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Egorov D, Kopaliani I, Ameln AKV, Speier S, Deussen A. Mechanism of pro-MMP9 activation in co-culture of pro-inflammatory macrophages and cardiomyocytes. Exp Cell Res 2024; 434:113868. [PMID: 38043722 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2023.113868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A wide range of cardiac diseases is associated with inflammation. "Inflamed" heart tissue is infiltrated with pro-inflammatory macrophages which extensively secrete matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9), a regulator of extracellular matrix turnover. As MMP9 is released from macrophages in a latent form, it requires activation. The present study addresses the role of cardiomyocytes in the course of this activation process. METHODS AND RESULTS In mono- and co-cultures of pro-inflammatory rat macrophages (bone marrow-derived and peritoneal) and cardiomyocytes (H9C2 cell line) gelatin zymography demonstrated that activated macrophages robustly secreted latent pro-MMP9, whereas cardiomyocytes could not produce the enzyme. Co-culturing of the two cell species was critical for pro-MMP9 activation and was also accompanied by processing of cardiomyocyte-secreted pro-MMP2. A cascade of pro-MMP9 activation was initiated on macrophage membrane with pro-MMP2 cleavage. Namely, pro-inflammatory macrophages expressed an active membrane type 1 MMP (MT1MMP), which activated pro-MMP2, which in turn converted pro-MMP9. Downregulation of MT1MMP in macrophages by siRNA abolished activation of both pro-MMP2 and pro-MMP9 in co-culture. In addition, both cell species secreted MMP13 as a further pro-MMP9 activator. In co-culture, activation of pro-MMP13 occurred on membranes of macrophages and was enhanced in presence of active MMP2. Using incubations with recombinant MMPs and isolated macrophage membranes, we demonstrated that while both MMP2 and MMP13 individually had the ability to activate pro-MMP9, their combined action provided a synergistic effect. CONCLUSION Activation of pro-MMP9 in a co-culture of pro-inflammatory macrophages and cardiomyocytes was the result of a complex interaction of several MMPs on the cell membrane and in the extracellular space. Both cell types contributed critically to pro-MMP9 processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Egorov
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Irakli Kopaliani
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anne Klotzsche-von Ameln
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stephan Speier
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden (PLID) of the Helmholtz Zenrtum München at University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Deussen
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Sánchez-Aguilar M, Ibarra-Lara L, Cano-Martínez A, Soria-Castro E, Castrejón-Téllez V, Pavón N, Osorio-Yáñez C, Díaz-Díaz E, Rubio-Ruíz ME. PPAR Alpha Activation by Clofibrate Alleviates Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Metabolic Syndrome Rats by Decreasing Cardiac Inflammation and Remodeling and by Regulating the Atrial Natriuretic Peptide Compensatory Response. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065321. [PMID: 36982395 PMCID: PMC10049157 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of factors that increase the risk of developing diabetes, stroke, and heart failure. The pathophysiology of injury by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) is highly complex and the inflammatory condition plays an important role by increasing matrix remodeling and cardiac apoptosis. Natriuretic peptides (NPs) are cardiac hormones with numerous beneficial effects mainly mediated by a cell surface receptor named atrial natriuretic peptide receptor (ANPr). Although NPs are powerful clinical markers of cardiac failure, their role in I/R is still controversial. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α agonists exert cardiovascular therapeutic actions; however, their effect on the NPs’ signaling pathway has not been extensively studied. Our study provides important insight into the regulation of both ANP and ANPr in the hearts of MetS rats and their association with the inflammatory conditions caused by damage from I/R. Moreover, we show that pre-treatment with clofibrate was able to decrease the inflammatory response that, in turn, decreases myocardial fibrosis, the expression of metalloprotease 2 and apoptosis. Treatment with clofibrate is also associated with a decrease in ANP and ANPr expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Sánchez-Aguilar
- Department of Pharmacology, Juan Badiano 1, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (M.S.-A.); (L.I.-L.); (N.P.)
| | - Luz Ibarra-Lara
- Department of Pharmacology, Juan Badiano 1, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (M.S.-A.); (L.I.-L.); (N.P.)
| | - Agustina Cano-Martínez
- Department of Physiology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Juan Badiano 1, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, México City 14080, Mexico; (A.C.-M.); (V.C.-T.)
| | - Elizabeth Soria-Castro
- Department of Cardiovascular Biomedicine, Juan Badiano 1, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, México City 14080, Mexico;
| | - Vicente Castrejón-Téllez
- Department of Physiology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Juan Badiano 1, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, México City 14080, Mexico; (A.C.-M.); (V.C.-T.)
| | - Natalia Pavón
- Department of Pharmacology, Juan Badiano 1, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (M.S.-A.); (L.I.-L.); (N.P.)
| | - Citlalli Osorio-Yáñez
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Apartado Postal 70228, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico;
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Cardiovascular y Transplante Renal, Unidad de Investigación UNAM-INCICH, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Juan Badiano 1, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, México City 14080, Mexico
| | - Eulises Díaz-Díaz
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y de la Nutrición “Salvador Zubirán”, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, México City 14000, Mexico;
| | - María Esther Rubio-Ruíz
- Department of Physiology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Juan Badiano 1, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, México City 14080, Mexico; (A.C.-M.); (V.C.-T.)
- Correspondence:
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Kobusiak-Prokopowicz M, Kaaz K, Marciniak D, Karolko B, Mysiak A. Relationships between Circulating Matrix Metalloproteinases, Tissue Inhibitor TIMP-2, and Renal Function in Patients with Myocarditis. Kidney Blood Press Res 2021; 46:749-757. [PMID: 34801997 DOI: 10.1159/000519594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Under physiological conditions, the myocardial extracellular matrix (ECM) is maintained by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). However, changes in the balance between MMPs and TIMPs can lead to pathological remodeling of the ECM, which contributes to cardiovascular and kidney diseases. The aim of our study was to assess levels of MMPs and TIMP-2 in patients with myocarditis and their relationship to renal function. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty five patients with myocarditis who underwent CMR were included, comprising 11 with concurrent chronic kidney disease (CKD). Blood samples were obtained to assess serum levels of MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-9, and TIMP-2. RESULTS Serum MMP-2, MMP-3, and TIMP-2 levels negatively correlated with the ejection fraction in patients with myocarditis, while MMP-3 levels correlated with longitudinal deformation (p < 0.05). Serum MMP-2, MMP-3, and TIMP-2 levels also negatively correlated with renal function, as assessed by the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (p < 0.05). Patients with myocarditis and concurrent CKD had higher levels of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 than those without kidney damage. CONCLUSIONS (1) We demonstrated that MMP-2, MMP-3, and TIMP-2 concentrations were related to left-ventricular ejection fraction, and MMP-3 levels correlated with longitudinal deformation, indicating MMPs play an important role in the post-inflammatory remodeling of the myocardium. (2) A negative correlation between the eGFR and MMP-2, MMP-3, and TIMP-2 and a positive correlation between creatinine and MMP-3 levels indicate the role of MMPs and TIMP-2 in renal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Konrad Kaaz
- Department of Cardiology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Dominik Marciniak
- Department of Drugs Form Technology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Bożena Karolko
- Department of Cardiology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Mysiak
- Department of Cardiology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
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Effect of Doxycycline on Survival in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms in a Mouse Model. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2021; 2021:9999847. [PMID: 34007253 PMCID: PMC8099506 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9999847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Currently, there is no reliable nonsurgical treatment for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). This study, therefore, investigates if doxycycline reduces AAA growth and the number of rupture-related deaths in a murine ApoE-/- model of AAA and whether gadofosveset trisodium-based MRI differs between animals with and without doxycycline treatment. Methods Nine ApoE-/- mice were implanted with osmotic minipumps continuously releasing angiotensin II and treated with doxycycline (30 mg/kg/d) in parallel. After four weeks, MRI was performed at 3T with a clinical dose of the albumin-binding probe gadofosveset (0.03 mmol/kg). Results were compared with previously published wild-type control animals and with previously studied ApoE-/- animals without doxycycline treatment. Differences in mortality were also investigated between these groups. Results In a previous study, we found that approximately 25% of angiotensin II-infused ApoE-/- mice died, whereas in the present study, only one out of 9 angiotensin II-infused and doxycycline-treated ApoE-/- mice (11.1%) died within 4 weeks. Furthermore, doxycycline-treated ApoE-/- mice showed significantly lower contrast-to-noise (CNR) values (p=0.017) in MRI compared to ApoE-/- mice without doxycycline treatment. In vivo measurements of relative signal enhancement (CNR) correlated significantly with ex vivo measurements of albumin staining (R 2 = 0.58). In addition, a strong visual colocalization of albumin-positive areas in the fluorescence albumin staining with gadolinium distribution in LA-ICP-MS was shown. However, no significant difference in aneurysm size was observed after doxycycline treatment. Conclusion The present experimental in vivo study suggests that doxycycline treatment may reduce rupture-related deaths in AAA by slowing endothelial damage without reversing aneurysm growth.
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Zivarpour P, Reiner Ž, Hallajzadeh J, Mirsafaei L. Resveratrol and cardiac fibrosis prevention and treatment. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2021; 23:190-200. [PMID: 33583368 DOI: 10.2174/1389201022666210212125003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are some of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in developed or developing countries but in developed countries as well. Cardiac fibrosis is one of the most often pathological changes of heart tissues. It occurs as a result of extracellular matrix proteins accumulation at myocardia. Cardiac fibrosis results in impaired cardiac systolic and diastolic functions and is associated with other effects. Therapies with medicines have not been sufficiently successful in treating chronic diseases such as CVD. Therefore, the interest for therapeutic potential of natural compounds and medicinal plants has increased. Plants such as grapes, berries and peanuts contain a polyphenolic compound called "resveratrol" which has been reported to have various therapeutic properties for a variety of diseases. Studies on laboratory models that show that resveratrol has beneficial effects on cardiovascular diseases including myocardial infarction, high blood pressure cardiomyopathy, thrombosis, cardiac fibrosis, and atherosclerosis. In vitro animal models using resveratrol indicated protective effects on the heart by neutralizing reactive oxygen species, preventing inflammation, increasing neoangiogenesis, dilating blood vessels, suppressing apoptosis and delaying atherosclerosis. In this review, we are presenting experimental and clinical results of studies concerning resveratrol effects on cardiac fibrosis as a CVD outcome in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parinaz Zivarpour
- Department of Biological sciences, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Higher Education Institute of Rab-Rashid, Tabriz. Iran
| | - Željko Reiner
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb. Croatia
| | - Jamal Hallajzadeh
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Research Center for Evidence-Based Health Management, Maragheh University of Medical Science, Maragheh. Iran
| | - Liaosadat Mirsafaei
- Department of Cardiology, Ramsar Campus, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari. Iran
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Riaz S, Abdulrahman N, Uddin S, Jabeen A, Gadeau AP, Fliegel L, Mraiche F. Anti-hypertrophic effect of Na +/H + exchanger-1 inhibition is mediated by reduced cathepsin B. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 888:173420. [PMID: 32781168 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have established the role of Na+/H+ exchanger isoform-1 (NHE1) and cathepsin B (Cat B) in the development of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy (CH). Both NHE1 and Cat B are activated under acidic conditions suggesting that their activities might be interrelated. The inhibition of NHE1 has been demonstrated to reduce cardiac hypertrophy but the mechanism that contributes to the anti-hypertrophic effect of NHE1 inhibition still remains unclear. H9c2 cardiomyoblasts were stimulated with Angiotensin (Ang) II in the presence and absence of N-[2-methyl-4,5-bis(methylsulphonyl)-benzoyl]-guanidine, hydrochloride (EMD, EMD 87580), an NHE1 inhibitor or CA-074Me, a Cat B inhibitor, and various cardiac hypertrophic parameters, namely cell surface area, protein content and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) mRNA were analyzed. EMD significantly suppressed markers of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and inhibited Ang II stimulated Cat B protein and gene expression. Cat B is located within the acidic environment of lysosomes. Cat B proteases are released into the cytoplasm upon disintegration of the lysosomes. EMD or CA-074Me prevented the dispersal of the lysosomes induced by Ang II and reduced the ratio of LC3-II to LC3-I, a marker of autophagy. Moreover, Cat B protein expression and MMP-9 activity in the extracellular space were significantly attenuated in the presence of EMD or CA-074Me. Our study demonstrates a novel mechanism for attenuation of the hypertrophic phenotype by NHE1 inhibition that is mediated by a regression in Cat B. The inhibition of Cat B via EMD or CA-074Me attenuates the autosomal-lysosomal pathway and MMP-9 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf Riaz
- College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Nabeel Abdulrahman
- College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shahab Uddin
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ayesha Jabeen
- College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | | | | | - Fatima Mraiche
- College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
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Kobusiak-Prokopowicz M, Krzysztofik J, Kaaz K, Jolda-Mydlowska B, Mysiak A. MMP-2 and TIMP-2 in Patients with Heart Failure and Chronic Kidney Disease. Open Med (Wars) 2018; 13:237-246. [PMID: 29915813 PMCID: PMC6004519 DOI: 10.1515/med-2018-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to assess MMP-2 (matrix metalloproteinase-2) and TIMP-2 (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2) serum levels in patients with diverse types of heart failure (HF) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). 101 patients with chronic HF were enrolled. Each patient has assessed the serum levels of MMP-2, TIMP-2, and NT-proBNP. Patients were initially classified into 2 groups based on their LVEF. 43 patients were classified into the HFREF group (HF with Reduced Ejection Fraction) and 58 characterized as HFPEF (HF with Preserved Ejection Fraction). Next, all patients were subdivided into 4 groups according to the degree of diastolic dysfunction. 38 patients with CKD were classified into HF/CKD(+) group. The HF/CKD(-) (HF without CKD) group comprised 61 patients. This study provides original data on positive correlation between ejection fraction and MMP-2 levels in all patients with heart failure. Elevated levels of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 were found in serum from patients with chronic kidney disease; in addition, serum levels of MMP-2 were correlated with the degree of kidney failure. In all groups of patients there was positive correlation between MMP-2 and TIMP-2. Among patients with heart failure etiology was not related to MMP-2 and TIMP-2 serum levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Konrad Kaaz
- Wroclaw Medical University, Cardiology Department, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Andrzej Mysiak
- Wroclaw Medical University, Cardiology Department, Wroclaw, Poland
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Li ZM, Xu SW, Liu PQ. Salvia miltiorrhizaBurge (Danshen): a golden herbal medicine in cardiovascular therapeutics. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2018; 39:802-824. [PMID: 29698387 PMCID: PMC5943903 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2017.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Salvia miltiorrhiza Burge (Danshen) is an eminent medicinal herb that possesses broad cardiovascular and cerebrovascular protective actions and has been used in Asian countries for many centuries. Accumulating evidence suggests that Danshen and its components prevent vascular diseases, in particular, atherosclerosis and cardiac diseases, including myocardial infarction, myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury, arrhythmia, cardiac hypertrophy and cardiac fibrosis. The published literature indicates that lipophilic constituents (tanshinone I, tanshinone IIa, tanshinone IIb, cryptotanshinone, dihydrotanshinone, etc) as well as hydrophilic constituents (danshensu, salvianolic acid A and B, protocatechuic aldehyde, etc) contribute to the cardiovascular protective actions of Danshen, suggesting a potential synergism among these constituents. Herein, we provide a systematic up-to-date review on the cardiovascular actions and therapeutic potential of major pharmacologically active constituents of Danshen. These bioactive compounds will serve as excellent drug candidates in small-molecule cardiovascular drug discovery. This article also provides a scientific rationale for understanding the traditional use of Danshen in cardiovascular therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo-ming Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Suo-wen Xu
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, 14642, USA
| | - Pei-qing Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Singh RB, Dandekar SP, Elimban V, Gupta SK, Dhalla NS. Role of proteases in the pathophysiology of cardiac disease. Mol Cell Biochem 2016; 263:241-56. [PMID: 27520682 DOI: 10.1023/b:mcbi.0000041865.63445.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is a major cause of death and thus a great deal of effort has been made in salvaging the diseased myocardium. Although various factors have been identified as possible causes of different cardiac diseases such as heart failure and ischemic heart disease, there is a real need to elucidate their role for the better understanding of the cardiac disease pathology and formulation of strategies for developing newer therapeutic interventions. In view of the intimate involvement of different types of proteases in maintaining cellular structure, the role of proteases in various cardiac diseases has become the focus of recent research. Proteases are present in the cytosol as well as are localized in a number of subcellular organelles in the cell. These are known to use extracellular matrix, cytoskeletal, sarcolemmal, sarcoplasmic reticular, mitochondrial and myofibrillar proteins as substrates. Work from different laboratories using a wide variety of techniques has shown that the activation of proteases causes alterations of a number of specific proteins leading to subcellular remodeling and cardiac dysfunction. Inhibition of protease action by different drugs and agents, therefore, has a clinical relevance and is expected to form a part of new treatment paradigm for improving heart function. This review examines the biochemistry and localization of some of the proteases in the cardiac tissue in addition to identification of the sites of action of some protease inhibitors. (Mol Cell Biochem 263: 241-256, 2004).
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja B Singh
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface General Hospital Research Centre, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada R2H 2A6
| | - Sucheta P Dandekar
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface General Hospital Research Centre, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada R2H 2A6
| | - Vijayan Elimban
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface General Hospital Research Centre, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada R2H 2A6
| | - Suresh K Gupta
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface General Hospital Research Centre, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada R2H 2A6
| | - Naranjan S Dhalla
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface General Hospital Research Centre, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada R2H 2A6
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Extracellular matrix-mediated cellular communication in the heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2016; 91:228-37. [PMID: 26778458 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex and dynamic scaffold that maintains tissue structure and dynamics. However, the view of the ECM as an inert architectural support has been increasingly challenged. The ECM is a vibrant meshwork, a crucial organizer of cellular microenvironments. It plays a direct role in cellular interactions regulating cell growth, survival, spreading, proliferation, differentiation and migration through the intricate relationship among cellular and acellular tissue components. This complex interrelationship preserves cardiac function during homeostasis; however it is also responsible for pathologic remodeling following myocardial injury. Therefore, enhancing our understanding of this cross-talk may provide mechanistic insights into the pathogenesis of heart failure and suggest new approaches to novel, targeted pharmacologic therapies. This review explores the implications of ECM-cell interactions in myocardial cell behavior and cardiac function at baseline and following myocardial injury.
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11
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de Castro Brás LE, Cates CA, DeLeon-Pennell KY, Ma Y, Iyer RP, Halade GV, Yabluchanskiy A, Fields GB, Weintraub ST, Lindsey ML. Citrate synthase is a novel in vivo matrix metalloproteinase-9 substrate that regulates mitochondrial function in the postmyocardial infarction left ventricle. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:1974-85. [PMID: 24382150 PMCID: PMC4208600 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the role of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 deletion on citrate synthase (CS) activity postmyocardial infarction (MI). RESULTS We fractionated left ventricle (LV) samples using a differential solubility-based approach. The insoluble protein fraction was analyzed by mass spectrometry, and we identified CS as a potential intracellular substrate of MMP-9 in the MI setting. CS protein levels increased in the insoluble fraction at day 1 post-MI in both genotypes (p<0.05) but not in the noninfarcted remote region. The CS activity decreased in the infarcted tissue of wild-type (WT) mice at day 1 post-MI (p<0.05), but this was not observed in the MMP-9 null mice, suggesting that MMP-9 deletion helps to maintain the mitochondrial activity post-MI. Additionally, inflammatory gene transcription was increased post-MI in the WT mice and attenuated in the MMP-9 null mice. MMP-9 cleaved CS in vitro, generating an ∼20 kDa fragment. INNOVATION By applying a sample fractionation and proteomics approach, we were able to identify a novel MMP-9-related altered mitochondrial metabolic activity early post-MI. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that MMP-9 deletion improves mitochondrial function post-MI.
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Myocardial matrix metalloproteinase-2: inside out and upside down. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014; 77:64-72. [PMID: 25261607 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Since their inaugural discovery in the early 1960s, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been shown to mediate multiple physiological and pathological processes. In addition to their canonical function in extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, research in the last decade has highlighted new MMP functions, including proteolysis of novel substrates beyond ECM proteins, MMP localization to subcellular organelles, and proteolysis of susceptible intracellular proteins in those subcellular compartments. This review will provide a comparison of the extracellular and intracellular roles of MMPs, illustrating that MMPs are far more interesting than the one-dimensional view originally taken. We focus on the roles of MMP-2 in cardiac injury and repair, as this is one of the most studied MMPs in the cardiovascular field. We will highlight how understanding all dimensions, such as localization of activity and timing of interventions, will increase the translational potential of research findings. Building upon old ideas and turning them inside out and upside down will help us to better understand how to move the MMP field forward.
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Abstract
It is believed that cardiac remodeling due to geometric and structural changes is a major mechanism for the progression of heart failure in different pathologies including hypertension, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy, diabetic cardiomyopathy, and myocardial infarction. Increases in the activities of proteolytic enzymes such as matrix metalloproteinases, calpains, cathepsins, and caspases contribute to the process of cardiac remodeling. In addition to modifying the extracellular matrix, both matrix metalloproteinases and cathepsins have been shown to affect the activities of subcellular organelles in cardiomyocytes. The activation of calpains and caspases has been identified to induce subcellular remodeling in failing hearts. Proteolytic activities associated with different proteins including caspases, calpain, and the ubiquitin-proteasome system have been shown to be involved in cardiomyocyte apoptosis, which is an integral part of cardiac remodeling. This article discusses and compares how the activities of various proteases are involved in different cardiac abnormalities with respect to alterations in apoptotic pathways, cardiac remodeling, and cardiac dysfunction. An imbalance appears to occur between the activities of some proteases and their endogenous inhibitors in various types of hypertrophied and failing hearts, and this is likely to further accentuate subcellular remodeling and cardiac dysfunction. The importance of inhibiting the activities of both extracellular and intracellular proteases specific to distinct etiologies, in attenuating cardiac remodeling and apoptosis as well as biochemical changes of subcellular organelles, in heart failure has been emphasized. It is suggested that combination therapy to inhibit different proteases may prove useful for the treatment of heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison L Müller
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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14
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Müller AL, Freed D, Hryshko L, Dhalla NS. Implications of protease activation in cardiac dysfunction and development of genetic cardiomyopathy in hamsters. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2012; 90:995-1004. [DOI: 10.1139/y2012-034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
It has become evident that protein degradation by proteolytic enzymes, known as proteases, is partly responsible for cardiovascular dysfunction in various types of heart disease. Both extracellular and intracellular alterations in proteolytic activities are invariably seen in heart failure associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertensive cardiomyopathy, diabetic cardiomyopathy, and ischemic cardiomyopathy. Genetic cardiomyopathy displayed in different strains of hamsters provides a useful model for studying heart failure due to either cardiac hypertrophy or cardiac dilation. Alterations in the function of several myocardial organelles such as sarcolemma, sarcoplasmic reticulum, myofibrils, mitochondria, as well as extracellular matrix have been shown to be due to subcellular remodeling as a consequence of changes in gene expression and protein content in failing hearts from cardiomyopathic hamsters. In view of the increased activities of various proteases, including calpains and matrix metalloproteinases in the hearts of genetically determined hamsters, it is proposed that the activation of different proteases may also represent an important determinant of subcellular remodeling and cardiac dysfunction associated with genetic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison L. Müller
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, 351 Tache Avenue, and Departments of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - Darren Freed
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, 351 Tache Avenue, and Departments of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
- Departments of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - Larry Hryshko
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, 351 Tache Avenue, and Departments of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - Naranjan S. Dhalla
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, 351 Tache Avenue, and Departments of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
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15
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Koenig GC, Rowe RG, Day SM, Sabeh F, Atkinson JJ, Cooke KR, Weiss SJ. MT1-MMP-dependent remodeling of cardiac extracellular matrix structure and function following myocardial infarction. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 180:1863-78. [PMID: 22464947 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Revised: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The myocardial extracellular matrix (ECM), an interwoven meshwork of proteins, glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and glycosaminoglycans that is dominated by polymeric fibrils of type I collagen, serves as the mechanical scaffold on which myocytes are arrayed for coordinated and synergistic force transduction. Following ischemic injury, cardiac ECM remodeling is initiated via localized proteolysis, the bulk of which has been assigned to matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family members. Nevertheless, the key effector(s) of myocardial type I collagenolysis both in vitro and in vivo have remained unidentified. In this study, using cardiac explants from mice deficient in each of the major type I collagenolytic MMPs, including MMP-13, MMP-8, MMP-2, MMP-9, or MT1-MMP, we identify the membrane-anchored MMP, MT1-MMP, as the dominant collagenase that is operative within myocardial tissues in vitro. Extending these observations to an in vivo setting, mice heterozygous for an MT1-MMP-null allele display a distinct survival advantage and retain myocardial function relative to wild-type littermates in an experimental model of myocardial infarction, effects associated with preservation of the myocardial type I collagen network as a consequence of the decreased collagenolytic potential of cardiac fibroblasts. This study identifies MT1-MMP as a key MMP responsible for effecting postinfarction cardiac ECM remodeling and cardiac dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald C Koenig
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2216, USA
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16
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Müller AL, Hryshko LV, Dhalla NS. Extracellular and intracellular proteases in cardiac dysfunction due to ischemia-reperfusion injury. Int J Cardiol 2012; 164:39-47. [PMID: 22357424 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.01.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Various procedures such as angioplasty, thrombolytic therapy, coronary bypass surgery, and cardiac transplantation are invariably associated with ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Impaired recovery of cardiac function due to I/R injury is considered to be a consequence of the occurrence of both oxidative stress and intracellular Ca(2+)-overload in the myocardium. These changes in the ischemic myocardium appear to activate both extracellular and intracellular proteases which are responsible for the cleavage of extracellular matrix and subcellular structures involved in the maintenance of cardiac function. It is thus intended to discuss the actions of I/R injury on several proteases, with a focus on calpain, matrix metalloproteinases, and cathepsins as well as their role in inducing alterations both inside and outside the cardiomyocytes. In addition, modifications of subcellular organelles such as myofibrils, sarcoplasmic reticulum and sarcolemma as well as extracellular matrix, and the potential regulatory effects of endogenous inhibitors on protease activities are identified. Both extracellular and intracellular proteolytic activities appear to be imperative in determining the true extent of I/R injury and their inhibition seems to be of critical importance for improving the recovery of cardiac function. Thus, both extracellular and intracellular proteases may serve as potential targets for the development of cardioprotective interventions for reducing damage to the heart and retarding the development of contractile dysfunction caused by I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison L Müller
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St Boniface Hospital Research Centre, and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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17
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Li Y, Ma J, Zhu H, Singh M, Hill D, Greer PA, Arnold JM, Abel ED, Peng T. Targeted inhibition of calpain reduces myocardial hypertrophy and fibrosis in mouse models of type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 2011; 60:2985-94. [PMID: 21911754 PMCID: PMC3198063 DOI: 10.2337/db10-1333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recently we have shown that calpain-1 activation contributes to cardiomyocyte apoptosis induced by hyperglycemia. This study was undertaken to investigate whether targeted disruption of calpain would reduce myocardial hypertrophy and fibrosis in mouse models of type 1 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Diabetes in mice was induced by injection of streptozotocin (STZ), and OVE26 mice were also used as a type 1 diabetic model. The function of calpain was genetically manipulated by cardiomyocyte-specific knockout Capn4 in mice and the use of calpastatin transgenic mice. Myocardial hypertrophy and fibrosis were investigated 2 and 5 months after STZ injection or in OVE26 diabetic mice at the age of 5 months. Cultured isolated adult mouse cardiac fibroblast cells were also investigated under high glucose conditions. RESULTS Calpain activity, cardiomyocyte cross-sectional areas, and myocardial collagen deposition were significantly increased in both STZ-induced and OVE26 diabetic hearts, and these were accompanied by elevated expression of hypertrophic and fibrotic collagen genes. Deficiency of Capn4 or overexpression of calpastatin reduced myocardial hypertrophy and fibrosis in both diabetic models, leading to the improvement of myocardial function. These effects were associated with a normalization of the nuclear factor of activated T-cell nuclear factor-κB and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activities in diabetic hearts. In cultured cardiac fibroblasts, high glucose-induced proliferation and MMP activities were prevented by calpain inhibition. CONCLUSIONS Myocardial hypertrophy and fibrosis in diabetic mice are attenuated by reduction of calpain function. Thus targeted inhibition of calpain represents a potential novel therapeutic strategy for reversing diabetic cardiomyopathy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Calcium-Binding Proteins/biosynthesis
- Calcium-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Calpain/antagonists & inhibitors
- Calpain/genetics
- Calpain/metabolism
- Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic/drug therapy
- Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic/metabolism
- Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic/pathology
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/chemically induced
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/complications
- Diabetic Cardiomyopathies/drug therapy
- Diabetic Cardiomyopathies/metabolism
- Diabetic Cardiomyopathies/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Fibrosis
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Heart/drug effects
- Heart/physiopathology
- Hyperglycemia/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Myocardium/cytology
- Myocardium/metabolism
- Myocardium/pathology
- Streptozocin/toxicity
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Critical Illness Research, Lawson Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jian Ma
- Critical Illness Research, Lawson Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Huaqing Zhu
- Critical Illness Research, Lawson Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Manpreet Singh
- Critical Illness Research, Lawson Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Hill
- Department of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter A. Greer
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Queen's University Cancer Research Institute, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - J. Malcolm Arnold
- Department of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - E. Dale Abel
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes and Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Tianqing Peng
- Critical Illness Research, Lawson Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Corresponding author: Tianqing Peng,
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Lin HC, Hou CJY, Hung TC, Yeh HI, Hung CL. Effect of Biventricular Structure and Function on Tricuspid Annular Displacement in Heart Failure Patients With or Without Systolic Dysfunction: A Two-dimensional Speckle Tracking Study. J Med Ultrasound 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s0929-6441(10)60016-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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19
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Chen DD, Dong YG, Liu D, He JG. EPIGALLOCATECHIN-3-GALLATE ATTENUATES CARDIAC HYPERTROPHY IN HYPERTENSIVE RATS IN PART BY MODULATION OF MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE SIGNALS. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2009; 36:925-32. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2009.05173.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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20
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Kandasamy AD, Chow AK, Ali MAM, Schulz R. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 and myocardial oxidative stress injury: beyond the matrix. Cardiovasc Res 2009; 85:413-23. [PMID: 19656780 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvp268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 belongs to a family of zinc-dependent proteases which are best known for their ability to proteolyse extracellular matrix proteins throughout the body, including the cardiovascular system. Increased MMP-2 activity has been demonstrated in myocardial ischaemia and reperfusion injury and the progression to congestive heart failure, with most evidence to date for its role in cardiac remodelling. Recent evidence, however, shows that MMP-2 also co-localizes with and proteolyses specific protein targets within the cardiomyocyte to cause acute, reversible contractile dysfunction, challenging the conventional wisdom on the 'extracellular matrix only' actions of this enzyme. In this review, we discuss the recent upsurge in MMP-2 research with regards to its activation by non-proteolytic pathways in the setting of enhanced oxidative stress in the heart. We will focus on the consequences of intracellular actions of MMP-2 within the cardiomyocyte and its regulation at several levels including its expression, post-translational modifications, and regulation by endogenous tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases, caveolin, and small molecule MMP inhibitors. MMP-2 is emerging as an important signalling protease implicated in the proteolytic regulation of various intracellular proteins in myocardial oxidative stress injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arulmozhi D Kandasamy
- Department of Pediatrics and Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Centre, 4-62 Heritage Medical Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2S2
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21
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Role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and inflammatory processes in the development and progression of diastolic dysfunction. Clin Sci (Lond) 2009; 116:467-77. [PMID: 19200056 DOI: 10.1042/cs20080390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction represents a frequent clinical condition and is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Diastolic dysfunction is the most common cause of HF-PSF (heart failure with preserved ejection fraction). Therefore it becomes important to understand the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying diastolic dysfunction, as well as the effective therapeutic strategies able to antagonize its development and progression. Among the complex pathophysiological factors that may contribute to the development of diastolic dysfunction, the RAAS (renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system) has been shown to play a significant role. Paracrine and autocrine signals of the RAAS promote structural and functional changes in the heart largely linked to increased myocardial fibrosis. Enhanced and dysregulated activity of the RAAS also contributes to the development of volume overload and vasoconstriction with subsequent increases in left ventricular diastolic filling pressures and a higher susceptibility of developing CHF (congestive heart failure). More recently, it has also been suggested that the RAAS may play a role in triggering myocardial and vascular inflammation through the activation of different cell types and the secretion of cytokines and chemokines. RAAS-induced myocardial inflammation leads to perivascular myocardial fibrosis and to the development or progression of diastolic dysfunction. For these reasons pharmacological blockade of the RAAS has been proposed as a rational approach for the treatment of diastolic dysfunction. In fact, ACEIs (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors), ARBs (angiotensin II receptor blockers) and AAs (aldosterone antagonists) have been demonstrated to delay the development and progression from pre-clinical diastolic dysfunction towards CHF, as well as to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with this condition.
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22
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW There is considerable increase in the use of left ventricular assist devices for the treatment of severe heart failure. Traditionally viewed as a bridge to transplantation and more recently as a destination therapy, left ventricular assist device support is now recognized to offer potential for myocardial recovery through reverse remodeling, a potential that is further enhanced by combination with pharmacologic therapy. In this study, we examine the molecular changes associated with left ventricular assist device support and how these may contribute to the recovery process. RECENT FINDINGS Studies in both patients and experimental models have demonstrated that improved function is associated with alterations in several key pathways including cell survival, cytokine signaling, calcium handling, adrenergic receptor signaling, cytoskeletal and contractile proteins, energy metabolism, extracellular matrix, and endothelial and microvascular functions. Moreover, the unique research opportunities offered by left ventricular assist device analysis are beginning to distinguish changes associated with recovery from those of mechanical unloading alone and identify potential predictors and novel therapeutic targets capable of enhancing myocardial repair. SUMMARY Significant progress has been made toward revealing molecular changes associated with myocardial recovery from heart failure. These studies also offer new insight into the pathogenesis of heart failure and point to novel therapeutic strategies.
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23
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Vorovich EE, Chuai S, Li M, Averna J, Marwin V, Wolfe D, Reilly MP, Cappola TP. Comparison of matrix metalloproteinase 9 and brain natriuretic peptide as clinical biomarkers in chronic heart failure. Am Heart J 2008; 155:992-7. [PMID: 18513509 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2008.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2007] [Accepted: 01/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) may serve as a biomarker of ventricular remodeling in selected populations, but few studies have assessed its performance in clinical practice. We tested MMP-9 as a biomarker of remodeling and predictor of outcomes in a systolic heart failure cohort derived from clinical practice and compared its performance to brain natriuretic peptide (BNP). METHODS Plasma MMP-9 and BNP levels were measured in 395 outpatients with systolic heart failure who participated in the Penn Heart Failure Study. We tested for (1) cross-sectional associations between biomarker levels, left ventricular end-diastolic dimension index (LVEDDI), and ejection fraction (EF), and (2) associations between baseline biomarker levels and risk of subsequent cardiac hospitalization or death over 3 years of follow-up. RESULTS Matrix metalloproteinase 9 had no significant correlation with LVEDDI (rho = 0.04, P = not significant) or EF (rho = -0.06, P = not significant), whereas BNP showed highly significant correlations (LVEDDI: rho = -0.27, P < .0001; EF: rho = -0.35, P < .0001). In multivariate linear regression models, MMP-9 again showed no significant associations with LVEDDI (P = .6) or EF (P = .14), whereas BNP showed strong independent associations (LVEDDI: P < .001; EF: P = .002). Kaplan-Meier analyses showed no difference in hospital-free survival by baseline MMP-9 tertile (P = .7), whereas higher BNP tertile predicted worse survival (P < .0001). In multivariate Cox models, baseline MMP-9 level did not predict risk of adverse outcome (hazard ratio for log increase 0.98, P = .9), whereas BNP was a significant independent predictor (hazard ratio for log increase 1.15, P = .02). CONCLUSION Compared to BNP, MMP-9 is a poor clinical biomarker of remodeling and outcome in patients with systolic heart failure derived from clinical practice.
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24
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Venkatachalam K, Mummidi S, Cortez DM, Prabhu SD, Valente AJ, Chandrasekar B. Resveratrol inhibits high glucose-induced PI3K/Akt/ERK-dependent interleukin-17 expression in primary mouse cardiac fibroblasts. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2008; 294:H2078-87. [PMID: 18310510 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01363.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the expression of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-17 in cardiac fibroblasts and its induction by high glucose (HG). Our results show that primary mouse cardiac fibroblasts (mCFs) secrete low basal levels of IL-17 and that HG (25 mM D-glucose) as opposed to low glucose (5 mM D-glucose + 20 mM mannitol) significantly enhances its secretion. HG induces IL-17 mRNA expression by both transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms. HG induces phosphoinositide 3- kinase [PI3K; inhibited by adenoviral (Ad).dominant negative (dn)PI3Kp85], Akt (inhibited by Ad.dnAkt1), and ERK (inhibited by PD-98059) activation and induces IL-17 expression via PI3K-->Akt-->ERK-dependent signaling. Moreover, mCFs express both IL-17 receptors A and C, and although IL-17RA is upregulated, HG fails to modulate IL-17RC expression. Furthermore, IL-17 stimulates net collagen production by mCFs. Pretreatment with the phytoalexin resveratrol blocks HG-induced PI3K-, Akt-, and ERK-dependent IL-17 expression. These results demonstrate that 1) cardiac fibroblasts express IL-17 and its receptors; 2) HG upregulates IL-17 and IL-17RA, suggesting a positive amplification loop in IL-17 signaling in hyperglycemia; 3) IL-17 enhances net collagen production; and 4) resveratrol can inhibit these HG-induced changes. Thus, in hyperglycemic conditions, IL-17 may potentiate myocardial inflammation, injury, and remodeling through autocrine and paracrine mechanisms, and resveratrol has therapeutic potential in ameliorating this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaliyamurthi Venkatachalam
- Department of Veterans' Affairs, South Texas Veterans Health Care System-Audie L. Murphy Division, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
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25
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Bunda S, Liu P, Wang Y, Liu K, Hinek A. Aldosterone induces elastin production in cardiac fibroblasts through activation of insulin-like growth factor-I receptors in a mineralocorticoid receptor-independent manner. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2007; 171:809-19. [PMID: 17724138 PMCID: PMC1959490 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2007.070101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Aldosterone is known to regulate electrolyte homeostasis, but it may also contribute to other processes, including the maladaptive remodeling of postinfarct hearts. Because aldosterone has been implicated in the stimulation of collagen production in the heart, we investigated whether it would also affect elastin deposition in cultures of human cardiac fibroblasts. We first demonstrated that treatment with 1 to 50 nmol/L aldosterone leads to a significant increase in collagen type I mRNA levels and in subsequent collagen fiber deposition. Pretreatment of cells with the mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist spironolactone, but not with the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist RU 486, inhibited collagen synthesis in aldosterone-treated cultures. Most importantly, we demonstrated that aldosterone also increases elastin mRNA levels, tropoelastin synthesis, and elastic fiber deposition in a dose-dependent manner. Strikingly, neither spironolactone nor RU 486 eliminated aldosterone-induced increases in elastin production. We further discovered that the proelastogenic effect of aldosterone involves a rapid increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor and that the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor kinase inhibitor AG1024 or an anti-insulin-like growth factor-I receptor-neutralizing antibody inhibits both insulin-like growth factor-I and aldosterone-induced elastogenesis. Thus, we have demonstrated for the first time that aldosterone, which stimulates collagen production through the mineralocorticoid receptor-dependent pathway, also increases elastogenesis via a parallel mineralocorticoid receptor-independent pathway involving I insulin-like growth factor-I receptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Severa Bunda
- Cardiovascular Research Program, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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26
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Aziz F, Kuivaniemi H. Role of matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors in preventing abdominal aortic aneurysm. Ann Vasc Surg 2007; 21:392-401. [PMID: 17484978 PMCID: PMC2128752 DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2006.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2006] [Accepted: 11/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a significant health problem in the United States, with approximately 30,000 repair operations annually. Treatment of AAA is associated with more than 150,000 hospital admissions per year. The development of AAA is characterized by destruction of the elastic media of the aortic wall. A large body of evidence suggests that a group of enzymes called matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) plays a significant role in the destruction of extracellular matrix in the aortic wall. MMP inhibition has, therefore, been viewed as an alternative pharmacotherapeutic approach to slow down the development and progression of small AAAs, thus reducing the need for surgical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Aziz
- Department of Surgery, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Helena Kuivaniemi
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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27
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Brown RD, Jones GM, Laird RE, Hudson P, Long CS. Cytokines regulate matrix metalloproteinases and migration in cardiac fibroblasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 362:200-205. [PMID: 17706606 PMCID: PMC2017114 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2007] [Accepted: 08/02/2007] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We sought to define the relationship between cytokine stimulated release of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and cell migration using adult rat cardiac fibroblasts. Interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) increased release of MMP-2, -3, and -9, and TIMP-1, by 3-6-fold, measured by immunoblotting and gel zymography. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) augmented IL-1beta stimulated release of MMP-9, but not MMP-2 or -3. Transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGFbeta1) attenuated all the responses to IL-1beta. IL-1beta was also the most robust stimulus of adult rat cardiac fibroblast migration, measured in Boyden chamber assays. The combination of IL-1beta plus TNFalpha substantially enhanced migration, whereas TGFbeta1 strongly inhibited the migratory response to IL-1beta. The pan-selective MMP inhibitor GM 6001 effectively blocked IL-1beta stimulated migration. Pharmacologic inhibitors selective for ERK, JNK, and p38 MAP kinase pathways inhibited the IL-1beta regulation of individual MMPs. Increased MMP activity associated with migration of cardiac fibroblasts may be important determinants of cytokine-directed remodeling of injured myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Dale Brown
- Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, and Denver Health Medical Center, B-139, 4200 E. 9th Avenue, Denver, CO 80262, USA.
| | - Gayle M Jones
- Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, and Denver Health Medical Center, B-139, 4200 E. 9th Avenue, Denver, CO 80262, USA
| | - Rebecca E Laird
- Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, and Denver Health Medical Center, B-139, 4200 E. 9th Avenue, Denver, CO 80262, USA
| | - Paul Hudson
- Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, and Denver Health Medical Center, B-139, 4200 E. 9th Avenue, Denver, CO 80262, USA
| | - Carlin S Long
- Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, and Denver Health Medical Center, B-139, 4200 E. 9th Avenue, Denver, CO 80262, USA
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28
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Fernandez-Patron C. Therapeutic potential of the epidermal growth factor receptor transactivation in hypertension: a convergent signaling pathway of vascular tone, oxidative stress, and hypertrophic growth downstream of vasoactive G-protein-coupled receptors? Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2007; 85:97-104. [PMID: 17487249 DOI: 10.1139/y06-097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The concurrence of enhanced vascular tone, oxidative stress, and hypertrophic growth is a hallmark of hypertension, the condition characterized by sustained elevated blood pressure. However, it is unclear how and why such apparently distinct processes coincide in hypertension. Elevated levels of certain vasoactive G-protein-coupled receptor agonists (such as catecholamines, endothelin-1, and angiotensin II) can explain, at least in part, the development and progression of many hypertensive disorders. Here, we review findings made by other investigators and ourselves suggesting that enhanced vascular tone, oxidative stress, and hypertrophic growth characteristically induced by these agonists involve the transactivation of growth factor receptors. The first step in this transactivation mechanism is agonist-induced activation of metalloproteinase-dependent shedding of growth factors. Shed growth factors then trigger intracellular signaling cascades necessary for growth, production of reactive oxygen species, and maintenance of vascular tone. If this hypothesis is proven generally correct, then transactivation blockers have general therapeutic potential in hypertension regardless of the causative agonist.
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29
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Chow AK, Cena J, Schulz R. Acute actions and novel targets of matrix metalloproteinases in the heart and vasculature. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 152:189-205. [PMID: 17592511 PMCID: PMC1978261 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been shown to play significant roles in a number of physiological as well as pathological processes. Best known to proteolyse components of the extracellular matrix, MMPs have recently been discovered to also target a growing list of proteins apart from these, both inside and outside the cell. MMPs have also been traditionally thought of as enzymes involved in chronic processes such as angiogenesis, remodelling and atherosclerosis on a days-week time-scale. However they are now understood to also act acutely in response to oxidative stress on a minutes time-scale on non-extracellular matrix substrates. This review focuses on the acute actions and both extracellular and intracellular targets of two prominent MMP family members, MMP-2 and -9, in cardiovascular diseases including ischaemia/reperfusion injury, inflammatory heart disease, septic shock and pre-eclampsia. Also discussed are various ways of regulating MMP activity, including post-translational mechanisms, the endogenous tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases and pharmacological inhibitors. A comprehensive understanding of MMP biology is necessary for the development of novel pharmacological therapies to combat the impact of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Chow
- Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Research Group, University of Alberta Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - J Cena
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Group, University of Alberta Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - R Schulz
- Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Research Group, University of Alberta Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Group, University of Alberta Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Author for correspondence:
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30
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Kossmehl P, Schönberger J, Shakibaei M, Faramarzi S, Kurth E, Habighorst B, von Bauer R, Wehland M, Kreutz R, Infanger M, Schulze-Tanzil G, Paul M, Grimm D. Increase of fibronectin and osteopontin in porcine hearts following ischemia and reperfusion. J Mol Med (Berl) 2005; 83:626-37. [PMID: 15770497 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-005-0642-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2004] [Accepted: 12/17/2004] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Following a severe ischemic injury or myocardial infarction, the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the heart is involved in pathophysiological conditions such as dilatation and cardiac dysfunction. Osteopontin (OPN) has been shown to interact with fibronectin suggesting its possible role in matrix organization, stability and wound healing. There is increased expression of OPN in several tissues in response to injury. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that acute ischemia (2 h), followed by reperfusion (4 h) may induce early OPN and fibronectin in an isolated hemoperfused working porcine heart model. Twenty hearts were prepared and connected to a perfusion system. After 1 h of perfusion, these hearts were randomized to two groups: ten infarcted (MI, ramus circumflexus) and ten non-infarcted hearts (C). In addition, cardiac fibroblasts derived from infarcted, remote and control myocardium were investigated. In both groups, the heart rate, electrolytes, pH, blood gases, and lactate remained similar. The LVEDP and perfusion pressure of MI hearts increased significantly (P<0.05). The total fibronectin and OPN volume contents were clearly elevated in the infarct area. The matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-1 and MMP-8), fibronectin, OPN, TGF-beta1 proteins and the mRNAs for fibronectin, TGF-beta1, and OPN were significantly elevated in the infarct area as compared to the remote area and the non-infarcted hearts. Simultaneously, circulating carboxyterminal propeptide of type I procollagen (PICP) was released in the perfusion medium (threefold versus C). Fibroblast-like cells originating from the infarct area exhibited an enhanced OPN and fibronectin gene and protein expression compared to fibroblasts derived from control myocardium. Our data demonstrate the early appearance of the MMPs (increased collagen degrading enzymes) and PICP (a collagen synthesis marker) following ischemia and reperfusion. Moreover, OPN, fibronectin and TGF-beta1 protein and gene expression are elevated after ischemia and reperfusion in the ex vivo working hemoperfused porcine heart model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kossmehl
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Benjamin Franklin Medical Center, Charité-University Medical School, Garystr. 5, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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Franco V, Chen YF, Oparil S, Feng JA, Wang D, Hage F, Perry G. Atrial Natriuretic Peptide Dose-Dependently Inhibits Pressure Overload-Induced Cardiac Remodeling. Hypertension 2004; 44:746-50. [PMID: 15452027 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.0000144801.09557.4c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesized that a single copy of the proatrial natriuretic peptide gene (
Nppa
+/−
) would not be adequate to protect heterozygous mice against exaggerated cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling after pressure-overload stress.
Nppa
+/+
,
Nppa
+/−
, and
Nppa
−/−
mice were subjected to sham surgery or transverse aortic constriction and fed a basal salt diet. Heart weight varied inversely with
Nppa
gene load by 1 week after either surgery. Fractional shortening did not differ among genotypes at baseline and fell in
Nppa
−/−
mice only after transverse aortic constriction. There was a graded response in collagen deposition related to atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) expression after either surgery. A robust interstitial and perivascular fibrosis was noted in
Nppa
−/−
and
Nppa
+/−
but not in
Nppa
+/+
mice after transverse aortic constriction. Our findings are consistent with a growing body of evidence that ANP is an important modulator of cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling in response to hemodynamic stress. The observation that partial ANP deficiency results in exaggerated hypertrophy and remodeling after pressure overload suggests that genetic or environmental variation in ANP levels may play a role in the development of cardiac hypertrophy, remodeling, and failure in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Franco
- Vascular Biology and Hypertension Program, Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, ZRB 1024, 703 19th St S, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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Villars PS, Hamlin SK, Shaw AD, Kanusky JT. Role of Diastole in Left Ventricular Function, I: Biochemical and Biomechanical Events. Am J Crit Care 2004. [DOI: 10.4037/ajcc2004.13.5.394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Left ventricular diastolic function plays an important role in cardiac physiology. Lusitropy, the ability of the cardiac myocytes to relax, is affected by both biochemical events within the myocyte and biomechanical events in the left ventricle. β-Adrenergic stimulation alters diastole by enhancing the phosphorylation of phospholamban, a substrate within the myocyte that increases the uptake of calcium ions into the sarcoplasmic reticulum, increasing the rate of relaxation. Troponin I, a regulatory protein involved in the coupling of excitation to contraction, is vital to maintaining the diastolic state; depletion of troponin I can produce diastolic dysfunction. Other biochemical events, such as defects in the voltage-sensitive release mechanism or in inositol triphosphate calcium release channels, have also been implicated in altering diastolic tone. Extracellular collagen determines myocardial stiffness; impaired glucose tolerance can induce an increase in collagen cross-linking and lead to higher end-diastolic pressures. The passive properties of the left ventricle are most accurately measured during the diastasis and atrial contraction phases of diastole. These phases of the cardiac cycle are the least affected by volume status, afterload, inherent viscoelasticity, and the inotropic state of the myocardium. Diastolic abnormalities can be conceptualized by using pressure-volume loops that illustrate myocardial work and both diastolic and systolic pressure-volume relationships. The pressure-volume model is an educational tool that can be used to demonstrate isolated changes in preload, afterload, inotropy, and lusitropy and their interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope S. Villars
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (PSV, SKH, JTK) and Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center (SKH, ADS), Houston, Tex
| | - Shannan K. Hamlin
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (PSV, SKH, JTK) and Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center (SKH, ADS), Houston, Tex
| | - Andrew D. Shaw
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (PSV, SKH, JTK) and Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center (SKH, ADS), Houston, Tex
| | - Joseph T. Kanusky
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (PSV, SKH, JTK) and Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center (SKH, ADS), Houston, Tex
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Balasubramanian S, Kuppuswamy D. RGD-containing peptides activate S6K1 through beta3 integrin in adult cardiac muscle cells. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:42214-24. [PMID: 12909616 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m303428200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The enzyme p70S6 kinase (S6K1) is critical for cell growth, and we have reported its activation during cardiac hypertrophy. Because cardiac hypertrophy also involves integrin activation, we analyzed whether integrins could contribute to S6K1 activation. Using adult feline cardiomyocytes, here we report that integrin-interacting Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) peptides activate S6K1 as observed by band shifting, kinase activity and phosphorylation at Thr-389 and Thr-421/Ser-424 of S6K1, and S6 protein phosphorylation. Perturbation of specific integrin function with blocking antibodies and by overexpressing the beta1A cytoplasmic tail revealed that beta3 but not beta1 integrin mediates the RGD-induced S6K1 activation. This activation is focal adhesion complex-independent and is accompanied by the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Studies using specific inhibitors and dominant negative c-Raf expression in cardiomyocytes indicate that the S6K1 activation involves mTOR, MEK/ERK, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathways and is independent of protein kinase C and c-Raf. Finally, addition of fluorescent-labeled RGD peptide to cardiomyocytes exhibits its internalization and localization to the endocytic vesicles, and pretreatment of cardiomyocytes with endocytic inhibitors reduced the S6K1 activation. These data suggest that RGD interaction with beta3 integrin and its subsequent endocytosis trigger specific signaling pathway(s) for S6K1 activation in cardiomyocytes and that this process may contribute to hypertrophic growth and remodeling of myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundaravadivel Balasubramanian
- Cardiology Division of the Department of Medicine, Gazes Cardiac Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, 114 Doughty Street, Charleston, SC 29425-2221, USA
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Wang D, Oparil S, Feng JA, Li P, Perry G, Chen LB, Dai M, John SWM, Chen YF. Effects of pressure overload on extracellular matrix expression in the heart of the atrial natriuretic peptide-null mouse. Hypertension 2003; 42:88-95. [PMID: 12756220 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.0000074905.22908.a6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study tested the hypothesis that atrial natriuretic peptide has direct antihypertrophic actions on the heart by modulating expression of genes involved in cardiac hypertrophy and extracellular matrix production. Hearts of male, atrial natriuretic peptide-null and control wild-type mice that had been subjected to pressure overload after transverse aortic constriction and control unoperated hearts were weighed and subjected to microarray, Northern blot, and immunohistochemical analyses. Microarray and Northern blot analyses were used to identify genes that are regulated differentially in response to stress in the presence and absence of atrial natriuretic peptide. Immunohistochemical analysis was used to identify and localize expression of the protein products of these genes. Atrial natriuretic peptide-null mice demonstrated cardiac hypertrophy at baseline and an exaggerated hypertrophic response to transverse aortic constriction associated with increased expression of the extracellular matrix molecules periostin, osteopontin, collagen I and III, and thrombospondin, as well as the extracellular matrix regulatory proteins, matrix metalloproteinase-2 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3, and the novel growth factor pleiotrophin compared with wild-type controls. These results support the hypothesis that atrial natriuretic peptide protects against pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling by negative modulation of genes involved in extracellular matrix deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dajun Wang
- Vascular Biology and Hypertension Program, Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is the inability of the heart to cope with the metabolic demands of the periphery. It is the common end-stage of many frequent cardiac diseases and is characterized by relentless progression. Mechanisms of progression include renal sodium and water retention, neurohumoral activation and alterations of the protein composition (gene programme) of the heart itself. In this review, we explain the often confusing terminology in the subject, briefly touch upon the peripheral mechanisms of HF, and then focus on the changes in the gene programme of the failing heart and the molecular mechanisms leading to them. Understanding the basic processes underlying HF will help uninitiated readers to gain insight into recent novel approaches to its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Ritter
- Department of Medicine, University of Wuerzburg, Josef Schneider Strasse 2, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
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