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Shah D, Guo Y, Ban I, Shao J. Intranasal delivery of insulin by self-emulsified nanoemulsion system: In vitro and in vivo studies. Int J Pharm 2022; 616:121565. [PMID: 35150847 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The main objective of this research was to develop a self-emulsified nanoemulsion (SEN) dosage form of insulin where insulin is loaded into the lipid phase of the nanoemulsion for enhanced absorption through intranasal delivery. When loaded into the lipid droplets (oil phase), insulin can be protected from enzymatic degradation, can penetrate through the mucus gel barrier in a comparatively effective manner and can be absorbed through transcellular permeation along with paracellular route. To incorporate lipophilicity to insulin molecule, Ins-SPC (Soy-L-α-phosphatidylcholine) complex was prepared by solid dispersion method to load insulin into the oil phase. The cytotoxicity of SPC and the developed nanoemulsions was tested on the human nasal epithelial cells in vitro. An optimized formulation with high loading of insulin and low in vitro cytotoxicity was developed and characterized. To predict the absorption of insulin through nasal mucosa in vivo by the nanoemulsion system, the insulin-loaded SEN along with controls was tested for the transport through human nasal epithelial cell monolayer in vitro. The insulin-loaded SEN significantly (p < 0.01) enhanced the permeation of insulin by three times as compared to the insulin solution. The in vivo absorption of insulin after intranasal delivery of the insulin-loaded SEN was evaluated in anesthetized rats. The results show that the Cmax (maximum plasma concentration) and the bioavailability (relative to the subcutaneous delivery) of the insulin-loaded SEN was 255.9 µU/ml and 68 %, respectively, while the intranasal delivery of the insulin solution resulted in only 5.8 µU/ml of Cmax and 5% of relative bioavailability. Intranasal delivery of 3.6 IU/kg insulin-loaded SEN decreased the plasma glucose level remarkably, achieving a maximum reduction of 70%, and the glucose reduction activity lasted for the whole experimental period of 4 h. Histological examination of the nasal mucosa showed no apparent signs of toxicity at the site of administration after single dose of the insulin-loaded SEN. These results demonstrate that the insulin-loaded SEN significantly enhanced insulin absorption through intranasal delivery, indicating that the developed nanoemulsion system offers a favorable approach for intranasal delivery of insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darshana Shah
- Avion Pharmaceuticals, 1880 McFarland Parkway, Suite 105, Alpharetta, GA 30005, USA
| | - Yuxing Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Igor Ban
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Jun Shao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Queens, NY 11439, USA.
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Guo F, Ouyang T, Peng T, Zhang X, Xie B, Yang X, Liang D, Zhong H. Enhanced oral absorption of insulin using colon-specific nanoparticles co-modified with amphiphilic chitosan derivatives and cell-penetrating peptides. Biomater Sci 2019; 7:1493-1506. [PMID: 30672923 DOI: 10.1039/c8bm01485j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, amphipathic chitosan derivative (ACS) and cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) co-modified colon-specific nanoparticles (CS-CPP NPs) were prepared and evaluated to improve the oral bioavailability of protein and peptide drugs. ACS modification was harnessed to protect CPPs from degradation in the stomach and small intestine after oral administration and achieve colon-specific drug delivery. After CS-CPP NPs reached the colon, ACSs on the surface of the NPs were gradually degraded and CPPs were exposed to bring into play the penetration efficacy in the colon epithelium. Herein, we synthesized four types of ACSs (TOCS, TDCS, TPCS and TSCS) and adopted three types of CPPs (Tat, Penetratin and R8) to prepare NPs (TOCS-Tat NPs, TDCS-Tat NPs, TPCS-Tat NPs, TSCS-Tat NPs, TDCS-Pen NPs and TDCS-R8 NPs). The study of the protective effects of ACS upon Tat showed that the modification of ACS exerted favourable protection upon Tat in the stomach and small intestine. ACS degradation in the colon was indirectly determined in the viscosity method, which indicated that ACS could be gradually degraded in the colon. Using Caco-2 cell monolayers as cell models, it was found that the cellular uptake amount and transcellular transportation performance of CS-CPP NPs were much enhanced compared with those of TDCS NPs and PVA NPs. With Bama mini-pigs as animal models, the pharmacodynamic study demonstrated that the hypoglycemic effect for insulin-loaded TDCS-Tat NPs was more significant than that for TDCS NPs, lowering the blood glucose by 40%. The pharmacokinetic study indicated that the AUC and Cmax for TDCS-Tat NPs were respectively increased by 1.45 times and 1.82 times compared with those of TDCS NPs. In conclusion, CS-CPP NPs as vehicles for colon-specific drug delivery systems may be an efficient approach to improve the oral absorption of protein and peptide drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Road, Donghu District, Nanchang, 330006, China.
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Mutaliyeva B, Grigoriev D, Madybekova G, Sharipova A, Aidarova S, Saparbekova A, Miller R. Microencapsulation of insulin and its release using w/o/w double emulsion method. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2016.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Li CY, Wang ZW, Tu C, Wang JB, Jiang BQ, Li Q, Zeng LN, Ma ZJ, Zhang P, Zhao YL, Zhang YM, Yan D, Tan R, Xiao XH. Needle-free injection of insulin powder: delivery efficiency and skin irritation assessment. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2015; 15:888-99. [PMID: 25294378 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1400065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Insulin is widely used in treating diabetes, but still needs to be administered by needle injection. This study investigated a new needle-free approach for insulin delivery. A portable powder needleless injection (PNI) device with an automatic mechanical unit was designed. Its efficiency in delivering insulin was evaluated in alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits. The skin irritation caused by the device was investigated and the results were analyzed in relation to aerodynamic parameters. Inorganic salt-carried insulin powders had hypoglycemic effects, while raw insulin powders were not effective when delivered by PNI, indicating that salt carriers play an important role in the delivery of insulin via PNI. The relative delivery efficiency of phosphate-carried insulin powder using the PNI device was 72.25%. A safety assessment test showed that three key factors (gas pressure, cylinder volume, and nozzle distance) were related to the amount of skin irritation caused by the PNI device. Optimized injection conditions caused minimal skin lesions and are safe to use in practice. The results suggest that PNI has promising prospects as a novel technology for delivering insulin and other biological drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-yu Li
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610000, China; China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, 302 Military Hospital, Beijing 100039, China; Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; Integrative Medicine Center, 302 Military Hospital, Beijing 100039, China; School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China; School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
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Guo F, Zhang M, Gao Y, Zhu S, Chen S, Liu W, Zhong H, Liu J. Modified nanoparticles with cell-penetrating peptide and amphipathic chitosan derivative for enhanced oral colon absorption of insulin: preparation and evaluation. Drug Deliv 2015; 23:2003-14. [DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2015.1048489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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Yang J, Sun H, Song C. Preparation, characterization and in vivo evaluation of pH-sensitive oral insulin-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolicacid) nanoparticles. Diabetes Obes Metab 2012; 14:358-64. [PMID: 22151795 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2011.01546.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM Oral administration of insulin is a promising drug delivery system for diabetic patients as it is convenient and reduces pain, two of the major contributors to non-compliance. METHODS In this study, insulin was encapsulated in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) by using double-emulsion/solvent evaporation technique and analyses on its release kinetics were carried out using both in vitro and in vivo methods. RESULTS First, only by this simple methods, release speed of insulin from NPs can be controlled in different pH solution. The rate of release of insulin was found to be slower in acidic pH; about 90% of insulin was released in 11 days at pH 1.0. In alkaline conditions, the release was faster; about 90% release was observed to occur within 3 days at pH 7.8. The insulin-loaded poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles (PINPs) were administered orally to diabetes mellitus-induced rats and the response of blood glucose and insulin levels was estimated. Blood glucose decreased and the concentration of insulin in animal blood increased. In diabetic animals which were administered intermittent insulin, every 8 h, blood glucose levels were maintained equivalently with those of healthy rats. CONCLUSION These experimental results indicated that oral PINPs are able to deliver insulin effectively and decrease animal blood sugar; in conclusion, this may be a promising delivery system for the treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Yang
- The Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomaterial Research, Tianjin, China
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Sun S, Liang N, Kawashima Y, Xia D, Cui F. Hydrophobic ion pairing of an insulin-sodium deoxycholate complex for oral delivery of insulin. Int J Nanomedicine 2011; 6:3049-56. [PMID: 22162661 PMCID: PMC3230571 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s26450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin was complexed with sodium deoxycholate to form an insulin-sodium deoxycholate complex (Ins-SD-Comp) using an hydrophobic ion pairing method in aqueous phase to enhance the liposolubility of insulin. In order to obtain the maximal complexation efficiency, the molar ratio of sodium deoxycholate to insulin was found. The zeta potential method was used to confirm the optimal ratio for formation of Ins-SD-Comp. The structural characteristics of Ins-SD-Comp were assessed using the Fourier transform infrared method. The apparent partition coefficient of insulin increased upon the formation of Ins-SD-Comp. Based on the preliminary study, Ins-SD-Comp was encapsulated into poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles using an emulsion solvent diffusion method. The maximal encapsulation efficiency of Ins-SD-Comp into PLGA nanoparticles was 93.6% ± 2.81%, drug loading was about 4.8% ± 0.32%, and the mean diameter of the nanoparticles was 278 ± 13 nm. Biological activity and in vivo results revealed that the bioactivity of insulin was not destroyed during the preparation process. Ins-SD-Comp-loaded PLGA nanoparticles have the potential to reduce serum glucose levels and increase the oral bioavailability of insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoping Sun
- School of Chemistry and Material Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
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Zhang K, Quan C, Huang H, Taulier N, Wu XY. On the stability of Insulin delivered through a new glucose-responsive polymeric composite membrane. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 56:611-20. [PMID: 15142338 DOI: 10.1211/0022357023376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
A new glucose-responsive polymeric composite membrane that provided pulsatile insulin release was developed in our laboratory previously. To develop a clinically useful insulin delivery system, this study was designed to investigate factors influencing insulin stability during delivery by this membrane. The effects of stirring, release duration, insulin concentration and surfactant on insulin stability were studied under both incubation and delivery conditions in a buffer solution at 37°C. The structural change of insulin was characterized by reverse-phase HPLC and circular dichroism. Hydrophobicity of various contact surfaces was determined by contact angle measurement. The results indicated that insulin concentration played an important role in the insulin stability, followed by stirring. Treating the membrane with a non-ionic surfactant prevented insulin denaturation during delivery through the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 2S2
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Ubaidulla U, Khar RK, Ahmed FJ, Panda AK. Development and in-vivo evaluation of insulin-loaded chitosan phthalate microspheres for oral delivery. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 59:1345-51. [PMID: 17910808 DOI: 10.1211/jpp.59.10.0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Novel chitosan phthalate microspheres containing insulin were prepared by emulsion cross-linking technique. The feasibility of these microspheres as oral insulin delivery carriers was evaluated. The pH-responsive release behaviour of insulin from microspheres was analysed. The ability of chitosan phthalate-insulin microspheres to enhance intestinal absorption and improve the relative pharmacological availability of insulin was investigated by monitoring the plasma glucose and insulin level of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats after oral administration of microspheres at insulin dose of 20 IU kg−1. In simulated gastric fluid (pH 2.0), insulin release from the microspheres was very slow. However, as the pH of the medium was changed to simulated intestinal fluid (pH 7.4), a rapid release of insulin occurred. The relative pharmacological efficacy for chitosan phthalate microspheres (18.66 ± 3.84%) was almost four-fold higher than the efficacy of the chitosan phthalate-insulin solution administration (4.08 ± 1.52%). Chitosan phthalate microspheres sustained the plasma glucose at pre-diabetic level for at least 16 h. These findings suggest that the microsphere is a promising carrier as oral insulin delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udhumansha Ubaidulla
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India.
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Abstract
Abstract
Several oil-based solution formulations of insulin were prepared, in which insulin was solubilized in the form of anhydrous reverse micelles. The preparation process involved micellar dissolution of insulin followed by freeze drying, then reconstitution of lyophilized product with an oil phase. These formulations were stable at room temperature for up to 12 months. No significant changes in the appearance were observed and no degradation products of insulin were detected during the course of the stability study. The efficacy of these formulations was evaluated in-vivo using diabetic Wistar rat as an animal model and then a specific formulation was chosen for further study in non-diabetic New Zealand rabbits. It was found that the efficacy of insulin oil solution was dose dependent and insulin oil solution had the same efficacy as insulin emulsion with the same formulation composition. If ethylene-diaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) was pre-delivered 40 min before the delivery of insulin oil solution, the hypoglycaemic effect of insulin oil solution was greatly enhanced, with an AUC (% glucose reduced) value increase from 28.5 ± 14.7 to 167.1 ± 72.3. The improvement of oral absorption induced by pre-delivery of EDTA might be attributed to enzyme inhibition, reduced gut mobility and the opening of paracellular routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Lei Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, 110016, P. R. China.
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Ubaidulla U, Sultana Y, Ahmed FJ, Khar RK, Panda AK. Chitosan Phthalate Microspheres for Oral Delivery of Insulin: Preparation, Characterization, andIn VitroEvaluation. Drug Deliv 2008; 14:19-23. [PMID: 17107927 DOI: 10.1080/10717540600559478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan phthalate polymer was synthesized and its microspheres were prepared by emulsion phase separation technique. The characterization of microspheres was determined by means of FTIR spectroscopy, electron microscopy, particle size, and zeta potential. The insulin was loaded to the microspheres by passive absorption technique. The peptic and tryptic enzymes degradation of insulin in microspheres was investigated. The in vitro release behavior of the microspheres was investigated under different pH conditions (pH 2.0 and pH 7.4). The degree of phthalate substitution in the synthesized polymer was 20%. The prepared microspheres were spherical with an average diameter 46.34 micro m. The insulin-loading capacity was 62%. Chitosan phthalate microspheres protect the insulin from gastric enzymes degradation that may enhance the oral stability of insulin. The encapsulated insulin was quickly released in a phosphate buffer saline (pH 7.4), whereas a small amount of insulin was released under acidic condition (0.1N HCl; pH 2.0) because under acidic conditions, carboxylic groups present in the system exist in nonionized form and are poorly hydrophilic. However, in alkaline conditions, it exists in ionized form and is considerably hydrophilic. The results suggest that chitosan phthalate microspheres may be used as a potential carrier for oral insulin delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Ubaidulla
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India.
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Ubaidulla U, Khar RK, Ahmad FJ, Sultana Y, Panda AK. Development and characterization of chitosan succinate microspheres for the improved oral bioavailability of insulin. J Pharm Sci 2007; 96:3010-23. [PMID: 17588259 DOI: 10.1002/jps.20969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The present study describes the fabrication of insulin loaded chitosan succinate microspheres to improve the efficacy of orally administered insulin. Chitosan succinate polymer was synthesized and its microspheres were prepared by emulsion phase separation technique. The microspheres were characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, particle size, X-ray diffraction, and swelling index. Insulin was loaded into the microspheres by passive absorption technique. The ability of microspheres to protect insulin from gastric enzymatic degradation was investigated. Stability of insulin in the microspheres was determined by gel electrophoresis and circular dichroism (CD). In vitro release studies were performed under simulated gastric and intestinal pH conditions (pH 2.0 and pH 7.4). The pharmacokinetic parameters were monitored after oral administration of insulin loaded chitosan succinate microspheres, chitosan succinate-insulin solution, as well as after subcutaneous injection of insulin to diabetic rats. The degree of succinate substitution in the synthesized polymer was 16%. The prepared microspheres were spherical with an average diameter of 49 +/- 2 microm. The insulin-loading capacity was 62%. Chitosan succinate microspheres were found to protect the degradation of insulin from gastric enzymes. The encapsulated insulin was quickly released in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF, pH 7.4), whereas a small fraction of insulin was released in simulated gastric fluid (pH 2.0). The relative pharmacological efficacy for chitosan succinate microspheres (16 +/- 4%) was almost fourfold higher than the efficacy of the chitosan succinate-insulin solution administration (4 +/- 1.5%). The results suggest that chitosan succinate microspheres could be used as a potential carrier for oral insulin delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udhumansha Ubaidulla
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India.
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Sadrzadeh N, Glembourtt MJ, Stevenson CL. Peptide Drug Delivery Strategies for the Treatment of Diabetes. J Pharm Sci 2007; 96:1925-54. [PMID: 17286287 DOI: 10.1002/jps.20848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Drug delivery strategies for diabetes have included a wide range of scientific and engineering approaches, including molecular design, formulation and device design. Molecular engineering has resulted in modified pharmacokinetics, such as rapid-acting or slow-release analogs of insulin. Long-acting insulin formulations are designed to meet the body's basal needs, whereas rapid-acting insulin formulations are designed to cover mealtime glucose spikes. Furthermore, the discovery of new therapeutic biomolecules, which like insulin need to be injected, will drive the need for more flexible and universally applicable delivery systems. Formulation design, such as particle engineering, can be used to modify pharmacokinetic profiles. In general, suspension formulations of insulin commonly demonstrate reduced solubility and result in sustained release. Similarly, depot injections can result in precipitation of insulin at the site of injection, again resulting in lower solubility and sustained release. Particle engineering also has been applied to pulmonary formulations for delivery to the deep lung. The creation of novel drug delivery methods for the treatment of diabetes should remove barriers to insulin therapy and increase patient acceptance and compliance. Eliminating routine injections with needle-free injectors, insulin pumps, inhalation, buccal sprays, intra-nasal delivery, and transdermal patches may offer increasingly attractive alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negar Sadrzadeh
- Nektar Therapeutics, 150 Industrial Road, San Carlos, California 94070-6039, USA
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Zhang M, Zhang Y, Zhu S, Wu L, Dou H, Yin C. Synthesis and Chromatographic Separation of Monomethoxypolyethylene Glycol Modified Insulin. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/01496390601120607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Lin C, Gokhale R, Trivedi JS, Ranade V. Recent strategies and methods for improving insulin delivery. Drug Dev Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.10426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Morçöl T, Nagappan P, Nerenbaum L, Mitchell A, Bell SJD. Calcium phosphate-PEG-insulin-casein (CAPIC) particles as oral delivery systems for insulin. Int J Pharm 2004; 277:91-7. [PMID: 15158972 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2003.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2002] [Revised: 02/05/2003] [Accepted: 07/03/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An oral delivery system for insulin was developed and functional activity was tested in a non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice model. Calcium phosphate particles containing insulin was synthesized in the presence of PEG-3350 and modified by aggregating the particles with caseins to obtain the calcium phosphate-PEG-insulin-casein (CAPIC) oral insulin delivery system. Single doses of CAPIC formulation were tested in NOD mice under fasting or fed conditions to evaluate the glycemic activity. The blood glucose levels were monitored every 1-2h for 12h following the treatments using an ACCU CHECK blood glucose monitoring system. Orally administered and subcutaneously injected free insulin solution served as controls in the study. Based on the results obtained we propose that: (1). the biological activity of insulin is preserved in CAPIC formulation; (2). insulin in CAPIC formulations, but not the free insulin, displays a prolonged hypoglycemic effect after oral administration to diabetic mice; (3). CAPIC formulation protects insulin from degradation while passing through the acidic environment of the GI track until it is released in the less acidic environment of the intestines where it can be absorbed in its biologically active form; (4). CAPIC formulation represents a new and unique oral delivery system for insulin and other macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Morçöl
- BioSante Pharmaceuticals Inc, 4600 Highlands Parkway, Suites A&B, Smyrna, GA 30082, USA.
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Jain S, Hreczuk-Hirst DH, McCormack B, Mital M, Epenetos A, Laing P, Gregoriadis G. Polysialylated insulin: synthesis, characterization and biological activity in vivo. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2003; 1622:42-9. [PMID: 12829260 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(03)00116-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Polysialic acids (PSA) (colominic acid; CA) of 22 and 39 kDa average molecular weight were oxidized with sodium periodate at carbon 7 of the nonreducing end to form an aldehyde group. The oxidized CAs (96-99% oxidation) were then reacted with the amino groups of recombinant human insulin at various CA/insulin molar ratios (25:1 to 150:1 range) for up to 48 h in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride (reductive amination). Polysialylated insulin conjugates were precipitated (together with intact nonreacted insulin, if any) at time intervals from the reaction mixtures with ammonium sulfate, further purified by size exclusion chromatography and/or ion exchange chromatography (IEC), and the final conjugates assayed for PSA and protein. Results showed an initial rapid conjugation rate peaking at about 12 h, to form a plateau over a period of 12-48 h. Moreover, the extent of polysialylation (CA/insulin molar ratios in the conjugate) was dependent on the PSA used, the initial CA/insulin molar ratios in the reaction mixture and the time of the coupling reaction. Thus at 48 h of incubation, CA/insulin molar ratios in the conjugates were 1.60-1.74 for the 22-kDa CA and 2.37-2.45 for the 39-kDa CA. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of intact insulin and insulin reacted with non-oxidized CA for 48 h revealed well-resolved single bands which migrated similar distances in the gel. On the other hand, polysialylated (22-kDa CA) insulin yielded multiple diffused bands suggesting heterogenicity as a result of differential polysialylation. The pharmacological activity of polysialylated insulin was compared with that of intact insulin in normal female outbred T/O mice. After subcutaneous injection of intact insulin (0.3 units per mouse), blood glucose levels were reduced to nadir values at 1 h to return to normal at 3 h. In contrast, blood glucose levels in animals injected with polysialylated insulin (0.3 units or protein equivalence for polysialylated insulin), having attained nadir values also at 1 h, returned to normal levels after 6 h (39 kDa) and 9 h (22 kDa CA-insulin). It is concluded that polysialylation offers a promising strategy for the enhancement of the therapeutic value of insulin and other pharmacologically active peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Jain
- Lipoxen Technologies Limited, and School of Pharmacy, University of London, UK
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Shenoy DB, D'Souza RJ, Tiwari SB, Udupa N. Potential applications of polymeric microsphere suspension as subcutaneous depot for insulin. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2003; 29:555-63. [PMID: 12779285 DOI: 10.1081/ddc-120018644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this investigation was to develop an injectable, depot-forming drug delivery system for insulin based on microparticle technology to maintain constant plasma drug concentrations over prolonged period of time for the effective control blood sugar levels. Formulations were optimized with two well-characterized biodegradable polymers namely, poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) and poly-epsilon-caprolactone and evaluated in vitro for physicochemical characteristics, drug release in phosphate buffered saline (pH 7.4), and evaluated in vivo in streptozotocin-induced hypoglycemic rats. With a large volume of internal aqueous phase during w/o/w double emulsion solvent evaporation process and high molecular weight of the polymers used, we could not achieve high drug capture and precise control over subsequent release within the study period of 60 days. However, this investigation revealed that upon subcutaneous injection, the biodegradable depot-forming polymeric microspheres controlled the drug release and plasma sugar levels more efficiently than plain insulin injection. Preliminary pharmacokinetic evaluation exhibited steady plasma insulin concentration during the study period. These formulations, with their reduced frequency of administration and better control over drug disposition, may provide an economic benefit to the user compared with products currently available for diabetes control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh B Shenoy
- Dr. T. M. A. Pai Pharmaceutical Research Centre, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal, Karnataka, India.
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Stephens JW, Butteriss D, Payne N, Barker SGE, Hurel SJ. Subcutaneous insulin without a needle: a pilot evaluation of the J-Tip®delivery system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/pdi.423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Zhang K, Wu XY. Modulated insulin permeation across a glucose-sensitive polymeric composite membrane. J Control Release 2002; 80:169-78. [PMID: 11943396 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-3659(02)00024-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A glucose-sensitive polymeric composite membrane was prepared based on our previously developed stimuli-responsive membrane system. Membranes were cast from a mixture of glucose oxidase (GOD), catalase, and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-methacrylic acid) (poly(NIPAm/MAA)) nanoparticles dispersed in a solution of a hydrophobic polymer. High efficiency of enzyme immobilization was achieved with undetectable leakage. The bioactivity of the immobilized GOD, as measured by pH change of glucose solutions, was found to be equivalent to approximately 80% of that of the free GOD. The addition of catalase markedly increased the oxidation rate of glucose. However, an optimal unit ratio of GOD to catalase and optimal enzyme loading were observed. The rate of insulin permeation through the membrane was modulated by glucose concentration due to shrinking or swelling of the embedded pH-sensitive nanoparticles. The response of insulin permeability to the change in the glucose concentration could be detected within 5-15 min. The permeability of insulin increased more than 3-fold as the glucose concentration was raised from 50 to 200 mg/dl. The average insulin permeability at 400 mg/dl of glucose was 8-fold that at 50 mg/dl in a continuous test in saline and was 6-fold in a three-cycle discontinuous test in pH 7.4 buffer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada M5S 2S2
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24
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Abstract
The discovery of insulin is one of the greatest milestones in medical history. This discovery revolutionized the use of peptides and proteins as therapeutic agents. For more than six decades, insulin from different animal sources was used, until the breakthrough in biotechnology made it possible to produce human insulin in sufficient amounts. The evolution of the biotechnological era gave rise to modified insulins to solve some of the bottlenecks in insulin therapy. Efforts are currently focused towards developing non-invasive insulin delivery systems, and there are several competing technologies in different stages of development. The next few years will see several novel approaches to mimic the endogenous release and kinetics of insulin, and also many improved analogues designed to achieve better control and effective treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Pillai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector-67, Ph X, 160 062 Punjab, SAS Nagar, India
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Adams G, Clark J, Sahota T, Tanna S, Taylor MJ. Diabetes mellitus and closed-loop insulin delivery. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2001; 17:455-96. [PMID: 11255678 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2000.10648002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G Adams
- School of Nursing, University of Nottingham, Dukeries Centre, King's Mill Centre, Mansfield Road, Sutton-in-Ashfield, Nottinghamshire NG17 4JL, U.K
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26
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Abstract
The transition from childhood through adolescence to adulthood is a difficult stage, particularly for patients with type 1 diabetes. The yearning for autonomy and independence, as well as the hormonal changes around the time of puberty, can manifest in poor glycaemic control. The focus on diet and weight increases the prevalence of eating disorders, compounding the difficulties in supervising diabetes patients. This can be exacerbated by the realisation that hyperglycaemia induces weight loss and the use of this knowledge to further manipulate diabetes control to gain a desired body image. The management of adolescents with type 1 diabetes is therefore challenging and requires close collaboration between psychological medicine and diabetes teams. This review describes the difficulties frequently encountered, with a description of four cases illustrating these points. Case 1 demonstrates the problem of needle phobia in a newly diagnosed patient with type 1 diabetes leading to persistent hyperglycaemia, the recognition of weight loss associated with this and the development of bulimia. The patient's overall management was further complicated by risk-taking behaviour. By the age of 24 years, she has developed diabetic retinopathy and autonomic neuropathy and continues to partake in risk-taking behaviour. Case 2 illustrates how the lack of parental support shortly after the development of type 1 diabetes led to poor glycaemic control and how teenagers often omit insulin to accommodate lifestyle and risk-taking behaviour. Case 3 further exemplifies the difficulty in managing patients with needle phobia and the fear of hypoglycaemia. Case 4 adds further weight to the need for parental support and the impact of deleterious life events on glycaemic control by manipulation of insulin dosage.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M McConnell
- Diabetes Unit, Ulster Hospital, 700 Upper Newtownards Road, Dundonald, Belfast, Northern Ireland BT16 1RH, UK
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27
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Abstract
Polyphosphazene based microspheres for insulin delivery were prepared following three different procedures: (A) suspension-solvent evaporation; (B) double emulsion-solvent evaporation; (C) suspension/double emulsion-solvent evaporation. Methods A and C allowed for higher protein loading than procedure B. Scanning electron microscopy showed that all preparation procedures achieve microparticles with spherical shape, porous surface and internal honeycomb structure. In all cases insulin was released 'in vitro' by a bi-modal behaviour: fast release during the first 2 hours followed by a slow release. However, both the physical properties and the 'in vitro' release profiles were found to depend upon the preparation conditions. Subcutaneous administration to diabetic mice of microspheres obtained with methods A and C rapidly reduced the glucose levels of about 80% but most of activity was lost in 100 hours. Both preparations B induced a remarkable decrease in glucose levels and the activity was maintained throughout 1000 h. Finally all preparations stimulated anti-insulin antibody production that constantly increased over a period of 8 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Caliceti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Padua, Via F. Marzolo, 5, 35131, Padova, Italy.
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Carenza M, Caliceti P, Veronese F, Martellini F, Higa O, Yoshida M, Katakai R. Poly (acryloyl-l-proline methyl ester) hydrogels obtained by radiation polymerization for the controlled release of drugs. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0969-806x(99)00417-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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