% [7.61/7.63]; p = 0.048). CONCLUSIONS Our data confirm known demographic and clinical characteristics of patients developing early cataract. Hyperglycemia-induced osmotic damage to lens fibers at diabetes onset might be the main pathomechanism. Long term glycemic control is associated with cataract development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula M Reiter
- Department of Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Alexander J Eckert
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, ZIBMT, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Desiree Dunstheimer
- Department of Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Bechtold-Dalla Pozza
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, iSPZ, Haunersche Kinderklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Caroline Lüllwitz
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sven Golembowski
- Department of Pediatrics, Sana Hospital Lichtenberg, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Freff
- Department of Pediatrics, Kinderkliniken Prinzessin Margaret, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Thekla von dem Berge
- Diabetes Centre for Children and Adolescents, Children's Hospital Auf der Bult, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mirko Rehberg
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Eggert Lilienthal
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital St. Josef Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Reinhard W Holl
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, ZIBMT, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
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16
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Verma P, Prasad JB, George N. Growth Estimation of Under-Five Children Using Statistical Models in Central Region of India. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2022; 16:102463. [PMID: 35334409 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2022.102463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS To determine the suitability of 11 basic statistical models for estimating child-growth of under-five children and to bring-forth estimated growth curves for mean height & mean weight by their selected birth-weight categories for Central Region of India. METHODS The study used fourth round of National Family Health Survey-4 (NFHS-4) data of India, consisting of 75,645 under-five children, belonging to 3 Indian States - Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh & Uttar Pradesh. The children of the Region were first divided into 4 sub categories according to their birth-weight: (i) < 2000 gm, (ii) 2000-2499 gm, (iii) 2500-2999 gm (iv) 3000+gm, growth curve for mean height and mean weight were estimated for two sexes. RESULTS The significant association of 7 socio-demographic factors studied, namely - age & sex of child, birth-order, BMI, mother's highest level of education, place of residence and wealth index. Further, Cubic Model and Power Model, demonstrated best-fit to height & weight data of under-five children, belonging to different birth-weight categories, for estimating growth of boys & girls separately. These models enabled us to estimate mean height and mean weight, with 95% CI, for boys and girls separately by different birth-weight categories. CONCLUSIONS Study concluded that 7 socio-demographic factors were significantly associated with birth-weight. Further, Cubic Model and Power Model were most suitable for estimating child growth in terms of mean height & mean weight for boys and girls - considering specific birth-weight categories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradyuman Verma
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, KLE Academy of Higher Education & Research, Belgaum, 590010, Karnataka, India.
| | - Jang Bahadur Prasad
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, KLE Academy of Higher Education & Research, Belgaum, 590010, Karnataka, India.
| | - Noel George
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, KLE Academy of Higher Education & Research, Belgaum, 590010, Karnataka, India.
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17
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Saville NM, Harris-Fry H, Marphatia A, Reid A, Cortina-Borja M, Manandhar DS, Wells JC. Differences in maternal and early child nutritional status by offspring sex in lowland Nepal. Am J Hum Biol 2022; 34:e23637. [PMID: 34228379 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE On average, boys grow faster than girls in early life but appear more susceptible to undernutrition. We investigated sex differences in early child growth, and whether maternal nutritional status and diet differed by offspring sex during and after pregnancy in an undernourished population. METHODS We analyzed longitudinal data from a cluster-randomized trial from plains Nepal, stratifying results by child or gestational age. Children's outcomes (0-20 months) were weight, length, and head circumference and their z-scores relative to WHO reference data in 2-monthly intervals (n range: 24837 to 25 946). Maternal outcomes were mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), and body mass index (BMI) during pregnancy (12-40 weeks) (n = 5550 and n = 5519) and postpartum (n = 15 710 and n = 15 356), and diet in pregnancy. We fitted unadjusted and adjusted mixed-effects linear and logistic regression models comparing boys with girls. RESULTS Boys were larger than girls, however relative to their sex-specific reference they had lower length and head circumference z-scores from birth to 12 months, but higher weight-for-length z-scores from 0 to 6 months. Mothers of sons had higher MUAC and BMI around 36 weeks gestation but no other differences in pregnancy diets or pregnancy/postpartum maternal anthropometry were detected. Larger sex differences in children's size in the food supplementation study arm suggest that food restriction in pregnancy may limit fetal growth of boys more than girls. CONCLUSIONS Generally, mothers' anthropometry and dietary intake do not differ according to offspring sex. As boys are consistently larger, we expect that poor maternal nutritional status may compromise their growth more than girls. Copyright © 2021 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi M Saville
- Institute for Global Health (IGH), University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Helen Harris-Fry
- Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Alice Reid
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mario Cortina-Borja
- Section of Clinical Epidemiology, Nutrition and Biostatistics, Population Policy and Practice Research and Teaching Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (ICH), University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | | | - Jonathan C Wells
- Section of Clinical Epidemiology, Nutrition and Biostatistics, Population Policy and Practice Research and Teaching Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (ICH), University College London (UCL), London, UK
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18
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Ruiz Brunner MDLM, Cuestas E, Heinen F, Schroeder AS. Growth in infants, children and adolescents with unilateral and bilateral cerebral palsy. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1879. [PMID: 35115566 PMCID: PMC8813947 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05267-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
To compare growth patterns during infancy, childhood and adolescence in children with unilateral and bilateral cerebral palsy (CP) phenotype and to assess the association with gross motor impairment, dysphagia and gestational age. We retrospectively studied 389 children with CP from a single center population in Munich, Germany. 1536 measurements of height and weight were tabulated and z-scored from 6 to 180 months of age. Generalized linear mixed model were used to examine the association between growth, GMFCS, dysphagia and gestational age by CP phenotype. Children with unilateral CP tend to grow similarly to their typically developed peers. In the main effect model, bilateral CP phenotype was significantly associated with decreased mean z-scores for height (β [95% CI] − 0.953 [− 1.145, − 0.761], p < 0.001), weight (− 0.999 [− 1.176, − 0.807], p < 0.001) and BMI (β [95% CI] − 0.437 [− 0.799, − 0.075]), compared with unilateral CP phenotype. This association remained significant in the interaction models. The height-for-age z-scores, weight-for-age decreased z-scores and BMI-for-age z-scores of children with bilateral CP and GMFCS III–V or dysphagia decreased more significantly than those of children with unilateral CP. Preterm birth was not significantly associated with decreased growth in height, weight and BMI. Reduced growth in children with bilateral CP was strongly associated with moderate to severe impairment in gross motor function (GMFCS III–V) and dysphagia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria de Las Mercedes Ruiz Brunner
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Bv de la Reforma S/N, Pabellón de Biología Celular, Ciudad Universitaria, CP: 5016, Córdoba, Argentina. .,Department of Pediatric Neurology, Developmental Medicine and Social Pediatrics, University Hospital of Munich (LMU), Hauner Children's Hospital, Munich, Germany.
| | - Eduardo Cuestas
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Bv de la Reforma S/N, Pabellón de Biología Celular, Ciudad Universitaria, CP: 5016, Córdoba, Argentina.,Cátedra de Clínica Pediátrica, Hospital Nuestra Señora de la Misericordia, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Florian Heinen
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Developmental Medicine and Social Pediatrics, University Hospital of Munich (LMU), Hauner Children's Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Sebastian Schroeder
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Developmental Medicine and Social Pediatrics, University Hospital of Munich (LMU), Hauner Children's Hospital, Munich, Germany. .,Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU), Hauner Children's Hospital, Paediatric Neurology, Developmental Medicine, Lindwurmstr. 4, 80337, Munich, Germany.
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19
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Oliveira MHD, Pereira DDS, Melo DS, Silva JC, Conde WL. Accuracy of international growth charts to assess nutritional status in children and adolescents: a systematic review. REVISTA PAULISTA DE PEDIATRIA 2022; 40:e2021016. [PMID: 35442268 PMCID: PMC8983011 DOI: 10.1590/1984-0462/2022/40/2021016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Objective: To verify, through a systematic review, the accuracy of nutritional assessment in children and adolescents using the length/height-for-age and BMI-for-age growth charts of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2000), the World Health Organization (WHO) (2006/2007) and the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) (2012). Data source: We selected articles from the databases Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE), through PubMed, National Library of Medicine and The National Institutes of Health (NIH), Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) and Virtual Health Library (VHL). The following descriptors were used for the search: “Child”, “Adolescent”, “Nutritional Assessment”, “Growth Chart”, “Ethnic Groups”, “Stature by age”, “Body Mass Index”, “Comparison”, “CDC”, “WHO”, and “IOTF”. The selected articles were assessed for quality through the Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies of the NIH. Data synthesis: Thirty-three studies published between 2007 and 2020 were selected and, of these, 20 presented good quality, 12 presented fair quality and one presented poor quality. For children under five years old, the WHO length/height-for-age growth charts were shown appropriate for children from Argentina, South Africa, Brazil, Gabon, Qatar, Pakistan and the United States. For those five years old and older, the WHO BMI-for-age growth charts were accurate for the Brazilian and Canadian populations, while the IOTF growth charts were accurate for the European populations. Conclusions: There are difficulties in obtaining international growth charts for children from 5 years old and older that go along with a long period of growth, and which include genetic, cultural and socioeconomic differences of multiethnic populations who have already overcome the secular trend in height.
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20
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Mittal M, Gupta P, Kalra S, Bantwal G, Garg MK. Short Stature: Understanding the Stature of Ethnicity in Height Determination. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2021; 25:381-388. [PMID: 35300450 PMCID: PMC8923322 DOI: 10.4103/ijem.ijem_197_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Height is a polygenic trait with a high degree of heritability. Most (95%) children with short stature (defined as height below the third percentile) and poor growth (growth velocity <5 cm/year) do not have an endocrine disorder. The genetic basis for stature potential has been evaluated in recent years and is increasingly being recognized as a major basis for variation in height between different ethnic populations. Numerous genome-wide association studies have identified hundreds of loci linked to human growth. Apart from the genetic factors, various environmental, nutritional, hormonal, and socioeconomic factors also influence the height, and stature of individuals varies between different geographical locations and ethnic groups. Ethnically different populations might respond differently to the same environmental factors and thus the final height in different ethnic groups is different. This review covers in detail the short stature of African Pygmies and Andamanese Islanders along with the possible causative factors responsible for the variation in height in these ethnic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhukar Mittal
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Parul Gupta
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sanjay Kalra
- Department of Endocrinology, Bharti Hospital and BRIDE, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Ganapathi Bantwal
- Department of Endocrinology, St. John's Medical College Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Mahendra K Garg
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
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21
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Liu S, Wang Y, Li X, Ru X, Sang T, Zhang X, Feng Q. Comparative study on the early growth of preterm infants with the World Health Organization growth standards and the China growth charts. Pediatr Int 2021; 63:935-943. [PMID: 33713385 PMCID: PMC8456864 DOI: 10.1111/ped.14692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study focused on comparing the applicability and efficacy of the World Health Organization (WHO) growth standards and the China growth charts in diagnosing malnutrition and indicating nutritional interventions in preterm infants. METHODS Six hundred and eighty-three preterm infants were involved and their anthropometric data were collected. The proportion of weight and head circumference less than the 10th percentile (P10 ), weight less than the 25th percentile (P25 ), and weight for length greater than the 90th percentile (P90 ) identified by the WHO growth standards and the China growth charts were compared. RESULTS At corrected age (CA) 1 ~< 2 months (m), the proportion of head circumference P90 assessed by the WHO growth standards was greater than that assessed by the China growth charts. CONCLUSIONS Compared with the China growth charts, the WHO growth standards can further reduce the number of diagnoses of abnormal physical growth, are more helpful in avoiding overnutrition interventions, and are more sensitive in the early detection of delayed head circumference growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Liu
- Department of pediatricsPeking University First HospitalBeijingChina
- Division of neonatologyFirst Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityShaanxiChina
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of pediatricsPeking University First HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Xing Li
- Department of pediatricsPeking University First HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Xifang Ru
- Department of pediatricsPeking University First HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Tian Sang
- Department of pediatricsPeking University First HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of pediatricsPeking University First HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Qi Feng
- Department of pediatricsPeking University First HospitalBeijingChina
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Mendoza-Muñoz M, Muñoz-Bermejo L, Gómez-Galán R, Calle-Guisado V, Pastor-Cisneros R, Garcia-Gordillo MÁ, Adsuar JC, Carlos-Vivas J. Descriptive Study about Bodyweight Status of Extremadura Adolescents. Are We Applying the Best Indicator as the Reference Parameter? BIOLOGY 2021; 10:662. [PMID: 34356517 PMCID: PMC8301333 DOI: 10.3390/biology10070662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Background: There is no agreed criteria that establishes childhood obesity thresholds based on BMI, which may be used to assess adolescent overweight/obesity. This tool has been determined at the most practical and least costly in classifying bodyweight status in adolescents. However, it is an indicator of bodyweight and not adiposity. Aims: To assess bodyweight status of Extremadura adolescents by sex and age using international, national, and regional reference criteria and comparing the different diagnoses criteria. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with 4130 adolescents (12-17 years). Bodyweight and height were assessed. Results: Pairwise comparisons indicates that the World Health Organization (WHO) classified 542 individuals in a different category compared to Faustino Obergozo (FO), and 1028 individuals with respect to the Extremadura adolescents' percentiles (EX). Moreover, FO classified 684 adolescents in a different category than EX. Despite the concordance in diagnostic criteria (by Cohen's kappa test) reported between the WHO, FO, and EX for all bodyweight categories in both sexes and all age ranges, significant differences were found (assessed by Cochran Q test and McNemar test as post-hoc) between the WHO and FO for all bodyweight proportion except in the thinness category in girls (15-17 years) and boys (12-14 years). Meaningful differences were also obtained comparing WHO and EX for each bodyweight category in all ages and sexes. Comparisons between FO and EX revealed significant differences for all bodyweight categories in all participants except for overweight in girls (12-14 years) and boys (15-17 years) and normal weight and obesity in girls (15-17 years). Conclusions: the WHO, FO, and EX criteria present different outcomes estimating overweight and/or obesity prevalence in adolescents aged between 12 and 17 years. The change from Extremadura criteria to the WHO reference will result in more adolescents being diagnosed as overweight or obese.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Mendoza-Muñoz
- Promoting a Healthy Society Research Group (PHeSO), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (M.M.-M.); (V.C.-G.); (R.P.-C.); (J.C.A.); (J.C.-V.)
| | - Laura Muñoz-Bermejo
- Social Impact and Innovation in Health (InHEALTH), University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain;
| | - Rafael Gómez-Galán
- Social Impact and Innovation in Health (InHEALTH), University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain;
| | - Violeta Calle-Guisado
- Promoting a Healthy Society Research Group (PHeSO), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (M.M.-M.); (V.C.-G.); (R.P.-C.); (J.C.A.); (J.C.-V.)
| | - Raquel Pastor-Cisneros
- Promoting a Healthy Society Research Group (PHeSO), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (M.M.-M.); (V.C.-G.); (R.P.-C.); (J.C.A.); (J.C.-V.)
| | | | - José Carmelo Adsuar
- Promoting a Healthy Society Research Group (PHeSO), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (M.M.-M.); (V.C.-G.); (R.P.-C.); (J.C.A.); (J.C.-V.)
| | - Jorge Carlos-Vivas
- Promoting a Healthy Society Research Group (PHeSO), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (M.M.-M.); (V.C.-G.); (R.P.-C.); (J.C.A.); (J.C.-V.)
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Ellemunter H, Dumke M, Steinkamp G. Reference Values Matter: Fewer Patients With Malnutrition Using American Compared to More Recent German Growth Charts. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2021; 72:912-915. [PMID: 33633076 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000003095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Reference values are important for patient care as well as for comparisons between different centers or countries. We investigated two anthropometric reference datasets, the US Centers for Disease Control (CDC) growth charts and the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents Study (KiGGS) percentiles, which were established in Germany between 2003 and 2006. A smaller proportion of children with cystic fibrosis had decreased z scores <-2 with CDC (5.0% for weight and 3.0% for height) compared to KiGGS (7.4% for weight and 6.3% for height) values (P < 0.0001). Median z scores were higher using the CDC reference data. Thus, the choice of growth reference is important, may influence clinical management and must be considered when comparing the outcomes of different institutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Ellemunter
- Cystic Fibrosis Centre at the Medical University of Innsbruck, Department of Child and Adolescent Health, Paediatrics III, Austria
| | - Markus Dumke
- STAT-UP Statistical Consulting & Services, Munich
| | - Gratiana Steinkamp
- Cystic Fibrosis Centre at the Medical University of Innsbruck, Department of Child and Adolescent Health, Paediatrics III, Austria
- Clinical Research and Medical Scientific Writing, Schwerin, Germany
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[Observational Study: Project Infant Nutrition - "Back to the Origin" during COVID-19 Pandemic]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 56:73-78. [PMID: 33879927 PMCID: PMC8050808 DOI: 10.1007/s00608-020-00861-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Es gibt wenig evidenzbasierte Daten zur tatsächlichen Stilldauer und zu den Gründen fürs Abstillen sowie zum Gedeihen von Säuglingen, die mit Säuglingsanfangsmilch ernährt werden. Dies zu evaluieren stellt einen wichtigen Aspekt für die Erörterung präventiver Maßnahmen dar. Ziel des vorliegenden Projekts war es, Neugeborene bzw. Säuglinge, die nach dem Abstillen mit Säuglingsanfangsmilch PRE oder 1 von „Zurück zum Ursprung“ (Firma Hofer KG, Sattledt, Österreich) ernährt wurden, und deren Gedeihen (Körpergröße, Körpergewicht), Akzeptanz und andere Auffälligkeiten zu beobachten und die Ergebnisse zu evaluieren. Weiterhin wurden aufkommende Fragen der Mütter in Ernährungsthemen dokumentiert, die in den Beratungsgesprächen gestellt wurden. Es wurden 17 Neugeborene bzw. Säuglinge über einen Zeitraum von 6 Monaten, bei 7 Konsultationen im Abstand von ungefähr 4 Wochen, beobachtet und Körpergröße sowie Körpergewicht gemessen. Die Ergebnisse wurden dann anhand von altersentsprechenden Perzentilen ausgewertet. Zusätzlich wurden die Akzeptanz evaluiert und Auffälligkeiten dokumentiert. Fragen zu ernährungsbezogenen Themen wurden mit den Müttern anhand evidenzbasierter Informationen besprochen. Bis auf einen Säugling, der bereits deutlich oberhalb der 97. Perzentile in die Beobachtung einstieg, zeigten alle 16 Säuglinge einen entwicklungsentsprechenden physiologischen Verlauf von Körpergröße und Körpergewicht. Die Anfangsmilch wurde von allen Säuglingen ausnahmslos akzeptiert. Die aufkommenden Fragen und Ernährungsthemen der Mütter zeigten, dass praxisnahe Tipps basierend auf evidenzbasierten Fakten, sogenannten Allgemeinempfehlungen von Firmen und Medien vorgezogen wurden. Trotz der Herausforderungen durch die Covid-19-Pandemie wurde die Anwendungsbeobachtung in kleinerem Rahmen als Pilotstudie weitergeführt und konnte interessante Ergebnisse liefern. Als zukünftige Perspektive wäre eine Langzeitbeobachtung der beobachteten Säuglinge interessant, um hier wichtige Erkenntnisse für präventive Ernährungsmaßnahmen gewinnen zu können
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25
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Binder G, Lehrian TJ, Hoffmann E, Blumenstock G, Rahmaoui A, Trzaskoma B, Reinehr T. Adolescent boys with constitutional delay of growth and puberty grow faster than patients with organic growth hormone deficiency. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2021; 94:237-241. [PMID: 33113160 DOI: 10.1111/cen.14358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Constitutional delay of growth and puberty (CDGP) is a tempo variant with a good prognosis. Healthy late-maturing adolescents grow slower than postulated by age-related references, and therefore, CDGP is frequently confused with growth hormone deficiency (GHD). For differential diagnosis, height velocity references for CDGP are needed. DESIGN AND PATIENTS Here, we provide height velocity data for late-maturing boys based on mixed longitudinal and cross-sectional observations in a group of 38 German adolescents with proven CDGP and compare them with cross-sectional observations in a group of 164 adolescents with organic GHD from the National Cooperative Growth Study registry. RESULTS In the critical age interval from 13.4 to 14.9 years, the growth of prepubertal adolescents with CDGP was faster (mean/median height velocity, 5.2/5.4 cm/years; quartiles, 4.4-6.2 cm/years) than that of prepubertal adolescents with organic GHD (3.5/3.2 cm/years; quartiles, 2.0-4.4 cm/years) in the cross-sectional analysis (p < .0001). Based on our mixed longitudinal and cross-sectional analysis, the height velocity of adolescent boys with CDGP exceeded previous model calculations on average by 1.0 cm. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, prepubertal adolescents with CDGP grow faster than patients with organic GHD. Previous model estimates underestimated height velocity of boys with CDGP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Binder
- Pediatric Endocrinology, University Children's Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Theresa J Lehrian
- Pediatric Endocrinology, University Children's Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Elisa Hoffmann
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition Medicine, Vestische Hospital for Children and Adolescents Datteln, University of Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany
| | - Gunnar Blumenstock
- Institute of Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biostatistics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Thomas Reinehr
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition Medicine, Vestische Hospital for Children and Adolescents Datteln, University of Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany
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26
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Zhang YQ, Li H, Wu HH, Zong XN. Stunting, wasting, overweight and their coexistence among children under 7 years in the context of the social rapidly developing: Findings from a population-based survey in nine cities of China in 2016. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245455. [PMID: 33444425 PMCID: PMC7808628 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of stunting, wasting, overweight and their coexistence are various in different populations and they also have changed with social developing and environmental improving. In this paper, we aimed to analyze the prevalence of stunting, wasting, overweight and their coexistence in some developed regions of China. Data were collected in a population-based cross-sectional survey by a multi-stage cluster sampling method in nine cities located in the northern, central, and southern region of China in 2016. Children under seven years (n = 110,491) were measured. WHO growth standards were used to assess the growth status. Stunting, underweight, wasting, overweight and obesity were considered as the primary forms of malnutrition (includes undernutrition and overnutrition) for infant or young children at population-levels. The prevalence of stunting, underweight, wasting, and overweight or obesity were respectively 0.7%, 0.6%, 1.2%, and 7.6%. Most of these children (95.4%) suffered from one form of malnutrition, and only 0.2% of them concurrently stunted and wasted, 0.4% concurrently stunted and overweight, 1.7% concurrently stunted and underweight, 2.3% concurrently underweight and wasted. Among stunted children, 91.2% were appropriate body proportion, and only 2.3% were wasted, 6.5% were overweight or obesity. Among overweight or obese children, only 0.6% were stunted, whereas, 15.8% were high stature and 83.6% were the appropriate ranges of stature. Sex, age, urban/suburban, and region were associated with these primary forms of malnutrition in the multivariate logistic analysis. In conclusion, we found that the coexistence of stunting and overweight was not common at both population-level and individual-level. The situation for undernutrition had significantly improved, and overweight may be the leading public health issue for children under seven years in the nine cities of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Qin Zhang
- Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Hua-Hong Wu
- Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-Nan Zong
- Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
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Nogueira W, Boghdady NE, Langner F, Gaudrain E, Başkent D. Effect of Channel Interaction on Vocal Cue Perception in Cochlear Implant Users. Trends Hear 2021; 25:23312165211030166. [PMID: 34461780 PMCID: PMC8411629 DOI: 10.1177/23312165211030166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Speech intelligibility in multitalker settings is challenging for most cochlear implant (CI) users. One possibility for this limitation is the suboptimal representation of vocal cues in implant processing, such as the fundamental frequency (F0), and the vocal tract length (VTL). Previous studies suggested that while F0 perception depends on spectrotemporal cues, VTL perception relies largely on spectral cues. To investigate how spectral smearing in CIs affects vocal cue perception in speech-on-speech (SoS) settings, adjacent electrodes were simultaneously stimulated using current steering in 12 Advanced Bionics users to simulate channel interaction. In current steering, two adjacent electrodes are simultaneously stimulated forming a channel of parallel stimulation. Three such stimulation patterns were used: Sequential (one current steering channel), Paired (two channels), and Triplet stimulation (three channels). F0 and VTL just-noticeable differences (JNDs; Task 1), in addition to SoS intelligibility (Task 2) and comprehension (Task 3), were measured for each stimulation strategy. In Tasks 2 and 3, four maskers were used: the same female talker, a male voice obtained by manipulating both F0 and VTL (F0+VTL) of the original female speaker, a voice where only F0 was manipulated, and a voice where only VTL was manipulated. JNDs were measured relative to the original voice for the F0, VTL, and F0+VTL manipulations. When spectral smearing was increased from Sequential to Triplet, a significant deterioration in performance was observed for Tasks 1 and 2, with no differences between Sequential and Paired stimulation. Data from Task 3 were inconclusive. These results imply that CI users may tolerate certain amounts of channel interaction without significant reduction in performance on tasks relying on voice perception. This points to possibilities for using parallel stimulation in CIs for reducing power consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waldo Nogueira
- Department of Otolaryngology, Medical University
Hannover and Cluster of Excellence Hearing4all, Hanover, Germany
| | - Nawal El Boghdady
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical
Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen,
Netherlands
- Research School of Behavioral and Cognitive
Neurosciences, University of
Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen,
Netherlands
| | - Florian Langner
- Department of Otolaryngology, Medical University
Hannover and Cluster of Excellence Hearing4all, Hanover, Germany
| | - Etienne Gaudrain
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical
Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen,
Netherlands
- Research School of Behavioral and Cognitive
Neurosciences, University of
Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen,
Netherlands
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, CNRS UMR 5292,
INSERM U1028, University Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Deniz Başkent
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical
Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen,
Netherlands
- Research School of Behavioral and Cognitive
Neurosciences, University of
Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen,
Netherlands
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Novina N, Hermanussen M, Scheffler C, Pulungan AB, Ismiarto YD, Andriyana Y, Biben V, Setiabudiawan B. Indonesian National Growth Reference Charts Better Reflect Height and Weight of Children in West Java, Indonesia, than WHO Child Growth Standards. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2020; 12:410-419. [PMID: 32772522 PMCID: PMC7711636 DOI: 10.4274/jcrpe.galenos.2020.2020.0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Indonesia Basic Health Research 2018 indicates that Indonesian children are still among the shortest in the world. When referred to World Health Organization Child Growth Standards (WHOCGS), the prevalence of stunting reaches up to 43% in several Indonesian districts. Indonesian National Growth Reference Charts (INGRC) were established in order to better distinguish between healthy short children and children with growth disorders. We analyzed height and weight measurements of healthy Indonesian children using INGRC and WHOCGS. METHODS 6972 boys and 5800 girls (n=12,772), aged 0-59 months old, from Bandung District were measured. Z-scores of length/height and body mass index were calculated based on INGRC and WHOCGS. RESULTS Under 5-year-old Indonesian children raised in Bandung are short and slim. Mean height z-scores of boys is -2.03 [standard deviation (SD) 1.31], mean height z-scores of girls is -2.03 (SD 1.31) when referred to WHOCGS indicating that over 50% of these children are stunted. Bandung children are heterogeneous, with substantial subpopulations of tall children. Depending on the growth reference used, between 9% and 15% of them are wasted. Wasted children are on average half a SD taller than their peers. CONCLUSION WHOCGS seriously overestimates the true prevalence of undernutrition in Indonesian children. The present investigation fails to support evidence of undernutrition at a prevalence similar to the over 50% prevalence of stunting (WHOCGS) versus 13.3% (INGRC). We suggest refraining from using WHOCGS, and instead applying INGRC that closely mirror height and weight increments in Bandung children. INGRC appear superior for practical and clinical purposes, such as detecting growth and developmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Novina Novina
- Universitas Padjadjaran Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child Health, Bandung, Indonesia,* Address for Correspondence: Universitas Padjadjaran Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child Health, Bandung, Indonesia Phone: +62222035957 E-mail:
| | | | | | - Aman B. Pulungan
- Universitas Indonesia-Ciptomangunkusumo Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child Health, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Yoyos Dias Ismiarto
- Universitas Padjadjaran Faculty of Medicine, Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Yudhie Andriyana
- Universitas Padjadjaran Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Department of Statistics, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Vitriana Biben
- Universitas Padjadjaran Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Budi Setiabudiawan
- Universitas Padjadjaran Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child Health, Bandung, Indonesia
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Schiller K, Kofler M, Frühwirth M, Fantur M, Rauchenzauner M. Long-Term Hb A1c, Physical Fitness, Nerve Conduction Velocities, and Quality of Life in Children with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus-A Pilot Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2020; 8:healthcare8040384. [PMID: 33022973 PMCID: PMC7711968 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare8040384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine a possible association of HbA1c, quality of life (QoL), fitness, and electrophysiological parameters in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). METHODS The study population (n = 34) consisted of patients with T1DM (n = 17) and an age-, sex-, and BMI-matched healthy control group (n = 17). HbA1c was obtained from patients with T1DM at time of diagnosis (T0), at 6 months (T6), at 12 months (T12), and at time of study inclusion (Tstudy). QoL was determined with a standardized questionnaire (KINDL-R). All children completed a 6-min walk test (6MWT) to evaluate their fitness level. Electrodiagnostic studies established upper and lower limb motor and sensory nerve conduction velocities (NCV). RESULTS Higher HbA1c (Tstudy) was associated with lower QoL showing in the subscales self-esteem, friends, and school. Higher HbA1c at (T6) and (T12) was associated with lower QoL in the subscale self-esteem. Based on various subscales, perceived problem areas differed significantly between children and their parents. No differences in fitness level and NCV were found between patients and controls except for a significantly slower median motor NCV in patients. HbA1c was not associated with NCVs at this early stage of disease. CONCLUSIONS Good metabolic control reflected by adequate HbA1c values seems to be important for a good QoL in children with T1DM. Early HbA1c might be associated with QoL during follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Schiller
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Kliniken Ostallgäu-Kaufbeuren, 87600 Kaufbeuren, Germany;
| | - Markus Kofler
- Department of Neurology, Hochzirl Hospital, 6170 Zirl, Austria;
| | - Martin Frühwirth
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital St. Vinzenz, 6511 Zams, Austria; (M.F.); (M.F.)
| | - Michaela Fantur
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital St. Vinzenz, 6511 Zams, Austria; (M.F.); (M.F.)
| | - Markus Rauchenzauner
- Department of Pediatrics, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-8341-422206
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30
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Effect of Spectral Contrast Enhancement on Speech-on-Speech Intelligibility and Voice Cue Sensitivity in Cochlear Implant Users. Ear Hear 2020; 42:271-289. [PMID: 32925307 DOI: 10.1097/aud.0000000000000936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Speech intelligibility in the presence of a competing talker (speech-on-speech; SoS) presents more difficulties for cochlear implant (CI) users compared with normal-hearing listeners. A recent study implied that these difficulties may be related to CI users' low sensitivity to two fundamental voice cues, namely, the fundamental frequency (F0) and the vocal tract length (VTL) of the speaker. Because of the limited spectral resolution in the implant, important spectral cues carrying F0 and VTL information are expected to be distorted. This study aims to address two questions: (1) whether spectral contrast enhancement (SCE), previously shown to enhance CI users' speech intelligibility in the presence of steady state background noise, could also improve CI users' SoS intelligibility, and (2) whether such improvements in SoS from SCE processing are due to enhancements in CI users' sensitivity to F0 and VTL differences between the competing talkers. DESIGN The effect of SCE on SoS intelligibility and comprehension was measured in two separate tasks in a sample of 14 CI users with Cochlear devices. In the first task, the CI users were asked to repeat the sentence spoken by the target speaker in the presence of a single competing talker. The competing talker was the same target speaker whose F0 and VTL were parametrically manipulated to obtain the different experimental conditions. SoS intelligibility, in terms of the percentage of correctly repeated words from the target sentence, was assessed using the standard advanced combination encoder (ACE) strategy and SCE for each voice condition. In the second task, SoS comprehension accuracy and response times were measured using the same experimental setup as in the first task, but with a different corpus. In the final task, CI users' sensitivity to F0 and VTL differences were measured for the ACE and SCE strategies. The benefit in F0 and VTL discrimination from SCE processing was evaluated with respect to the improvement in SoS perception from SCE. RESULTS While SCE demonstrated the potential of improving SoS intelligibility in CI users, this effect appeared to stem from SCE improving the overall signal to noise ratio in SoS rather than improving the sensitivity to the underlying F0 and VTL differences. A second key finding of this study was that, contrary to what has been observed in a previous study for childlike voice manipulations, F0 and VTL manipulations of a reference female speaker (target speaker) toward male-like voices provided a small but significant release from masking for the CI users tested. CONCLUSIONS The present findings, together with those previously reported in the literature, indicate that SCE could serve as a possible background-noise-reduction strategy in commercial CI speech processors that could enhance speech intelligibility especially in the presence of background talkers that have longer VTLs compared with the target speaker.
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31
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Ivanovski I, Djuric O, Broccoli S, Caraffi SG, Accorsi P, Adam MP, Avela K, Badura-Stronka M, Bayat A, Clayton-Smith J, Cocco I, Cordelli DM, Cuturilo G, Di Pisa V, Dupont Garcia J, Gastaldi R, Giordano L, Guala A, Hoei-Hansen C, Inaba M, Iodice A, Nielsen JEK, Kuburovic V, Lazalde-Medina B, Malbora B, Mizuno S, Moldovan O, Møller RS, Muschke P, Otelli V, Pantaleoni C, Piscopo C, Poch-Olive ML, Prpic I, Marín Reina P, Raviglione F, Ricci E, Scarano E, Simonte G, Smigiel R, Tanteles G, Tarani L, Trimouille A, Valera ET, Schrier Vergano S, Writzl K, Callewaert B, Savasta S, Street ME, Iughetti L, Bernasconi S, Giorgi Rossi P, Garavelli L. Mowat-Wilson syndrome: growth charts. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2020; 15:151. [PMID: 32539836 PMCID: PMC7294656 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-020-01418-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mowat-Wilson syndrome (MWS; OMIM #235730) is a genetic condition caused by heterozygous mutations or deletions of the ZEB2 gene. It is characterized by moderate-severe intellectual disability, epilepsy, Hirschsprung disease and multiple organ malformations of which congenital heart defects and urogenital anomalies are the most frequent ones. To date, a clear description of the physical development of MWS patients does not exist. The aim of this study is to provide up-to-date growth charts specific for infants and children with MWS. Charts for males and females aged from 0 to 16 years were generated using a total of 2865 measurements from 99 MWS patients of different ancestries. All data were collected through extensive collaborations with the Italian MWS association (AIMW) and the MWS Foundation. The GAMLSS package for the R statistical computing software was used to model the growth charts. Height, weight, body mass index (BMI) and head circumference were compared to those from standard international growth charts for healthy children. RESULTS In newborns, weight and length were distributed as in the general population, while head circumference was slightly smaller, with an average below the 30th centile. Up to the age of 7 years, weight and height distribution was shifted to slightly lower values than in the general population; after that, the difference increased further, with 50% of the affected children below the 5th centile of the general population. BMI distribution was similar to that of non-affected children until the age of 7 years, at which point values in MWS children increased with a less steep slope, particularly in males. Microcephaly was sometimes present at birth, but in most cases it developed gradually during infancy; many children had a small head circumference, between the 3rd and the 10th centile, rather than being truly microcephalic (at least 2 SD below the mean). Most patients were of slender build. CONCLUSIONS These charts contribute to the understanding of the natural history of MWS and should assist pediatricians and other caregivers in providing optimal care to MWS individuals who show problems related to physical growth. This is the first study on growth in patients with MWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Ivanovski
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Mother and Child, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale - IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Viale Risorgimento, 80 42123, Reggio Emilia, Italy.,Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences with interest in Transplant, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Institut für Medizinische Genetik, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Olivera Djuric
- Epidemiology Unit, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale - IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy.,Center for Environmental, Nutritional and Genetic Epidemiology (CREAGEN), Section of Public Health, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Serena Broccoli
- Epidemiology Unit, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale - IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Stefano Giuseppe Caraffi
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Mother and Child, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale - IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Viale Risorgimento, 80 42123, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Patrizia Accorsi
- Neuropsychiatric Department, Spedali Civili Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Margaret P Adam
- Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kristina Avela
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Allan Bayat
- Institute for Regional Health Service, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Medicine, Danish Epilepsy Centre Dianalund, Dianalund, Denmark
| | - Jill Clayton-Smith
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Health Innovation Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Isabella Cocco
- Neuropsychiatric Department, Spedali Civili Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Duccio Maria Cordelli
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, Pediatric Department, St. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Goran Cuturilo
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Department of Medical Genetics, University Children's Hospital, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Veronica Di Pisa
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Health Innovation Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Juliette Dupont Garcia
- Serviço de Genética Médica, Departamento de Pediatria, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, Centro Académico de Medicina de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Lucio Giordano
- Neuropsychiatric Department, Spedali Civili Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Andrea Guala
- SOC Pediatria, Ospedale Castelli, Verbania, Italy
| | | | - Mie Inaba
- Department of Pediatrics, Central Hospital, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Alessandro Iodice
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale - IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | | | - Vladimir Kuburovic
- Department of Cardiology, Mother and Child Health Care Institute, Belgrade, Serbia.,Skånes universitet sjukhus, Barnkliniken, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Baris Malbora
- Department of Pediatric Hematology & Oncology, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Seiji Mizuno
- Department of Pediatrics, Central Hospital, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Oana Moldovan
- Serviço de Genética Médica, Departamento de Pediatria, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, Centro Académico de Medicina de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rikke S Møller
- Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark.,Institute for Regional Health Services, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Petra Muschke
- Institute for Human Genetics, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Chiara Pantaleoni
- Developmental Neurology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Carmelo Piscopo
- U.O.S.C. Medical Genetics, A.O.R.N. "A. Cardarelli", Naples, Italy
| | | | - Igor Prpic
- Department of Pediatrics-Child Neurology Service, University Hospital Rijeka, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Purificación Marín Reina
- Dismorphology and Reproductive Genetics, Neonatal Research Group, Health Research Institute Hospital La Fe, University & Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Emilia Ricci
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, Pediatric Department, St. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Emanuela Scarano
- Unit of Pediatrics, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, St. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Graziella Simonte
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Mother and Child, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale - IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Viale Risorgimento, 80 42123, Reggio Emilia, Italy.,Department of Pediatrics and Medical Sciences, "Vittorio Emanuele" Hospital, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Robert Smigiel
- Department of Pediatrics, Division Pediatric Propedeutics and Rare Disorders, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - George Tanteles
- Clinical Genetics Clinic, Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Luigi Tarani
- Department of Pediatrics, University "La Sapienza,", Rome, Italy
| | - Aurelien Trimouille
- CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Génétique Médicale, Bordeaux, France.,INSERM U1211, Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Elvis Terci Valera
- Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Samantha Schrier Vergano
- Department of Pediatrics, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA.,Division of Medical Genetics and Metabolism, Children's Hospital of The King's Daughters, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
| | - Karin Writzl
- Clinical Institute of Medical Genetics, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bert Callewaert
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Salvatore Savasta
- Pediatric Clinic, IRCCS Policlinico "S. Matteo" Foundation, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Maria Elisabeth Street
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Mother and Child, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale - IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Iughetti
- Post-graduate School of Pediatrics, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences of Mother, Children and Adults, Pediatric Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Giorgi Rossi
- Epidemiology Unit, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale - IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Livia Garavelli
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Mother and Child, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale - IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Viale Risorgimento, 80 42123, Reggio Emilia, Italy.
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An unambiguous definition of pediatric hypotension is still lacking: Gaps between two percentile-based definitions and Pediatric Advanced Life Support/Advanced Trauma Life Support guidelines. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2020; 86:448-453. [PMID: 30489506 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000002139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data are lacking to provide cutoffs for hypotension in children based on outcome studies and Pediatric Advanced Life Support (PALS), and Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) definitions are based on normal populations. The goal of this study was to compare different normal population based cutoffs including fifth percentile of systolic blood pressure (P5-SBP) in children and adolescents from the German Health Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS), US population data (Fourth Report), and cutoffs from PALS and ATLS guidelines. METHODS Fifth percentile of systolic blood pressure according to age, sex, and height was modeled based on standardized resting oscillometric BP measurements (12,199 children aged 3-17 years) from KiGGS 2003-2006. In addition, we applied the age-adjusted pediatric shock index in the KiGGS study. RESULTS The KiGGS P5-SBP was on average 7 mm Hg higher than Fourth Report P5-SBP (5-10 mm Hg depending on age-sex group). For children aged 3 to 9 years, KIGGS P5-SBP at median height follows the formula 82 mm Hg + age; for age 10 to 17 years, the increase was not linear and is presented in a simplified table. Pediatric Advanced Life Support/ATLS thresholds were between KiGGS and Fourth Report until age of 11 years. The adult threshold of 90 mm Hg was reached by KiGGS P5-SBP median height at 8 years, PALS/ATLS at age of 10 years, and Fourth Report P5-SBP at 12 years. The pediatric shock index, which is supposed to identify severely injured children, was exceeded by 2.3% nonacutely ill KiGGS participants. CONCLUSION Our study shows that percentile cutoffs vary by reference population. The 90 mm Hg cutoff for adolescents targets only those in the less than 1% of the low SBP range and represents an undertriage compared with P5 at younger ages according to both KiGGS and Fourth Report. Finally, current pediatric shock index cutoffs when applied to a healthy cohort lead to a relevant percentage of false positives. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Epidemiologic/prognostic, level III.
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Yang WC, Fu CM, Su BW, Ouyang CM, Yang KC. Child Growth Curves in High-Altitude Ladakh: Results from a Cohort Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17103652. [PMID: 32455978 PMCID: PMC7277569 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17103652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
High prevalence of child underweight and stunting in high-altitude areas has often been reported. However, most previous studies on this topic were cross-sectional. Another critical concern is that using the World Health Organization (WHO) Child Growth Standards to evaluate child growth in high-altitude areas may lead to overestimations of underweight and stunting. Our study aimed to evaluate the long-term growth pattern of children (3 to 18 years) above the altitude of 3500 m in Ladakh, India. The participants’ body weight (BW), body height (BH), and body mass index (BMI) were measured annually according to the WHO Child Growth Standards for children under 5 years old and the WHO reference data for children aged 5 to 19 years. The generalized estimating equation (GEE) was used to estimate the means and z-scores of BW, BH, and BMI at different ages. A total of 401 children were enrolled from 2012 to 2018. Their mean z-scores of BW, BH, and BMI were −1.47, −1.44, and −0.85 in 2012 and increased to −0.74, −0.92, and −0.63 in 2018. This population’s specific growth curve was also depicted, which generally fell below the 85th percentile of the WHO standards. This is the first cohort study about long-term child growth patterns in a high-altitude area. The detailed underlying mechanisms of our findings need future research on more representative data of high-altitude populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chien Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsinchu 30059, Taiwan; (W.-C.Y.); (C.-M.F.)
| | - Chun-Min Fu
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsinchu 30059, Taiwan; (W.-C.Y.); (C.-M.F.)
| | - Bo-Wei Su
- Department of Family Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100225, Taiwan;
| | - Chung-Mei Ouyang
- Department of Dietetics, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsinchu 30059, Taiwan;
| | - Kuen-Cheh Yang
- Department of Family Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Bei-Hu Branch, Taipei 108206, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-928-778-355
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Galdeano PA, Abad MM, Alonso ÁA, Irureta SJ, Goikoetxea BC, Ruiz SG, Miranda SJ. Effect of changing reference growth charts on the prevalence of short stature. ANALES DE PEDIATRÍA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anpede.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Reinehr T, Hoffmann E, Rothermel J, Lehrian TJ, Brämswig J, Binder G. A New Model of Adult Height Prediction Validated in Boys with Constitutional Delay of Growth and Puberty. Horm Res Paediatr 2019; 91:186-194. [PMID: 31048583 DOI: 10.1159/000499712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND For children with retarded bone ages such as in constitutional delay of growth and puberty (CDGP) there are no specific methods to predict adult height based on bone age. Widely used methods such as Bayley-Pinneau (BP) tend to overestimate adult height in CDGP. OBJECTIVE We aimed to develop a specific adult height prediction model for teenage boys with retarded bone ages >1 year. METHODS Based on the adult heights of 68 males (median age 22.5 years) a new height prediction model was calculated based on 105 height measurements and bone age determinations at a median age of 14.0 years. The new model was adapted for the degree of bone age retardation and validated in an independent cohort of 32 boys with CDGP. RESULTS The BP method overestimated adult height (median +1.2 cm; p = 0.282), especially in boys with a bone age retardation ≥2 years (median +1.6 cm; p = 0.027). In the validation study, there was no significant difference between adult height and predicted adult height based on the new model (p = 0.196), while the BP model led to a significant overestimation of predicted adult height (median +4.1 cm; p = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS The new model to predict adult height in boys with CDGP provides novel indices for height predictions in bone ages >13 years and is adapted to different degrees of bone age retardation. The new prediction model has a good predictive capability and overcomes some of the shortcomings of the BP model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Reinehr
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition Medicine, Vestische Children's Hospital, University of Witten/Herdecke, Datteln, Germany,
| | - Elisa Hoffmann
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition Medicine, Vestische Children's Hospital, University of Witten/Herdecke, Datteln, Germany
| | - Juliane Rothermel
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition Medicine, Vestische Children's Hospital, University of Witten/Herdecke, Datteln, Germany
| | | | - Jürgen Brämswig
- University Children's Hospital, Pediatric Endocrinology, Münster, Germany
| | - Gerhard Binder
- University Children's Hospital, Pediatric Endocrinology, Tübingen, Germany
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36
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Ruiz Brunner MM, Cuestas E, Cieri ME, Cuestas E. Reference ranges for knee height in Argentine children and adolescents aged 2 to 18 years. Am J Hum Biol 2019; 32:e23366. [PMID: 31785191 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Measurement of height is essential in the anthropometric assessment of growth and nutritional status. In some conditions, height measurement may be difficult or impossible. Proxy measurement such as knee height (KH) have been proposed to predict stature in such cases, but reference percentile ranges and charts for healthy, well-nourished children are currently unavailable. This study was designed to develop sex-specific KH reference percentile ranges and charts in Argentine children ranging from 2 to 18 years of age. METHODS We collected and analyzed cross-sectional data for KH from 861 Argentine children and adolescents aged 2 to 18 years. Generalized additive models for location, scale, and shape were used to calculate semiparametric smoothed percentile reference ranges, and charts by age and sex. Linear regression and correlation analyses were performed to know the association between KH and height. RESULTS The new reference ranges show that KH growth rose sharply until puberty. Peak KH velocity occurs 1 year earlier than peak height velocity. At puberty KH growth decelerated rapidly in females and increased slightly until 15 years and plateaued at this age, while it had a more gradual deceleration in males up to 11 years old, later increased slightly until 17 years and plateaued at this age. The correlation coefficient between height and KH was r = 0.98 for both sexes (p < .001). CONCLUSIONS The new reference percentile ranges for KH measures for healthy children and adolescents provide a useful growth and nutritional assessment tool in a wide variety of settings. KH has a strong agreement with stature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Ruiz Brunner
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (INICSA-UNC-CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina.,Escuela de Nutrición, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Eloisa Cuestas
- Instituto de Física Enrique Gaviola -Consejo Nacional de investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IFEG-CONICET), and Facultad de Matemática, Astronomía, Física y Computación - Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (FaMAF-UNC), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Maria E Cieri
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (INICSA-UNC-CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina.,Escuela de Nutrición, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Eduardo Cuestas
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (INICSA-UNC-CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina.,Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Hospital Privado Universitario de Córdoba. Instituto Universitario de Ciencias Biomédicas de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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Niklowitz P, Rothermel J, Lass N, Barth A, Reinehr T. Is there a link between progranulin, obesity, and parameters of the metabolic syndrome in children? Findings from a longitudinal intervention study. Pediatr Diabetes 2019; 20:1047-1055. [PMID: 31469472 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.12915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The inflammatory cytokine progranulin has been proposed to play a role in obesity and its associated comorbidities such as insulin resistance. OBJECTIVE In a longitudinal study, we analyzed the links between progranulin, parameters of fat mass, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in obese children. METHODS We measured the following parameters in 88 obese children at baseline, at the end of a 1-year lifestyle intervention and 1-year later (=2 years after baseline): progranulin, bioactive leptin, body mass index-SD score (BMI-SDS), waist circumference, body fat based on skinfold measurements and bioimpedance analyses, lipids, transaminases, insulin resistance index homeostasis model assessment (HOMA), and blood pressure. As a control, we determined progranulin in 23 normal-weight children. RESULTS The progranulin concentrations did not differ significantly (P = .795) between obese and normal-weight children. Progranulin concentrations decreased significantly during and after the lifestyle intervention in children with and without decrease of BMI-SDS. There was no relationship between progranulin concentrations and pubertal stage or gender. Progranulin was not significantly associated with insulin resistance HOMA, parameters of the MetS or transaminases both in cross-sectional and longitudinal multiple linear regression analyses adjusted to multiple confounders. Progranulin was significantly, negatively related to age (b-coefficient -1.24 ± .97, P = .012, r2 = .07). CONCLUSIONS Our data do not support the hypothesis that progranulin is an important link between obesity, insulin resistance, and MetS in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Niklowitz
- Vestische Hospital for Children and Adolescents Datteln, University of Witten/Herdecke, Datteln, Germany
| | - Juliane Rothermel
- Vestische Hospital for Children and Adolescents Datteln, University of Witten/Herdecke, Datteln, Germany
| | - Nina Lass
- Vestische Hospital for Children and Adolescents Datteln, University of Witten/Herdecke, Datteln, Germany
| | - Andre Barth
- Vestische Hospital for Children and Adolescents Datteln, University of Witten/Herdecke, Datteln, Germany
| | - Thomas Reinehr
- Vestische Hospital for Children and Adolescents Datteln, University of Witten/Herdecke, Datteln, Germany
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Khadilkar V, Khadilkar AV, Kajale N. Indian Growth References from 0-18-Year-Old children and Adolescents - A Comparison of Two Methods. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2019; 23:635-644. [PMID: 32042700 PMCID: PMC6987783 DOI: 10.4103/ijem.ijem_555_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS For updating growth references, large datasets are usually required; collection of these data are expensive and cumbersome. Using a combination of regression equations, Preece Baines model and global LMS values, synthetic growth references for the target population can be generated. The objective of this study is to compare growth references created from continuous anthropometric data using LMS method versus those created synthetically from anthropometric means at key ages. METHODS De-identified data on 46421 children (26037 boys) from 0-18 years of age from several multicentric studies conducted by the authors' group (2007 to 2017) were included in this study; growth references were constructed using the LMS method. For the production of synthetic references, arithmetic means of heights and weights at key ages were used and global LMS values were used from literature. RESULTS There was no difference in the medians for height, weight and BMI between the references created by the two methods. The extreme percentile values for height were similar (P < 0.05). However, the spread of values for weight and BMI was narrower in the synthetic references. CONCLUSION Growth references produced from continuous data differ from those produced synthetically using anthropometric means mainly at the extreme centiles for weight and body mass index; synthetic references take into consideration global trends over several decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaman Khadilkar
- Department of Pediatric Growth and Endocrine, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Anuradha V. Khadilkar
- Department of Pediatric Growth and Endocrine, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Neha Kajale
- Department of Pediatric Growth and Endocrine, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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Eiholzer U, Fritz C, Katschnig C, Dinkelmann R, Stephan A. Contemporary height, weight and body mass index references for children aged 0 to adulthood in Switzerland compared to the Prader reference, WHO and neighbouring countries. Ann Hum Biol 2019; 46:437-447. [DOI: 10.1080/03014460.2019.1677774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Urs Eiholzer
- Centre for Paediatric Endocrinology Zurich (PEZZ), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Chris Fritz
- Centre for Paediatric Endocrinology Zurich (PEZZ), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Katschnig
- Centre for Paediatric Endocrinology Zurich (PEZZ), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Dinkelmann
- Centre for Paediatric Endocrinology Zurich (PEZZ), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anika Stephan
- Centre for Paediatric Endocrinology Zurich (PEZZ), Zurich, Switzerland
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40
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Reinehr T, Hoffmann E, Rothermel J, Lehrian TJ, Binder G. Characteristic dynamics of height and weight in preschool boys with constitutional delay of growth and puberty or hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2019; 91:424-431. [PMID: 31211864 DOI: 10.1111/cen.14048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Constitutional delay of growth and puberty (CDGP) is a frequent variant of the normal leading to short stature and/or pubertal delay. To distinguish CDGP from hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH), we evaluated height, growth and weight pattern of CDGP and HH in the first 5 years of life. DESIGN AND PATIENTS We studied retrospectively height and weight in the first 5 years (y) of life in 54 boys with CDGP and 8 boys with HH. RESULTS In boys with CDGP, height-SDS decreased (change -0.94 (interquartile range [IQR] -1.69 to -0.05); P < 0.001) between birth and 2 years. BMI-SDS decreased (change -0.38 (IQR -1.21-0.16); P < 0.001) in the same time period. There were no significant changes in height-SDS or BMI-SDS between 2 years and 5 years, while height-SDS (change + 1.49 (IQR 1.02-1.95); P < 0.001) and BMI-SDS (change + 0.91 (IQR 0.12-1.69); P < 0.001) increased between pubertal and adult age. In boys with HH, height-SDS and BMI-SDS did not change significantly in the first 5 years of life. Height-SDS decreased (change -1.39 (IQR -1.96 to -0.67); P = 0.018) significantly between 5 years of life and puberty, while there were no significant changes in BMI-SDS in this time period. At pubertal age, BMI-SDS was significantly (P = 0.001) higher in boys with HH compared with boys with CDGP. CONCLUSION Height deflection and weight deflection in CDGP occur already during the first two years of life in contrast to HH. This different pattern of growth and weight might be helpful to distinguish CDGP from HH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Reinehr
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition Medicine, Vestische Hospital for Children and Adolescents Datteln, University of Witten/Herdecke, Datteln, Germany
| | - Elisa Hoffmann
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition Medicine, Vestische Hospital for Children and Adolescents Datteln, University of Witten/Herdecke, Datteln, Germany
| | - Juliane Rothermel
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition Medicine, Vestische Hospital for Children and Adolescents Datteln, University of Witten/Herdecke, Datteln, Germany
| | | | - Gerhard Binder
- Pediatric Endocrinology, University Children's Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
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Aizpurua Galdeano P, Mateo Abad M, Alonso Alonso Á, Juaristi Irureta S, Carvajal Goikoetxea B, García Ruiz S, Jaca Miranda S. [Effect of changing reference growth charts on the prevalence of short stature]. An Pediatr (Barc) 2019; 92:28-36. [PMID: 31104894 DOI: 10.1016/j.anpedi.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Short stature is a family concern, and is a common reason for consultations in paediatrics. Growth charts are an essential diagnostic tool. The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of changing reference charts in the diagnosis of short stature in a health area. SUBJECTS AND METHODS A population-based-cross-sectional-descriptive-study was performed in which the height of children of 4, 6, 10 and 13 years-old were compared with the growth charts of the Fundación Orbegozo 2004 Longitudinal and 2011. The prevalence of short stature and the 3rd percentile of the study sample were calculated. RESULTS There were 12,256 valid records (89% of the population). The prevalence of short stature increased at all ages with the change in the growth charts, with differences of prevalence of 3.6% (95% CI: 2.8 to 4.5) at 4 years; 1.8% (95% CI: 1.3 to 2.3) at 6 years; 2.8% (95% CI: 2.2 to 3.4) at 10 years, and 1.4% (95% CI: 0.8 to 1.9) at 13 years. In absolute numbers, it went from 58 diagnoses of short stature with the 2004 Longitudinal charts (34 boys and 24 girls) to 352 with the 2011 (155 boys and 197 girls). CONCLUSIONS The change in reference growth charts has increased by 6-fold the number of diagnoses of short stature. The pathological condition found in the cases diagnosed with the 2011 growth charts that had not been diagnosed with the previous charts will allow us to evaluate the suitability of the change.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maider Mateo Abad
- Unidad de Investigación y Apoyo Pedagógico de Gipuzkoa, Instituto Biodonostia, San Sebastián, Guipúzcoa, España
| | | | | | | | | | - Sorkunde Jaca Miranda
- Departamento de Medio Ambiente, Ayuntamiento de Donostia-San Sebastián, San Sebastián, Guipúzcoa, España
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42
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Muschol NM, Pape D, Kossow K, Ullrich K, Arash-Kaps L, Hennermann JB, Stücker R, Breyer SR. Growth charts for patients with Sanfilippo syndrome (Mucopolysaccharidosis type III). Orphanet J Rare Dis 2019; 14:93. [PMID: 31046785 PMCID: PMC6498678 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-019-1065-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) type III (Sanfilippo syndrome) comprises a group of rare, lysosomal storage diseases caused by the deficiency of one of four enzymes involved in the degradation of heparan sulfate. The clinical hallmark of the disease is severe neurological deterioration leading to dementia and death in the second decade of life. Adult MPS patients are generally of short stature. To date there is no clear description of the physical development of MPS III patients. The aim of this study was to document growth reference data for MPS III patients. We collected growth data of 182 German MPS III patients and were able to develop growth charts for this cohort. Growth curves for height, weight, head circumference, and body mass index were calculated and compared to German reference charts. Results Birth height, weight and head circumference were within the physiological ranges. Both genders were significantly taller than healthy children at 2 years of age, while only male patients were taller at the age of four. Growth velocity decelerated after the ages of 4.5 and 5 years for female and male patients, respectively. Both genders were significantly shorter than the reference group at the age of 17.5 years. Head circumference was larger compared to healthy matched controls within the first 2 years of life and remained enlarged until physical maturity. Conclusion MPS III is a not yet treatable severe neuro-degenerative disease, developing new therapeutic strategies might change the course of the disease significantly. The present charts contribute to the understanding of the natural history of MPS III. Specific growth charts represent an important tool for families and physicians as the expected height at physical maturity can be estimated and therapeutic effects can be monitored. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13023-019-1065-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Muschol
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Pape
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kai Kossow
- Department of Medical Psychology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kurt Ullrich
- Martin Zeitz Center for Rare Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr.52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Laila Arash-Kaps
- Villa Metabolica, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Julia B Hennermann
- Villa Metabolica, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ralf Stücker
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Altonaer Children's Hospital, Bleickenallee 38, 22763, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sandra R Breyer
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Altonaer Children's Hospital, Bleickenallee 38, 22763, Hamburg, Germany. .,Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
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Różdżyńska-Świątkowska A, Tylki-Szymańska A. The importance of anthropological methods in the diagnosis of rare diseases. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2019; 32:311-320. [PMID: 30917104 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2018-0433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Most of inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs) and rare endocrine-metabolic diseases (REMD) are rare diseases. According to the European Commission on Public Health, a rare disease is defined, based on its prevalence, as one affecting one in 2000 people. Many IEMs affect body stature, cause craniofacial abnormalities, and disturb the developmental process. Therefore, body proportion, dysmorphic characteristics, and morphological parameters must be assessed and closely monitored. This can be achieved only with the help of an anthropologist who has adequate tools. This is why the role of an anthropologist in collaboration with the physician in the diagnostic process is not to be underestimated. Clinical anthropologists contribute to assessing physical development and improve our understanding of the natural history of rare metabolic diseases. This paper presents anthropometric techniques and methods, such as analysis of demographic data, anthropometric parameters at birth, percentile charts, growth patterns, bioimpedance, somatometric profiles, craniofacial profiles, body proportion indices, and mathematical models of growth curves used in certain rare diseases. Contemporary anthropological methods play an important role in the diagnostic process of rare genetic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Tylki-Szymańska
- Department of Pediatric, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
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Worse Metabolic Control and Dynamics of Weight Status in Adolescent Girls Point to Eating Disorders in the First Years after Manifestation of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Findings from the Diabetes Patienten Verlaufsdokumentation Registry. J Pediatr 2019; 207:205-212.e5. [PMID: 30579582 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess indications of eating disorders in girls with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). STUDY DESIGN In total 31 556 girls aged >6 months and <23 years of age with T1DM from the Diabetes Patienten Verlaufsdokumentation (DPV) cohort were analyzed including 155 (0.49%) girls with anorexia nervosa, 85 (0.27%) girls with bulimia nervosa, 45 (0.14%) girls with binge eating disorder, and 229 (0.73%) girls with eating disorders not otherwise specified. Patient characteristics, weight changes, numbers of patients with severe hypoglycemia and diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), changes of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels, use of pumps, and prevalence of celiac disease and autoimmune thyroiditis were compared between girls with and without eating disorders. Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed. RESULTS Eating disorders were significantly associated with late pubertal age, nonusage of pumps, no migration background, increased HbA1c levels, increased frequencies of DKA and severe hypoglycemia, and celiac disease were not related to eating disorders. Significant differences in HbA1c levels, prevalence of DKA and severe hypoglycemia between girls with and without eating disorders were already detectable in the first years after onset of T1DM. A decrease of body mass index (BMI)-SDS increased the risk for comorbid anorexia nervosa (7.1-fold [95% CI 3.6-14.3] compared with stable BMI-SDS, 6.9-fold [95%CI 3.4-14.1] compared with increase of BMI-SDS). CONCLUSIONS Poor metabolic control and increased rates of DKA and severe hypoglycemia in the first years after manifestation of T1DM can be hints for eating disorders in girls with T1DM, and weight loss is specific for anorexia nervosa. These clinical features should lead to screening for eating disorders especially at a late pubertal age.
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45
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Regecová V, Hamade J, Janechová H, Ševčíková Ľ. Comparison of Slovak reference values for anthropometric parameters in children and adolescents with international growth standards: implications for the assessment of overweight and obesity. Croat Med J 2018. [PMID: 30610774 PMCID: PMC6330770 DOI: 10.3325/cmj.2018.59.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim To compare the national reference percentile values for body height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents in Slovakia with international standards and to analyze growth trends in this population. Methods The study was designed as a repeated cross-sectional survey. Two nationwide anthropometric surveys (NAS) performed in 2001 and 2011 assessed body weight, height, and BMI of 38 692 children aged 7 to 18 years. Age- and sex-specifıc smoothed percentiles were generated with the lambda-mu-sigma method. Slovak standards were compared with World Health Organization (WHO) 2007 z-scores and International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) standards. Results Medians of body height corresponded to the 75th-85th percentile of the WHO 2007 standards. The secular trend of height increase was attenuated, and the final body height did not change between NAS 2001 and NAS 2011. The cut-off BMI values for obesity, set at the 97th percentile for age <14 years, were higher across age ranges than WHO 2007 standards but lower than IOTF standards. Obesity prevalence, relatively low in 2001 (<3%), doubled during the following decade (P < 0.001), with the highest values (4.8%-7.6%) observed in children aged up to 13 years. Conclusion NAS 2001 data were chosen as national growth standards, as these data were not influenced by the obesity rates increase in the period between the surveys. BMI cut-offs were lower than those in most European countries. Obesity proportions in prepubertal and pubertal boys might be overestimated when WHO 2007 cut-offs are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valéria Regecová
- Valéria Regecová, Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Center of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewiczova 1, 81371 Bratislava, Slovakia,
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First Ukrainian Growth References for Height, Weight, and Body Mass Index for Children and Adolescents Aged 7 to 18 Years. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:9203039. [PMID: 30534568 PMCID: PMC6252215 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9203039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Introduction. To date, growth centiles of children and adolescents have not been created in Ukraine. Therefore, the aim of this study was to construct reference growth charts for height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) of Ukrainian school-aged children and to compare them with World Health Organization references from 2007 for children's BMI. Material and Methods. Among the representative sample of 13,712 students (aged 7 to 18 years) who were included in this study, 6,582 (48%) were boys and 7,130 (52%) were girls. Assessments of height, body mass, and BMI of participants were performed. Reference charts were developed using LMS models within the ChartMaker lms program. Results. We present first growth references for height, weight, and body mass index for Ukrainian children and adolescents aged 7 to 18 years. The younger Ukrainian pediatric population (7-13 years) was heavier than population reported in the multiethnic WHO references, while the older (13-18 years) had lower body weight comparing to the same references from WHO. Conclusions. The constructed reference growth charts are a benchmark for following secular trends in Ukraine and are also an optimal clinical tool for health care. We recommend national implementation of the Ukrainian reference growth charts for anthropometric measurements.
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47
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Bechtold SM, Rohrer TR, Raile K, Hofer S, Thon A, Boettcher C, Konrad K, Pozza RD, Bollow E, Holl RW. Diabetes mellitus in pediatric solid organ recipients without and with cystic fibrosis: An analysis from the German-Austrian diabetes database (Diabetes Patienten Verlaufsdokumentation). Pediatr Diabetes 2018; 19:1191-1197. [PMID: 30070005 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.12725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Posttransplantation diabetes mellitus (PTDM) increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, graft loss, and decreased survival. Follow-up treatment after solid organ transplantation (SOT) needs to focus on, inter alia, maintaining balanced glucose metabolism. This study aimed to ascertain the prevalence of PTDM and describe patient characteristics in the large DPV (Diabetes Patienten Verlaufsdokumentation) pediatric diabetes database. METHODS DPV data of 71 902 patients from the January 01, 1995 to January 04, 2015 period were analyzed for patients with and without cystic fibrosis (CF) after SOT (kidney, liver, heart, and lung). Multivariable analysis served to assess differences between SOT patient groups at risk for developing diabetes. RESULTS Out of 109 SOT patients, 51 had CF; 72.5% received steroids and 62% were additionally given tacrolimus. PTDM developed in 45% of CF patients and 12% of non-CF patients. SOT patients were older at diabetes onset (mean age, 12.50 ± 3.98 years), shorter (height z-score, -1.67 ± 1.25), and lighter (weight z-score, -1.59 ± 1.57) than non-SOT diabetes patients (P < 0.01). With transplantation, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was significantly lower and treatment for hypertension and dyslipidemia was increased. Among SOT patients, weight and body mass index (BMI) z-scores were significantly lower in patients with CF-related diabetes (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS SOT was present in 6.6% of children with diabetes, and this might aggravate the risk of cardiovascular disease in populations with already increased rates of hypertension and dyslipidemia. Dystrophy and short stature were also present, particularly in transplant recipients with CF and diabetes. Comorbidities and long-term consequences call for multidisciplinary collaboration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne M Bechtold
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Ludwig-Maximilian's University Medicine Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tilman R Rohrer
- Department of Pediatrics, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Klemens Raile
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabine Hofer
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Angelika Thon
- Department of Pediatrics, Hannover Medical University, Hannover, Germany
| | - Claudia Boettcher
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology & Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Katja Konrad
- Department of Pediatrics, Elisabeth Krankenhaus Essen, Essen, Germany.,Medical University of Cologne, Köln, Germany
| | - Robert Dalla Pozza
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Ludwig-Maximilian's University Medicine Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Esther Bollow
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Reinhard W Holl
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
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McCarthy S, Neubert A, Man KKC, Banaschewski T, Buitelaar J, Carucci S, Coghill D, Danckaerts M, Falissard B, Garas P, Häge A, Hollis C, Inglis S, Kovshoff H, Liddle E, Mechler K, Nagy P, Rosenthal E, Schlack R, Sonuga-Barke E, Zuddas A, Wong ICK. Effects of long-term methylphenidate use on growth and blood pressure: results of the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS). BMC Psychiatry 2018; 18:327. [PMID: 30305167 PMCID: PMC6180569 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-018-1884-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Concerns have been raised over the safety of methylphenidate (MPH), with regard to adverse effects on growth and blood pressure. Our study investigates whether, and to what extent, methylphenidate use in boys with ADHD is associated with having low body mass index (BMI), having low height, and increased systolic and diastolic blood pressure. METHODS Data used for this study stem from the German KiGGS dataset. Three different groups of boys aged 6-15 years were included in the analysis: ADHD patients who used MPH for less than 12 months; ADHD patients who used MPH for 12 months or more; and ADHD patients without current MPH treatment. Each of these three groups was compared to a non-ADHD control group regarding low weight (BMI ≤ 3rd percentile), low height (≤3rd percentile) and raised systolic and diastolic blood pressure. For growth outcomes, boys were categorized according to age (< 11 years/≥11 years, to account for pubertal maturation). Multivariable logistic regression was conducted to test for associations. RESULTS 4244 boys were included in the study; MPH < 12 months: n = 65 (n = 36 < 11 years), MPH ≥ 12 months: n = 53 (n = 22 < 11 years), ADHD controls: n = 320 (n = 132 < 11 years), non-ADHD controls: n = 3806 (n = 2003 < 11 years). Pre-pubertal boys with MPH use less than 12 months and pubertal/postpubertal boys with MPH use of 12 months or greater were significantly more likely to have a BMI ≤ 3rd percentile compared to non-ADHD controls. Boys from the ADHD control group were significantly less likely to have a raised systolic blood pressure compared to non-ADHD controls. Beyond that, no significant between group differences were observed for any other growth and BP parameter. CONCLUSION The analyses of the KiGGS dataset showed that MPH use in boys with ADHD is associated with low BMI. However, this effect was only observed in certain groups. Furthermore, our analysis was unable to confirm that MPH use is also associated with low height (≤3rd percentile) and changes in blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antje Neubert
- 0000 0000 9935 6525grid.411668.cDepartment of Paediatrics and Adolescents Medicine, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kenneth K. C. Man
- 0000000121901201grid.83440.3bCentre for Paediatric Pharmacy Research, Research Department of Practice and Policy, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, UK ,0000000121742757grid.194645.bDepartment of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong ,000000040459992Xgrid.5645.2Department of Medical Informatics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- 0000 0001 2190 4373grid.7700.0Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jan Buitelaar
- 0000 0004 0444 9382grid.10417.33Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Centre, & Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sara Carucci
- 0000 0004 1755 3242grid.7763.5Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Cagliari & “A. Cao” Pediatric Hospital, Brotzu Hospital Trust, Cagliari, Italy
| | - David Coghill
- 0000 0001 2179 088Xgrid.1008.9Departments of Paediatrics and Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia ,0000 0000 9442 535Xgrid.1058.cMurdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia ,0000 0004 0397 2876grid.8241.fDivision of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Marina Danckaerts
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Psychiatric Center, Leuven, KU Belgium ,Department of Neurosciences, University Psychiatric Center, Leuven, KU Belgium
| | - Bruno Falissard
- University Paris-Sud, Univ. Paris-Descartes, AP-HP, INSERM U1178, Paris, France
| | - Peter Garas
- Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Alexander Häge
- 0000 0001 2190 4373grid.7700.0Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Chris Hollis
- 0000 0004 1936 8868grid.4563.4Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, Institute of Mental Health, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Sarah Inglis
- 0000 0004 0397 2876grid.8241.fTayside Clinical Trials Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Hanna Kovshoff
- 0000 0004 1936 9297grid.5491.9Department of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Elizabeth Liddle
- 0000 0004 1936 8868grid.4563.4Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, Institute of Mental Health, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK ,Institute of Mental Health, Nottingham, UK
| | - Konstantin Mechler
- 0000 0001 2190 4373grid.7700.0Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Peter Nagy
- Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eric Rosenthal
- grid.425213.3Department of Paediatric Cardiology, Evelina Children’s Hospital, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, UK
| | - Robert Schlack
- 0000 0001 0940 3744grid.13652.33Unit of Mental Health Department of Epidemiology and Health Reporting, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Edmund Sonuga-Barke
- 0000 0001 2322 6764grid.13097.3cDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, UK ,0000 0001 2069 7798grid.5342.0Department of Experimental Clinical & Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alessandro Zuddas
- 0000 0004 1755 3242grid.7763.5Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Cagliari & “A. Cao” Pediatric Hospital, Brotzu Hospital Trust, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Ian C. K. Wong
- 0000000121901201grid.83440.3bCentre for Paediatric Pharmacy Research, Research Department of Practice and Policy, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, UK ,0000000121742757grid.194645.bCentre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Coming of Age of IAP 2015 Growth Charts: The Way Forward. Indian J Pediatr 2018; 85:715. [PMID: 30019311 DOI: 10.1007/s12098-018-2736-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Lohiya N, Khadilkar V, Pawar S, Khadilkar A, Chiplonkar S, Jahagirdar R. Field Testing of IAP2015 Charts. Indian J Pediatr 2018; 85:723-728. [PMID: 29368106 DOI: 10.1007/s12098-018-2621-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To field test the IAP2015 (Indian Academy of Pediatrics) charts in different socioeconomic classes; to compare standard deviation scores (Z-scores) of children's height, weight and body mass index (BMI) for age as computed based on IAP2007 or WHO charts against the IAP2015 references. METHODS A cross-sectional observational study was conducted in the district of Pune on apparently healthy 5-18 y old children from urban affluent, urban underprivileged and rural areas. Anthropometric measurements were performed and parameters were converted into Z-scores. RESULTS Urban affluent children were tallest and heaviest whereas urban underprivileged children were shortest. Z-score comparison showed that all children were shortest on WHO references and taller as per IAP2007 references. BMI Z-score was higher on IAP2007 charts and lower on WHO references. Highest number of children were within the reference range on IAP2015 charts among urban affluent. More children were classified stunted on WHO references and least on IAP2007 references. WHO references overestimated wasting and as per IAP2007 charts, less number were wasted. Less number of children were classified as being obese/overweight by WHO and IAP2007 references. CONCLUSIONS IAP2015 charts are better representative of healthy children of current generation and may be used to prevent inappropriate classification in present scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Lohiya
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Bharati Vidyapeeth Medical College and Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vaman Khadilkar
- Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, 32 Sassoon Road, Pune, 411 001, India
| | - Shubhadarshini Pawar
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Bharati Vidyapeeth Medical College and Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Anuradha Khadilkar
- Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, 32 Sassoon Road, Pune, 411 001, India.
| | - Shashi Chiplonkar
- Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, 32 Sassoon Road, Pune, 411 001, India
| | - Rahul Jahagirdar
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Bharati Vidyapeeth Medical College and Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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