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Jha MK, Sarode AY, Bodhale N, Mukherjee D, Pandey SP, Srivastava N, Rub A, Silvestre R, Sarkar A, Saha B. Development and Characterization of an Avirulent Leishmania major Strain. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:2734-2753. [PMID: 32245818 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania major causes cutaneous leishmaniasis. An antileishmanial vaccine for humans is unavailable. In this study, we report development of two attenuated L. major strains-5ASKH-HP and LV39-HP-by continuous culture (high passage) of the corresponding virulent strains (low passage). Both avirulent strains showed similar changes in proteome profiles when analyzed by surface-enhanced laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and microarray characterization of 5ASKH strains revealed substantially altered gene and protein expression profiles, respectively. Both virulent and avirulent L. major strains grew comparably in culture, but the avirulent strain survived significantly less in BALB/c-derived peritoneal macrophages. Both attenuated strains failed to infect BALB/c mice and elicited IFN-γ, but not IL-4 and IL-10, responses. 5ASKH-HP parasites failed to induce significant infection even in severely immunocompromised- SCID or inducible NO synthase-, CD40-, or IL-12-deficient mice, indicating attenuation. The avirulent strain induced less IL-10, but higher IL-12, in macrophages. The avirulent strain failed to reduce CD40 relocation to the detergent-resistant membrane domain and to inhibit CD40-induced phosphorylation of the kinases Lyn and protein kinase C-β and MAPKs MKK-3/6 and p38MAPK or to upregulate MEK-1/2 and ERK-1/2 in BALB/c-derived peritoneal macrophages. The virulent and the avirulent strains reciprocally modulated CD40-induced Ras-mediated signaling through PI-3K and Raf-1. Avirulent 5ASKH-primed BALB/c mice were protected against virulent L. major challenge infection. The loss of virulence accompanied by substantially altered proteome profiles and the elicitation of host-protective immune responses indicate plausibly irreversible attenuation of the L. major strain and its potential use as a vaccine strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Kumar Jha
- National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India
| | - Aditya Y Sarode
- National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India
| | - Neelam Bodhale
- Jagadis Bose National Science Talent Search, Kolkata, West Bengal 700107, India
| | - Debasri Mukherjee
- National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India
| | - Surya Prakash Pandey
- National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India
| | - Neetu Srivastava
- National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India
| | - Abdur Rub
- National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India
| | - Ricardo Silvestre
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; and
| | - Arup Sarkar
- Trident Academy of Creative Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| | - Bhaskar Saha
- National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India; .,Trident Academy of Creative Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
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Sudan R, Srivastava N, Pandey SP, Majumdar S, Saha B. Reciprocal Regulation of Protein Kinase C Isoforms Results in Differential Cellular Responsiveness. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:2328-37. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Xia M, Li G, Ma J, Ling W. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase mediates CD40 ligand-induced oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction via Rac1 and NADPH oxidase 2. J Thromb Haemost 2010; 8:397-406. [PMID: 19895673 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2009.03683.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES CD40 ligand (CD40L) has been implicated as an inducer of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in endothelial cells, but definitive evidence for this and the in vivo relevance haves not been demonstrated fully. We thus investigated whether phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) was linked to ROS generation and endothelial reactivity in response to CD40L. METHODS AND RESULTS CD40L treatment activated PI3K activity by regulating the association between PI3K p85 and the CD40 receptor. CD40L exposure also stimulated the GTPase Rac1, which is known to activate NADPH oxidases, and enhanced ROS formation, whereas PI3K inhibition or depletion by small interfering RNA (siRNA) prevented these responses. Subsequently, PI3K overexpression activated Rac1 and increased ROS generation. These responses were not observed in the presence of inactive Rac1 or siRNA against the NADPH oxidase subunit NOX2. Protein kinase Czeta mediates PI3K-regulated NADPH oxidase activation by promoting cellular p47phox translocation. Importantly, PI3K inhibition prevented CD40L-mediated ROS generation and endothelial dysfunction in a mouse model. In summary, PI3K mediates CD40L-induced ROS production and subsequent endothelial dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS Targeting PI3K may provide a new therapeutic approach in diseases associated with oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Xia
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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Do Y, Mainali E, Nagarkatti PS, Nagarkatti M. Bryostatin-1 in combination with calcium ionophore promotes the maturation of human umbilical cord-blood monocyte-derived dendritic cells capable of activating neonatal alloreactive T cells. Cell Immunol 2004; 231:8-13. [PMID: 15919364 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2004.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2004] [Accepted: 11/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the effect of bryostatin-1 (Bryo-1) and calcium ionophore (CI) on maturation and functions of DCs generated from adherent cells of cord blood cultured with GM-CSF plus IL-4 (CB-DCs). The CB-DCs treated with Bryo-1+CI exhibited morphologic characteristics of mature DCs, expressed increased levels of CD1a, CD80, CD83, CD86, and MHC class II as well as enhanced ability to induce proliferation of alloreactive T cells isolated from cord blood and IFN-gamma production. Treatment of CB-DCs with TNF-alpha or PMA+CI was less effective. Thus, Bryo-1+CI promotes maturation of CB-DCs and therefore could be used to enhance the neonatal immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonkyung Do
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0678, USA
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Flaxenburg JA, Melter M, Lapchak PH, Briscoe DM, Pal S. The CD40-induced signaling pathway in endothelial cells resulting in the overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor involves Ras and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:7503-9. [PMID: 15187129 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.12.7503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ligation of endothelial cell (EC) CD40 induces the expression of several proinflammatory cytokines as well as angiogenesis factors, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Moreover, despite the reported importance of CD40 in cell-mediated immunity, little is known of the CD40-induced signaling pathways in EC. In this study, we have investigated the function of the Ras signaling pathway(s) for CD40-induced overexpression of VEGF. EC were transiently transfected with a full-length VEGF promoter-luciferase construct and a dominant-inhibitory mutant of Ras (Ras17N). Following transfection, ligation of CD40 with soluble CD40 ligand resulted in a significant increase in VEGF transcriptional activation, and the inhibitory mutant of Ras blocked this CD40-induced VEGF overexpression. Using EMSA and Western blot analysis, we demonstrated that CD40-dependent binding of nuclear protein(s) to the VEGF promoter and CD40-induced VEGF protein expression in EC were also inhibited by the Ras mutant. Immunoprecipitation studies revealed that ligation of CD40 on EC promoted an increased association of Ras with its effector molecules Raf, Rho, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). But, cotransfection of effector-loop mutants of Ras determined that only PI3K was functional for Ras-induced VEGF transcription. Also, wortmanin and a dominant-inhibitory mutant of PI3K inhibited CD40-induced overexpression of VEGF. Together these findings demonstrate that both Ras and PI3K are intermediaries in CD40-induced regulation of VEGF in EC. We believe our findings are of importance in several chronic inflammatory diseases, including atherosclerosis and allograft rejection associated with both CD40-CD40 ligand signaling as well as VEGF expression and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse A Flaxenburg
- Division of Nephrology, Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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D'Costa S, Hurwitz JL. Customized mitogen or antibody treatments enhance the sensitivity of lymphoid tumors to 5-fluorouracil in vitro and in vivo. Leuk Lymphoma 2003; 44:841-7. [PMID: 12802924 DOI: 10.1080/1042819031000067891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Despite impressive cure rates for certain leukemias and lymphomas, lymphoid tumors are responsible for thousands of deaths per year. Refractory disease remains difficult to control, encouraging the development of new treatment options. 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) has been successfully used to control (or cure) a variety of tumors, but has been only rarely applied to tumors of the lymphoid lineage. Here we demonstrate that the effects of 5-FU on lymphoid tumors can be enhanced by the concomitant binding of cellular membrane molecules with mitogen or antibody. When used in combination with 5-FU, mitogen treatments: (i) enhance the association of drug with cells, (ii) reduce cell proliferation in vitro and (iii) inhibit cell growth in a mouse B-cell tumor model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sybil D'Costa
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 332 N Lauderdale, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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Lazaar AL, Amrani Y, Hsu J, Panettieri RA, Fanslow WC, Albelda SM, Puré E. CD40-Mediated Signal Transduction in Human Airway Smooth Muscle. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.161.6.3120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
CD40 is a member of the TNF receptor family that was initially described on the surface of B cells. Recently, CD40 has also been described on mesenchymal cells, such as endothelial cells and fibroblasts, where engagement by its ligand CD40 ligand can lead to up-regulation of costimulatory and cell adhesion molecules, as well as secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. Since airway inflammation potentially involves cell-cell interactions of T cells and eosinophils (which express CD40 ligand) with airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells, we postulated that ASM may express CD40 and that engagement of ASM CD40 may modulate smooth muscle cell function. We demonstrate that CD40 is expressed on cultured human ASM and that expression can be increased by treatment with TNF-α or IFN-γ. Cross-linking CD40 on ASM resulted in enhanced IL-6 secretion and an increase in intracellular calcium concentrations, which were dependent on calcium influx. We show that CD40-mediated signaling events include protein tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of NF-κB. Pretreatment of ASM with the tyrosine kinase inhibitors genistein or herbimycin inhibited the rapid mobilization of calcium induced via CD40, suggesting that calcium mobilization was coupled to activation of protein tyrosine kinases. In addition, inhibition of calcium influx inhibited both CD40-mediated NF-κB activation and enhancement of IL-6 secretion. These results delineate a potentially important CD40-mediated signal-transduction pathway in ASM, involving protein tyrosine kinase-dependent calcium mobilization, NF-κB activation, and IL-6 production. Together, these results suggest a mechanism whereby T cell/smooth muscle cell interactions may potentiate airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aili L. Lazaar
- *Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, Hospital of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Yassine Amrani
- *Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, Hospital of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Jason Hsu
- ‡The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Reynold A. Panettieri
- *Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, Hospital of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- ‡The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | | | - Steven M. Albelda
- *Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, Hospital of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- ‡The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Ellen Puré
- ‡The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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Ramesh N, Seki M, Notarangelo LD, Geha RS. The hyper-IgM (HIM) syndrome. SPRINGER SEMINARS IN IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1998; 19:383-99. [PMID: 9618764 DOI: 10.1007/bf00792598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N Ramesh
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115-5747, USA
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Abstract
Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) regulates survival, proliferation, differentiation, and activation of myeloid cells. It binds to a high affinity receptor (G-CSF-R) expressed on myeloid cells, for which the signal transduction mechanisms other than protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) activation have not been completely identified. We explored the potential involvement of protein kinase-C (PKC) in G-CSF-R signal transduction. In this report, we provide direct evidence of PKC activation by G-CSF-R. G-CSF treatment of peripheral blood neutrophils, granulocytic cell lines (HL-60, NFS-60, KG-1), and monocytic cell lines (WEHI-3B,U-937) resulted in PKC activation. Chelerythrine chloride and HA-100, an isoquinolinesulfonamide derivative, the specific inhibitors of PKC, 1,2-Bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetra-acetic acid (BAPTA), a chelator of intracellular calcium, and 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid 8-(diethylamino)-octyl ester (TMB-8), an inhibitor of intracellular calcium release, blocked G-CSF-induced PKC activation in HL-60 cells, and reduced CD11b upregulation in neutrophils, but did not affect ligand-binding or down-modulation of G-CSF-R. Methyl 2,5-dihydroxycinnamate (MDHC), a potent inhibitor of protein tyrosine kinases (PTK), also inhibited PKC activation in response to G-CSF treatment, suggesting that PKC activation may occur downstream of PTK activation. Our results demonstrate the involvement of PKC in G-CSF-R signal transduction, and suggest a common signaling pathway in myeloid cells of granulocytic and monocytic lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- R V Deshpande
- James Ewing Laboratory of Developmental Hematopoiesis, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA
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Abstract
The past year has witnessed remarkable advances in the understanding of signaling by the two TNF (tumor necrosis factor) receptors, TNFR1 and TNFR2, and the related CD40 receptor. Adaptor molecules (termed TRAFs) have been identified that associate with TNFR2 and CD40 and function to modulate the signaling pathways. Significantly, TRAF2 mediates the activation of NF-kappa B by both receptors. Furthermore, a molecule called TRADD has been identified that associates with the cytoplasmic segment of TNFR1. TRADD, which contains a novel 'death domain' that binds to the corresponding death domain in the cytoplasmic segment of TNFR1, can mediate both activation of NF-kappa B and induction of apoptosis, the two major responses signaled by TNFR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tewari
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor 41809-0602, USA.
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